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Rwanda National Commission for the Fight Against Genocide Commission Nationale De Lutte Contre Le Génocide

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Rwanda National Commission for the Fight Against Genocide Commission Nationale De Lutte Contre Le Génocide Republic of Rwanda National Commission for the Fight against Genocide Commission Nationale de Lutte contre le Génocide RWANDA: Genocide against the Tutsi, 25 years on RWANDA: Genocide against the Tutsi, 25 years on 4 RWANDA: Genocide against the Tutsi, 25 years on CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 6 PART 1: CHRONOLOGY OF EVENTS 1900-1994 8 PART TWO: GENOCIDE AGAINST THE TUTSI 27 1. The Militia 27 2. Civil self-defence 27 3. Machete purchases 29 4. The genocide media 30 5. Radicalizing the extremist politicians 30 6. Failure of the churches 31 7. Interim Government 32 8. France’s complicity in the genocidal regime 37 9. Judging the genocide 39 2.1. Status of extraditions and transfers 45 2.2. Status of judgments rendered by jurisdictions of third States 46 10. Courts of Rwanda 48 11. Genocide memorial 51 12. Against negationism 53 PART THREE: REBUILDING THE COUNTRY 54 1. Abunzi (Committee of community reconciliators or mediators) 54 RWANDA: Genocide against the Tutsi, 25 years on 5 2. Access to justice bureau (MAJ) 55 3. Unity and reconciliation 56 4. Umuganda (community work) 56 5. Imihigo (Performance contracts) 57 6. Ubudehe (participatory socioeconomic 57 development mechanism) 57 7. Girinka (one cow per poor family programme) 58 8. Army week (Icyumweru cy’Ingabo) 58 9. Vision 2020 59 10. VUP (Vision 2020 Umurenge) 60 11. Agaciro development fund 60 12. Mutual health insurance 61 13. Decentralization programme 61 14. Inama y’Igihugu y’Umushyikirano (national dialogue) 62 15. Itorero ry’Igihugu (National civic education programme) 63 16. Ingando (Solidarity camps) 63 17. Ndi Umunyarwanda (I am Rwandan) 64 CONCLUSION 65 6 RWANDA: Genocide against the Tutsi, 25 years on INTRODUCTION «There is no doubt that considering their undeniable scale, their systematic nature and their atrociousness, the massacres were aimed at exterminating the group that was targeted1» 7 April 1994 to 7 April 2019, would be exactly twenty-five years to the day when Rwanda went through a horrific and gruesome genocide that took the lives of over a million people. For three good months, soldiers and government gendarmes accompanied by militias of the ruling party and its satellites, scattered throughout the country, supervised by national and local officials - ministers, prefects, bourgmestres, municipal councilors - exterminated the Tutsi of Rwanda. While the full-scale genocide against the Tutsi was carried out from April to July 1994, their extermination had begun decades before that, in November 1959. In December 1963, the massacres took on the scale of mass extermination, to the extent that Westerners who witnessed the events, journalists and researchers termed them as genocide. The Belgian daily, “Le Soir” of 3 February 1964 reported the account given by an English missionary, who had witnessed the massacres: “The Tutsi are scattered around the country and are being systematically exterminated, just like the extermination of the Jews by the Nazis”. The French daily, Le Monde of 4 February 1964 published an article by Denis-Gilles Vuillemin, a member of the UNESCO team working in Butare, who resigned from his post saying that he 1 ICTR, The Prosecutor versus Jean-Paul Akayesu, Case no. ICTR-96-4-T, Jugement, 2 September 1998, paragraph 118 RWANDA: Genocide against the Tutsi, 25 years on 7 wanted no part in the genocide: “I can no longer stay and work for a government that is responsible for or an accomplice in a genocide. (…) How could I teach under a UNESCO assistance programme in a school where students have been killed for the sole reason that they are Tutsi? How could I teach students who will be killed in a few months’ or years’ time?” February In its 11 February 1964 bulletin, Radio Vatican reported the same story: “The most atrocious systematic genocide since the genocide of the Jews, is taking place in the heart of Africa. Thousands of people are being massacred by the day in Rwanda”. All this proves that 1994 was not when the genocide started, it was the year of its “Armageddon”. The massacre came to an end in July 1994 when the Rwandan Patriotic Front gained control over the country and established a Broad-based Transitional Government, comprising vital forces of the nation, which had not taken part in the genocide. This booklet recounts some highlights of this genocide as well as those of the reconstruction of Rwanda. Dr BIZIMANA Jean Damascene Executive Secretary, National Commission for the Fight Against Genocide (CNLG) 8 RWANDA: Genocide against the Tutsi, 25 years on PART 1: CHRONOLOGY OF EVENTS 1900-1994 2 February 1900: Mgr Hirth, Fathers Brard and Paul Barthelemy and Brother Anselme, White Fathers, appear before the Court of Mwami Yuhi Musinga. 8 February 1900: Founding of the first catholic mission in Save. 1906: Founding of the first protestant mission in Kirinda by Bethel Society German missionaries. April 1916: Belgium replaces Germany as colonial power. This sets off racialization of social relations. 