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(12) INTERNATIONAL APPLICATION PUBLISHED UNDER THE PATENT COOPERATION TREATY (PCT) (19) World Intellectual Property Organization International Bureau (10) International Publication Number (43) International Publication Date 7 October 2010 (07.10.2010) WO 2010/111745 Al (51) International Patent Classification: (81) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every A61K 8/97 (2006.01) A61Q 19/02 (2006.01) kind of national protection available): AE, AG, AL, AM, A61K 31/375 (2006.01) A61Q 19/08 (2006.01) AO, AT, AU, AZ, BA, BB, BG, BH, BR, BW, BY, BZ, A61Q 5/00 (2006.01) CA, CH, CL, CN, CO, CR, CU, CZ, DE, DK, DM, DO, DZ, EC, EE, EG, ES, FI, GB, GD, GE, GH, GM, GT, (21) International Application Number: HN, HR, HU, ID, IL, IN, IS, JP, KE, KG, KM, KN, KP, PCT/AU2010/000375 KR, KZ, LA, LC, LK, LR, LS, LT, LU, LY, MA, MD, (22) International Filing Date: ME, MG, MK, MN, MW, MX, MY, MZ, NA, NG, NI, 1April 2010 (01 .04.2010) NO, NZ, OM, PE, PG, PH, PL, PT, RO, RS, RU, SC, SD, SE, SG, SK, SL, SM, ST, SV, SY, TH, TJ, TM, TN, TR, (25) Filing Language: English TT, TZ, UA, UG, US, UZ, VC, VN, ZA, ZM, ZW. (26) Publication Language: English (84) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every (30) Priority Data: kind of regional protection available): ARIPO (BW, GH, 2009901426 2 April 2009 (02.04.2009) AU GM, KE, LR, LS, MW, MZ, NA, SD, SL, SZ, TZ, UG, ZM, ZW), Eurasian (AM, AZ, BY, KG, KZ, MD, RU, TJ, (71) Applicant (for all designated States except US): JU- TM), European (AT, BE, BG, CH, CY, CZ, DE, DK, EE, RLIQUE INTERNATIONAL PTY LTD [AU/AU]; ES, FI, FR, GB, GR, HR, HU, IE, IS, IT, LT, LU, LV, BioSA Incubator, 40-46 West Thebarton Road, Thebar- MC, MK, MT, NL, NO, PL, PT, RO, SE, SI, SK, SM, ton, South Australia 503 1 (AU). TR), OAPI (BF, BJ, CF, CG, CI, CM, GA, GN, GQ, GW, ML, MR, NE, SN, TD, TG). (72) Inventor; and (75) Inventor/Applicant (for US only): WOLF, Florian [DE/ Published: AU]; c/o BioSA Incubator, 40-46 West Thebarton Road, — with international search report (Art. 21(3)) Thebarton, South Australia 5031 (AU). (74) Agents: LOKAN, Nigel, Robert et al; Davies Collison Cave, Level 14, 255 Elizabeth Street, Sydney, New South Wales 2000 (AU). (54) Title: COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR INCREASING VITAMIN C UPTAKE INTO CELLS AND METHODS FOR RETARDING SKIN AGEING, LIGHTENING SKIN AND MODULATING HAIR COLOUR (57) Abstract: The present invention relates to compositions comprising extracts from plants of the Combretaceae family and the use thereof in methods for increasing the uptake of vitamin C into cells. The invention also relates to methods for treating and/or retarding skin ageing, and further relates to a method for lightening skin and modulating hair colour. Compositions and methods for increasing vitamin C uptake into ceils and methods for retarding skin ageing, lightening skin and modulating hair colour Field of the Invention The present invention relates to compositions comprising extracts from plants of the Combretαceαe family and the use thereof in methods for increasing the uptake of vitamin C into cells. The invention also relates to methods for treating and/or retarding skin ageing, and further relates to a method for lightening skin and modulating hair colour. Background of the Invention Skin is the largest body organ and serves as an important environmental interface providing a protective envelope that is crucial for homeostasis. On the other hand, the skin is a major target for toxic insult by a broad spectrum of physical (i.e. UV radiation) and chemical (xenobiotic) agents that are capable of altering its structure and function. Many environmental pollutants are either themselves oxidants or catalyze the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) directly or indirectly. ROS are believed to activate proliferative and cell survival signaling that can alter apoptotic pathways that may be involved in the pathogenesis of a number of skin disorders including photosensitivity diseases and some types of cutaneous malignancy. ROS act largely by driving several important molecular pathways that play important roles in diverse pathologic processes including ischemia-reperfusion injury, atherosclerosis and inflammatory responses. The skin possesses an array of defence mechanisms that interact with toxins to obviate their deleterious effect. Unfortunately, these homeostatic defences, although highly effective, have limited capacity and can be overwhelmed thereby leading to increased ROS in the skin that can contribute to the development of dermatological diseases and the ageing phenomenon. One approach to preventing or treating these ROS-mediated disorders is based on the administration of various antioxidants in an effort to restore homeostasis. Ascorbic Acid, which is better known as "vitamin C", is one of the most studied and powerful antioxidants occurring in nature. Vitamin C is capable of directly scavenging superoxide, hydroxyl radicals and singlet oxygen as well as reducing H2O2 to water via ascorbate peroxidase reaction. When vitamin C is applied