DOCSLIB.ORG

Hawai'i Energy and Environmental Technologies (HEET) Initiative

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Hawai'i Energy and Environmental Technologies (HEET) Initiative Hawai‘i Energy and Environmental Technologies (HEET) Initiative Office of Naval Research Grant Award Number N0014-10-1-0310 TASK 4 ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SYSTEMS 4.7 Alternative Biofuels Development: Production, Harvesting, and Handling Assessment Prepared by: GreenEra LLC Prepared for: University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Hawai‘i Natural Energy Institute April 2014 2250 Kalakaua Avenue, Suite 319 * Honolulu, Hawaii 96815 Deliverable 6: Report for Activity 3 – Production, Harvesting, and Handling Project No. 660079 – Biofuels Assessment Purchase Order No. Z952555 GreenEra LLC FEIN: 27-1749416 Submitted by: GreenEra LLC Submitted to: Hawaii Natural Energy Institute Submitted April 4, 2014 Biofuels Assessment (Project No. 660079) Activity 3 - Production, Harvesting and Handling Assessment Table of Contents Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................... 11 3.0 Executive Summary...................................................................................................... 12 3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 20 3.1.1 Biofuels Assessment; Activities 1 through 5, Final Report ............................. 20 3.1.2 Background - Hawaiian Commercial and Sugar Company ............................ 22 3.2 Activity 3 – Production, Harvesting, and Handling Assessment .................................. 24 3.2.1 Objective ........................................................................................................... 24 3.2.2 Process .............................................................................................................. 24 3.2.3 Background ....................................................................................................... 25 3.3 Crop Option #1: Two-year Sugarcane, Burned for Harvest ........................................ 29 3.3.1 Field Preparation ............................................................................................... 29 3.3.1.1 Field Preparation Process .................................................................... 29 3.3.1.2 Field Preparation Costs ....................................................................... 31 3.3.2 Crop Establishment and Irrigation .................................................................... 32 3.3.2.1 Planting the Crop ................................................................................. 32 3.3.2.2 Ratoon-Crop Establishment ................................................................ 35 3.3.2.3 Irrigation .............................................................................................. 35 3.3.2.4 Cost of Planting the Crop .................................................................... 37 3.3.3 Crop Maintenance ............................................................................................. 37 3.3.3.1 Fertilizer Application .......................................................................... 38 3.3.3.2 Weed Control ...................................................................................... 38 3.3.3.3 Pesticide Application .......................................................................... 38 3.3.4 Harvesting and Sucrose Recovery .................................................................... 39 3.3.4.1 Harvesting ........................................................................................... 39 3.3.4.2 Benchmarking HC&S Harvesting Cost............................................... 43 3.3.4.3 Benchmarking HC&S Recovered Sugar Yield and Derived Crop Yields .................................................................................................. 44 3.3.4.4 Sugar Recovery for Current Harvest and Milling System .................. 48 3.3.5 Benchmarking Productivity at HC&S .............................................................. 56 3.3.5.1 Field Productivity ................................................................................ 56 3.3.5.2 Cane Productivity: Mill ...................................................................... 56 3.3.5.3 Cane Productivity: Pre-Harvest .......................................................... 57 3.3.5.4 Harvesting Costs ................................................................................. 59 3.3.6 Agronomic Sustainability of Option #1: Two-Year Sugarcane, Burned for Harvest .............................................................................................................. 65 3-2 Biofuels Assessment (Project No. 660079) Activity 3 - Production, Harvesting and Handling Assessment 3.3.7 Option #1 Summary: Two-Year Sugarcane, Burned for Harvest .................... 66 3.4 Crop Option #2: Two-year Sugarcane, Unburned for Harvest .................................... 68 3.4.1 Production System: Two-Year Unburned Sugarcane ...................................... 68 3.4.2 Defining the Characteristics of Unburned Sugarcane ...................................... 69 3.4.2.1 Hawaiian Data ..................................................................................... 70 3.4.2.2 Other Data ........................................................................................... 70 3.4.3 Harvesting Productivity and Cost ..................................................................... 73 3.4.4 Mill Throughput and Sucrose Recovery ........................................................... 77 3.4.5 Predicting Reductions in Milling Recovery with Increased Trash Levels ....... 80 3.4.6 Strategies to Minimize Losses Associated with Increased Trash Levels ......... 81 3.4.7 Cane Mass and Composition Resulting from Different Strategies ................... 