1926: Reforms introduced by Georges Mortehan and Charles Voisin, Belgians, aimed at considerably reducing the powers of the King and his subordinates. 1931: Introduction of the identity card stating Hutu, Tutsi and Twa ethnicity. 17 October 1943: King Mutara III Rudahigwa is baptized after a 14-year long catechumenate. 25 July 1959: Suspicious death of King Mutara Rudahigwa in Bujumbura. “Hutu social revolution” under Belgian Catholic Church control. Persecution of Tutsi, thousands die. 28 January 1961: Grégoire Kayibanda takes over power. The “ethnic democracy” concept becomes one of the foundations of the Parmehutu party. 1 July 1962: Declaration of independence of Rwanda. RWANDA: Genocide against the Tutsi, 25 years on 9 20 October 1962: Friendship and cooperation accord between France and Rwanda, signed in Paris. 4 December 1962: Economic, cultural, technical and radio accords signed in Kigali, between France and Rwanda. December 1963: Massacre of Tutsi, described as Genocide by international press, foreign witnesses and independent researchers. 200,000 Tutsi flee their country. July 1973: Tutsi hunted down at secondary schools, the university, and public and private sector offices. Military coup d’état by General Juvenal Habyarimana. 18 July 1975: France and Rwanda sign special military assistance agreement. French to supply weapons worth 4 million French francs per annum. 20 December 1978: New constitution adopted for MRND. ID cards maintain mention of ethnic group, a measure introduced by the Belgians in 1931. Right from birth, every Rwandan automatically becomes a member of the single party, MRND. 24 December 1978: Juvénal Habyarimana, sole candidate is elected President of the Republic with 98.99% of the votes. 3 December 1979: The Rwandese Alliance for National Unity (RANU) is established in Kenya. October 1982: Over 250,000 Tutsi refugees are expelled from Uganda by the Milton Obote regime, while the Rwandan regime also drives them back at the border. 1983: Thérèse Pujolle, Head of mission of the civil cooperation in Kigali from 1981 to 1984, attests to human rights violations 10 RWANDA: Genocide against the Tutsi, 25 years on perpetrated under the Habyarimana regime. Habyarimana is reelected with 99.8% of the votes. 22 March 1983: The Rwandan Minister of Foreign Affairs requests France to amend article 3 of the military assistance agreement signed by the two countries in 1975. The draft provides that “French military personnel supplied to the Republic of Rwanda [may now serve] in Rwandan uniform. 20 April 1983: The draft codicil amending article 3 of the special military assistance agreement is approved by the French Ministry of Cooperation. 1986: Jean-Christophe Mitterrand, son of the French President is appointed advisor for African Affairs at the President’s office. He establishes close ties with Jean-Pierre Habyarimana, first child of the Rwanda President. 24-26 December 1987: 4th RANU Congress is held in Kampala. Name is changed, and the Rwandan Patriotic Front is formed. 1988-1989: Many opposition members and journalists are murdered: Felicula Nyiramutarambirwa, an MP, Father Silvio Sindambiwe, director of the catholic newspaper, Kinyamateka, and Dr Francois Muganza, former Minister of Health, all Hutu from the south of the country. 1 October 1990: RPF begins war for liberation. 3 October 1990: Casimir Bizimungu, Rwandan Minister for Foreign Affairs, arrives in Paris, where he is received by his counterpart of the Ministry for Cooperation. 4 October 1990: Operation Noroit takes off (under the command of Colonel Rene Galinié, followed by Colonel Jean-Claude Thomann), RWANDA: Genocide against the Tutsi, 25 years on 11 purportedly to protect French nationals in Rwanda. However, the French get involved in the conflict, together with Zairean troops. Night of 4 to 5 October 1990: The Rwandan armed forces organize a fake attack of the RPF on Kigali. On national radio, Juvenile Habyarimana announces that the enemy has forcibly attacked the capital. He decrees a state of siege and calls for vigilance and for people to denounce others. Some 10,000 Tutsi and political opponents are arrested in Kigali. First Tutsi massacre takes place in Kibilira: over 500 killed. 8 October 1990: Massacre of some 1000 civilian Tutsi population in Mutara. 9 October 1990: Colonel René Galinié, the French attaché in Kigali, transmits several messages to Paris for ammunition, weapons and equipment requested by the Rwanda Ministry of Defence. 18 October 1990: Juvénal Habyarimana meets President François Mitterrand at the Elysée. 11 November 1990: In a speech, President Habyarimana announces that by June 1991, the country would have a multiparty system, there would be a constitutional referendum, and ethnicity would be removed from identity cards and other official documents. All these never happened until the genocide in April 1994. December 1990: The sixth edition of the Hutu extremist monthly, Kangura, which had the backing of the Rwandan regime, publishes the “Hutu Ten commandments”, which says that “All Hutus must know that all Tutsis are dishonest in business.
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