Amended Indictment Acte D'accusation Amende

, INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR RWANDA

...... ~

Case No. ICTR-96-9-I N de dossier:ICTR-96-9-I

THE PROSECUTOR LE PROCUREUR DU TRIBUNAL

AGAINST CONTRE

LAD ISLAS NTAGANZWA LADISLAS NTAGANZWA

AMENDED ACTE D'ACCUSATION INDICTMENT AMENDE

The Prosecutor of the International Le Procureur du Tribunal Penal Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, pursuant to International pour Ie Rw"anda, en vertu des the authority stipulated in Atiicle 17 of the pouvoirs que lui confere I'article 17 elu Statute of the International Criminal Statut du Tribunal Penal International pour Tribunal for Rwanda ('the Statute of the Ie Rwanda ("Ie Statut du Tribunal") accuse: Tri b unal ') charges:

LADISLAS NTAGANZWA LADISLAS NT AGANZW A

with CONSPIRACY TO COMMIT eI'ENTENTE EN VUE DE GENOCIDE, GENOCIDE C9MMETTRE LE GENOCIDE, de COMPLICITY IN GENOCIDE', GENOCIDE de COMPLICITE DE DIRECT AND PUBLIC INCITEMENT GENOCIDE, d'INCITATION TO COMMIT GENOCIDE, CRIMES PUBLIQUE ET DIRECTE A AGAINST HUMANITY, and COMMETTRE LE GENOCIDE, de VIOLATIONS OF ARTICLE 3 CRIMES CONTRE L' HUMANITE, et ele COMMON TO THE GENEVA VIOLATIONS DE L'ARTICLE 3 CONVENTIONS AND ADDITIONAL COMMUN AUX CONVENTIONS DE PROTOCOL II, offences stipulated in GENtVE ET DU PROTOCOLE Articles 2, 3 and 4 of the Statute of the ADDITIONNEL II, crimes prevus aux Tribunal. articles 2, 3 et 4 du Statut du Tribunal.

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1. HISTORICAL CONTEXT 1. CONTEXTE HISTORIQUE

1.1 The revolution of 1959 marked the 1.1 La revolution de 1959 marque Ie beginning ofa period of ethnic clashes debut d'une periode d'affrontements between the Hutu and the Tutsi in Rwanda, ethniques entre les Hutu et les Tutsi au causing hundreds of Tutsi to die and Rwanda, provoquant au cours des annees thousands more to flee the country in the qui ont immediatement suivi, des centaines years immediately following. The revolution de morts chez les Tutsi et l'exode de milliers resulted in the abolition of .the Tutsi d'entre eux. Cette revolution entraine monarchy and the proclamation of the First l' abolition de Ia monarchie Tutsi et la Republic in early 1961, confirmed in a proclamation de la Premiere Republique au referendum held in the same year. debut de I'annee 1961, confilmee par Legislative elections held in September referendum au cours de la meme aImee. Les 1961 confirmed the dominant position of the elections legislatives de septembre 1961 MDR-PARMEHUTU (Mouvement confirme la domination du MDR Democratique Republicain - Parti du P ARMEHUTU (Mouvement Democratique Mouvement d'Emancipation Hutu), led by Republicain-Parti du Mouvement Gregoire Kayibanda, who was subsequently d'Emancipation Hutu) de Gregoire elected President of the Republic by the Kayibanda, qui est elu President de la Legislative Assembly on 26 October 1961. Republique par l'assemblee legislative Ie 26 octobre 1961.

1.2 The early years ofthe First Republic, 1.2 Les premieres annees d'existence de which was under the domination of the Hutu cette republique, dominee par les Hutu du of central and southern Rwanda, were again centre et du sud du Rwanda, sont de marked by ethnic violence. The victims nouveau marquees par la violence ethnique. were predominantly Tutsi, the fonner ruling Les victimes furent principalement des elite, and those related to them, who were Tutsi, l' ancienne elite dirigeante, et leurs killed, driven to other regions of Rwanda or allies; ceux-ci furent tues, chasses vers forced to flee the country. The gradual d'autres regions du Rwanda ou forces de elimination of the opposition parties in those s'enfuir du pays. L'elimination progressive early years confirmed the MDR des partis d' opposition durant ces premieres P ARMEHUTU as the single party, the only annees confinne Ie MDR-PARMEHUTU party to present candidates in the elections comme parti unique, qui est Ie seul a of 1965. presenter des candidats aux elections de 1965.

1.3 The early part of 1973 in Rwanda 1.3 Le debut de l'annee 1973 au Rwanda was again marked by ethnic confrontations est de nouveau marque par des between the Hutu and Tutsi, prompting affrontements ethniques entre Hutu et Tutsi another exodus of the Tutsi minority from qui provoquent, apres ceux de 1959 a 1963, the country, as had occlmed between 1959 un nouvel exode de Ia minorite Tutsi. Cette and 1963. This new outburst of ethnic and recrudescence des tensions ethniques et political tension between the North and politiques (entre Ie Nord et Ie Sud) aboutit, South resulted in a military coup by General Ie 5 juillet 1973, a un coup d'Etat militaire Juvenal Habyarimana on 5 July 1973, mene par Ie General Juvenal Habyarimana.

PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/198713/ I. HISTORICAL CONTEXT shifting power from civilian to military Le coup d'Etat entral:ne un renversement du hands and from the Rutu of central Rwanda pouvoir, qui passe des mains des civils it to the Rutu of the northern prefectures of celles des militaires et de celles des Rutu du Gisenyi and Ruhengeri (Rabyarimana's centre du Rwanda it celles des Rutu des native region). prefectures de Gisenyi et Ruhengeri au nord du pays (region natale du President Rabyarimana).

1.4 In 1975, President Rabyarimana 1.4 En 1975, Ie president Rabyarimana founded the Mouvement Revolutionnaire fonde Ie Mouvement RevolutiOlmaire National pour Ie Developpement (MRND), National pour Ie Developpement (MRND), a single party, and assumed the position of parti unique, dont i1 assume la presidence. party Chairman. The administrative and La structure administrative et la hierarchie party hierarchies were indistinguishable in du MRND se confondent en un veritable this single party state from the level of the parti-Etat it to us les niveaux de Prefet to the bourgmestres, and down to l' administration terri tori ale, du PrMet aux that of the conseillers de secteurs and Bourgmestres, jusqu'aux conseillers de responsables de cellule. secteurs et responsables de cellule.

1.5 From 1973 to 1994, the government 1.5 De 1973 it 1994, Ie gouvernement du of President Rabyarimana used a system of President Rabyarimana applique un systeme ethnic and regional quotas which was de quotas base sur l'origine ethnique et supposed to provide educational and regionale qui etait cense offrir des chances employment opportunities for all, but which egales it tous en matiere d'education et was used increasingly to discriminate d' emploi, mais qui fut utilise against both Tutsi and Rutu from regions progressivement de maniere discriminatoire outside the northwest. it l' encontre des Tutsi et des Rutu originaires d'autres regions que Ie nord-ouest. In fact, by the late 1980s, persons De fait, it Ia fin des annees 1980, from Gisenyi and Ruhengeri occupied many plusieurs des postes les plus importants of the most important positions in the dans les secteurs militaires, politiques, military, political, economic and economiques et administratifs de la societe administrative sectors of Rwandan society. rwandaise etaient occupes par des perSOlmes Anl0ng the privileged elite, an inner circle originaires de Gisenyi et Ruhengeri. Panni of relatives and close associates of President l'elite privilegiee, un noyau, connu sous Rabyarimana and his wife, Agathe Kanziga, l' appellation Akazu, compose de membres known as the Akazu, enjoyed great power. de 1a famille et d'intimes du President This select group, almost exclusively Rutu, Rabyarimana et de son epouse, Agathe was supplemented by individuals who Kanziga, jouit d'un grand pouvoir. Aux shared its extremist Rutu ideology, and who membres de ce groupe, presque came mainly from the native region of the exclusivement Rutu, se joignent des President and his wife. perSOl111es qui en partagent l'ideologie Rutu extremiste et qui sont principalement originaires de la region natale du President et de son epouse.

1.6 In 1990, the President of the 1.6 Au cours de l'annee 1990, Ie

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Republic, Juvenal Habyarimana, and his President de 1a Republique, Juvenal single party, the MRND, were facing Habyarimana, et son parti unique, Ie mounting opposition, including from other MRND, font face a une opposition Hutu. grandissante, notamment de la part d'autres Hutu. 1.7 On 1 October 1990, the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) , made up mainly of 1.7 Le 1er octobre 1990, Ie Front Tutsi refugees, attacked Rwanda. Within Patriotique Rwandais (FPR), compose days the government began anesting majoritairement de refugies Tutsi, attaque Ie thousands of people, presumed to be Rwanda. Dans les jours qui suivent, Ie opponents ofHabyarimana and suspected of gouvernement procede a l'arrestation de being RPF accomplices. Although the Tutsi milliers de personnes presumees etre des were the main target, Hutu political adversaires d'Habyarimana et soupc;onnees opponents were also arrested. de complicite avec Ie FPR. Parmi les personnes anetees, majoritairement d' origine Tutsi, i1 y a egalement des 1.8 Following pressure £i'om the internal opposants politiques Hutu. opposition and the intemational community, and the RPF attack of October 1990, 1.8 Suite aux differentes pressions de President Habyarimana permitted the l'opposition interne et de la communaute introduction of multiple political parties and internationale, et aI' attaque du FPR the adoption of a new constitution on 10 d'octobre 1990, Ie President Habyarimana June 1991. The Mouvement Revolutionnaire autorise l'introduction du multipartisme et National pour Ie Developpement (MRND) l'adoption d'une nouvelle constitution Ie 10 was renamed Mouvement Republicain juin 1991. Le Mouvement Revolutionnaire National pour la Democratic et Ie National pour Ie Developpement (MRND) Developpement (MRND). The first est alors rebaptise Mouvement Republicain transitional govemment was made up almost National pour la Democratie et Ie exclusively of MRND members, following Developpement (MRND). Le premier the refusal of the main opposition p31iies to Gouvernement de transition est compose take part. With the second transitional presque exclusivement de membres du government in April 1992, the MRND MRND, suite au refus des principaux partis became a minority party for the first time in d'opposition d'en faire partie. Avec 1a mise its history, with nine ministerial portfolios en place du second Gouvernement de out of 19. On the other hand, tile MRND transition en avril 1992, Ie MRND se retained its domination over the local retrouve minoritaire pour la premiere fois de administration. son histoire, avec neuf portefeuilles ministeriels sur 19. Par contre, Ie MRND demeure fortement dominant au niveau de 1.9 The new Government then entered l' administration territoriale. negotiations with the RPF, which resulted in the signing of the Arusha Accords on 4 1.9 Le nouveau Gouvernement entame August 1993. The Accords provided for a alors des negociations avec Ie FPR qui new system of sharing military and civilian aboutissent Ie 4 aout 1993 a la signature des power between the RPF, the opposition Accords d'Arusha. Ces Accords prevoient parties and the MRND. un nouveau partage des pouvoirs militaires et civils entre Ie FPR, les partis d'opposition 1.10 By the terms of the Arusha Accords, et leMRND.

PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/198713/ 1. HISTORICAL CONTEXT which provided for the integration of both 1.10 Aux termes des Accords d' Arusha sides' armed forces, the new national army qui prevoient l'integration des forces annees was to be limited to 13,000 men, 60% FAR des deux parties, I' effectif de la nouvelle (Forces Armees Rwandaises) and 40% RPF. armee nationale est limite a 13 000 hommes The posts of command were to be shared dont 60% proviennent des FAR (Forces equally (50%-50%) between the two sides, Armees R wandaises) et 40% du FPR. Quant with the post of Chief of Staff of the Army aux postes de commandement, ils sont assigned to the FAR. attribues aparts egales (50%-50%) aux deux parties, Ie poste de Chef d'Etat Major de The Gendarmerie was to be limited l'annee revenant aux FAR. to 6,000 men, 60% FAR and 40% RPF, with L'effectif de la Gendarmerie est the posts of command shared equally (50%- limite a 6 000 hommes, compose de 60% 50%) between the two sides and the post of des FAR et 40% du FPR, avec les postes de Chief of Staff of the Gendannerie assigned commandement repartis equitablement to the RPF. (50%-50%) entre les deux parties, Ie poste de Chef d'Etat Major de la Gendal111erie revenant au FPR. 1.11 As regards representation within the govermnent, the Arusha Accords limited the 1.11 Au niveau de la representation au number of ministerial portfolios to be held sein du gouvemement, les Accords d' Arusha by the MRND to five, plus the Presidency. limitent a cinq Ie nombre de portefeuilles The other portfolios were to be shared as ministeriels du MRND en plus de la follows: RPF, five; MDR (Mouvement Presidence de la Republique. Les autres democratique republicain), four (including portefeuilles se repartissent ainsi: cinq pour the post of Prime Minister); PSD (Parti Ie FPR, quatre pour Ie MDR (Mouvement social-dbnocrate), three; PL (Parti liheral), democratique republicain) dont Ie poste de three; and the PDC (Parti democrate premier Ministre, trois pour Ie PSD (Parti chretien), one. social-democrate), trois pour Ie PL (Parti liberal) et un pour Ie PDC (Parti democrate-chretien ). 1.12 For the men and women close to President Habyarimana, including the 1.12 Pour les hommes et les femmes members of the Akazu, who held positions proches du President Habyarimana, parmi of prominence in the various sectors of lesquels les membres de I 'Akazu, qui Rwandan society, this new power sharing occupaient des fonctions importantes au sein plan, as demanded by the political des divers secteurs de la societe rwandaise, opposition and as stipulated in the Arusha ce nouveau pmiage du pouvoir, tel qu'exige Accords, meant a relinquishment of power par les opposants politiques et stipule par les and the loss of numerous privileges and Accords :d' Arusha, signifie l'abandon du benefits. With political changes following pouvoir et la perte de nombreux privileges et the establishment of the multi-party d'importants benefices. Les changements govermnent of April 1992, several important politiques: consecutifs a l'etablissement d'un military officers from the north had been regime n:iultipartite en avril 1992 obligent forced to retire. At the same time, many of plusieurs i officiers militaires importants, the military were facing massive originaires du Nord, a prendre leur retraite. demobilisation with the implementation of En meme' temps, l'application des Accords the Arusha Accords. d' Arusha' confronte plusieurs militaires a

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une demobilisation massive. 1.13 From 1990, Babyarimana and several of his close associates devised the 1.13 A partir de 1990, Babyarimana et strategy of inciting hatred and fear of the plusieurs de ses plus proches collaborateurs Tutsi minority as a way of rebuilding conc;oivent une strategie d'incitation a la solidarity among the Butu and keeping haine et a 1a peur face a la minorite Tutsi, themselves in power. They strongly opposed afin de retablir la solidarite panni les Rutu et any fonn of power sharing, including the de se maintenir au pouvoir. Ils s' opposent one envisaged by the Arusha Accords. fortement a toute fonne de partage du pouvoir et particulierement au partage prevu par les Accords d' Arusha. 1.14 Detennined to avoid the power sharing prescribed by the Arusha Accords, 1.14 Detenninees a eviter Ie partage des several prominent civilian and military pouvoirs prevu par les Accords d' Arusha, figures pursued their strategy of ethnic plusieurs personnalites civiles et militaires division and incitement to violence. They en vue poursuivent leur strategie de conflit targeted and labelled as RPF accomplices etlmique et d'incitation a la violence. Elles the entire Tutsi population, and also Butu vi sent la popUlation Tutsi tout entiere, qui opposed to their domination, particularly est qualifiee de complice du FPR, de meme those from regions other than northwest em que les Rutu opposes a leur domination, Rwanda. At the same time, they sought to particulierement ceux qui sont originaires divide Butu opposition parties, attracting d'autres regions que Ie nord-ouest du some of their members back to the support Rwanda. Parallelement, e1les tentent de ofBabyarimana. These efforts to divide the diviser les partis d'opposition Rutu, en Butu opposition were furthered by the ramenant certains de leurs membres dans Ie assassination of Melchior Ndandaye, the camp d'Rabyarimana. Les efforts destines a democratically elected Butu President, in diviser l'opposition Butu sont favorises par neighboring Burundi, by Tutsi soldiers of I' assassin at, par des soldats Tutsi de I' annee the Burundi army. By late 1993, two of the burundaise, de Melchior Ndandaye, three major parties opposed to the MRND president Butu democratiquement elu dans had each split into two factions. The faction Ie Burundi voisin. A la fin de 1993, deux des of each known as the "Power" faction trois principaux partis opposes au MRND aligned itself with the MRND. s'etaient divises en deux factions chacun. Les factions connues sous Ie nom de "Power" s'allient au MRND. 1.15 The strategy adopted in the early 1990s, which culminated in the widespread 1.15 La strategie adoptee au debut des massacres of April 1994, comprised several annees 90, qui va connaitre son apogee avec components, which were carefully worked les massacres generalises d' avril 1994, out by the various prominent figures who comporte plusieurs elements qui sont shared the extremist Butu ideology, soigneusement elabores par les differentes including the members of the Akazu. personnalites qui partagent cette ideologie extremiste, dont les membres de l'Akazu. In addition to the incitement to A l'incitation a 1a violence ethnique etlmic violence and the extennination of the et a l'extennination des Tutsi et de leurs Tutsi and their "accomplices", was the "complices", s'ajoutent l'organisation it organization and military training of the l' entralnement militaire des j eunesses

PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/198713/ I. HISTORICAL CONTEXT youth wings of the political parties, notably politiques, notamment les lnterahamwc the Interahamwe (youth wing of the (jeunesses du MRND), 1a preparation de MRND), the preparation oflists of people to listes de persomles a eli miner, la distribution be eliminated, the distribution of weapons to d'armes a des civils, l'assassinat de certains civilians, the assassination of certain opposants politiques et Ie massacre de political opponents and the massacre of nombreux Tutsi dans diverses regions du many Tutsi in various parts of Rwanda Rwanda entre octobre 1990 et avril 1994. between October 1990 and April ] 994.