84 3.4.8 Product Recovery .............................................................................................. 85 3.4.9 Agronomic Sustainability of Option #2: Two-year Sugarcane, Unburned for Harvest .............................................................................................................. 88 3.4.10 Option #2 Summary: Two-Year Sugarcane, Unburned for Harvest ............... 88 3.5 Crop Option #3: One-year Sugarcane and Type I Energycane, Mechanically Harvested ...................................................................................................................... 90 3.5.1 Production System: Annual Cropping of Sugarcane ....................................... 91 3.5.2 Overview of a Potential Annual Cropping System in Hawaii .......................... 94 3.5.3 Crop production: Annual Cropping System in Hawaii for Sugarcane and Type I Energycane ..................................................................................................... 96 3.5.4 Rock Removal and Management .................................................................... 100 3.5.4.1 Rock Removal Strategies .................................................................. 101 Rock Removal ................................................................................... 102 Rock Pulverization ............................................................................ 103 3.5.5 Land Preparation and Planting Cost: Annual Cropping of Sugarcane .......... 105 3.5.6 Potential Yields: Annual Cropping of Sugarcane ........................................... 106 3.5.6.1 Estimated Productivity for Annual Harvest Sugarcane Crop............ 108 3.5.6.2 Sucrose Recovery .............................................................................. 110 3.5.7 Harvesting System: Annual Cropping of Sugarcane and Energycane .......... 111 3.5.7.1 Chopper Harvesting of “One-year” Cane (Process Overview) ......... 111 3.5.7.2 Impact of Crop Size and Presentation on Harvesting Losses ........... 112 1) Topping Losses .......................................................................... 114 2) Gathering Losses ....................................................................... 114 3) Basecutter Loses ........................................................................ 115 3-3 Biofuels Assessment (Project No. 660079) Activity 3 - Production, Harvesting and Handling Assessment 4) Pickup Losses ............................................................................ 115 5) Feedtrain Losses ........................................................................ 116 6) Billeting Losses ......................................................................... 116 7) Extraction Losses ....................................................................... 117 3.5.7.3 Summary of Harvesting Losses ........................................................ 118 Post-Harvest Deterioration Losses .................................................... 120 3.5.7.4 Impact of Crop Size and Presentation on Harvester Productivity and Harvesting Cost ................................................................................. 121 In-Field transport ............................................................................... 123 Cost of Harvesting and In-field Transport ........................................ 125 Field-to-Mill Transport ..................................................................... 126 3.5.8 Summary of Sugarcane Harvesting Costs ...................................................... 128 3.5.9 Summary of Harvesting Considerations ......................................................... 129 3.5.9.1 Trash Extraction at the Mill .............................................................. 129 3.5.10 Product
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Agricultural Policy and the Fate of a Gulf South Oilseed Industry, 1902-1969
    Mississippi State University Scholars Junction Theses and Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 1-1-2013 Tung Tried: Agricultural Policy and the Fate of a Gulf South Oilseed Industry, 1902-1969 Whitney Adrienne Snow Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsjunction.msstate.edu/td Recommended Citation Snow, Whitney Adrienne, "Tung Tried: Agricultural Policy and the Fate of a Gulf South Oilseed Industry, 1902-1969" (2013). Theses and Dissertations. 4795. https://scholarsjunction.msstate.edu/td/4795 This Dissertation - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Scholars Junction. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholars Junction. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Automated Template B: Created by James Nail 2011V2.01 Tung tried: agricultural policy and the fate of a Gulf South oilseed industry, 1902-1969 By Whitney Adrienne Snow A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of Mississippi State University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History in the Department of History Mississippi State, Mississippi May 2013 Copyright by Whitney Adrienne Snow 2013 Tung tried: agricultural policy and the fate of a Gulf South oilseed industry, 1902-1969 By Whitney Adrienne Snow Approved: _________________________________ _________________________________ Mark D. Hersey Alison Collis Greene Associate Professor of History Assistant Professor of History (Director of Dissertation) (Committee Member) _________________________________ _________________________________ Stephen C. Brain Alan I Marcus Assistant Professor of History Professor of History (Committee Member) (Committee Member) _________________________________ _________________________________ Sterling Evans Peter C. Messer Committee Participant of History Associate Professor of History (Committee Member) (Graduate Coordinator) _________________________________ R.
