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Amended Indictment INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL PENAL INTERNATIONAL TRIBUNAL FOR RWANDA POUR LE RWANDA Case No. ICTR-96- 15-1 THE PROSECUTOR LE PROCUREIS/R DU TRIBUNAL 2 '.- * AGAINST JOSEPH KANYABASHI JOSEPH AMENDED INDICTMENT as per the decision of Trial Chamber II of Selon la décision de la Chambre de 12 August 1999,31 May 2000 and 8 June Premiere Instance II du 12 août 1999, 31 2001 mai 2000 et 8 juin 2001 The Prosecutor of the International Le Procureur du Tribunal Pénal Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, pursuant to the International pour le Rwanda, en vertu des authority stipulated in Article 17 of the Statute pouvoirs que lui confère l'article 17 du Statut of the International Criminal Tribunal for du Tribunal Pénal International pour le Rwanda ('the Statute of the Tribunal') Rwanda ("le Statut du Tribunal") accuse: charges: JOSEPH KANYABASHI JOSEPH KANYABASHI with CONSPIRACY TO COMMIT d'ENTENTE EN VUE DE COMMETTRE GENOCIDE, GENOCIDE, COMPLICITY LE GÉNOCIDE, de GENOCIDE de IN GENOCIDE, DIRECT AND PUBLIC COMPLICITÉ DE GÉNOCIDE, INCITEMENT TO COMMIT d'INCITATION PUBLIQUE ET GENOCIDE, CRIMES AGAINST DIRECTE À COMMETTRE LE HUMANITY, and VIOLATIONS OF GÉNOCIDE, de CRIMES CONTRE ARTICLE 3 COMMON TO THE L'HUMANITÉ, et de VIOLATIONS DE GENEVA CONVENTIONS AND L'ARTICLE 3 COMMUN AUX ADDITIONAL PROTOCOL II, offences CONVENTIONS DE GENÈVE ET DU stipulated in Articles 2,3 and 4 of the Statute PROTOCOLE ADDITIONNEL II, crimes of the Tribunal. prévus aux articles 2, 3 et 4 du Statut du Tribunal. 1. HISTORICAL CONTEXT 1. CONTEXTE HISTORIQCE 11 The revolution of 1959 marked the 1.1 La révolution de 1959 marque le dibut beginning of a period of ethnic clashes d'une période d'affrontements ethniques entre between the Hutu and the Tutsi in Rwanda, les Hutu et les Tutsi au Rwanda, provoquant causing hundreds of Tutsi to die and au cours des années qui ont immédiatement thousands more to flee the country in the years suivi, des centaines de morts chez les Tutsi et immediately following. The revolution l'exode de milliers d'entre eux. Cette resulted in the abolition of the Tutsi monarchy révolution entraîne l'abolition de la monarchie 2nd the proclamation of the First Republic in Tutsi et la proclamation de la PrerniZre early 196 1, confirmed in a referendum held in République au début de l'iinnie 1961. the same year. Legislative elections held in confirmée par référendum au cours de 12 September 196 1 confinned the dominant même année. Les élections législ~tivesde position of the MIR-PARMEHU'TU septembre 1961 confirme la domination du (iMonvement Démocratique Républicain - MDR-PARMEHUTU (Mouvement Parti d~rMouvement d'Emancipation Hutu), Démocratique Républicain-Parti du led by Grégoire Kayibanda, who was Mouvement d'Émancipation Hutu) de subsequently elected President of the Republic Grégoire Kayibanda, qui est élu Président de by the Legislative Assembly on 26 October la République par l'assemblée législative le 26 1961. octobre 196 1. 1.2 The early years of the First Republic, 1.2 Les premières années d'existence de which was under the domination of the Hutu cette république, dominée par les Hutu du of central and southem Rwanda, were again centre et du sud du Rwanda, sont de nout eau marked by ethnic violence. The victims were marquées par la violence ethnique. Les predominantly Tutsi, the former niling elite, victimes furent principalement des Tutsi, and those related to them, who were killed, l'ancienne élite dirigeante, et leurs alliés; driven to other regions of Rwanda or forced to ceux-ci furent tués, chassés vers d' autres flee the country. The gradua1 elirnination of régions du Rwanda ou forcés de s'enfuir du the opposition parties in those early years pays. L'élimination progressive des partis confinned the MDR-PARMEHUTU as the d'opposition durant ces premières années single party, the only party to present confirme le . ,1/1DR-PAR,MEHUTU comme candidates in the elections of 1965. parti unique, qui est le seul à présenter des candidats aux élections de 1965. 1.3 The early part of 1973 in Rwanda was 1.3 Le début de l'année 1973 au Rwanda again marked by ethnic confrontations est de nouveau marqué par des affrontements between the Hutu and Tutsi, prompting ethniques entre Hutu et Tutsi qui provoquent, another exodus of the Tutsi rninority from the après ceux de 1959 à 1963, un nouvel exode country, as had occurred between 19.59 and de la minorité Tutsi. Cette recrudescence des 1963. This new outburst of ethnic and tensions ethniques et politiques (entre le Nord political tension between the North and South et le Sud) aboutit, le 5 juillet 1973. à un coup resulted in a rnilitary coup by General Juvénal d'État militaire mené par le Généra1 Juvinül Habyarimana on 5 July 1973, shifting power Habyarimana Le coup d'État entraîne un from civilian to military hands and from the renversement du pouvoir, qui passe des mains Hutu of central Rwanda to the Hutu of the des civils à celles des militaires et de celles northem préfectztres of Gisenyi and Ruhengeri des Hutu du centre du Rwanda à celles des (Hab yarimana's native region). Hutu des préfectures de Gisenyi et Ruhengcn 1. tIISTORIC.