1.16 The incitement to ethnic hatred took 1.16 L'incitation a la haine ethnique the form of public speeches by people prend 1a forme de discours publics sharing the extremist ideology. These prononces par des personnalites partageant political and military figures publicly cette ideologie extremiste. Ces personnalites appealed to hatred and fear of the Tutsi and politiques et mi1itaires appellent urged the Rutu majority to "finish off the pUbliquement a la haine et a la peur des enemy and its accomplices". A perfect Tutsi et exhortent la majorite Rutu "a en illustration is the speech made in November finir avec l'ennemi et ses complices". Le 1992 by Leon Mugesera, vice-chainnan of discours prononce en novembre 1992 par the MRND for Gisenyi pnifecture, who at Leon Mugesera, vice-president du MRND the time was already inciting the public to pour la prefecture de Gisenyi, qui des cette exterminate the Tutsi and their epoque incitait pUbliquement a "accomplices". l'extennination des Tutsi et leurs With the intention of ensuring "complices", en est la parfaite illustration. widespread dissemination of the calls to Dans Ie but d'assurer une large ethnic violence, prominent figures from the diffusion de ces appels a la violence President's circle set up true hate media. ethnique, des persOlmalites de l'entourage Thus the creation of Radio Television Libre du President mettent sur pied de veritables des Mille eoUines (RTLM) and of the media de la haine. La creation de la Radio newspaper Kangura was a part of the Television Libre des Mille Collines (RTLM) strategy and pursued the same logic. et du journal Kangura' participe de cette strategie et s'inscrit dans cette 10gique. 1.17 The creation of the youth wings of the political parties, origiilally established to 1.17 La creation des ailes j eunesses des encourage or even force adherence to one or partis politiques, qui avait aI' origine pour another party in the newly-established multi objectif d'encourager ou meme de forcer party system, provided Rabyarimana' s circle l'adhesion a l'un ou l'autre des partis du with a large, devoted and effective nouveau regime multipartite, va foumir a workforce to implement the adopted l'entourage d'Rabyarimana une main strategy. These youth organizations, which d'oeuvre devouee, nombreuse et efficace were affiliated to the political parties, were pour mettre en oeuvre 1a strategie adoptee. soon manipulated as part of the anti-Tutsi Ces organisations de jeunesse affiliees aux campaign. Some of the members of these partis politiques sont tres vite manipulees organizations, notably the Intcrahamwe dans Ie cadre de 1a campagne anti-Tutsi. Des (MRND), were organized into militia membres de ces organisations, groups, which were financed, trained and led particulierement les Interahamwe-MRND, by prominent civilians and military figures sont organises en milices, financees, from the President of the Republic's entrainees et dirigees par des personnalites

PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/198713/ I. CONTEXTE HlSTORIQUE entourage. They were issued weapons, with civiles et militaires de l' entourage du the complicity of certain military and President de la Republique. Des armes leur civilian authorities. The militia groups were sont distribuees avec 1a complicite de transported to training sites, including certaines autorites militaires et civiles. Leur certain military camps, 111 public transport vers les sites d'entrainement, dont administration vehicles or vehicles certains camps militaires, est assure par des belonging to companies controlled by the vehicules de l'administration publique ou President's circle. appartenant a des societes contr6lees par l'entourage du President. 1.18 During the mass arrests of October 1990, the civilian and military authorities 1.18 Lors des arrestations maSSlves followed lists that had been drawn up in d' octobre 1990, les autorites civiles et order to identify and locate the presumed militaires se referent a des listes etablies accomplices of the RPF, the majority of pour identifier et localiser les presumes whom were Tutsi. Later, Army, complices du FPR, en majorite Tutsi. Par la Gendannerie, local authorities and suite, l' Armee, la Gendarmerie, les autorites Interahamwe were given orders to prepare locales et les InterahaJ!lwe reyoivent des new lists or update the existing ones, which directives pour preparer de nouvelles listes were subsequently used during the ou tenir aj our les listes existantes, qui vont massacres of 1994. In March 1993, such a servir lors des massacres de 1994. En mars list was found in the vehicle of the Army 1993, une telle liste est retrouvee dans Ie Chief of Staff. vehicule du Chef d'Etat Maj or de l' Armee.

1.19 Towards the end of 1991, certain 1.19 Vers la fin de 1991, certaines Rwandan authorities distributed weapons to autorites rwandaises distribuent des annes a certain civilians in the north-eastem region certains membres de la population civile du of the country as part of a civil self-defence nord-est du pays dans Ie cadre de la campaign, in reaction to the RPF attack of campagne d'auto-defense civile en reaction October 1990. Later, some authorities a l'attaque du FPR d'octobre 1990. Plus distributed weapons nationwide, notably to tard, en dehors du cadre de l' auto-defense the Interahamwe and carefully selected civile, des armes sont distribuees dans tout individuals, even in regions distant from the Ie pays par des autorites, notamment aux war zone. Towards the end of 1993, the Interahamwe et a des personnes Bishop ofNyundo criticized the distribution soigneusement choisies, meme dans des of weapons in a public letter, questioning its regions eloignees de la zone de guerre. Vers purpose. la fin de 1993, l'Eveque de Nyundo critique dans une lettre publique cette distribution d'armes, s'interrogeant sur sa finalite.

1.20 La mise en place de la strategie ainsi 1.20 The pursuit of the strategy thus decrite joue un r61e de catalyseur dans la described played a catalytic role in the violence politique et ethnique de cette political and ethnic violence of the time, epoque qui atteint son paroxysme avec les which climaxed in the April 1994 massacres d'avriI1994. Le debut des mmees massacres. The early part of the 90s was 90 est marque par de nombreux assassinats marked by numerous political assassinations politiques et d'importants massacres de la and large massacres of the Tutsi minority, minorite Tutsi, dont celui de Kibilira (1990),

PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/198713/ 1. HISTORICAL CONTEXT including the one in Kibilira (1990), that of ceux des Bagogwe (1991) et celui du the Bagogwe (1991) and the one in Bugesera (1992). Ces massacres sont Bugesera (1992). The massacres were suscites et organises par des autorites locales instigated and organized by local authorities avec la complicite de celiaines personnalites with the complicity of certain prominent de I' entourage du President Habyarimana. persons from the President's circle. Therein On y retrouve tous les elements de la can be found the components of the strategy strategie qui va aboutir au genocide de which culminated in the genocide of 1994. 1994.

1.21 Au debut de 1994, des 1.21 In early 1994, certain prominent manifestations violentes visant a empecher people from Habyarimana's circle instigated la mise en place des Accords d'Arusha se violent demonstrations in Kigali aimed at deroulent aKigali al'instigation de celiaines preventing the implementation of the Arusha personnalites de I' entourage d 'Habyarimana. Accords. Soldiers in civilian clothes and On y retrouve des militaires en civil aux militiamen took part, seeking to provoke cotes des miliciens qui cherchent a confrontations with the Belgian UNAMIR provoquer des affrontements avec les soldats soldiers. These incidents were partially the belges de laMINUAR. Ces incidents sont en cause of the postponement of the partie aI' origine du repOli de la mise en establishment of the institutions foreseen by place des institutions prevues dans les the Arusha Accords. Accords d' Amsha.

1.22 Le 6 avril 1994, ]'avion transportant, 1.22 On 6 April 1994, the plane can-ying, entre autres passagers, Ie President de la among other passengers, the President of the Republique du Rwanda, Juvenal RepUblic of Rwanda, Juvenal Habyarimana, Habyarimana, est abattu peu avant son was shot down, on its approach to Kigali atterrissage aI' aeroport de Kigali. airport. 1.23 Dans les heures qui suivent la chute 1.23 In the hours which followed the de l' avion presidentiel, les principaux crash of the President's plane, the senior officiers des FAR se reunissent pour evaluer officers of the FAR convened to assess the la situation. Ceux qui partagent l'ideologie situation. Those who shared the extremist extremiste Hutu, generalement les militaires Hutu ideology, generally from the North, du nord du pays, proposent la prise du proposed an Army take-over. During a pouvoir par I' Armee. Le 7 avril au matin, second meeting which took place on the lors d'une deuxieme reunion, cette option morning of7 April, that option was rejected est rejetee au profit de la mise sur pied d'un in favour of setting up an interim gouvernement interimaire. Government. 1.24 Des Ie 7 avril au matin, 1.24 Already on the morning of 7 April paral1element a ces discussions, des groupes and while these discussions were taking de militaires, listes en main, procedent a place, groups of military, lists in hand, I' arrestation, a la sequestration et a proceeded to arrest, confine and can-y out l' assassinat de 110m,breux opposants systematic assassinations of a large number politiques, Rutu et Tutsi, parmi lesquels Ie of political opponents, both Butu and Premier Ministre, certains des ministres de Tutsi, including the Prime Minister, some of son gouvernement et Ie President de 1a Cour

PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/198713/ 1. CONTEXTE HISTORIQUE the Ministers in her Govemment and the Constitutionnelle. Par contre, au meme President of the Constitutional Court. At the moment, des militaires evacuent dans des same time, however, the military were endroits slirs des personnalites de evacuating prominent members of the dead l' entourage du dUunt President, y compris President's circle, including the MRND les ministres du MRND. Ministers, to safe locations. Les militaires belges de la MINUAR The Belgian UNAMIR soldiers sent envoyes pour proteger Ie Premier Ministre to protect the Prime Minister were disarmed, sont desarmes, arretes et conduits au camp arrested and taken to Kigali military camp, militaire de Kigali ou ils sont massacres. Cet where they were massacred, prompting the incident precipite Ie retrait du contingent withdrawal of the Belgian contingent in the beIge dans les jours qui suivent. Apres Ie days that followed. After the withdrawal of retrait des troupes belges, Ie Conseil de the Belgian troops, the UN Security Council securite des Nations-Unies reduit de fayon drastically reduced the number of LJNAMIR draconienne Ie nombre de personnel de la personnel in Rwanda. MINUAR au Rwanda.

1.25 Les dirigeants des divers partis 1.25 The leaders of various political politiques non vises par les assassinats se parties not targeted in the assassinations reunissent a la demande d'officiers assembled at the request of military officers. militaires. En dehors des membres du Other than members of the MRND, most MRND, la plupart des participants sont participants were members of the "Power" membres des ailes "Power" de leurs partis wings of their respective parties. Given the respectifs. Etant donne Ie vide politique et political and constitutional void created by constitutiOlmel cree par la mort de la plupart the deaths of most national political des personnalites politiques nationales, ils authorities, they set up a government based mettent sur pied un gouvemement fonde sur on the 1991 constitution. Composed solely la constitution de 1991. Le gouvemement, ofRutu, the government was swom in on 9 exclusivement compose de personnalites April 1994. The MRND held nine Rutu, prete serment Ie 9 avril 1994. Neuf ministerial posts, plus the Presidency of the postes ministeriels sont attribues au MRND, Republic, while the remaining 11 positions, en plus de la presidence de la Republique, et including that of Prime Minister, went to the les onze postes restants', incluant celui de "Power" factions of the other parties. premier ministre, reviennent aux factions "Power" des autres partis.

1.26 Dans les heures qui sui vent la chute 1.26 In the hours following the crash of de l'avion du President Rabyarimana, les President Rabyarimana's plmle, military and militaires et les miliciens erigent des militiamen set up roadblocks and began barrages et commencent a massacrer les slaughtering Tutsi mld members ofthe Rutu Tutsi et les membres de l'opposition Rutu a opposition in Kigali and in other parts of Kigali et dans d'autres regions du Rwanda. Rwanda. At the roadblocks, they checked Aux barrages, ils pro cedent a la verification the identity cards of passers-by and killed des cartes d'identite de tous les passants et those or most of those who were identified executent to utes les perSOlmes, ou la plupart as Tutsi. Military patrols, often involving des personnes, identifiees comme etant militiamen, scoured the city, lists in hand, to Tutsi. Des patrouilles de militaires, souvent execute the Tutsi and certain political accompagnes de miliciens sillonnent la ville,

PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/198713/ I. HISTORICAL CONTEXT opponents. listes en main, pour executer les Tutsi et certains opposants politiques.

1.27 Durant toute la periode du genocide, 1.27 During the entire period of the des militaires des FAR, particulierement des genocide, FAR military, particularly units of unites de la Garde Presidentielle, du the Presidential Guard, the Para-Commando Bataillon Para-Commando, du Bataillon Batallion, Reconnaissance Battalion and the reconnaissance et de la Gendarn1erie, avec 1a Gendannerie, in complicity with militiamen, complicite de miliciens, partIclpent actively participated in the massacres of the activement aux massacres de Tutsi sur toute Tutsi throughout Rwanda. l'etendue du Rwanda.

1.28 Des sa fonnation, Ie Gouvernement 1.28 As soon as it was fonned, the Interim Interimaire fait sien Ie plan d'extennination Government espoused the plan for mis en place. Durant toute la periode des extermination put in place. Throughout the massacres, Ie Gouvernement prend des period of the massacres, the Government decisions et dOlme des directives dans Ie but made decisions and issued directi ves to aid d ' aider et encourager l' extermination de la and abet in the extermination of the Tutsi population Tutsi et I' elimination des population and the elimination of the Hutu opposants politiques Hutu. Des membres de political opponents. Members of the ce gouvernement incitent la population a Government incited the population to eliminer l' elmemi et ses "complices", eliminate the enemy and its "accomplices", certains d' entre eux prennent part some of them participating directly in the directement aux massacres. massacres. 1.29 Des autorites locales, telles que Ies 1.29 Local authorities, including pr~rets, Prefets, les Bourgmestres, les conseillers de bourgmestres, conseillers de secteur and secteur et les responsables de cellule, responsables de cellule applied the appliquent les directives du Gouvernement Government-issued directives in execution visant a executer Ie plan d'extermination de of the plan for the extennination of the Tutsi la popUlation Tutsi. Ils incitent et ordonnent population. They incited and ordered their a leurs subordonnes de se livrer aux subordinates to perpetrate the massacres and massacres et y prennent eux-memes part took a direct part in them. directement.