    [Show full text]
  • Potential Sources of Anthropogenic Copper Inputs to European Agricultural Soils
    sustainability Article Potential Sources of Anthropogenic Copper Inputs to European Agricultural Soils Panos Panagos 1,*, Cristiano Ballabio 1, Emanuele Lugato 1 ID , Arwyn Jones 1, Pasquale Borrelli 2, Simone Scarpa 1, Alberto Orgiazzi 1 and Luca Montanarella 1 1 European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Directorate for Sustainable Resources, IT-21027 Ispra (VA), Italy; [email protected] (C.B.); [email protected] (E.L.); [email protected] (A.J.); [email protected] (S.S.); [email protected] (A.O.); [email protected] (L.M.) 2 Environmental Geosciences Department, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-0332-785574 Received: 8 June 2018; Accepted: 5 July 2018; Published: 9 July 2018 Abstract: In the European Union (EU), copper concentration in agricultural soil stems from anthropogenic activities and natural sources (soil and geology). This manuscript reports a statistical comparison of copper concentrations at different levels of administrative units, with a focus on agricultural areas. Anthropogenic sources of diffuse copper contamination include fungicidal treatments, liquid manure (mainly from pigs), sewage sludge, atmospheric deposition, mining activities, local industrial contamination and particles from car brakes. Sales of fungicides in the EU are around 158,000 tonnes annually, a large proportion of which are copper based and used extensively in vineyards and orchards. Around 10 million tonnes of sewage sludge is treated annually in the EU, and 40% of this (which has a high copper content) is used as fertilizer in agriculture. In the EU, 150 million pigs consume more than 6.2 million tonnes of copper through additives in their feed, and most of their liquid manure ends up in agricultural soil.
    [Show full text]
  • Land Temporary Crops
    DETAILED AGRICULTURAL MODULE Presented below is a sample detailed agricultural module for inclusion in the household questionnaire of the Population and Housing Census. It would replace the agricultural census and covers the data items recommended in the core of the WCA 2010 guidelines. Format, wording, response categories etc. can be tailored by countries as discussed in the Definitions and Guidance. Items in italics would be modified by countries as required. Land 1. Did this household operate any land for own account agricultural production during the last agricultural year? 1 Yes 2 No Go to 5 2. How many separate pieces of land (parcels) are used for agricultural purposes? 3. For each separate piece of land used by the household for own account agricultural production activities, list the area, current land use, land tenure and presence of irrigation? Current Land Use Parcel No Total Area Land Tenure (code) Irrigation (Yes/No) (code) 4. What was the main purpose of agricultural production during the last agricultural year? Mark ONE box 1 Sale 2 Subsistence Temporary Crops 5. Did this household grow any temporary crops during the last agricultural year? 1 Yes 2 No Go to 8 6. The following lists the most important temporary crops grown in the country. For each crop listed, state whether grown or not grown in the last agricultural year; and if grown, the area planted OR number of plants grown? Note: Questionnaire should include a pre-printed list of up to 10 crops. Final questionnaire will state either area planted or number of plants grown, with selection of unit of measure.
    [Show full text]
  • Land Cover Changes in Coffee Cultural Landscapes of Pereira (Colombia) Between 1997 and 2014
    Cuadernos de Investigación Geográfica 2022 Nº 48 pp. xx-xx EISSN 1697-9540 Geographical Research Letters Copyright © 2021, The authors. This work is licensed under http://doi.org/10.18172/cig.4908 a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. LAND COVER CHANGES IN COFFEE CULTURAL LANDSCAPES OF PEREIRA (COLOMBIA) BETWEEN 1997 AND 2014 BEATRIZ E. MURILLO LÓPEZ1*, ALEXANDER FEIJOO MARTÍNEZ1, ANDRÉS F. CARVAJAL2 1Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales, Vereda La Julita, A.A. 097, Pereira, Colombia. 2Faculty of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Bogotá D.C., Colombia. ABSTRACT. Understanding how and what land cover changes and transitions have occurred in a territory is crucial to planning and managing high-demand surfaces. At the landscape level, the challenge is determining the allocation and management of various land cover options. Therefore, for natural resources planning and management, a study characterizing and analysing the territory of interest should be included. This work aimed to analyse the changes and land cover patterns in the city of Pereira, Colombia, within the framework of the Colombian Coffee Cultural Landscape. The evaluated period was between 1997 and 2014, and a Geographic Information System, ENVI 4.8 programme and QGIS programme were used for multitemporal analysis. To describe the land cover transitions, two temporal moments were analysed with Landsat satellite images: one moment was for the year 1997, which was taken in August (Landsat 5), and the other moment was for the year 2014, which was taken in July (Landsat 8). At level 1 of CORINE (Coordination of information on the environment), the areas of land cover corresponding to agricultural areas, forests and semi-natural areas decreased most in the analysis period, while artificial surfaces increased.
