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Amended Indictment Acte D'accusation Amende , INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR RWANDA ...... ~ Case No. ICTR-96-9-I N de dossier:ICTR-96-9-I THE PROSECUTOR LE PROCUREUR DU TRIBUNAL AGAINST CONTRE LAD ISLAS NTAGANZWA LADISLAS NTAGANZWA AMENDED ACTE D'ACCUSATION INDICTMENT AMENDE The Prosecutor of the International Le Procureur du Tribunal Penal Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, pursuant to International pour Ie Rw"anda, en vertu des the authority stipulated in Atiicle 17 of the pouvoirs que lui confere I'article 17 elu Statute of the International Criminal Statut du Tribunal Penal International pour Tribunal for Rwanda ('the Statute of the Ie Rwanda ("Ie Statut du Tribunal") accuse: Tri b unal ') charges: LADISLAS NTAGANZWA LADISLAS NT AGANZW A with CONSPIRACY TO COMMIT eI'ENTENTE EN VUE DE GENOCIDE, GENOCIDE C9MMETTRE LE GENOCIDE, de COMPLICITY IN GENOCIDE', GENOCIDE de COMPLICITE DE DIRECT AND PUBLIC INCITEMENT GENOCIDE, d'INCITATION TO COMMIT GENOCIDE, CRIMES PUBLIQUE ET DIRECTE A AGAINST HUMANITY, and COMMETTRE LE GENOCIDE, de VIOLATIONS OF ARTICLE 3 CRIMES CONTRE L' HUMANITE, et ele COMMON TO THE GENEVA VIOLATIONS DE L'ARTICLE 3 CONVENTIONS AND ADDITIONAL COMMUN AUX CONVENTIONS DE PROTOCOL II, offences stipulated in GENtVE ET DU PROTOCOLE Articles 2, 3 and 4 of the Statute of the ADDITIONNEL II, crimes prevus aux Tribunal. articles 2, 3 et 4 du Statut du Tribunal. " PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/198713/ 1. CONTEXTE HISTORIQUE 1. HISTORICAL CONTEXT 1. CONTEXTE HISTORIQUE 1.1 The revolution of 1959 marked the 1.1 La revolution de 1959 marque Ie beginning ofa period of ethnic clashes debut d'une periode d'affrontements between the Hutu and the Tutsi in Rwanda, ethniques entre les Hutu et les Tutsi au causing hundreds of Tutsi to die and Rwanda, provoquant au cours des annees thousands more to flee the country in the qui ont immediatement suivi, des centaines years immediately following. The revolution de morts chez les Tutsi et l'exode de milliers resulted in the abolition of .the Tutsi d'entre eux. Cette revolution entraine monarchy and the proclamation of the First l' abolition de Ia monarchie Tutsi et la Republic in early 1961, confirmed in a proclamation de la Premiere Republique au referendum held in the same year. debut de I'annee 1961, confilmee par Legislative elections held in September referendum au cours de la meme aImee. Les 1961 confirmed the dominant position of the elections legislatives de septembre 1961 MDR-PARMEHUTU (Mouvement confirme la domination du MDR­ Democratique Republicain - Parti du P ARMEHUTU (Mouvement Democratique Mouvement d'Emancipation Hutu), led by Republicain-Parti du Mouvement Gregoire Kayibanda, who was subsequently d'Emancipation Hutu) de Gregoire elected President of the Republic by the Kayibanda, qui est elu President de la Legislative Assembly on 26 October 1961. Republique par l'assemblee legislative Ie 26 octobre 1961. 1.2 The early years ofthe First Republic, 1.2 Les premieres annees d'existence de which was under the domination of the Hutu cette republique, dominee par les Hutu du of central and southern Rwanda, were again centre et du sud du Rwanda, sont de marked by ethnic violence. The victims nouveau marquees par la violence ethnique. were predominantly Tutsi, the fonner ruling Les victimes furent principalement des elite, and those related to them, who were Tutsi, l' ancienne elite dirigeante, et leurs killed, driven to other regions of Rwanda or allies; ceux-ci furent tues, chasses vers forced to flee the country. The gradual d'autres regions du Rwanda ou forces de elimination of the opposition parties in those s'enfuir du pays. L'elimination progressive early years confirmed the MDR­ des partis d' opposition durant ces premieres P ARMEHUTU as the single party, the only annees confinne Ie MDR-PARMEHUTU party to present candidates in the elections comme parti unique, qui est Ie seul a of 1965. presenter des candidats aux elections de 1965. 1.3 The early part of 1973 in Rwanda 1.3 Le debut de l'annee 1973 au Rwanda was again marked by ethnic confrontations est de nouveau marque par des between the Hutu and Tutsi, prompting affrontements ethniques entre Hutu et Tutsi another exodus of the Tutsi minority from qui provoquent, apres ceux de 1959 a 1963, the country, as had occlmed between 1959 un nouvel exode de Ia minorite Tutsi. Cette and 1963. This new outburst of ethnic and recrudescence des tensions ethniques et political tension between the North and politiques (entre Ie Nord et Ie Sud) aboutit, South resulted in a military coup by General Ie 5 juillet 1973, a un coup d'Etat militaire Juvenal Habyarimana on 5 July 1973, mene par Ie General Juvenal Habyarimana. 2 PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/198713/ I. HISTORICAL CONTEXT shifting power from civilian to military Le coup d'Etat entral:ne un renversement du hands and from the Rutu of central Rwanda pouvoir, qui passe des mains des civils it to the Rutu of the northern prefectures of celles des militaires et de celles des Rutu du Gisenyi and Ruhengeri (Rabyarimana's centre du Rwanda it celles des Rutu des native region). prefectures de Gisenyi et Ruhengeri au nord du pays (region natale du President Rabyarimana). 