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Permanent Crops Production (CRP303) Permanent Crops Production, CRP303 Permanent Crops Production (CRP303) Course Developer: Ogunrinde, Samuel I. Ph.D National Open University of Nigeria Lagos Course Writer: Ogunrinde, Samuel I. Ph.D National Open University of Nigeria Lagos Course Editor: Prof. Afolabi Adebanjo National Open University of Nigeria Lagos Programme Leader: Ogunrinde, Samuel I. Ph.D National Open University of Nigeria Lagos Coursee Coordinator: Dr. Jari Sanusi National Open University of Nigeria Lagos Permanent Crops Production (CRP303) 1 Permanent Crops Production, CRP303 National Open University of Nigeria Headquarters National Open University of Nigeria 14-16 Ahmadu Bello Way Victoria Island Lagos. Abuja Annex Office 245 Samuel Adesujo Ademulegun Street, Central Business District, Opposite Arewa Suites Hotel, Abuja. URL: www.nou.edu.ng NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA 2007 First Printed 2007 ISBN: Permanent Crops Production (CRP303) TABLE OF CONTENTS 2 Permanent Crops Production,CRP303 Module/Unit Title Pages Module 1: GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO PERMANENT CROPS 4 Unit 1: Factors affecting Tree/ Permanent Crops Production 4 Unit 2: Principles and Operations in Tree/Permanent Crops Production 23 Module 2: STIMULANT/BEVERAGE CROPS 43 Unit 3: CACAO 43 Unit 4: COFFEE 85 Unit 5: COLA/KOLA 129 Module 3: OIL CROPS 147 147 Unit 6: OIL-PALM Module 4: FRUITS and JUICE CROPS 201 Unit 7: CITRUS 201 Unit 8: CASHEW 253 Unit 9: BANANAS and PLANTAINS 277 Module 5: LATEX CROPS 296 Unit 10: RUBBER 296 MODULE 1- INTRODUCTION UNIT 1: FACTORS AFFECTING PERMANENT CROP PRODUCTION 3 Permanent Crops Production,CRP303 Table of Contents 1.0. Introduction 2.0. Unit Objectives 3.0. Subject Matter Content 3.1. Climatic Factors. 3.1.1 Rainfall/Precipitation. 3.1.2. Solar Radiation 3.1.3. Temperature 3.1.4. Relative Humidity 3.1.5. Winds 3.2 .Pests and Diseases 3.2.1. Pests 3.2.2. Diseases 3.2.3. Causal Agent of Crop Diseases. 3.3.0. Edaphic/Soil Factors 3.3.1. Soil Fertility 3.3.2. Soil Acidity 3.3.3. Soil Physical Characteristics 3.4 Nature of Crops 3.5 Economic Factors 3.5.1. Technical Factors 3.5.2. Demand/Supply and Price (Forces) 4.0. Conclusion 5.0 Summary 6.0. TMAs 7.0. References MODULE 1 UNIT 1: FACTORS AFFECTING PERMANENT CROP PRODUCTION 1.0 INTRODUCTION Crops are domesticated plants that we grow on our farms, orchards and gardens. These crops vary in their nutritional requirements, soil and weather needs; susceptibility to pests and diseases, etc. Similarly, the parts of the crop that meet man’s need equally vary. 4 Permanent Crops Production,CRP303 What man needs from the crop may be the tuber, leaves, fruits or even the stem. Therefore, the cultivation and production of crops are based on principles which have inbuilt guidelines that meet the nature of each crop type. In this unit therefore, you will read and study the general principles of crop production. Some of the factors that influence crop production that you will deal with include: environmental, soil/edaphic and economic factors that you need to put into consideration before you embark on a particular crop production. In addition, pests and diseases constitute threat to your production efforts; they therefore need to be considered before you finally decide on what crop(s) you will produce on your farm, orchard or garden. 2.0 OBJECTIVES At the end of this unit, you should be able to: · Enumerate the factors that influence the production of crops; · Distinguish between climatic and edaphic factors in crop production; · Identify economic factors which influence the types of crops you will grow in your area; · Distinguish between climate and weather; · Describe crop types that are grown in your community and area; · Associate particular crop (types) to particular areas and climatic conditions. 3.0 MAIN CONTENT In this unit you will read about the major factors that influence farmers and agriculturists in the selection, cultivation and production of crops in any given environment. Here you will also read about climatic factors, edaphic/soil, and economic variables which influence the nature of crops that are found in particular area and zone of the world. For example, the crops you find in the southern parts of Nigeria are different from those you find in the northern areas. Similarly, crops grown in the tropics are different from those of the sub- tropics as the Mediterranean or the temperate regions of the world. 3.1.0 Climatic Factors The average weather conditions of a place over a period of thirty five to forty (35- 40) years is called climate. The major elements that make up the weather are: rainfall/precipitation, temperature, relative humidity, wind, sunlight and solar radiation. The values of the above listed variables at any particular times constitute the weather of the place. 