    [Show full text]
  • EXPERIENCE, IJ~CORPORA TED MINNE,T>.,POLIS
    Con·t ract NUf1ber ~r:;J S25-0191-C-OO-1019-00 Project Nu. 525-0191 Project Title: Technjcal Assistan~e to REPARE PANA~m WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PROJECT FINAL REPORT August 17, 1981 - August 16, 1983 USAID 525-T-049 Experience, Incorporated 1393 Edward J. Finegan ~atershed Management Advisor EXPERIENCE, IJ~CORPORA TED MINNE,t>.,POLIS. MINNESOTA 55402 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 1. Introduction 1 2. Integrated Watershed Management 2 2.1 A base for future activities 3 2.2 Centralized ad~inistration 4 3. Project Design and Implementation 7 4. Problems and Recommendations from the local level 10 4.1A Policy/Planning problems 11 4.1B Policy/planning recommE:ndations 13 4 •. 2A Project implementation problems 16 '-t.2B Project implementation recommendations 18 4.3A Community relations problems 19 4.3B Community relations recommendations 21 5 . A Base for Land Use Management 23 5.1 Ecological guidelines fo~ planning 23. 5.2 Results for the Panama Canal watershed 26 5.3 Conflicts existing between land capacity - land use 29 5.4 RecommendFttions related to land capacity/land use conflicts 32 6. Conclusion 37 1. IntroQuction For two years I have participated as a member of the technical assistance team contracted through Experience, Incorporated to work with the RENARE - USAID Watershed Man­ agement Project. During this period, I have had the oppor­ tunity to work within RENARE and to directly experience the aspirations and frustrations that have existed in attempting to implement an ambitious and complex group of programs under constraining circumstances. Over this period of time, RENARE has grown considerably aD a professional natural resources agency.
    [Show full text]
  • Agricultural Statistics Best Practice Methodology Handbook
    Agricultural Statistics Best Practice Methodology Handbook Implementation in APEC Member Economies APEC Agricultural and Technical Cooperation Working Group November 2013 APEC Project ATC 03/2011A Produced by For Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Secretariat 35 Heng Mui Keng Terrace Singapore 119616 Tel: (65) 68919 600 Fax: (65) 68919 690 Email: [email protected] Website: www.apec.org © 2013 APEC Secretariat APEC#213-AT-03.1 Agricultural Statistics Best Practice Methodology Handbook Implementation in APEC Member Economies November 2013 Agricultural Statistics Best Practice Methodology Handbook Implementation in APEC Member Economies DISCLAIMER The publication of this handbook has been made possible by the support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). Its contents are the sole responsibility of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States government. Contents Introduction 1 Part I. Design of Agricultural Census and Survey Implementation 3 1. Importance of the Census of Agriculture 5 2. Census of Agriculture: Methodological Considerations 13 3. Items for Agriculture Census 27 4. Community-level Data 33 5. Relationship of Agriculture Census to Population Census 39 6. Combining the Census of Agriculture with the Aquaculture Census 45 7. Collecting Data from Nonagricultural Producers’ Households 51 8. Program of Agricultural Surveys 55 9. Sampling Frames for Agricultural Censuses and Surveys 59 Part II. Practical Statistical Methodology 67 10. Sampling Schemes for the Agricultural Survey Program 69 11. Determination of Sample Size 79 12. Estimation Procedures 83 13. Nonlinear Variance Estimation in Complex Surveys 91 14. Evaluation and Treatment of Survey Nonsampling Errors 95 Appendix.