1.30 Les groupes de miliciens, 1.30 Having been psychologically and psychologiquement et militairement militarily prepared for several months, the prepares depuis plusieurs mois, constituent groups of militiamen spearheaded the Ie fer de lance dans l'.execution du plan execution of the extennination plan and d' extennination et sont directement were directly involved in the massacres of impliques dans les massacres de la the civilian Tutsi population and of population civile Tutsi et des Hutu moderes, moderate Hutus, thus causing the deaths of causant ainsi la mort de centaines de milliers hundreds of thousands of people in less than de personnes en moins de 100 joms. 100 days.

PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/198713/ 2. COMPETENCES TERRITORIALE, TEMPORELLE ET MATERIELLE

2. TERRITORIAL, TEMPORAL AND 2. COMPETENCES TERRITORIALE, MATERIAL JURISDICTION TEMPORELLE ET MATERIELLE

2.1 The crimes referred to in this 2.1 Les crimes vises par Ie present acte indictment took place in Rwanda between 1 d'accusation ont ete commis au Rwanda January and 31 December 1994. entre Ie 1er janvier 1994 et Ie 31 decembre 1994.

2.2 During the events referred to in this 2.2 Lors des evenements auxquels se indictment, Rwanda was divided into 11 rMere Ie present acte d' accusation, Ie prefectures: Butare, Byumba, Cyangugu, Rwanda etait divise en 11 prMectures: Gikongoro, Gisenyi, Gitarama, Kibungo, Butare, Byumba, Cyangugu, Gikongoro, Kibuye, Kigali-Ville, Kigali-Rural and Gisenyi, Gitarama, Kibungo, Kibuye, Ruhengeri. Each prefecture was subdivided Kigali-ville, Kigali-rural et Ruhengeri. into communes and secteurs. Chaque prMecture est subdivisee en communes et en secteurs.

2.3 During the events referred to in this 2.3 Lors des evenements auxquels se indictment, Butare pnifecture was divided rMere Ie present acte d'accusation, la into 20 communes: Nyakizu, Kigembe, prefecture de Butare etait divisee en 20 Gishamvu, Ngoma, Runyinya, Maraba, communes soit: Nyakizu, Kigembe, Ruhashya, Mbazi, Shyanda, Muyaga, Gishamvu, Ngoma, Runyinya, Maraba, Mugusa, Nyaruhengeri, Ndora, Muganza, Ruhashya, Mbazi, Shyanda, Muyaga, Kibayi, Rusatira, Nyabisindu, Ntyazo, Mugusa, Nyaruhengeri, Ndora, Muganza, Muyira and Huye. Kibayi, Rusatira, Nyabisindu, Ntyazo, Muyira et Huye.

2.4 During the events referred to in this 2.4 Lors des evenements auxquels se indictment, the Tutsi, the Hutu and the Twa refere Ie present acte d'accusation, les Tutsi, were identified as racial or ethnic groups. les Hutu et les Twa etaient identifies comme des groupes ethniques ou raciaux.

2.5 During the events referred to in this 2.5 Lors des evenements auxquels se indictment, there were throughout Rwanda rMere Ie present acte d'accusation, il y a eu widespread or systematic attacks directed sur tout Ie territoire du Rwanda des attaques against a civilian population on political, systematiques ou generalisees contre une ethnic or racial grounds. population civile, en raison de son appartenance politique, ethnique ou raciale.

2.6 During the events referred to in this 2.6 Lors des evenements auxquels se indictment, a state of non-international rMere Ie present acte d'accusation, il y avait armed conflict existed in Rwanda. The un conflit arme non international sur Ie victims referred to in this indictment were territoire du Rwanda. Les victimes protected persons, according to the auxquelles se rMere Ie present acte provisions of Article 3 common to the d' accusation etaient des personnes Geneva Conventions and of Additional protegees, au sens de I' article 3 commun aux Protocol II. Conventions de Genev~ et du Protocole additionnel II.

PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/198713/ 3. STRUCTURE DU I)OllVOIR

3. THE POWER STRUCTURE 3. STRUCTURE DU POUVOIR

The Government Le Gouvernement

3.1 According to the Constitution of 10 3.1 Selon la Constitution du 10 juin June 1991, executive power is exercised by 1991, Ie pouvoir executif est exerce par Ie the President ofthe Republic, assisted by the President de la Republique, assiste du Government, composed of the Prime gouvernement compose du Premier Ministre Minister and the ministers. The members of et des ministres. Les membres du the Government are appointed by the gouvernement sont nommes par Ie President President of the Republic upon the proposal de la Republique sur proposition du Premier of the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister Millistre: Le Premier Millistre est charge de directs the Government's program. The diriger l' action . du gouvernement. Le Government detennines and applies national gouvernement detennine et conduit la policy. To that effect, it controls the civil politique de la nation et dispose, a cet effet, service and the armed forces. The Prime de l'administration publique et de la force Minister decides the functions of the armee. Le Premier Ministre detennine les ministers and officials under the Prime attributions des ministres et des agents Minister's authority. The resignation or places sous son autorite. La demission ou la tennination of tenure of the Prime Minister, cessation des fonctions du Premier Ministre, for whatever reason, causes the Government pour quelque cause que ce soit, entraine la to resign. demission du gouvernenlent.

3.2 The Ministers implement the 3.2 Les ministres executent la politique Government's policy, as defined by the du Gouvernement definie par Ie Premier Prime Minister. They are answerable to the Ministre. 11s repondent devant Ie Chef du Head of the Government for doing so. In Gouvernement de cette execution. Dans carrying out their duties, they have at their l' exercice de leurs fonctions ils disposent de disposal the civil service and local I' administration publique et territoriale administration corresponding to their correspondante a leurs attributions. functions.

The Local Public Administration L' administration territoriale

3.3 The Prefet represents executive 3.3 Le prefet est Ie representant du power at prefectural level. The Prefet is pouvoir executif au niveau de la prefecture. appointed by the President of the Republic II est nomme sur proposition du ministre de on the recommendation of the Minister of l'Interieur par Ie President de la Republique the Interior and carries out his duties under et exerce ses fonctions .sous l' autorite that Minister's hierarchical authority. The hierarchique du ministre de l'Interieur. Prefet's authority covers the entire L'autorite du prefet s'etend sur l'ensemble de prefecture. la prefecture.

PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/198713/ 3. POWER STRUCTURE

3.4 In his capacity as administrator of 3.4 En sa qualite d'administrateur de la the prefecture, the Prefet is responsible for prefecture, Ie prefet est charge d'assurer la ensuring peace, public order and the safety tranquillite, l'ordre public et la securite des of people and property. The Prefet, in the personnes et des biens. Dans l'exercice de discharge of his policing duties, maintaining ses attributions de police, soit Ie maintien de peace and public order, may request the l'ordre et de la paix publique, Ie prefet peut intervention of the army and of the requerir l'intervention de l'armee et de la Gendarmerie Nationale. The Prefet has Gendarmerie Nationale. Le prefet exerce son hierarchical authority over all civil servants autorite hierarchique sur tous les agents de and all persons holding public office within l' administration publique et toutes les the boundaries of the prefecture, including personnes detentrices de la puissance the bourgmestres and conseillers de secteur. publique officiant dans la prefecture, panni lesquels les Bourgmestres et les Conseillers de secteur

3.5 Similarly to the Prefet, the 3.5 A l'instar du prefet, Ie bourgmestre Bourgmestre represents executive power at est Ie representant du pouvoir executif au the commune level. He is appointed by the niveau de la commune. II est nomme par Ie President of the Republic on the President de la Republique sur proposition recommendation of the Minister of the du ministre de l'Interieur. II est place sous Interior. He is under the hierarchical l' autorite hierarchique du prefet. II a autorite authority of the Prefet. He has authority sur les agents de l'administration officiant over the civil servants posted in his dans sa commune. II a par ailleurs des commune. Moreover, he has policing duties attributions de police dans Ie cadre du in regard to maintaining order and law maintien de I' ordre et de l' execution des enforcement. lois.

The Forces Armies Rwandaises Les Forces Armees Rwandaises 3.6 The Forces Armees Rwandaises (FAR) were composed of the Annee 3.6 Les Forces Armees Rwandaises Rwandaise (AR) and the Gendarmerie (FAR) etaient composees de l' Armee Nationale (GN). The Forces Armees Rwandaise (AR) et de la Gendmmerie Rwandaises did not have a unified command Nationale (GN). Les Forces Armees and came directly under the Minister of Rwandaises ne disposaient pas d'un Etat Defence. The Commander-in-Chief of the Major unifie et relevaient directement du Forces Armees Rwandaises was the ministre de la Defense. Le chef supreme des President of the Republic. Forces Armees Rwandaises etait Ie President de la Republique. 3.7 The Gendarmerie Nationale was responsible for maintaining public order and 3.7 La Gendannerie N ationale etait peace and the observance of the laws in chargee du maintien de l'ordre et de la paix effect in the country. publique et de I'execution des lois en vigueur dans Ie pays. 3.8 The Gendarmerie Nationale was under the Minister of Defence but could 3.8 La Gendarmerie Nationale relevait carry out its duties of ensuring public order du ministre de la Defense, mais pouvait

PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/198713/ 3. STRUCTURE DU POUVOIR and peace at the request of the local exercer ses attributions de maintien de government authority having jurisdiction, l'ordre et de 1a paix publique a 1a requete de namely the Prefet. In cases of emergency, I' autorite administrative territoriale this request could be made verbally, notably competente, en la personne du prefet. En cas by telephone. Such requests had to be d'urgence, cette requisition pouvait etre faite carried out immediately. In addition, the verbalement, notamment par telephone. Gendarmerie Nationale was obliged to Cette requisition devait etre executee sans transmit to the Pr¢fet all infonnation delai. En outre, la Gendannerie Nationale relating to public order. It had the duty to devait porter a 1a cOIDlaissance du prefet tout assist anyone in danger. renseignement concernant l'ordre pUblic. Elle devait assistance a toute personne en danger. The Political Parties and The Militia

3.9 During the events refenoed to in this Les Partis Politiques et les Milices indictment, the main political parties in Rwanda were the MRND (Mouvement 3.9 Lors des evenements vises dans Ie Republicain National pour fa Democratie et present acte d'accusation, les principaux Ie Developpement), the CDR (Coalition partis politiques au Rwanda etaient: Ie pour la Defense de la Republique), the MDR MRND (Mouvement Republicain National (Mouvement Democratique Repub/icain), pour 1a Democratie et Ie Developpement), la the PSD (Parti Social-Democrate) and the CDR (Coalition pour Ia Defense de la PL (Parti Liberal). The RPF (Rwandan Republique), Ie MDR (Mouvement Patriotic Front) was a politico-military Democratique Republicain), Ie PSD (Parti opposition organization. Social-Democrate) et Ie PL (Parti Liberal). Le FPR (Front Patriotique Rwandais) etait une organisation politico-militaire 3.10 Most of the political parties had d' opposition. created a youth wing. The members of the MRND's youth wing members were known 3.10 La plupart des partis politiques as the "Interahamwe" and those of the CDR avaient cree une aile jeunesse en leur sein. were known as the "Impuzamugambi". Celle du MRND etait connue SOllS Numerous MRND youth wing members I' appellation "Interahamwe" et celle de 1a subsequently received military training and CDR sous Ie nom de "Impuzamugambi". Par were thus tranformed from youth la suite, plusieurs membres de l'aile movements into militias. Jeunesse du MRND ont reyu un entrainement militaire; ce qui a transforme ces mouvements de jeunesse en milices.

PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/198713/ 4. LES ACCllSES

4. THE ACCUSED 4. L' ACCUSE

LadisJas Ntaganzwa Ladislas Ntagallzwa

4.1 Ladislas Ntaganzwa was born in 4.1 LadisJas Ntaganzwa est ne dans la Gasharu cellule, Muhambara secteur, cellule de Gasharu, seCteur Muhambara, Nyakizu commune, Butare Prefecture, the commune de Nyakizu en Prefecture de son of Joseph Ndutiye and Patricie Butare, fils de Joseph Ndutiye et de Patricie Nyirarwasa Nyirarwasa

4.2 In 1993 LadisJas Ntagallzwa was 4.2 En 1993 Ladislas Ntaganzwa fut named Bourgmestre of Nyakizu commune, nomme Bourgmestre de la commune de Butare prefecture and he held that office Nyakizu dans la prefecture de Butare et a during the events referred to in this exerce ces fonctions lors des evenements indictment until he left Rwanda. vises dans Ie present acte d'accusation Furthermore, Ladislas Ntaganzwa was jusqu'a son depart du Rwanda. En outre, chainnan of the Mouvement republicain Ladislas Ntaganzwa etait president du parti national pour la democratie et Ie Mouvement republicain pour Ie developpement (MRND) for Nyakizu developpement et fa democratie (MRND), commune. dans la commune de Nyakizu.

4.3 In his capacity as Bourgmestre of 4.3 Ladislas Ntaganzwa, en sa qualite Nyakizu commune, Butare prefecture, de Bourgmestre de la commune de Nyakizu, Ladislas Ntaganzwa exercised authority dans la prefecture de Butare, exen;ait une over his subordinates, more specifically the autorite sur ses subordOlmes. plus communal employees, the memebers of the precisement les employes comrnunaux, les Police Communal and the conselliers de membres de la Police Cornrnunale et les secteurs. conseillers de secteurs.

PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/198713/ 5:CONCISE STATEMENT OF FACTS: PREPARATION

5. CONCISE STATEMENT OF THE 5. EXPOSE SUCCINTDES FAITS: FACTS: PREPARATION PREPARATION

5.1 From late 1990 until July 1994, 5.1 Des la fin de 1990 jusqu'it juillet military personnel, members of the 1994, des militaires, des membres du goverment, political leaders, civil servants gouvernement, des responsables politiques, and other personalities conspired among des membres de l'administration publique et themselves and with others to work out a des personnalites diverses, se sont entendus plan with the intent to exterminate the entre eux et avec d'autres pour elaborer un civilian Tutsi population and eliminate plan dans l'intention d'exterminer la members of the opposition, so that they population civile Tutsi et d' eliminer des could remain in power. The components of membres de l'opposition et se maintenir this plan consisted of, among other things, ainsi au pouvoir. Les elements de ce plan recourse to hatred and ethnic violence, the compoctaient, entre autres, Ie recours it la training of and distribution of weapons to haine et it la violence ethnique, militiamen as well as the preparation of lists l'entrainement et la distribution d'armes aux of people to be eliminated. In executing the miliciens ainsi que la confection de listes de plan, they organized, ordered and personnes it eliminer. D~s l'execution de ce participated in the massacres perpetrated plan ils ont organise, ordonne et participe against the Tutsi population and of aux massacres perpetres it I' encontre de la moderate Hutu. Ladislas Ntaganzwa, popUlation Tutsi et des Hutu moderes. Pauline Nyiramasuhuko, Andre Ladislas Ntaganzwa,Pauline Rwamakuba, Sylvain Nsabimana, Alphonse Nyiramasuhuko, Andre Rwamakuba, Nteziryayo, Joseph Kanyabashi , Elie Sylvain Nsabimana, Alphonse Nteziryayo, Ndayanlbaje and Shalom Arsime Ntahobali Joseph Kanyabashi, Elie Ndayambaje et elaborated, adhered to and executed this Shalom Arsene Ntahobali ont participe a plan. I' elaboration de ce plan , y ont adhere et I' ont execute.

5.2 In December 1993 and January 1994, 5.2 En decembre 1993 et en janvier UNAMIR received information detailing a 1994, la MINUAR a reyu des informations plan to exterminate the Tutsi popUlation and qui exposaient des details d'un plan conyu its "accomplices". aux fins d' exterminer la population Tutsi et ses "complices".