topically onto human skin the following effects can be observed: • Potent antioxidant activity, particularly in regard to protecting skin cells from UV- induced damage; 5 • Low risk of skin sensitization at concentrations up to 10% in the form of vitamin C; • Reduction of transepidermal water loss, thus strengthening skin's barrier response; • Promotion of collagen production and eventually thickening of the dermis; • Reduction of inflammation; o • Reduction in hyperpigmentation; • Improvement of the appearance of sun-damaged skin by strengthening skin's repair mechanisms; • Enhancement of the effectiveness of dermatologist-performed procedures such as peels and microdermabrasion; s Skin aging is a natural unavoidable phenomenon that occurs as a result of both intrinsic factors (stress, hormonal imbalance, tiredness etc.) and extrinsic factors (UV light, pollution, exposure to ROS and cigarette smoke etc.)- Aging leads to changes in the mechanical properties of skin. An imbalance appears between protection and synthesis o systems of the extracellular matrix components and the degradation systems of the extracellular matrix (mainly matrix metallo-proteinases). The imbalance is manifested in a decrease in collagen synthesis that occurs with age together with an increase in the activity of specific metallo-proteinases that degrade connective tissue. The results of this imbalance include thinning of the dermis and a decrease in skin flexibility. The first signs 5 of skin ageing typically appear on specific zones of the face (e.g. around the eyes and lip contours), and expression wrinkles become deeper due to muscular tension. It has been shown that the age related decrease of collagen secretion observed in human skin fibroblast cell cultures is associated with their ability to respond to vitamin C. During collagen synthesis lysine and proline amino acids are hydroxylated so as to o stabilise collagen microfibrils. As a cofactor, vitamin C ensures enzyme protection and promotes collagen synthesis. Because of its crucial role, insufficient amounts of vitamin C lead to decreased collagen synthesis which in turn contributes to skin ageing. There is therefore a need for methods in which the intracellular concentration of vitamin C can be increased thereby enhancing the production of collagen and hence retarding the process of skin ageing. Visible pigmentation of the skin, hair, and eyes depends primarily on the functions of melanocytes, a very minor population of cells that specialise in the synthesis and distribution of the pigmented biopolymer melanin. Melanocytes are derived from precursor cells (called melanoblasts) during embryological development and melanoblasts destined for the skin originate from the neural crest. The accurate migration, distribution and functioning of melanoblasts / melanocytes determine the visible phenotype of organisms ranging from simple fungi to the most complex animal species hi human skin, melanocytes are localised at the dermal/epidermal border in a characteristic regularly dispersed pattern. Each melanocyte at the basal layer of the epidermis is functionally connected to underlying fibroblasts in the dermis and to keratinocytes in the overlying epidermis. Those three types of cells are highly interactive and communicate with each other via secreted factors and their receptors and via cell/cell contacts to regulate the function and phenotype of the skin. Epidermal melanocytes occur at an approximate ratio of 1:10 among basal keratinocytes and distribute the melanin they produce to approximately 40 overlying suprabasal keratinocytes via their elongated dendrites and cell/cell contacts. Although melanocytes and stem cell keratinocytes in the basal layer of the epidermis are very stable populations that proliferate extremely slowly under normal circumstances, keratinocytes in the upper layers of the epidermis proliferate relatively rapidly. That upward pressure carries them toward the surface of the skin along with their ingested melanin to form a critical barrier for the organism against the environment and the many stresses that originate there. Thus it is not the melanin within melanocytes only, but in combination with the pigment in more superficial layers that gives skin its characteristic colour. Skin colour is primarily determined by the amount of melanin present in the surface of the skin. Within melanocytes melanin is bound to a protein matrix to form melanosomes. In melanosomes, tyrosinase converts tyrosine to eumelanin or pheomelanin through the pathways of melanin biosynthesis. By blocking the pathways at various points, skin depigmentation agents can inhibit melanin biosynthesis and can be used to treat local hyperpigmention or spots which are caused by a local increase in melanin synthesis or uneven distribution. Because vitamin C exerts an in vivo inhibitory action on melanin synthesis and does not lead to any side effects it is useful as a whitening/lightening agent for the skin. However, free vitamin C tends to be less resistant to oxidative conditions than other vitamins and is therefore more easily decomposed.