1.4 In 1975, President Rabyarimana 1.4 En 1975, Ie president Rabyarimana founded the Mouvement Revolutionnaire fonde Ie Mouvement RevolutiOlmaire National pour Ie Developpement (MRND), National pour Ie Developpement (MRND), a single party, and assumed the position of parti unique, dont i1 assume la presidence. party Chairman. The administrative and La structure administrative et la hierarchie party hierarchies were indistinguishable in du MRND se confondent en un veritable this single party state from the level of the parti-Etat it to us les niveaux de Prefet to the bourgmestres, and down to l' administration terri tori ale, du PrMet aux that of the conseillers de secteurs and Bourgmestres, jusqu'aux conseillers de responsables de cellule. secteurs et responsables de cellule. 1.5 From 1973 to 1994, the government 1.5 De 1973 it 1994, Ie gouvernement du of President Rabyarimana used a system of President Rabyarimana applique un systeme ethnic and regional quotas which was de quotas base sur l'origine ethnique et supposed to provide educational and regionale qui etait cense offrir des chances employment opportunities for all, but which egales it tous en matiere d'education et was used increasingly to discriminate d' emploi, mais qui fut utilise against both Tutsi and Rutu from regions progressivement de maniere discriminatoire outside the northwest. it l' encontre des Tutsi et des Rutu originaires d'autres regions que Ie nord-ouest. In fact, by the late 1980s, persons De fait, it Ia fin des annees 1980, from Gisenyi and Ruhengeri occupied many plusieurs des postes les plus importants of the most important positions in the dans les secteurs militaires, politiques, military, political, economic and economiques et administratifs de la societe administrative sectors of Rwandan society. rwandaise etaient occupes par des perSOlmes Anl0ng the privileged elite, an inner circle originaires de Gisenyi et Ruhengeri. Panni of relatives and close associates of President l'elite privilegiee, un noyau, connu sous Rabyarimana and his wife, Agathe Kanziga, l' appellation Akazu, compose de membres known as the Akazu, enjoyed great power. de 1a famille et d'intimes du President This select group, almost exclusively Rutu, Rabyarimana et de son epouse, Agathe was supplemented by individuals who Kanziga, jouit d'un grand pouvoir. Aux shared its extremist Rutu ideology, and who membres de ce groupe, presque came mainly from the native region of the exclusivement Rutu, se joignent des President and his wife. perSOl111es qui en partagent l'ideologie Rutu extremiste et qui sont principalement originaires de la region natale du President et de son epouse. 1.6 In 1990, the President of the 1.6 Au cours de l'annee 1990, Ie 3 PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/198713/ 1. CONTEXTE HISTORIQUE Republic, Juvenal Habyarimana, and his President de 1a Republique, Juvenal single party, the MRND, were facing Habyarimana, et son parti unique, Ie mounting opposition, including from other MRND, font face a une opposition Hutu. grandissante, notamment de la part d'autres Hutu. 1.7 On 1 October 1990, the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) , made up mainly of 1.7 Le 1er octobre 1990, Ie Front Tutsi refugees, attacked Rwanda. Within Patriotique Rwandais (FPR), compose days the government began anesting majoritairement de refugies Tutsi, attaque Ie thousands of people, presumed to be Rwanda. Dans les jours qui suivent, Ie opponents ofHabyarimana and suspected of gouvernement procede a l'arrestation de being RPF accomplices. Although the Tutsi milliers de personnes presumees etre des were the main target, Hutu political adversaires d'Habyarimana et soupc;onnees opponents were also arrested. de complicite avec Ie FPR. Parmi les personnes anetees, majoritairement d' origine Tutsi, i1 y a egalement des 1.8 Following pressure £i'om the internal opposants politiques Hutu. opposition and the intemational community, and the RPF attack of October 1990, 1.8 Suite aux differentes pressions de President Habyarimana permitted the l'opposition interne et de la communaute introduction of multiple political parties and internationale, et aI' attaque du FPR the adoption of a new constitution on 10 d'octobre 1990, Ie President Habyarimana June 1991. The Mouvement Revolutionnaire autorise l'introduction du multipartisme et National pour Ie Developpement (MRND) l'adoption d'une nouvelle constitution Ie 10 was renamed Mouvement Republicain juin 1991. Le Mouvement Revolutionnaire National pour la Democratic et Ie National pour Ie Developpement (MRND) Developpement (MRND). The first est alors rebaptise Mouvement Republicain transitional govemment was made up almost National pour la Democratie et Ie exclusively of MRND members, following Developpement (MRND).
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