Speeches and Incitement Discours et Incitation

5.3 The incitement to ethnic hatred and 5.3 L'incitation a la haine et a la violence was a fundamental part of the plan violence ethniques a constitue un element put in place. It was articulated, before and essentiel du plan mis en place. Elle a He during the genocide, by elements of the FAR acticulee, avant et durant Ie genocide, d'une on the one hand, and by members of the pmi par des elements des FAR, et d' autre Government and local authorities on the part par des membres du gouvernement et

PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/198713/ 5. EPOSE SUCCINT DES FAITS: PREPARATION other. des autorites locales.

5.4 On 4 December 1991, President 5.4 Le 4 decembre 1991, Ie President Juvenal Habyarimana set up a military Juvenal Habyarimana met en place une commission. The commission presided by commission militaire. Cette commission Colonel Theoneste Bagosora was given the presidee par Ie Colonel Theoneste Bagosora task of finding an answer to the following etait chargee de repondre a la question question: "What do we need to do in order suivante: "Que faut-il faire pour vaincre to defeat the enemy militarily, in the media l 'ennemi sur Ie plan militaire mediatique et and politically?" politique? "

5.5 In a letter dated 21 September 1992, 5.5 Dans une lettre datee du 21 the General Staff of the Rwandan Anny septembre 1992, l'Etat-Major de l' Annee ordered that an extract from the commission Rwandaise a ordonne la diffusion, parmi les report be circulated among the troops. The troupes, d'un extrait du rapport produit par letter came from the office of the Chief of cette commission. Cette 1ettre emanait du Intelligence (G-2), namely Lieutenant bureau du Chef des renseignements (G-2), a Colonel Anatole Nsengiyumva. The extract savoir Ie Lieutenant Colonel Anatole defined the main enemy as follows: "The Nsengiyumva. Ce document definissait Tutsis fi~om inside or outside the country, l'elmemi principal comme etant "Ie Tutsi de who are extremists and nostalgic for power, l'interieur ou de I 'exterieur, extremiste et who do not recognize and have never nostalgique du pouvoir, qui n 'a jamais recognized the realities of the Social reconnu et ne reconnait pas encore les Revolution of 1959, and are seeking to realites de la Revolution So cia Ie de 1959 et regain power in Rwanda by any means, qui veut reconquerir Ie pouvoir au Rwanda including taking up arms." The secondary par taus les moyens, y compris les armes"et enemy was defined as: "Anyone providing I' ennemi secondaire comme etant "toute any kind of assistance to the main enemy". personne qui apporte tout concours a The document specified that the enemy was I 'ennemi principal". Le "document precisait being recruited from within certain social que Ie recrutement de l'ennemi se faisait groups, notably: "the Tutsis inside the panni certains groupes sociaux, notamment country, Hutus who are dissatisfied with the : " ... Les Tutsi de l'interieur, les Hutu present regime, foreigners married to Tutsi mecontents du regime en place, Ies women .. .". Among the activities the enemy etrangers maries aux femmes Tutsi ... "Panlli was accused of, the document mentioned les activites reprochees a l' ennemi, Ie "the diversion of national opinion from the document mentionnait Ie " .. .Detournement ethnic problem to the socio-economic de I 'opinion nationale du problbne ethnique problem between the rich and the poor". vel'S Ie probleme socio-economique entre les riches et les pauvres n.

5.6 The document and the use made of it 5.6 Ce document et l'utilisation qu'en by the senior officers aided, encouraged and ont faite les officiers superieurs ont aide, promoted ethnic hatred and violence. encourage et favorise la haine et la violence etlmiques.

5.7 The characterization of the Tutsis as 5.7 La qualification des Tutsi comme the enemy and of members ofthe opposition etant l' ennemi et des membres de

PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/198713/ so 5:CONCISE STATEMENT OF FACTS: PREPARATION as their accomplices was echoed by l'opposition comme etant leurs complices, a politicians, notably by Leon Mugesera, ete reprise par des politiciens, notamment MRND Vice-Chainnan for Gisenyi Leon Mugesera, Vice President du MRND prefecture, in a speech he made on 22 pour la prefecture de Gisenyi, dans un November 1992. Broadcast on the state discours prononce Ie 22 novembre 1992. radio and therefore reaching a much larger Diffuse sur la Radio d'Etat et s'adressant audience, Leon Mugesera's speech already ainsi a un public beaucoup plus large, Ie at that time was an incitement to extem1inate discours de Leon Mugesera, a incite, des the Tutsi population and their cette epoque, a exterminer la population "accomplices" . Tutsi et ses "complices".

5.8 From April to July 1994, incitement 5.8 D'avril ajuillet 1994, cette incitation to hatred and violence was propagated by a la haine et a la violence a ete prop agee par various prominent persons, including differentes personnalites, dont des membres members of the Govemment and local du Gouvernement et des autorites locales. authorities. The President, Theodore Le President, Theodore, Sindikubwabo, Ie Sindikubwabo, the Prime Minister, Jean Premier Ministre, Jean Kambanda, les Kambanda, Ministers Pauline ministres Pauline Nyaramasuhuko et Andre Nyaramasuhuko and Andre Rwam akub a, Rwamakuba, des autorites locales tels les local authorities such as the Prefets, Sylvain PrMets: Sylvain Nsabimana et Alphonse Nsabimana and Alphonse Nteziryayo, the Nteziryayo, les Bourgmestres: Joseph Bourgmestres Joseph Kanyabashi, Elie Kanyabashi, Elie Ndayambaje et Ladislas Ndayambaje and Ladislas Ntaganzwa , Ntaganzwa, ont incite pub li quement la publicly incited the people to extenninate population a extenniner 1a population Tutsi the Tutsi population and its "accomplices". et ses "complices".

The Militia Groups Les Milices

5.9 The creation of the youth wings 5.9 La creation des ailes j eunesses satisfied two of the political parties' repondait a deux preoccupations au niveau concerns: to mobilize young people and to des partis politiques: mobiliser et sensitize them to politics. The MRND and sensibiliser les jeunes a la politique. Le CDR followed the example of the MDR and MRND et la CDR ont suivi l' exemple du RPF, which had already institutionalized MDR et du FPR qui avaient deja their youth movements. Political rivalries institutiolli1alise leurs' mouvements de during the multi-party period exacerbated jeunesse. Les rivalites politiques de la tensions. The "Interahamwe" and periode du mUlti-partisme ont exacerbe les "Impuzamugambi '.' began to be drawn tensions. Les "Interahamwe" et les astray from the time they were used to "Impuzamugambi" ont ete entraines dans la oppose with violence the political derive des lors qu'ils ont ete utilises pour demonstrations organized by parties of the s'opposer violemment aux manifestations opposition. politiques organisees par les partis de l' opposition.

5.10 In order to ensure that, when the time 5.10 Afin de s'assurer qu'a terme, came, the extermination ofthe enemy and its l' extennination de l' ennemi et de ses

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"accomplices" would be calTied out swiftly "complices" se ferait rapidement et and effectively, it was necessary to create a efficacement, il etait necessaire de constituer militia that was structured, armed and une milice, structuree, armee et complementary to the Armed Forces. For complementaire aux Forces Armees. Pour the militia to be represented nationally, donner une representation nationale a cette Interahamwe committees were created at milice, des comites d'Interahamwe ont ete prefecture level. This decision of the central crees au niveau prefectoral. Cette decision committee of the MRND taken in June 1993 prise par Ie Comite Centrale du MRND en was carried out by political figures in their juin 1993 a ete mise en oeuvre par des localities, including, among others, Pauline personnalites politiques au niveau de leur Nyiramasuhuko in Butare. circonscription, parmi lesquelles Pauline Nyiramasuhuko a Butare.

5.1l As from 1993, and even before that 5.11 Des 1993 et meme avant, dans un date, anxious to radicalize the Interahamwe souci de radicalisation du mouvement movement, the leaders of the MRND, in Interahamwe, les dirigeants du MRND, en collaboration with officers of the FAR, collaboration avec des officiers des FAR, decided to provide support, military training ont decide d'apporter leur appui, de foumir and weapons to those members most des armes et d' assurer un entrainement devoted to their extremist cause and to other militaire aux elements les plus devoues a idle youths. leur cause extremiste ainsi qu'a d'autres jeunes desoeuvres.

Training ofthe Militia Groups L 'entrainement des milices

5.12 In Butare, Alphonse Nteziryayo, 5.12 A Butare, Alphonse Nteziryayo, Joseph Kanyabashi and Ladislas Joseph Kanyabashi et Ladislas Ntaganzwa, Ntaganzwa, between Mal'ch alld June 1994, entre mars et juin 1994, ont aide et facilite facilitated and assisted the military training l' entra'inement militaire de certains membres of certain members of the civilian de la population civile, dans les communes popUlation 111 Ngoma and Nyakizu de Ngoma et de Nyakizu, r'\ communes.

Distribution of Weapons La distribution d 'armes

5.13 In Butare, before and during the 5.13 A Butare, avant et durant les events referred to in this indictment, Joseph evenements vises dans Ie present acte Kanyabashi, Alphonse Nteziryayo, Elie d'accusation, Joseph Kanyabashi, Alphonse Ndayambaje, Ladislas Ntaganzwa and Nteziryayo, Elie Ndayambaje, Ladislas others distributed weapons to the militiamen Ntaganzwa, et d'autres ont distribue des and certain carefully selected members of armes aux miliciens et a certains membres the civilian population with the intent to soigneusement choisis de la popUlation exterminate the Tutsi popUlation and civile dans l'intention d'exterminer la eliminate its "accomplices". population Tutsi et d'eliminer ses "complices".

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Establishment of Lists Confection de listes

5.14 Having identified the Tutsi as the 5.14 Apres avoir identifie Ie Tutsi comme enemy and the members ofthe opposition as etant l' ennemi principal et les membres de their accomplices, members of the Almy I' opposition comme ses complices, des General Staff, civilian authorities and membres de l'Etat-Major de l' Annee, des militiamen established lists of people to be autorites civiles et des miliciens ont dresse executed. des listes de persOlmes a executer.

5.15 From 7 April to late July, military 5.15 Du 7 avril a lafin j ui lIet, des and Interahamwe massacred members of the militaires et des Interah"amwe ont perpetre Tutsi population and moderate Butu by des massacres de membres de la population means of pre-established lists, among other Tutsi et des Hutu moderes, entre autres a things. l'aide de listes pre-etablies.

Precursors Reyealing A Deliberate Antecedents reyelant une conduite Course of Action deliberee

5.16 The political and ethnic violence of 5.16 La violence ethnique et politique du the early 1990s was characterized by the use debut des annees 90 a ete caracterisee par of the elements of the strategy which l' utilisation des elements de la strategie qui achieved its finality in the genocide of April allait connaitre son aboutissement avec Ie 1994. The massacres of the Tutsi minority genocide de 1994. Les massacres de la at that time, including those in Kibilira minorite Tutsi perpetres a cette epoque, tels (1990), in Bugesera (1992), and those ofJhe que ceux a Kibilira (1990), a Bugesera Bagogwe (1991), were instigated, facilitated (1992), et ceux a l'encontre des Bagogwe and organized by civilian and military (1991) ont ete suscites, facilites et organises authorities. On each occasion, a campaign par des autorites civiles et militaires. A of incitement to ethnic violence, conducted chaque occasion une campagne d'incitation by local authorities, was followed by a la violence ethnique menee par des massacres ofthe Tutsi minority, perpetrated autorites locales a ete suivie de massacres de by groups of militiamen and civilians, anned la minorite Tutsi, perpetres par des groupes and assisted by the same authorities and by de miliciens et de civils, armes et aides par certain military personnel. On each ces memes autorites et certains militaires. A occasion, these crimes remained unpunished chaque occasion, ces crimes sont demeures and the authorities implicated were impunis et les autorites impliquees n' ont generally not taken to task. generalement pas ete inquietees.

5.17 Finally, as of 7 April 1994, 5.17 Finalement, des Ie 7 avril 1994, sur throughout Rwanda, Tutsis and certain tout Ie territoire du Rwanda, des Tutsi et moderate Butus began to flee their homes to certains Butu moderes, pour echapper a la escape the violence to which they were violence dont ils etaient victimes sur leurs victims on their hills and to seek refuge in collines, ont commence a fuir leurs maisons places where they had traditionally felt safe, pour chercher refuge dans des endroits OU notably churches, hospitals and other public traditionnellement ils s'etaient sentis en

PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/198713/ 5. EPOSESUCCINTDES FAITS: PREPARATION buildings such as commune and pnifecture securite, notamment des eglises, des offices. On several occasions, gathering h6pitaux et d'autres edifices publics comme places were indicated to them by the local les bureaux communaux et prMectoraux. A authorities, who had promised to protect plusieurs occasions, des endroits de them. For the initial days, the refugees were rassemblement leur avaient ete indiques par protected by a few gendarmes and des autorites locales qui avaient promis de communal police in these various locations, les proteger. Durant les premiers jours, les but subsequently, the refugees were rMugies ont ete proteges par quelques systematically attacked and massacred by gendarmes et policiers communaux dans ces militiamen, often assisted by the same differents endroits, mais par la suite, authorities who had promised to protect the systematiquement, les rMugies ont ete refugees. During the numerous attacks on attaques et massacres par des miliciens, the refugees throughout the country, souvent aides par ces memes autorites qui personnel of the FAR, military or avaient promis de les proteger. Au cours des gendarmes, who were supposed to protect nombreuses attaques menees contre les them, prevented the Tutsi from escaping and rMugies partout a travers Ie pays, des facilitated their massacre by the membres des FAR, militaires ou gendannes, Interahamwe. On several occasions, these qui devaient les proteger, ont empeche les FAR personnel participated directly in the Tutsi de fuir et facilite leur massacre par les massacres. Interahamwe. A plusieurs occasions, ces membres des FAR ont participe directement aux massacres.

5.18 Furthermore,soldiers, militiamen and 5.18 De plus, des militaires, des miliciens gendannes raped, sexually assaulted and et des gendarmes ont commis des viols, des committed other crimes of a sexual nature agressions sexuelles et d'autres crimes de against Tutsi women and girls, sometimes nature sexuelle a I' encontre de certaines after having first kidnapped them. femmes et jeunes filles Tutsi et ce parfois apres les avoir enlevees.

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6. CONCISE STATEMENT OF THE 6. EXPOSE SUCCINCT DES FACTS: OTHER VIOLATIONS FAITS: AUTRES VIOLATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL DU DROIT INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW HUMANITAIRE

Power Crisis Crise du pouyoir

6.1 On 6 April 1994 at about 8:30 p.m., 6.1 Au soir du 6 avril 1994 vers 20:30 the plane carrying, among other passengers, heures, I' avion transportant entre autres the President of the Republic, Juvenal pas sagers Ie President de 1a Republique du Habyarimana, was shot down on its approach Rwanda, Juvenal Habyarimana, a ete abattu to Kigali Airport, Rwanda. peu avant son atterrissage a I' aeroport de Kigali, Rwanda.

6.2 Following the crash ofthe President's 6.2 Apres la chute de I' avion plane, the Forces Armees Rwandaises were presidentiel, les Forces Armees Rwandaises left without leadership. The President was se sont retrouvees sans direction. Le dead, along with the Chief of Staff of the President etait mort ainsi que Ie chef d'Etat Rwandan Army, Colonel Deogratias Major CAR), Ie Colonel Deogratias Nsabimana. The Minister of Defence, N sabimana. Le Ministre de la Defense, Augustin Bizimana, was on mission in the Augustin Bizimana etait en mission en Republic of Cameroon. In his absence, Republique du Cameroun. En son absence, Colonel Theoneste Bagosora, his directeur de Ie Colonel Theoneste Bagosora, son cabinet, asserted himself as the man of the directeur de cabinet, s' est impose comme moment capable of managing the crisis. l'homme de la situation a meme de gerer la cnse.