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    JOIMALOFAGMOILTDRAIESEARCH VOL. XIX WASHINGTON, D. C, JULY 15, 1920 No. 8 RELATIVE SUSCEPTIBILITY TO CITRUS-CANKER OF DIFFERENT SPECIES AND HYBRIDS OF THE GENUS CITRUS, INCLUDING THE WILD RELATIVES » By GEORGE I*. PELTIER, Plant Pathologist, Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, and Agent, Bureau of Plant Industry, United States Department of Agriculture, and WILLIAM J. FREDERICH, Assistant Pathologist, Bureau of Plant Industry, United States Department of Agriculture 2 INTRODUCTION In a preliminary report (6)3 the senior author briefly described the results obtained under greenhouse conditions for a period of six months on the susceptibility and resistance to citrus-canker of a number of plants including some of the wild relatives, Citrus fruits, and hybrids of the genus Citrus. Since that time the plants reported on have been under close observation; a third experiment has been started, and many inoculations have been made in the isolation field in southern Alabama during the summers of 1917, 1918, and 1919. Many more plants have been successfully inoculated; others have proved to be extremely sus- ceptible; while some of those tested still show considerable resistance. The results obtained up to November 1, 1919, are described in tjhis report. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS In the greenhouse, the methods used and the conditions governing the inoculations described in the preliminary report were closely fol- lowed. The same strain of the organism was used and was applied in the 1 Published with the approval of the Director of the Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station. The paper is based upon cooperative investigations between the Office of Crop Physiology and Breeding Investi- gations, Bureau of Plant Industry, United States Department of Agriculture, and the Department of Plant Pathology, Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station.

  • Holdings of the University of California Citrus Variety Collection 41

    Holdings of the University of California Citrus Variety Collection Category Other identifiers CRC VI PI numbera Accession name or descriptionb numberc numberd Sourcee Datef 1. Citron and hybrid 0138-A Indian citron (ops) 539413 India 1912 0138-B Indian citron (ops) 539414 India 1912 0294 Ponderosa “lemon” (probable Citron ´ lemon hybrid) 409 539491 Fawcett’s #127, Florida collection 1914 0648 Orange-citron-hybrid 539238 Mr. Flippen, between Fullerton and Placentia CA 1915 0661 Indian sour citron (ops) (Zamburi) 31981 USDA, Chico Garden 1915 1795 Corsican citron 539415 W.T. Swingle, USDA 1924 2456 Citron or citron hybrid 539416 From CPB 1930 (Came in as Djerok which is Dutch word for “citrus” 2847 Yemen citron 105957 Bureau of Plant Introduction 3055 Bengal citron (ops) (citron hybrid?) 539417 Ed Pollock, NSW, Australia 1954 3174 Unnamed citron 230626 H. Chapot, Rabat, Morocco 1955 3190 Dabbe (ops) 539418 H. Chapot, Rabat, Morocco 1959 3241 Citrus megaloxycarpa (ops) (Bor-tenga) (hybrid) 539446 Fruit Research Station, Burnihat Assam, India 1957 3487 Kulu “lemon” (ops) 539207 A.G. Norman, Botanical Garden, Ann Arbor MI 1963 3518 Citron of Commerce (ops) 539419 John Carpenter, USDCS, Indio CA 1966 3519 Citron of Commerce (ops) 539420 John Carpenter, USDCS, Indio CA 1966 3520 Corsican citron (ops) 539421 John Carpenter, USDCS, Indio CA 1966 3521 Corsican citron (ops) 539422 John Carpenter, USDCS, Indio CA 1966 3522 Diamante citron (ops) 539423 John Carpenter, USDCS, Indio CA 1966 3523 Diamante citron (ops) 539424 John Carpenter, USDCS, Indio