3.1.1. Rainfall /Precipitation The collection of water vapour (moisture) in the sky in the form of cloud leads to the formation of water droplets in the cloud. The cloud later releases it’s water droplets to the earth surface in the form of precipitation. Collection of 5 Permanent Crops Production,CRP303 precipitations leads to rainfall. The total rainfall of any place is the total amount of precipitation that a place gets during a fiscal year of 365 days. It is measured Fig. 1.1: Illustration of a’cm of rainfall (after Ogunrinde, Sam.I; 1996) a’ in centimeters per square centimeter 1 cm of land area. “a” cm of precipitation is illustrated in figure 1.1. “a” cm may be distributed among the days of the fiscal year in different patterns. In other words, the rainfall may occur during only three of the twelve months of the year. These months may be: January to March or September to November or June to September. In the alternative, the rains may be evenly distributed within the twelve (12) months of the year. In some areas, the rains for the year may fall within just one month of the year. Four distribution patterns are contained in figure 1.2. d……………………………. c a b e e Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec 6 Permanent Crops Production,CRP303 Figure 1.2: Illustration of rainfall patterns in a fiscal year (after Ogunrinde, Sam.I; 1996). Rainfall in pattern‘d’, is evenly distributed throughout the fiscal year. Pattern ‘b’ on the other hand has a peak in August/September. Pattern ‘c’ has two peaks with a trough in August/September. Pattern ‘e’ has equal distribution throughout the fiscal year but the total precipitation (rainfall) is much lower than‘d’ that has similar distribution. Indeed, the total for pattern ‘e’ is the lowest. Crops vary in their requirements for water at different stages of the crop growth and production. While some crops require a large amount of water, some may not withstand nor survive when the precipitation is high. 3.1.2 Solar radiation--sunlight The solar system is made up of the sun at the centre and satellite objects rotating round it. The sun which is at the centre is a very large object that is burning away every second. The heat and light generated by the burning sun is emitted to the circling satellite objects round it. The earth which is the third object in the solar system and the second to the sun derives its light and heat energy from the sun. earth position (b) SU N earth position (a) Fig. 1.3: Illustration of the earth in its orbit round the sun (after Ogunrinde, Sam. I.; 1996) The earth goes round the sun in an orbit that has the shape of an eclipse as illustrated in figure 1.3. The amount of heat and length of the day varies with the exact positions of the earth in its orbit round the sun. When the orbit is closer to the sun, the amount of heat that the earth receives is higher while length of day is shorter than when the earth is at the distal end of the eclipse. Also, as the earth rotates on its own axis to give day and night, the orbiting of the earth round the sun gives rise to the seasons of the year-- rainy and dry seasons (in the tropics); while in the sub-tropical areas, there are four seasons - summer, fall/autumn, winter and spring. Similarly, the length of day varies with the seasons. The length of the day is determined by the time lag (in hours and minutes) between the sun rise in the east and when it sets in the west for a particular day. 7 Permanent Crops Production,CRP303 Some crops are sensitive to day-length and the amount of heat that is available in the environment. Some crops require longer nights to initiate the process of flowering while some are day-length neutral. Heavy clouds reduce the available light for light-reactions and photosynthesis. Therefore the amount of food that a particular crop can produce during its growing season is a function of the sunlight available for the crop, and other variables - as available nutrients, available soil-water, foliage, presence/absence of diseases. Low temperatures lead to cold. Cold leads to frost. During frost, most crops die because of the roots inability to absorb nutrients that are contained in the solid (frozen) water. Frost- bite does physical damage to exposed shoots and leaves. Nutrients pump in plants and crops gradually grind to a halt during very low temperatures. Similarly chemical reactions taking place within the crops are affected by temperatures. 3.1.3 Temperature The resultant effect of solar radiation on the earth’s surface is the temperature which is measured in degrees on Celsius or Fahrenheit scale.
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