6.3 Within the first hours following the 6.3 Au cours des premieres heures qui death of the President, two important ont suivi la mort du President, deux reunions meetings took place in Kigali, during which importantes ont eu lieu a Kigali, au cours Colonel Theoneste Bagosora and several desquelles Ie Colonel Theoneste Bagosora Army offciers attempted to seize power. et plusieurs officiers de l' armee ont tente de During this period Colonel Theoneste prendre Ie pouvoir. Au cours de cette Bagosora openly opposed any consultation periode, Ie Colonel Theoneste Bagosora with the Prime Minister, Agathe s' est oppose ouvertement a toute Uwilingi yimana. consultation avec Ie premier ministre Agathe Uwilingiyimana.

6.4 Indeed, while the meeting of 7 April 6.4 De fait, pendant que se deroulait la was going on, Prime Minister Agathe reunion du 7 Avril, Ie Premier Ministre, Uwilingiyimana was tracked down, arrested, Madame Agathe Uwilingiyimana etait

PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/198713/ 6: CONCISE STATEMENT OF THE FACTS: s OTHER VIOLATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW sexually assaulted and killed by Rwandan traquee, arretee, agressee sexuellement et Army personnel, more specifically, tuee par des membres de l' Armee members of the Presidential Guard, the Rwandaise, plus particulierement ceux de la Para-Commando Battalion and the Garde Presidentielle, du bataillon Para Reconnaissance Battalion. Concurrently, Commando et du bataillon de members of the same units arrested, Reconnaissance. Parallelement a cet confined and killed important opposition assassinat, des membres de ces memes leaders. That same morning, ten Belgian unites ont arrete, sequestre et tue des leaders para-commandos from UNAMIR who had importants de l'opposition. Dans la meme been dispatched to the residence of the matinee, 10 Para-Commandos belges de la Prime Minister were murdered at Kigali MINUAR qui avaient ete envoyes a la military camp. residence du Premier Ministre etaient assassines au camp militaire de Kigali.

6.5 The elimination of political 6.5 L'elimination des opposants opponents made it possible to set aside the politiques a permis d'ecarter la mise en establishment ofthe Broad Based Transition place du Gouvemement de Transition aBase Government (BBTG), stipulated in the Elargie (G.T.B.E.), prevue aux Accords Arusha Accords, in favour of an Interim d' Arusha, au profit d'un Gouvemement Government. The murder of the Belgian Interimaire. L' assassinat des militaires soldiers prompted the withdrawal of most of belges a provo que Ie re~rait de la majeure UNAMIR's contingents. Those two events partie des contingents de la MINUAR. Ces removed the two major obstacles to the deux evenements ont ecarte les deux pursuit of the massacres. obstacles majeurs a la poursuite des massacres.

Formation ofthe Interim Government Formation {hi Gouvernement Interimaire

6.6 Making up for the failure of the 6.6 Faisant face a l'echec de la tentative attempt at a military takeover by certain de prise du pouvoir par certains militaires, Ie military personnel, Colonel Theoneste Colonel Theoneste Bagosora et les Bagosora and the leaders ofthe MRND and dirigeants du MRND ont forme un set up an Interim Govenmlent which would Gouvemement Interimaire qui allait aider et aid and abet the continuation of the encourager la continuation des massacres. massacres. The members ofthe Government Les membres du Gouvemement ont ete were appointed at a meeting held on 8 des ignes lors de la reunion tenue Ie 8 Avril. April. The same day Colonel Theoneste Le Colonel Theoneste Bagosora a ensuite Bagosora then introduced, the individuals presente au comite militaire de crise, Ie chosen to constitute the Interim Government meme jour, les personnes choisies pour to the military crisis committee. They were composer Ie Gouvemement Interimaire. Ces almost all members of the MRND and of the personnes etaient presque toutes issues du "Power" wings ofthe other political parties. MRND et des ailes dites "power" des atltres No one of Tutsi descent was included either partis politiques. Aucune personnalite in the talks or in the new Govemment. d'origine Tutsi n'a ete associee aux discussions ou n'a fait partie du nouveau

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gouvernement.

6.7 Jean Kambanda was appointed 6.7 Jean Kambanda a ete designe Prime Minister of the Interim Government Premier Ministre du Gouvernement of Rwanda forn1ed on 8 April 1994. The Interimaire de la Republique Rwandaise Government was officially sworn in on 9 constitue Ie 8 avril 1994. Le Gouvernement April 1994. It was composed of 19 cabinet a officiellement prete sennent Ie 9 avril ministers, among them Andre Rwamakuba 1994. II comptait 19 ministres dont Andre and Pauline Nyiramasuhuko. Rwamakuba et Pauline Nyiramasuhuko.

Perpetration of the Massacres Commission des massacres

6.S As of the night of 6 to 7 April, in the 6.S Des la nuit du 6 au 7 avril, dans la capital, elements of the Presidential Guard capitale, des elements de la Garde and Para-Commando Battalion set up Presidentielle et du bataillon Para roadblocks on the major roads, controlling Commando ont erige des barrages, sur les people's movements. Militiamen soon principaux axes routiers, contr6lant Ie joined them or set up their own roadblocks. deplacement de la population.Par la suite, At these places Tutsis or people thought to des miliciens se sont joints a eux ou ont be Tutsis were summarily executed. erige leurs prop res barrages. Aces endroits, Concurrently, groups of soldiers and des Tutsi ou des personnes considerees militiamen scoured the city and murdered comme telles 6taient sommairement civilians. executees. Parallelement, des groupes de militaires et de miliciens ont sillom1e la ville et se sont livres a des assassinats de civils.

6.9 As from 7 April 1994, massacres of 6.9 A partir du 7 avril 1994, des the Tutsi population and the murder of massacres de la population Tutsi et numerous political opponents were l' assassinat de nombreux opposants perpetrated throughout the territory of politiques ont ete commis sur tout Ie Rwanda. These crimes, which had been territoire du Rwanda. Ces crimes planifies et planned and prepared for a long time by prepares de longue date par des prominent civilian and military figures who personnalites civiles et militaires partageant shared the extremist Butu ideology, were l'ideologie hutu extremiste ont ete perpetres carried out by militiamen, military personnel par des miliciens, des militaires et des and gendannes on the orders and directives gendannes suivant les ordres et les of some of these authorities, sometimes by directives de certaines de ces autorites, means of pre-established lists. Tn Butare parfois a I' aide de listes pre-etablies. Dans la prefecture, apart from a few exceptions as prefecture de Butare, a quelques rares Nyakizu commune and it's Bourgemestre exceptions dont 1a commune de Nyakizu et Ladislas Ntaganzwa, the massacres did not son Bourgemestre Ladislas Ntaganzwa, 1es start until 19 April 1994. massacres ne d6buterent qu' apres Ie 19 Avril 1994.

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INTERIM GOVERNMENT GOUVERNEMENT INTERJMAJRE

6.10 As soon as the Interim Government 6.10 Des la fonnation du Gouvernement was fonned, numerous Cabinet members Interimaire, plusieurs membres du Cabinet supported the plan of extennination in place ont adhere au plan d'extennination mis en and took the necessary steps to execute it. place et pris les moyens necessaires pour They incited the people to eliminate "the l' executer. Ils ont incite 1a population a enemy and its accomplices", distributed eliminer ")' ennemi et ses complices", lui ont weapons to them, dismissed local distribue des armes. Ils ont revoque des government authorities who were opposed autorites administratives locales opposees to the massacres, replacing them with others aux massacres pour Ies remplacer par who were devoted to the cause, and adopted d'autres acquises a la cause et ont adopte des directives intended to facilitate the massacre directives visant a faciliter les massacres de of the civilian Tutsi popUlation. la popUlation civile Tutsi.

6.11 Already, on 8 April, the new 6.11 Des Ie 8 avril, Ie nouveau Government summoned all the prefets to a Gouvemement a convoque tous les prefets meeting in Kigali for the purpose of pour une reunion a r(igali, dans Ie but assessing the situation in the country at the d' evaluer la situation qui prevalait dans Ie time. The emergency meeting was held on pays. Cette reunion de crise tenue Ie 11 11 April 1994 and recorded the participation avril 1994, a enregistre la participation de of all the Government ministers and all the to us les ministres, et celIe de to us Ies prefets, prefets, except those of Butare (J ean exception faite de ceux de Butare, Jean Baptiste Habyarimana), Ruhengeri, and Baptiste Habyarimana, de Ruhengeri, et de Cyangugu. At this meeting, the situation as Cyangugu. Lors de cette reunion, la situation regards the massacres in each prefecture was des massacres dans chaque prefecture a ete analyzed. analysee.

6.12 Rather than take immediate action to 6.12 Le 17 avril, au lieu de prendre des put an end to the massacres, on 17 April, the l11esures il11l11ediates pour mettre fin aux Interim Government dismissed several massacres, Ie gouvemement interimaire a authorities, among them the Prefet of plutot limoge plusieurs responsables, dont Ie Butare, Jean Baptiste Habyarimana, for prefet de Butare, Jean Baptiste their refusal to take part in the massacres so Habyarimana, parce qu'ils avaient refuse de that the killings could spread to the country prendre part aux massacres et ce, afin que as a wholeL les tueries s'etendent a I'ensemble du pays.

6.13 Between 9 April and 14 July 1994, 6.13 Entre Ie 9 avril et 14 juillet 1994, de numerous Cabinet meetings were held nombreuses reunions du Conseil des successively in Kigali, Gitarama and Ministres se sont tenues successivement a Gisenyi. During this period, the Prime Kigali, Gitarama et Gisenyi. Durant cette Minister, Jean Kambanda, and Ministers periode Ie Premier Ministre, Jean including Andre Rwamakuba and Pauline Kambanda, les Mirristres, dont Andre Nyiramasuhuko were regularly briefed on Rwamakuba et Pauline Nyiramasuhuko, the situation in regard to the massacres of etaient regulierement tenus infonnes de la the civilian population. On several situation des massacres de la population

PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/198713/ 6: EXPOSE SUCCINCT DES FAITS: AUTRES VIOLATIONS DU DROIT INTERNATIONAL HlJMANITAlRE occasions during these meetings, the civile. A plusieurs occasions lors de ces Ministers demanded weapons to distribute in reunions, les Ministres ont exige des annes their respective home prefectures, knowing pour les distribuer dans leur prefecture that the weapons would be used in the d'origine, sachant qu'elles seraient utili sees massacres. dans les massacres.

6.14 Between 9 April and 14 July 1994, 6.14 Entre Ie 9 avril et Ie 14 juillet 1994, during these numerous Cabinet meetings, au cours de ces nombreuses reunions du the Interim Government adopted directives Conseil des Ministres, Ie Gouvernement and gave instmctions to the prefets and the Interimaire a adopte des directives et donne bourgmestres. The decisions, which were des instmctions aux prMets et aux then passed on to the general public, were bourgmestres. Ces decisions, repercutees a intended to incite, aid and abet the la popUlation, visaient a inciter, encourager perpetration of the massacres. In order to et aider a commettre les massacres. Pour ensure that the directives and instmctions s' assurer de la mise en oeuvre de ces were carried out, Jean Kambanda's Interim directives et instmctions, le Gouvernement Government designated a Minister for each Interimaire de Jean Kambanda a designe pr¢fecture to be responsible for what was pour chaque prMecture, un Ministre termed 'pacification'. Pauline responsable de ce qu'on appelait la Nyiramasuhuko was assigned this task for pacification. Pauline Nyiramasuhuko devait Butare. assumer cette mission a Butare.

6.15 On 27 APlil 1994, the Interim 6.15 Le 27 avril 1994, Ie Gouvernement Government ordered roadblocks to be set Interimaire a ordonne I' erection de barrages up, knowing that the roadblocks were being routiers, sachant que ceu'x-ci etaient utilises used to identify the Tutsi and their pour identifier les Tutsi et leurs "accomplices" for the purpose of "complices", afinde les eliminer. eliminating them.

6.16 On 25 May 1994, the Interim 6.16 Le 25 mai 1994, Ie Gouvernement Government adopted directives concerning Interimaire a adopte des directives pour Ie the civil self-defence program. Its purpose programme d'auto-dMense civile. Ce was to legalize the distribution of weapons programme visait a legaliser d'une part la to the militiamen on the one hand and to distribution des armes aux miliciens et legitimize the massacres of the civilian d' autre part a legitimer les massacres de la popUlation on the other. As part of the civil popUlation civile. Dans Ie cadre du self-defence program, the Interim programme d'auto-dMense civile, Ie Government, by ministerial decision, Gouvernement Interimaire, par decision appointed several military officers to lead ministerielle, a nomme plusieurs officiers "self defence committees" established in militaires pour diriger des "Comites d'auto each prefecture. Some of these officers took dMense" installes dans chaque prefecture. an active part in the massacres, including Certains de ces officiers, tels qu' Alphonse Alphonse Nteziryayo in Butare. Nteziryayo a Butare, ont participe activement aux massacres.

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EXTENSION OF THE MASSACRES ETENDUE DES MASSACRES

6.17 The massacres of members of the 6.17 Les massacres de membres de la Tutsi population and the murder of the population Tutsi et les assassinats des Hutu moderate Hutu extended throughout the moderes se sont etendus sur l' ensemble du territory of Rwanda. In every prefecture, territoire du Rwanda. Dans chaque local civil and military authorities and prefecture, des autorites locales, civiles et militiamen espoused the p Ian of militaires et des miliciens ont adhere au plan extermination and followed the directives d'extermination et ont suivi les directives et and orders in order to execute it. They called les ordres afin de l' executer. lIs ont appele la on the civilian popUlation to eliminate the population civile a eliminer l'ennemi et ses enemy and its "accomplices". They "complices". Ils ont distribue des armes a distributed weapons to civilians and des civils et des miliciens. Ils ont ordonne, militiamen. They gave orders to commit, encourage, aide et partic'ipe aux massacres. aided, abetted and participated in the massacres.

6.18 From April to July 1994, in all the 6.18 D'avril ajuillet 1994, dans toutes les regions of the country, members of the Tutsi regions du pays, des membres de la population who were fleeing from the popUlation Tutsi qui fuyaient les massacres massacres on their hills sought refuge in sur leurs coHines ont cherche refuge dans locations they thought would be safe, often des endroits qu'ils croyaient surs, souvent on the recommendation of the local civil and sur recommandation des autorites locales, military authorities. In numerous of these civiles et militaires. Dans plusieurs de ces places, despite the promise that they would endroits, malgre la promesse qu'ils seraient be protected by the local civil and military proteges par les autorites locales, civiles et authorities, the refugees were attacked, militaires, les refugies ont ete attaques, abducted and massacred, often on the orders enleves et massacres, souvent sur les ordres or with the complicity of those same ou avec la complicite de ces memes authorities. autorites.

BUTARE BUTARE 6.19 Three impOliant factors delayed the start of the massacres in Butare prefecture. 6.19 Trois facteurs importants ont retard6 Historically, this prefecture had a large Tutsi Ie debut des massacres dans la prefecture de population living in harmony with the Hutu Butare. Historiquement, cette prefecture majority. Since the inception of the comptait une forte representation de la multiparty system, the Parti Social population Tutsi qui y cohabitait Democrate (PSD) dominated the political paisiblement avec la majorite Hutu. Depuis scene in Butare and the JvJouvement Ie multipartisme, Ie Parti Social Dhnocrate republicain national pour fa democratie et (PSD) dominait la scene politique a Butare, Ie developpement (MRND) played a lesser Ie Mouvement republicain national pour fa role in that area than elsewhere in the democratie et Ie developpement (MRND) y country. Hence, the Intcrahamwe jouant un role moins important par rapport

PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/198713/ 6: EXPOSE SUCCINCT DES FAITS: AlJTRES VIOLATIONS DlJ DROIT INTERNATIONAL HUMANITAIRE organizational structure was less elaborate au reste du pays. Ainsi, la structure and its membership was smaller. organisationnelle des Interahamwe y etait Furthermore, the Pnifet of Butare, Jean moins elaboree et ses adherents moins Baptiste Habyalimana (PSD), the only nombreux. En outre, Ie Prefet de Butare, Pnifet of Tutsi descent in the country, had Jean Baptiste Habyalimana, (PSD), seul openly opposed the massacres in his prefet d'origine Tutsi dans Ie pays, s'etait prefecture, where he had succeeded in ouvertement oppose aux massacres dans sa maintaining calm, with a few exceptions, prefecture et avait reussi a y maintenir Ie notably Nyakizu commune and it's calme, a quelques exceptions pres, panni bougemestre, Ladislas Ntaganzwa. Thus, lesquelles, la commune de Nyakizu et son thousands of people, the majority of whom bourgemestre Ladislas Ntaganzwa. Aussi, were Tutsi, came from other prefectures to des milliers de personnes, en majorite Tutsi, seek refuge in Butare in the days which venues d'autres prefectures, avaient cherche immediately followed the start of the refuge a Butare des les premiers jours qui massacres. ont suivi Ie debut des massacres.