    [Show full text]
  • Major Uses of Land in the United States
    TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1082 October 1953 ^ Major Uses of Land in The United States By H. H. WootEN, Agricultural Eeonomist Bureau of Agricultural Economics UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE WASHINGTON, D. C. PREFACE M^any changes have occurred in land utilization since Miscellaneous Publication 663, Inventory of Major Land Uses in the United States, was issued in 1948. The present publication is the outcome of an increasing interest on the part of puhlic and private agencies for addi- tional information concerning the utilization of land in the United States. There is constant demand for data that will show major land uses such as cropland, grazing, forest, and others, and for interpreta- tions of land use and changes in use, based upon currently acquired data. In response to this interest, the Bureau of Agricultural Economics has compiled and published at intervals during the last 30 years, figures that show acreages used for crops, pasture and grazing, forests and woodlands, and other major land areas. In general, this report follows these past inventories as to scope and in the procedure used for the assembly of data. Coverage by States and regions is now more complete than formerly, owing to improvements in mapping by aerial photography and in statistical and other surveys of agriculture, soils, land use, and conditions affecting use. The present publication is intended to supply an account of the extent and distribution of the major agricultural land uses and a gen- eral analysis of the land use situation and the expected future needs for agricultural land in this country. Information on acreages of land devoted to the chief purposes provides a comprehensive picture of the use of all land in the United States, of trends in land use, and of the elements that affect use.
    [Show full text]
  • Agricultural Property Manual
    Agricultural Property Manual Agricultural Property Manual Preface Preface Arizona’s agricultural industry is a significant contributor to the state’s economy in terms of the value of crops, livestock, and commodities produced. According to U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) statistics, in 2019 there were 19,000 farm operations in the state, encompassing over 26 million acres, which translates to 40,000 square miles.1 As impressive as these figures are, they do not include the nearly 30 million acres of state and federal land in Arizona that is subject to grazing permits and leases administered by the U.S. Forest Service, U.S. Bureau of Land Management, and Arizona State Land Department. While this Manual pertains only to the valuation and assessment of privately- owned agricultural property, these public land leases can still be relevant to the proper valuation of agricultural grazing land. In terms of total assessed value in Arizona, the class of property that includes agricultural real property—class Two, subclass (R)—represents the second-largest dollar amount of all property classes. The Department of Revenue (Department or DOR) Property Tax Unit produced this 2020 AGRICULTURAL PROPERTY MANUAL to provide assessment personnel and other interested parties with the information and procedures necessary to identify, classify, and value agricultural property for property tax purposes in accordance with Arizona law. Two primary sets of statutes are referenced throughout this Manual. Both sets are contained in Title 42 of the Arizona Revised Statutes (A.R.S.). The first set is found in Chapter 12: Property Classification – Article 4: Agricultural Property Classification.
    [Show full text]
  • Regenerative Agriculture: Identifying the Impact; Enabling the Potential. Report for SYSTEMIQ
    1 Regenerative Agriculture Identifying the impact; enabling the potential Report for SYSTEMIQ School of Water, Energy and Environment 17 May 2019 Burgess PJ, Harris J, Graves AR, Deeks LK (2019) Regenerative Agriculture: Identifying the Impact; Enabling the Potential. Report for SYSTEMIQ. 17 May 2019. Bedfordshire, UK: Cranfield University. Photo on the front page is of an integrated crop, livestock and forest system in the Cerrado region of Brazil (Photo: Paul Burgess) 1 Table of contents Executive Summary .......................................................................................................... 3 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 5 2 Definitions of regenerative agriculture ........................................................................ 6 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 6 2.2 Method .......................................................................................................................................... 6 2.3 Regenerative agriculture as a set of practices ............................................................................... 6 2.4 Regenerative organic agriculture ................................................................................................... 7 2.5 Regenerative agriculture as farming that enhances .....................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Crops and Livestock Statistics