\L CONTEKT au nord du pays (région natale Habyarimana). 1.4 In 1975, President Habyarimana 1.4 En 1975, le président Habyarimana founded the Mouvement Révolutionnaire fonde le Mouvement Révolutionnaire National pour le Développement (MRiW),a National pour le Développement (>fRhD). single party, and assumed the position of party parti unique, dont il assume la présidence. La Chairman. The administrative and party structure administrative et la hierarchie du hierarchies were indistinguishable in this iWIND se confondent en un véritable parti- single party state from the level of the Préfet État à tous les niveaux de l'administration to the bozirgmestres, and down to that of the temtoriale, du Préfet aux Bour,omestres. conseillers de secteurs and responsables de jusqu'aux conseiliers de sec1eurs et cellule. responsables de cellule. 1. From 1973 to 1994, the government of 1.5 De 1973 à 1994, le gouvernement du President Habyarimana used a system of Président Habyarimana applique un système ethnic and regional quotas which was de quotas basé sur l'origine ethnique et supposed to provide educational and régionale qui était censé offrir des chances employment opportunities for all, but which égales à tous en matière d'éducation et was used increasingly to discriminate against d'emploi, mais qui fut utilisé progressivement both Tutsi and Hutu from regions outside the de manière discriminatoire j. l'encontre des northwest. Tutsi et des Hutu originaires d'autres résions que 1e nord-ouest. In fact, by the late 1980s, persons De fait, à la fin des années 1980, from Gisenyi and Ruhengeri occupied many plusieurs des postes les plus importants dans of the most important positions in the les secteurs militaires, politiques. military, political, econornic and économiques et administratifs de la société administrative sectors of Rwandan society. rwandaise étaient occupés par des personnes Among the privileged elite, an inner circle of originaires de Gisenyi et Ruhengeri. Parmi relatives and close associates of President l'élite privilégiée, un noyau, connu sous Habyarimana and his wife, Agathe Kanziga, l'appellation Akap, composé de membres de known as the Akazu, enjoyed great power. la famille et d'intimes du Président This select group. almost exclusively Hutu, Habyarimana et de son épouse, Agathe was supplemented by individuals who shared Kanziga, jouit d'un grand pouvoir. Aux its extrernist Hutu ideology, and who came membres de ce groupe, presque exclusivement mainly from the native region of the President Hutu, se joignent des personnes qui en and his wife. partagent l'idéologie Hutu extrémiste et qui sont principalement originaires de la région natale du Président et de son épouse. 1.6 in 1990. the President of the Republic, 1.6 Au cours de l'année 1990, le Prisident Juvénal Habyarimana, and his single Party, the de la République. Juvénal Habyarimana. et LMRND, were facing mounting opposition, son parti unique, le MKND, font face j. une including from other Hutu. opposition grandissante, notamment de la part d'autres Hutu. 1.7 On 1 October 1990, the Rwandan 1.7 Le ler octobre 1990, le Front Patriotic Front (RPF), made up mainly of Patriotique Rwandais (FPR), composé Tutsi refugees, attacked Rwanda. Within days majoritairement de réfugiés Tutsi, attaque le the government began arresting thousands of Rwanda. Dans les jours qui suivent. le people, presumed to be opponents of gouvernement procède à l'arrestation de Habyarimana and suspected of being RPF milliers de personnes présumées 2tre des accomplices. Although the Tutsi were the adversaires d'Habyarimana et soupconnées de main taget. Hutu political opponents were complicité avec le FPR. Parmi les personnes also arrested. anêtées, majoritairement d'origine Tutsi. il y a également des opposants politiques Hutu. 1.8 Following pressure from the interna1 1.8 Suite aux différentes pressions de opposition and the international community, l'opposition interne et de la communauté and the RPF attack of October 1990, President internationale, et à l'attaque du FPR d'octobre Habyarimana permitted the introduction of 1990, le Président Habyarimana autorise multiple political parties and the adoption of l'introduction du multipartisme et l'adoption a new constitution on 10 June 1991. The d'une nouvelle constitution le 10 juin 199 1. Mouvement Révolutionnaire National polir le Le Mouvement Révolutionnaire Natiorzal pour Développement (MRND) was renamed le Développement (I'"VLRND) est alors rebaptisé iMouvement Républicain National pour la Mouvement Républicain National polir la Démocratie et le Développement (MRND). Démocratie et le Développement (k~).Le The first transitional government was made up premier Gouvernement de transition est almost exclusively of MRND members, composé presque exclusivement de membres following the refusa1 of the main opposition du LWIND, suite au refus des principaux parties to take part.
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