6.20 The country's civil and military 6.20 Les dirigeants civils et militaires du leaders became aware of the exceptional pays ont pris conscience de la situation situation in Butare. Thus, the Interim particuliere qui regnait a Butare. Ainsi Ie Government, of which Pauline Gouvernement Interimaire, dont Pauline Nyaramasuhuko was a member, removed Nyaramasuhuko etait membre, a revoque Ie Prefet Habyalimana from office, and incited Prefet Habyalimana et a incite les the people to get involved in the massacres. populations a s'impliquer dans les Prefet Habyalimana was subsequently massacres. Par la suite, Ie Prefet arrested and .was never seen agam. Habyalimana a ete alTete et n'a jamais de Moreover, elements of the Army and revu depuis. En outre, des elements de Interahamwe militiamen were sent to Butare l' armee et des miliciens Interahamwe ont ete as reinforcements to start the massacres. envoyes en renfort pour commencer les massacres. 6.21 On 19 April 1994, the swearing-in ceremony in Butare for the new Pr¢fet, 6.21 Le 19 avril 1994, la ceremonie . Sylvain Nsabimana, was the occasion of a d'investiture du nouveau Prefet, Sylvain large gathering, which had been announced Nsabimana, a Butare, a donne lieu a un and organized by the Interim Government. grand rassemblement annonce et organise On that occasion, President Theodore par Ie Gouvemement Interimaire. A cette Sindikubwabo made an inflammatory occaSIOn, Ie President Theodore speech, openly and explicitly calling on the Sindikubwabo a prononce un discours people of Butare to follow the example of incendiaire, appelant ouvertement et the other prefectures and begin the explicitement la population de Butare a massacres. He violently denounced the suivre l'exemple des autres prefectures et a "banyira ntibindeba", meaning those who commencer les massacres. II a violemment did not feel concerned. He asked them to denonce les " Banyira Ntibindeba ", "get out of the way" and "let us work". autrement dit ceux qui ne se sentent pas Prime Minister Jean Kambanda, who concernes. II leur a demande "qu'ils cedent subsequently took the floor, did not La place" et "qu 'ils nous laissent travailler". contradict the President of the Republic. Le Premier Ministre Jean Kambanda a

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ensuite pris Ia parole et n' a pas contredit Ie 6.22 Because they were present at the President de Ia Republique. ceremony and did not dissociate themselves from the statements made by the President 6.22 Par leur presence lors de cette of the Republic, the members of the ceremonie et en ne se dissociant pas des Govemment, including .lean Kambanda and propos tenus par Ie President de la Pauline Nyiramasuhuko, prominent Republiqlle, Ies membres du Gouvernement, politicians such as Edouard Karcmera, and dont Jean Kambanda et Pauline several bourgmestres, including Joseph Nyiramasuhuko, des personnalites politiques Kanyabashi, gave a clear signal to the telles que Edouard Karemera et plusieurs people that the massacres were ordered and bourgmestres dont Joseph Kanyabashi, ont condoned by the Govemment. Further, c1airement indique a 1a popUlation que les Joseph Kanyabashi, as the dean of the massacres etaient ordoID1es et cautiOlmeS par bourgmestres of Butare, in the presence of Ie Gouvemement. D'ailleurs, Joseph the new Pr¢fet, Syl vain Nsabimaml, made a Kanyabashi, en sa quaEte de doyen des speech in support of the President of the bourgmestres de Butare et en presence du Republic, assuring him that his instructions nouveau Prefet Sylvain Nsabimana, a would be heeded. Shortly thereafter, the prononce un discours pour soutenir Ie massacres of Tutsis began in the prefecture. President de la Republique et l'assurer que ses instructions seraient suivies. Peu apres, les massacres de Tutsi ont commence dans 6.23 The next day, two military planes la prefecture. landed in Butare with numerous Presidential Guard and Para-Commando Battalion 6.23 Le lendemain, deux avions soldiers on board. These soldiers, in tandem militaires ont atteni it Butare, avec a leur with the lnteraham we of Butare, touk pall in bord des clizaines de rnilitaires de 1a Garde murdering and massacring civilians, notably PresidentieUe et du 13ata[1I011 Para the former Queen of Rwanda, Rosalie Commando. Ces militaires ont participe aux Gicanda, a historical symbol for all Tutsi. cotes des lnterahamvvr;. de Butare, aux meurtres et aux massacres de civils, parmi lesquels, l'ancienne Reine du Rwanda, Rosalie Gicanda, symbole historique pour 6.24 In the days which followed the tous les Tutsi. unleashing of the massacres, Interahwnwe from outside the prefecture, notably from 6.24 Dans les jours qui ont suivi Ie Kigali, came in to reinforce their fellow dec Ienchement des massacres, des militiamen in Butare in perpetrating the lnterahamwe de I' exterieur de la prefecture, massacres. This included a detachment of notamment de Kigali, sont venus preter Interahamwe which was accompanying their main forte aux miliciens de Butare pour Chainnan, Robert Kajuga. 1'execution des massacres. Ce fut Ie cas entre autres, d'un detachement 6.25 On 20 April 1994,. Pauline d'Interahamwe accompagnant leur Nyiramasuhuko asked the new Prefet, president, Robert Kajuga. Sylvain Nsabimana, for military assistance to proceed with the massacres in her home 6.25 Le 20 avril 1994, Pauline commune, Mbazi. Sylvain Nsabimana Nyiramasuhuko a demande au nouveau

PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/198713/ 6: EXPOSE SUCCINCT DES FAITS: AlITRES VIOLATIONS Dli DROIT INTERNATIONAL I-IUMANITATRE agreed to her request and ordered the prefet, Sylvain Nsabimana, de lui fournir military authorities to provide her the une assistance militaire pour proceder aux necessary reinforcements. massacres dans sa commune d'origine, Mbazi. Sylvain Nsabimana a acquiesce a sa 6.26 Following 20 April and the start of demande et a ordonne aux autorites the massacres, civil servants and political militaires de lui fournir les renforts appointees who did not approve or necessaires. participate with enough zeal in the ki \lings ofTutsis, were dismissed by the authorities. 6.26 Apres Ie 20 avril et Ie debut des Joseph Kanyabashi and Sylvain Nsabimana massacres, les fonctionnaires et les were responsible for such dismissals. responsables politiques qui n'approuvaient pas les tueries de Tutsi ou qui n'y 6.27 From 20 April the massacres participaient pas avec suffisamment de zele became widespread within the prefecture. ont ete limoges par les autorites. Joseph As in all the regions of the country Kanyabashi et Sylvain Nsabimana etaient throughout this period,tutsis were killed responsables de tels limogeages. where they had sought refuge thinking that the authorities would protect them. 6.27 A partir du 20 avril, les massacres se sont propages dans la prefecture. Comme dans toutes les regions du pays pendant cette Nyakizu commune peri ode, les Tutsi ont ete tues la OU ils avaient cherche refuge en esperant qu'ils 6.28 In the week following the death of seraient proteges par les autorites. President Habyarimana, Ladislas Ntaganzwa called the residents of Gasasa secteur to a meeting.During the meeting, Commune de Nyakizu Ladislas Ntaganzwamade a speech calling on the civilians to eliminate all lhe Tutsi in 6.28 Dans la scmaine qui a suivi la 1110rt the secteur. dLl President Habyarimana, Ladislas Ntaganzwa a convoque a Gasasa, une 6.29 As early as 7 April 1994, men, reunion des residents de ce secteur.Au cours women and children who were fleeing the de cette reunion, Ladislas Ntaganzwa a fait massacres that had started in neighbouring un discours appelant les civils a eliminer Gikongoro prefecture, sought refuge at tous les Tutsi du secteur. Cyahinda parish in Nyakizu commune, Butare prefecture. Most of the refugees 6.29 Des Ie 7 avril 1994, des hommes, des were Tutsi. They were subsequently joined femmes et des enfants qui fuyaient les by Tutsi refugees fi~om Nyakizu commune. massacres qui avaient debute dans la prefecture voisine ont cherche refuge a la paroisse de Cyahinda, commune de 6.30 They were sUlTounded by civilians Nyakizu, prefecture de Butare. La plupmi and gendarmes under the direction of des refugies etaient des Tutsi. lIs ont ensuite Ladislas Ntaganzwa, Bourgmestre of ete rejoints a cet endroit par des refugies Nyakizu. Ladislas Ntaganzwa ordered the Tutsi de la commune de Nyakizu. refugees to hand over everything in their possession, notably all sticks, machetes, 6.30 lIs ont ete encerc1es par des civils et

PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/198713/ 6: CONCISE STATEME'IT OF THE FACTS: OTHER VIOLATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW spears and small hoes. des gendannes sous la direction de Ladislas Ntaganzwa, bourgmestre de Nyakizu. 6.31 On 15 April 1994, Ladislas Ladislas Ntaganzwa a ordonne aux refugies Ntaganzwa issued weapons to civilians and de remettre tout ce qu'ils avaient en leur took them to Cyahinda parish, in the possession, notamment' tous les batons, company of members of the Gendarmerie machettes, lances et petites boues. Nationale. 6.31 Le 15 avri 1 1994, Ladislas 6.32 On the same day, Ladislas Ntaganzwa a distribue des armes a des Ntaganzwa, accompanied by gendarmes, civils et les a conduits a la paroisse de ordered the refugees, who refused to leave Cyahinda en compagnie de membres de 1a the parish, to return to their respective gendarmerie nationale. communes. Ladislas Ntaganzwa ordered the murder of an individual who was trying 6.32 Ladislas Ntaganzwa, accompagne to explain why the refugees were afraid to de gendannes, a ordonne aux refugies qui return to their communes. refusaient de quitter 1a paroisse de retourner dans leurs communes respectives. Ladislas 6.33 Ladislas Ntaganzwa then ordered Ntaganzwa a ordonne Ie meurtre d'une the members oftbe Gendarmerie Nationale, personne qui tentait d' expliquer les raisons tbe communal police and tbe anlled civilians pour lesquelles les refugies craignaient de to attack the refugees. Ladislas Ntaganzwa retourner dans leurs communes. personally took part in the attack. A large number of the refugees at the parisb were 6.33 Ladislas Ntaganzwa a alors killed or wounded in that first attack. ordonne aux membres de la gendarmerie nationale, de la police communale et aux civils atmes d'attaquer les refugies. Ladislas 6.34 On IS' April 1994, President Ntaganzwa a personnellement pris pmi a Theodore Sindikubwabo went to Nyakizu cette attaque. Cette premiere attaque a fait commune and incited the inhabitants to de nombreux m01is et blesses parmi les exterminate the refugees at Cyahinda parish. refugies de la paroisse. In the end, Ladislas Ntaganzwa ordered and led tbe massacre of those who had 6.34 Le IS avril 1994, Ie President survived the first attack. Theodore Sindikubwabo s' est rendu dans 1a commune de Nyakizu 011 il a incite la 6.35 On or about 20 April 1994, in Gasasa population a exterminer les refugies de 1a secteur, Ladislas Ntaganzwa , accompanied paroisse de Cyahinda. Finalement, Ladislas by armed persons, ordered and led an attack Ntaganzwa a ordonne et dirige Ie massacre on Tutsi refugees and killed many people. des rescapes de 1a premiere attaque.

6.35 Le ou vers Ie 20 avril 1994, dans Ie secteur de Gasasa, Ladislas Ntaganzwa accompagne de personnes annees, a ord01me 6.36 The entire prefecture of Butare was et dirige une attaque contre des refugies the scene of massacres of the Tutsi Tutsi, tuant ainsi plusietirs personnes. population involving Pauline NyiramasuhukO., Andre Rwamakuba, 6.36 L'ensemble de 1a Prefecture de

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Sylvain Nsabimana, Alphonse Nteziryayo, B utare fut Ie theatre de massacres de la Joseph Kanyabashi, BIie Ndayambaje and population Tutsi, auxquels ont participe Shalome Arsene Ntahobali, as well as Pauline Nyiramasuhuko, Andre Ladislas Ntaganzwa in the area ofNyakizu. Rwamakuba, Sylvain Nsabimana, Alphonse Nteziryayo, Joseph Kanyabashi, Elie Ndayambaje et Shalome Arsene Ntahobali, Muganza Commune and Kabuye Hill aI' exemp1e de Ladislas Ntaganzwa dans la region de Nyakizu

6.37 Kabuye hill is located in President Commune de Muganza et La colline de Sindikubwabo's home commune of Ndora, /(abuye very near Muganza commune, of which Elie Ndayambaje, an influential MRND party 6.37 La colline de Kabuye est situee a member, was Bourgmestre from 1983 to Ndora, commune d'origine du President 1992. From 19 April to 20 June 1994, Elie Sindikubwabo, tout pres de la commune de Ndayambaje became the de facto Muganza, dont Elie Ndayambaje, du parti Bourgmestre in order to see through the MRND, a ete bourgmestre de 1983 a 1992. massacres in the region. Du 19 avril au 20 juin 1994, Elie Ndayambaje a assume de fait 1es fonctions 6.38 Between 22 and 24 April 1994, Elie de bourgmestre pour mener a bien Ies Ndayambaje, accompanied by communal massacres dans Ia region. policemen, gendarmes, soldiers and civilians anned with traditional tools and weapons, 6.38 Entre Ie 22 et Ie 24 avril 1994, Elie attacked the Tutsi refugees who had Ndayambaje, accompagne de poIiciers gathered at Kabuye on his order. Numerous communaux, de gendarmes, de militaires et Tutsis were killed or wounded. During the de civils munis d'armes et d'outils night, armed civilians surrounded the traditionnels, ont attaque les rHugies Tutsi survIVors and prevented them from qui avaient ete regroupes a Kabuye sur son escapmg. ordre. De nombreux Tutsi ont ete tues ou blesses. Pendant 1a nuit, des civils armes ont 6.39 Tn May 1994, Prime Minister Jean encercle les survivants et les ont empeches Kambanda, accompanied bylVlinister de s'echapper. Pauline Nyi ram asuhuko , visited Ndora com 711Un e. Among others, they met the 6.39 En mai 1994, Ie Premier Ministre Bourgmestre who had imprisoned people Jean Kambanda, accompagne du Ministre who had perpetrated killings in the Pauline Nyaramasuhuko, a vi site la commune's jail. After consulting Pauline commune de Ndora. Ils y ont rencontre, Nyiramasuhuko, Jean Kambanda had the entre autres, Ie bourgmestre qui avait prisoners released. A few days later, the emprisonne au cachot communal des Bourgmestre of Ndora was removed from individus qui s'etaient livres a des tueries. office. Apres consultation avec Pauline Nyaramasuhuko, Jean Kambanda a fait liberer ces prisonniers. Quelques jours apres 6.40 In June 1994, while the massacres Ie bourgmestre de Ndora a ete demi de ses were continuing in the region, Jean fonctions. Kambanda visited Muganza commune and

PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/198713/ 6: CONCISE STATEMENT OF THE FACTS: 3$ OTHER VIOLATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW met with Elie Ndayambaje, among others. 6.40 En juin ] 994, Jean Kambanda a By his presence and by not denouncing the visite la commune de Muganza Otl i1 a massacres he observed, Jean Kal11banda rencontre, entre autres, Elie Ndayambje, confinned in the eyes of the people that the alors que les massacres continuaient dans la killings were condoned by the Government. region. Par sa presence et en ne denonyant Furthennore, on 20 June 1994, the Interim pas les massacres qu'il avait constates, Jean Govemment led by Jean Kambanda Kambanda a confinne a la population que appointed Elie Ndayambaje Bourgmestre of ces tueries etaient cautionnees par Ie Muganza despite his crimes. Gouvernement. De plus, Ie 20 juin 1994, Ie Gouvemement Interimaire de Jean Kambanda a nomme Elie Ndayambaje Ngoma commune Bourgmestre de Muganza, malgre ses crllnes. 6.41 During the month of April ] 994, thousands of Tutsi refugees gathered in Commune de Ngoma various locations in Ngoma commune, such as Kabakobwa cellule, Matyazo clinic and 6.41 Au cours du mois d'avril 1994, des Ngoma Church, often on the milliers de refugies Tutsi se sont rassembles recommendation of Joseph Kanyabashi, the a differents endroits de la commune de long serving Bourgemestre, who had Ngoma, dont 1£1 cellule de Kabakobwa, Ie promised to protect them. Then, Joseph dispensaire de Matyazo et l'eglise de Kanyabashi ordered and supervised the Ngoma, souvent sur recommandation du massacres of these refugees by communal bourgmestre Joseph Kanyabashi (en poste civil servants, soldiers and militiamen. depuis longtemps) qui leur avait promis de ]es proteger. Par]a suite, Joseph Kanyabashi 6.42 In April and May 1994, Joseph a ordonne et supervise ]es massacres de ces Kanyabashi, Andre R wamakuba and Arsene refugies perpetres par des fonctionnaires Shalome Ntahobali went to the Butare communaux, des so Idats et des miliciens. University Hospital in Ngoma, accompanied by soldiers or militiamen acting under their 6.42 En avril et en mai 1994, Joseph orders. At this place, they selected, Kanyabashi, Andre Rwamakuba et Arsene abducted and killed Tutsi who had sought Shalom Ntahobali se sont rend us a1 'h6pital refuge or treatment there. universltmre de Butare a Ngol11a accompagnes de soldats ou de miliciens qui Prefecture Offices agissaient sous leurs ordres. A cet endroit, ils ont selectiOlme, enleve et tue des Tutsi 6.43 The prefecture office of Butare was, qui s'y etaient refugies ou y recevaient des at the time of the events, located in Butare S0111S. town itself. As early as 7 April 1994, numerous members of the Tutsi population Bureau Prefectoral sought refuge at the pr~recture office. From 19 April to July 1994, Interahcll1'lWe 6.43 A l'epoque des evenel11ents, Ie militiamen and soldiers, sometimes under Bureau PrMectorale de Butare etait situe the supervision of Pauline Nyiramasuhuko dans la ville meme de Butare. Des Ie 7 avril and Arsene Shalome Ntahobali took 1994, plusieurs membres de la population advantage of this and repeatedly went to the Tutsi ont cherche refuge dans ]'enceinte du

PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/198713/ 6: EXPOSE SUCCINCT DES FAITS: AlITRES VIOLA nONS DB DROJTINTli:RNA'rTONALJrUMANrrATRE . prefecture office to attack, kidnap and kill bureau de la Prefecture. A partir du 19 avril the refugees. Prefet Sylvain Nsabimana, jusqu' en juillet 1994, profitant de cette although aware of these attacks, did nothing situation, des miliciens Interahamwe et des to put an end to them. Furthermore, during militaires, parfois sous la supervision de this period, Joseph Kanyabashi and Sylvain Pauline Nyiramasuhuko et Arsene Shalome Nsabimana also ordered and supervised the Ntahobali, se sont rendus a plusieurs transfer of refugees from the prefecture reprises a cet endroit pour attaquer, enlever Office to various locations within the et tuer les refugies. Le prefet Sylvain prefecture, where they were confined, Nsabimana, bien qu'au courant de ces deprived of food beaten or killed. attaques, n'a rien fait pour y mettre un temle definitif. En outre, pendant cette periode, Joseph Kanyabashi et Sylvain Nsabimana 6.44 The prefecture office was also the ont ordonne et supervise Ie transfert de location where meetings were held between refugies du bureau prefectoral vers plusieurs some of the main authorities of the endroits de la prefecture, ou ils ont ete prefecture and their subordinates. From 20 confines, prives de noun-iture, battus ou April to the end of June 1994, President tues. Theodore Sindikubwabo, Ministers Pauline Nyaramasuhuko and Andre Rwamakuba, 6.44 Le bureau prefectoral etait aussi Ie Sylvain Nsabimana and Joseph Kanyabashi lieu ou se tenaient des reunions entre met and discussed, among other subjects, certains des principaux responsables de la the evolution of the massacres in Butare. prefecture et leurs subordonnes. Du 20 avril Upon seeing the remaining refugees at the a la fin juin 1994, Ie president Theodore Prefecture office, several ofthese authorities Sindikubwabo, les 111l111stres Pauline publicly and directly called for the Nyiramasuhuko et Andre R wamakuba, elimination of these survivors. Sylvain Nsabimana et Jo~eph Kanyabashi se sont rencontres et ont discute, entre autres 6.45 The search for and elimination of suj ets, de l' evolution des massacres a Tutsis also took place throughout the entire Butare. A la vue des refugies qui restaient prefecture between April and July 1994. encore au bureau de la prefecture, plusieurs During this period Pauline Nyaramasuhuko de ces autorites ont appele pUbliquement et and Arsene Shalome Ntahobali used a directement a I' elimination de ces roadblock located in front of their house to survivants. identify and kill Tutsis. Arsene Shalome Ntahobali also traveled throughout the 6.45 La recherche et I' elimination des prefecture to locate and kill Tutsis. Tutsi a egalement eu lieu a travers to ute la prefecture entre avril et juillet 1994. Au 6.46 Furthermore, aside from his attacks cours de cette periode, Pauline on members of the Tutsi population during Nyiramasuhuko et Arsene Shalom Ntahobali this period, Arsene Shalom Ntahobali, ont utilise un ban-age situe devant leur assisted by unknown "accomplices", maison pour identifier et tuer des Tutsi. participated in the kidnapping and raping of Arsene Shalom Ntahobali s'est egalement Tutsi women. deplace a travers toute la prMecture pour localiser et tuer les Tutsi. 6.47 In May and June 1994, Colonel Alphonse Nteziryayo, who was staying at 6.46 Par ailleurs, outre les sevices inf1iges

PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/198713/ 6: CONCISE STATEMENT OF THE FACTS: OTHER VIOLATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW the same hotel as Robert Kajuga in Butare, a des membres de la population Tutsi durant ordered the Interahamwe to search for the cette periode, Arsene Shalom Ntahob ali , Tutsis and kill them. assiste de complices inconnus, a participe a }'enlevement et au viol de femmes Tutsi. 6.48 In mid-June 1994 Alphonse Nteziryayo and Arsene Shalome Ntahobali 6.47 En mai et juin 1994, Ie Colonel together attempted to prevent the evacuation Alphonse Nteziryayo qui logeait au meme ofrom Butare of about 300 orphans and their hotel que Robert Kajuga a Butare, a OrdOlme adult supervisors. Overcoming the aux Interahamwe de rechercher les Tutsi et opposition of Red Cross International de les tuer. persomlel and local authiorities they selected about 40 adults whom they beleived to be 6.48 A la mi-Juin 1994, Alphonse tutsi and forced them to remain in Rwanda. Nteziryayo et Arsene Shalome Ntahobali ont tente, ensemble, d'empecher l'evacuation, a partir de Butare, d'environ 300 orphelins et 6.49 Between April and July 1994, to des adultes qui les accompagnaient. Passant make sure that the massacres were carried outre l'opposition des employes de la Croix out in an efficient and unflagging manner, Rouge Intemational et des autorites locales, Joseph Kanyabashi, Sylvain Nsabimana, ils ont selectionne environ 40 adultes qu'ils Alphonse Nteziryayo and Pauline croyaient Tutsi et les ont forcer a demeure Nyaramasuhuko individually or in the au Rwanda. presence of one another, not only called on, but also aided and abetted the population to 6.49 Entre avril et juillet 1994, aux fins de slaughter the Tutsi in Butare prefecture. s'assurer que les massacres etaient executes de maniere efficace et continue, Joseph Kanyabashi, Sylvain Nsabimana, Alphonse Nteziryayo et Pauline Nyiramasuhuko ont, Responsibility individuellement ou en presence les uns des autres, non seulement appele, mais aussi 6.50 From April to July 1994, several aide et encourage la population a massacrer hundred thousand people were massacred les Tutsi dans la prefecture de Butare. throughout Rwanda. The majority of the victims were killed solely because they were Tutsi or appeared to be Tutsi. The other Responsabilite victims, nearly all Butu, were killed because they were considered Tutsi accomplices, 6.50 D'avril a juillet 1994, plusieurs were linked to them through marriage or centaines de milliers de personnes ont ete were opposed to the extremist Butu massacrees sur tout Ie territoire du Rwanda. ideology. La plupart des victimes ont ete tuees pour la seule raison qu'elles etaient des Tutsi ou 6.51 From 7 April 1994 around the ressemblaient a des Tutsi. Les autres country, most of the massacres were victimes, surtout des Butu, ont ete tuees perpetrated with the participation, aid and parce qu'elles etaient qualifiees de complice instigation of military persOlmel, gendarmes des Tutsi, liees aces derniers par mariage ou and Butu militiamen. Certain units of the opposees a l'ideologie Butu extremiste. Para-Commando, Reconnaissance and

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Presidential Guard battalions were the most 6.51 Des Ie 7 avril 1994, paliout au implicated in these crimes in the capital and Rwanda, la plupart des· massacres ont ete in other prefectures, often acting in concert commis avec la participation, l'aide et with the militiamen. l' encouragement des militaires, des gendarmes et des miliciens. Certaines unites des Bataillon Para-Commando, de 6.52 Further, from April to July 1994, in Reconnaissance et de la Garde Presidentielle the course of the massacres, some soldiers ont ete les plus impliquees dans la gave assistance to militiamen, notably by commission de ces crimes dans la capitale et providing them logistical support, i.e. dans d'autres prefectures du pays, agissant weapons, transport and fuel. souvent de concert avec les miliciens.

6.53 The massacres and the assaults thus 6.52 En outre, d'avril a juillet 1994, perpetrated were the result of a strategy durant la commission des massacres, des adopted and elaborated by political, civil militaires ont aide des miliciens, notamment and military authorities in the country, at the en leur fournissant la logistique, a savoir des national as welJ as the local level, such as armes, du transpOli et du carburant. Ladislas Ntaganzwa, Joseph Kanyabashi, Pauline Nyiramasuhuko, Andre 6.53 Les massacres et les agressions ainsi Rwamakuba, Sylvain Nsabimana, Alphonse perpetres furent Ie resultat d'une strategie Nteziryayo, Eli Ndayambaje and Shalome adoptee, elaboree et mi~e en execution par Arsene Ntahobali, who conspired to des autorites politiques, civiles et militaires extern1inate the Tutsi population. du pays, tant au niveau national que local, dont Ladislas Ntaganzwa, Joseph 6.54 During the events referred to in this Kanyabashi, Pauline Nyiramasuhuko, Andre indictment, rapes, sexual assaults and other Rwamakuba, Sylvain Nsabimana, Alphonse crimes of a sexual nature were widely and Nteziryayo, Elie Ndayambaje et Shalome notoriously committed throughout Rwanda. Arsene Ntahobali, qui se sont entendues These crimes were perpetrated by, among pour extern1iner la population Tutsi. others, soldiers, militiamen and gendarmes against the Tutsi population,. in particular 6.54 Lors des evenements auxqueIs se Tutsi women and girls. rUerele present acteCl'accusation, des viols, des agressions sexuelles et d'autres crimes de nature sexuelle ont ete commis, d'une favon generalisee et notoire sur tout Ie 6.55 Military officers, members of the territoire du Rwanda. Ces crimes ont ete Interim Government and local authorities perpetres, entre autres, par des militaires, such as Ladislas Ntaganzwa, Pauline des miliciens et des gendarmes contre la Ny iramasuhuko , Andre R wamakuba, population Tutsi, en particulier des femmes Sylvain Nsabimana, Alphonse Nteziryayo, et des jeunes filles Tutsi. Joseph Kanyabashi, Elie Ndayambaje and Shalome Arsene Ntahobali aided and 6.55 Des officiers militaires, des membres abetted their subordinates and others in du Gouvernement Interimaire et des carrying out the massacres of the Tutsi autorites locales dont Ladislas Ntaganzwa, population and its accomplices. Without the Pauline Nyiramasuhuko, Andre complicity ofthe local and national civil and Rwamakuba, Sylvain Nsabimana, Alphonse

PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/198713/ 2" 6: CONCISE STATEMENT OF THE FACTS: OTHER VIOLATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW

Nsabimana, Alphonse Nteziryayo, Joseph Sylvain Nsabimana, Alphonse Nteziryayo, Kanyabashi, Elie Ndayambaje and Shalome Joseph Kanyabashi, Elie Ndayambaje et Arsene Ntahobali aided and abetted their Shalome Arsene Ntahobali ont aide et subordinates and others in carrying out the encourage leurs subordonnes et des tiers a massacres of the Tutsi population and its commettre les massacres de la population accomplices. Without the complicity of the Tutsi et de ses "complices". Sans la local and national civil and military complicite des autorites locales et nationales, authorities, the principal massacres would civiles et militaires, les principaux massacres not have occurred. n'auraient pas eu lieu.

6.56 Knowing that massacres of the 6.56 Sachant que des massacres etaient civilian population were being committed, commis contre la population civile, des political and military authorities, including auto rites politiques et militaires dont Ladislas Ntaganzwa took no measures to Ladislas Ntaganzwa, n' ont pris aucune stop them. On the contrary, they refused to disposition pour les arreter. Au contraire ils intervene to control and appeal to the ont refuse d'intervenir pour controler et faire population as long as a cease-fire had not appel a la population tant qu'un accord de been declared. This categorical refusal was cessez-Ie-feu ne serait pas ordonne. Ce refus communicated to the Special Rapporteur via categorique a ete transmis au Rapporteur the Chief of Staff of Rwandan· Army, Major special par l'intermedlaire du Chef de l'Etat General Augustin Bizimungu. Major de I' Armee Rwandaise, Ie Major General Augustin Bizimungu.

6.57 Ladislas Ntaganzwa, in his position 6.57 Ladislas Ntaganzwa dans sa of authority, acting in concert with, notably position d'autorite, en agissant de concert Pauline Nyiramasuhuko, Andre Rwamakuba, avec notamment Pauline Nyiramasuhuko, Sylvain Nsabimana, Alphonse Nteziryayo, Andre Rwamakuba, Sylvain Nsabimana, Elie Ndayambaje, Joseph Kanyabashi and Alphonse Nteziryayo, Elie Ndayambaje, Shalome Arsene Ntahobali, participated in Joseph Kanyabashi et Shalome Arsene the planning, preparation or execution of a Ntahobali, a participe a la planification, la common scheme, strategy or plan, to commit preparation ou l' execution d'un plan, d'une the atrocities set forth above. The crimes strategie ou d'un dessein commun, afin de were committed by him personally, by perpetrer les atrocites enoncees ci-dessus. persons he assisted or by his subordinates, Ces crimes ont ete perp6tres par lui-meme and with his knowledge or consent. ou par des personnes qu'il a aidees ou par ses subordonnes, alors qu'it en avait connaissance ou y C6ns~entait.

PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/198713/ r-""7"'."""'--"~'" '~-""-.''''''-...-,,~--- .;--,,~-,,-.-.-~.--.-.•..---.~. ------.. · .. -"i.><;,:\· .. ~ :-.