    Manual on the Basic Set of Environment Statistics of the FDES 2013 Crops and Livestock Statistics (Topics 2.5.3: Crops and 2.5.4: Livestock of the Basic Set of Environment Statistics of the FDES 2013) Elaborated by the Environment Statistics Section of the United Nations Statistics Division, in collaboration with the Expert Group on Environment Statistics Version 1.0 16 November 2017 Methodology sheet of the Basic Set of Environment Statistics of the FDES https://unstats.un.org/unsd/envstats/fdes/manual_bses.cshtml https://unstats.un.org/unsd/envstats/fdes.cshtml Contents 1. Statistics in Topics 2.5.3 Crops and 2.5.4 Livestock ...................................................................................... 2 2. Introduction/Relevance ................................................................................................................................ 4 3. Definitions and description of the statistics ................................................................................................. 6 3A. Crops (Topic 2.5.3)...................................................................................................................................... 6 3A1. Main annual and perennial crops ......................................................................................................... 6 3A2. Fertilizers, pesticides and seeds ........................................................................................................... 9 3B. Livestock (Topic 2.5.4) .............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • OFFICIAL REPORT (Hansard)
    Committee for Agriculture and Rural Development OFFICIAL REPORT (Hansard) Greening the Common Agricultural Policy Seminar 6 March 2012 NORTHERN IRELAND ASSEMBLY Committee for Agriculture and Rural Development Greening the Common Agricultural Policy Seminar 6 March 2012 Members present for all or part of the proceedings: Mr Paul Frew (Chairperson) Mrs Dolores Kelly (Deputy Chairperson) Ms Michaela Boyle Mr Thomas Buchanan Mr Willie Clarke Mr William Irwin Mr Oliver McMullan Mr Robin Swann Witnesses: Mr Patrick Casement Council for Nature Conservation and the Countryside Mr Andrew Elliott Department of Agriculture and Rural Development Mr Norman Fulton Department of Agriculture and Rural Development Mr Gabriel Nelson Department of the Environment Ms Diane Stevenson Department of the Environment Mr Michael Hamell European Commission Mr John Hetherington Premier Woodlands Mr Wesley Aston Ulster Farmers' Union Mr John Thompson Ulster Farmers' Union In attendance: Mr Simon Hamilton Committee for the Environment Mr Danny Kinahan Committee for the Environment Ms Anna Lo Committee for the Environment Mr Patsy McGlone Committee for the Environment Mr Francie Molloy Committee for the Environment The Chairperson: Good afternoon. On behalf of the Committee, I welcome you to the seminar on greening the common agricultural policy (CAP). Members from the Committee for Agriculture and Rural Development and the Committee for the Environment are represented here today. Both Committees have a mutual interest, given the cross-cutting issues surrounding agriculture and the environment. I We are also delighted to welcome various bodies and organisations that have an interest in this area to the seminar and to Parliament Buildings. It is a pleasure to have Michael Hamell from the European Commission here today to share his thoughts on the importance of environmental considerations and their impact on agricultural practices.
    [Show full text]
  • Economics of Crops in Developing Countries No 1 The
    Economicso f cropsi ndevelopin g countriesN o1 Theeconomic s of coffee The series 'Economics of crops in developing countries' is the result of a research project undertaken by the Department of Development Economics of the Agri­ cultural University, Wageningen. The monographs in this series are intended to fill the gap between agronomic documentation and aggregate data on production andtrade . Thefollowin g titlesar ei n preparation: 2.Th eeconomic s ofoi lpalm : H.A.J. Moll 3.Th eeconomic so f maize:J .A . Kool 4.Th e economics of cotton. my 53SO08 fly1 Economicso fcrop si ndevelopin gcountrie sN o1 Theeconomic so fcoffe e J.d eGraaf f PudocWageninge n 1986 15 o 2HO U^) Ir J. de Graaff isa n agricultural economist, who graduated from the Agricultural Universi­ ty, Wageningen, in 1974. He worked for the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations in Tunisia, Kenya and Jamaica and at the headquarters in Rome. He was employed by the Department of Development Economics of the Agricultural University from 1982 to 1984. In 1984, he joined the staff of the Royal Tropical Institute in Amster­ dam.Sinc e 1979,h eha scarrie d out severalconsultanc y assignmentsi nAfric a and Asia. CIP ISBN 90 220090 09 © Centre for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation (Pudoc), Wageningen, the Netherlands,1986 . No part of this publication, apart from bibliographic data and brief quotations embodied in critical reviews, may be reproduced, re-recorded or published in any form including print, photocopy, microfilm, electronic or electromagnetic record without written permission from thepublishe r Pudoc, P.O.
    [Show full text]