..7. CHARGES

7. CHARGES 7. LES CHEFS D'ACCUSATION

COUNT 1: PREMIER CHEF D' ACCUSATION:

By the acts or omissions described in Par les actes et omISSIOns decrits aux paragraphs 5.1 to 6.57 and more paragraphes 5.1 a 6.57 et plus specifically in the paragraphs referred to particulierement aux paragraphes referencies below: ci-dessous;

Ladislas Ntaganzwa: Ladislas Ntaganzwa:

conspired with Pauline Nyiramasuhuko, s' est entendu avec Pauline Nyiramasuhuko, Andre Rwamakuba, Sylvain Nsabimana, Andre Rwamakuba, Sylvain Nsabimana, Alphonse Nteziryayo, Joseph Kanyabashi, Alphonse Nteziryayo, Joseph Kanyabashi, Elie Ndayambaje, Shalom Arsene Ntahobali Elie Ndayal11baje, Shalom Arsene Ntahobali and others to kili and cause serious bodily or et d' autres pour tuer et porter des atteintes mental harm to members of the Tutsi graves a l'integrite physique et mentale de population with the intent to destroy, in membres de la population tutsi dans whole or in part, a racial or ethnic group, l'intention de detruire en tout ou en partie ce and thereby committed CONSPIRACY TO groupe ethnique ou racial, et ont, de ce fait COMMIT GENCODE, a crime stipulated commis Ie crime D'ENtENTE EN VUE in Article 2(3)(b) of the Statute of the DE COMMETTRELE8 GENOCIDE tel Tribunal, for which he is individually que prevu a l'article 2(3)(b) du Statut du responsible pursuant to Article 6 and which Tribunal pour lequel il est individuellement is punishable in reference to Articles 22 and responsable en vertu de l'article 6(1) et 23 of the Statute. punissable en vertu des articles 22 et 23 du Statut.

COUNT 2: DEUXIEME CHEF D' ACCUSATION:

By the acts or omISSIOns described in Par les actes et omISSIOns decrits aux paragraphs 5.1 to 6.57 and more paragraphes 5.1 a 6.57 et plus specifically in the paragraphs referred to particulierement aux paragraphes referencies below: ci-dessous:

PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/198713/ 7. CHEFS D'ACCUSATION

Ladislas Ntaganzwa: Ladislas Ntaganzwa:

-pursuant to Article 6(1), according to -confonnement a l'article 6(1), selon les paragraphs: 5.1, 5.8, 5.12, 5.13,6.9,6.19, paragraphes: 5.1, 5.8, 5.12, 5.13,6.9,6.19, 6.28 to 6.35, 6.36 to 6.39, 6.50 to 6.57, 6.28 a 6.35,6.36 :i6.39,6.50 a 6.57, -pursuant to Article 6(3), according to -confonnement a l'article 6(3), selon les paragraphs: 5.1, 5.8, 5.12, 5.13,6.9,6.19, paragraphes: 5.1, 5.8, 5.12, 5.13,6.9,6.19, 6.28 to 6.35, 6.36 to 6.39, 6.50 to 6.57, 6.28 a 6.35, 6.36 a 6:39;6'.50 it 6.57, is responsible for killing and causing serious est responsable de meurtres et d'atteintes bodily or mental hann to members of the graves a l'integrite phusique et mentale de Tutsi population with the intent to destroy, membres de la popUlation tutsi dans in whole or in part, a racial or ethnic group, l'intention de detrulre en tout ou en partie ce and thereby committed GENOCIDE, a groupe ethnique ou racial et ont, de ce fait, crime stipulated in Article 2(3)(a) of the commis Ie crime de GENOCIDE tel que Statute of the Tribunal, for which he is prevu a l'article 2(3)(a) duStatut du individually responsible pursuant to Article Tribunal pour lequel il est individuellement 6 and which is punishable in reference to responsable en vertu de l'article 6 du Statut Articles 22 and 23 ofthe Statute. et punissable en vertu des articles 22 et 23 du Statut.

COUNT 3: TROISIEME CHEF D' ACCUSATION:

Ladislas Ntaganzwa: Ladislas Ntaganzwa:

-pursuant to Article 6(1), according to -confonnement a I' aIiicle 6( 1), selon les paragraphs: 5.1, 5.8, 5.12, 5.13,6.9,6.19, paI'agraphes: 5.1, 5.8, 5.12, 5.13,6.9,6.19, 6.28 to 6.35, 6.36 to 6.39, 6.50 to 6.57, 6.28 a 6.35,6.36 a 6.39, 6.50a 6.57, -pursuant to Article 6(3), according to -confonnement a l'article 6(3), selon les paragraphs: 5.1, 5.8, 5.12, 5.13,6.9,6.19, paragraphes: 5.1, 5.8, 5.12, 5.13,6.9,6.19, 6.28 to 6.35, 6.36 to 6.39,6.50 to 6.57, 6.28 a6:35, 6.36 a 6.39, 6.50 a 6.57,

is responsible for killing and causing serious est responsable de meurtres et d'atteintes bodily or mental hann to members of the graves a l'integrite phusique et mentale de Tutsi population with the intent to destroy, membres de la popUlation tutsi dans in whole or in part, a racial or ethnic group, l'intention de detruire en tout ou en partie ce and thereby committed COMPLICITY IN groupe ethnique ou racial et ont, de ce fait, GENOCIDE, a crime stipulated in Article commis Ie crime de COMPLICITE DANS 2(3)(e) of the Statute of the Tribunal, for LE GENOCIDE tel que prevu a l'article

PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/198713/ I~ LI 7. CHARGES which he is individually responsible 2(3)( e) du Statut du Tribunal pour lequel il pursuant to Article 6 and which is est indiviciuell~IJ1ellt responsable en vertu punishable in reference to Articles 22 and 23 de l'article 6 du Statut et punissable en vertu of the Statute. des articles 22 et 23 du Statut.

COUNT 4: QUATRIEME CHEF D' ACCUSATION:

By the acts or omissions described in Par les actes et omissions decrits aux paragraphs 5.1 to 6.57 and more paragraphes 5.1 a 6.57 et plus specifically in the paragraphs referred to particulierement aux paragraphes referencies below: ci-dessous;

Ladislas Ntaganzwa: Ladislas Ntaganzwa:

-pursuant to Article 6(1 j, according to -conformement a 1'article 6(1), selon les paragraphs: 5.1, 5.8,6.28,6.50 to 6.57, paragraphes: 5.1, 5.8,6.28,6.50 a 6.57, is responsible for direct and public est responsable d'incitation directe et incitement to kill and cause serious bodily or publique a commettre Ie meurtre et des mental harm to members of the Tutsi atteillt~s, graves a l'integrite physique et population with the intent to destroy, in mentale de membres de la population tutsi whole or in part, a racial or ethnic group, dans l'intention de detruire en tout ou en and thereby committed DIRECT AND partie ce groupe ethnique ou racial et ont, de PUBLIC INCITEMENT TO COMMIT ce f

COUNTS: CINQUIEME CHEF D' ACCUSATION:

By the acts or omISSIOns described in Par les acteset omissions decrits aux paragraphs 5.1 to 6.57 and more paragraphes 5.1 a 6.57 et plus specifically in the paragraphs referred to particulierement aux paragraphes referencies below: ci-dessous;

Ladislas Ntaganzwa: Ladislas Ntaganzwa:

-pursuant to Article 6(1), according to -confonnement a l'article 6(1), selon les paragraphs: 5.1, 5.8, 5.12, 5.13,6.9,6.19, paragraphes: 5.1, 5.8, 5.12, 5.13,6.9,6.19,

PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/198713/ .. ~~ .• ",.7. CHEFS D'ACClJSATION

6.28 to 6.35, 6.36 to 6.39, 6.50 to 6.57, 6.28 a 6.35,6.36 a 6.39,6.50 a 6.57, -pursuant to Article 6(3), according to -conformement a l'article 6(3), selon les paragraphs: 5.1, 5.8, 5.12, 5.13,6.9,6.19, paragraphes: 5.1, 5.8, 5.12, 5.13,6.9,6.19, 6.28 to 6.35, 6.36 to 6.39, 6.50 to 6.57, 6.28 a 6.35,6.36 a 6.39,6.50 a 6.57, is responsible for the murder of persons as est responsable d'assassinats de personnes part of a widespread and systematic attack dans Ie cadre d'une attaque systematique et against a civilian population on political, generalisee contre une population civile, en ethnic or racial grounds, and thereby raison de son appartenance politique, committed a CRIME AGAINST etlmique ou raciale, et ont, de ce fait commis HUMANITY, a crime stipulated in Article un CRIME CONTRE L'HUMANITE, tel 3(a) of the Statute of Tribunal, for which he que prevu a l'article 3(a) du Statut du is individually responsible pursuant to Tribunal pour lequel il est individuellement Article 6 of the Statute and which is responsable en vertu de l'article 6 du Statut punishable in reference to Articles 22 and 23 et punissable en vertu des articles 22 et 23 of the Statute. du Statut.

COUNT 6: SIXIEME CHEF D'ACCUSATION:

Ladislas Ntaganzwa: Ladislas Ntaganzwa:

-pursuant to Article 6(1), according to -conformement a l'article 6(1), selon les paragraphs: 5.1, 5.8, 5.12, 5.13,6.9,6.19, paragraphes: 5.1, 5.8, 5.12, 5.13,6.9,6.19, 6.28 to 6.35, 6.36 to 6.39, 6.50 to 6.57, 6.28 a 6.35, 6.36 a 6.39, 6.'50 a 6.57, -pursuant to Article 6(3), according to -conformement a l'article 6(3), selon les paragraphs: 5.1, 5.8, 5.12, 5.13,6.9,6.19, paragraphes: 5.1, 5.8, 5.12, 5.13,6.9,6.19, 6.28 to 6.35, 6.36 to 6.39, 6.50 to 6.57, 6.28 a 6.35,6.36 a 6.39,6.50 a 6.57, is responsible for the extermination of est responsable d'extennination de persons as part of a widespread and personnes dans Ie cadre d'une attaque systematic attack against a civilian systematique et generalisee contre une population on political, ethnic or racial population civile, en raison de son grounds, and thereby committed a CRIME appartenance politique, ethnique ou raciale, AGAINST HUMANITY, a crime et ont, de ce fait commis un CRIME stipulated in Article 3(b) of the Statute of CONTRE L'HUMANITE, tel que prevu a Tribunal, for which he is individually l' article 3(b) du Statut du Tribunal pour responsible pursuant to Article 6 of the lequel il est individuellement responsable en Statute and which is punishable in reference vertu de l'article 6 du Statut et punissable to Articles 22 and 23 of the Statute. en vertu des articles 22 et 23 du Statut.

PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/198713/ ~, ,7. CHARGES

SEPTIEME CHEF D' ACCUSATION: COUNT 7:

Par les actes et omISSIOns decrits aux By the acts or omISSIOns described in paragraphes 5.1 a 6.57 et plus paragraphs 5.1 to 6.57 and more particulierement aux paragraphes rMerencies specifically in the paragraphs refened to ci-dessous; below Ladislas Ntaganzwa: Ladislas Ntaganzwa: -conformement a l'article 6(1), selon les -pursuant to Article 6(1), according to paragraphes: 5.1, 5.8, 5.12, 5.13,6.9,6.19, paragraphs: 5.1, 5.8, 5.12, 5.13,6.9,6.19, 6.28 a 6.35,6.36 a 6.39;6.50 a 6.57, 6.28 to 6.35, 6.36 to 6.39, 6.50 to 6.57, -conformement a l'article 6(3), selon les -pursuant to Article 6(3), according to paragraphes: 5.1, 5.8, 5.12, 5.13,6.9,6.19, paragraphs: 5.1, 5.8, 5.12, 5.13,6.9,6.19, 6.28a 6.35,6.36 a 6.39, 6.50 a 6.57, 6.28 to 6.35, 6.36 to 6.39, 6.50 to 6.57, est responsable de persecution pour des is responsible for persecution on political, raisons politiques, raciales ou religieuses de racial or religious grounds, as part of a personnes dans Ie cadre d'une attaque widespread and systematic attack against a systematique et generalisee contre une civilian population on political, ethnic or population civile, en raison de son racial grounds, and thereby committed a appartenance politique, etyhnique ou raciale, CRIME AGAINST HUMANITY, a crime et ont, de ce fait commis un CRIME stipulated in Article 3(h) of Statute of the CONTRE L'HUMANItE, tel que prevu a Tribunal, for which he is individually l'article 3(h) du Statut du Tribunal pour responsible pursuant to Article 6 of the lequel il est individuellement responsable Statute and which is punishable in reference confonnement a l'article 6 du Statut et to Articles 22 and 23 of the Statute. punissable en vertu des articles 22 et 23 du Statut.

HUITIEME CHEF D' ACCUSATION: COUNT 8:

PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/198713/ 7. CHEFS D'ACCUSATION

-pursuant to Article 6(3), according to paragraphes: 5.1, 5.8, 5:12, 5.13,6.9,6.19, paragraphs: 5.1, 5.8, 5.12, 5.13,6.9,6.19, 6.28 a 6.35,6.36 a 6.39, 6.50 a 6.57, 6.28 to 6.35, 6.36 to 6.39, 6.50 to 6.57, est responsable d'actes inhumains contre des is responsible for inhumane acts against personnes dans Ie cadre d'une attaque persons as part of a widespread and systematique et generalisee contre une systematic attack against a civilian population civile, en raison de son population on political, etlmic or racial appartenance politi que, etlmique ou raciale, grounds, and thereby committed a CRIME et ont, de ce fait commis un crime contre AGAINST HUMANITY, a crime 1'humanite, CRIME CONTRE stipulated in Article 3(i) of Statute of the L'HUMANITE tel que prevu a l'miicle 3(i) Tribunal, for which he is individually du Statut du Tribunal pour lequel il est responsible pursuant to Article 6 of the individuellement responsable en vertu de Statute and which is punishable in reference l' article 6 du Statut et punissable en vertu "~ to Articles 22 and 23 ofthe Statute. des artiples 22 et 23 du meme Statut.

NEUVIEME CHEF D' ACCUSATION: COUNT 9:

Par les actes et omISSIOns decrits aux By the acts or omISSIOns described in paragraphes 5.1 a 6.57 et plus paragraphs 5.1 to 6.57 and more particulierement aux paragraphes referencies specifically in the paragraphs referred to ci-dessous; below: Ladislas Ntaganzwa: Ladislas Ntaganzwa: -conformement a l'article 6(1), selon les -pursuant to Article 6(1), according to paragraphes: 5.1, 5.8, 5.12, 5.13,6.9,6.19, paragraphs: 5.1, 5.8, 5.12, 5.13,6.9,6.19, 6.28 a 6.35,6.36 a 6.39,6.50 a 6.57, 6.28 to 6.35, 6.36 to 6.39, 6.50 to 6.57, -conformement A l'article 6(3), selon les ::pursuant to Article 6(3), according to paragraphes: 5.1, 5.8, 5.12, 5.13,6.9,6.19, paragraphs: 5.1, 5.8, 5.12, 5.13,6.9,6.19, 6.28 a 6.35, 6.36 a 6.39,6.50 a 6.57, 6.28 to 6.35, 6.36 to 6.39, 6.50 to 6.57, est responsable de meurtre, d'atteintes ala is responsible for killing and causing sante et au bien etre physique et mental de violence to health and to the physical or personnes civiles dans Ie cadre d 'un conflit mental well-being of civilians as pmi of an anne interne, et ont, de ce fait, commis Ie armed internal conflict, and thereby crime de VIOLATIONS GRAVES DE committed SERIOUS VIOLATION OF VARTICtE"3"";;;'COMMUN "'AU:\: ARTICLE 3' COMMON TO THE CONVENtIONS nit GENEVE ET DU GENEVA CONVENTIONS AND' PROTOCOL'E'ADDfTIONNEL IItel qlle ADDITIONAL PROTOCOL!I, a crime pr6vu ~ l'artlc1e 4 (a) du Statut du Tribunal stipulated in Article 4 (a) of the Statute of et pour lequel il est individuellement the Tribunal, for which he is individually responsable en vertut de l'article 6 du Statut

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