Genocide in Rwanda: the Search for Justice 15 Years On
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General Assembly Security Council
United Nations A/70/218–S/2015/577 General Assembly Distr.: General 31 July 2015 Security Council Original: English General Assembly Security Council Seventieth session Seventieth year Item 77 of the provisional agenda* Report of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Genocide and Other Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of Rwanda and Rwandan Citizens Responsible for Genocide and Other Such Violations Committed in the Territory of Neighbouring States between 1 January and 31 December 1994 Report of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda Note by the Secretary-General The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the members of the General Assembly and to the members of the Security Council the twentieth annual report of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, submitted by the President of the International Tribunal for Rwanda in accordance with article 32 of its statute (see Security Council resolution 955 (1994), annex), which states: “The President of the International Tribunal for Rwanda shall submit an annual report of the International Tribunal for Rwanda to the Security Council and to the General Assembly.” * A/70/150. 15-12744 (E) 240815 *1512744* A/70/218 S/2015/577 Letter of transmittal 31 July 2015 I have the honour to submit the twentieth annual report of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Genocide and Other Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of Rwanda and Rwandan Citizens Responsible for Genocide and Other Such Violations Committed in the Territory of Neighbouring States between 1 January and 31 December 1994, dated 31 July 2015, to the General Assembly and the Security Council, pursuant to article 32 of the statute of the International Tribunal. -
The Rwanda Catastrophe : Its Actual Root-Cause and Remedies to Pre
The International Centre for Le Centre International pour les Peace and Conflict Reconciliation Initiatives de Paix et de Initiative for Africa Résolution des Conflits en Afrique (ICPCRIA) (ICPCRIA) THE RWANDA CATASTROPHE: Its Actual Root-Cause and Remedies to Pre-Empt a Similar Situation in Rwanda , 1 A MEMORANDUM Submitted to: H.E. DR. BOUTROS BOUTROS - GHALI SECRETARY-GENERAL THE UNITED NATIONS ORGANIZATION NEW YORK H.E. DR. SALIM A. SALIM SECRETARY-GENERAL T HE ORGANIZATION OF AFRICAN UNITY ADDIS ABABA H.E. CHIEF EMEKA ANYAOKU SECRETARY-GENERAL THE COM MONWEALTH SECRETARIAT LONDON AND Other World Leaders: HEADS OF STATE And HEADS OF INTERNATIONAL NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS WITH INTEREST IN PEACE AND HUMAN RIGHTS FOR NATIONAL RECONCILIATION AND RECOVERY IN RWANDA BY The International Centre for Peace and Conflict Reconciliation Initiative for Africa (ICPCRIA), P.O. Box 47288, Tel. Nos.565366, Fax No. 214127, Nairobi. Prof. Agola Auma-Osolo PRESIDENT/ICPCRIA 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS PREAMBLE PAGE CHAPTER ONE: PURPOSE AND METHODOLOGY OF THE MEMORANDUM.............................................6 I. PURPOSE .....................................................................................................................................................6 II. METHODOLOGY........................................................................................................................................6 CHAPTER TWO: IS THE RWANDA CATASTROPHE ALSO GENOCIDE?......................................................8 I. GENOCIDE DEFINED................................................................................................................................8 -
ICTR-00-56-A AUGUSTIN NDINDILIYIMANA APPEALS CHAMBER FRANÇOIS-XAVIER NZUWONEMEYE INNOCENT SAGAHUTU V
THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR RWANDA CASE NO.: ICTR-00-56-A AUGUSTIN NDINDILIYIMANA APPEALS CHAMBER FRANÇOIS-XAVIER NZUWONEMEYE INNOCENT SAGAHUTU v. THE PROSECUTOR OF THE TRIBUNAL TUESDAY, 11 FEBRUARY 2014 1402H APPEAL JUDGEMENT Before the Judges: Judge Theodor Meron, Presiding Judge Liu Daqun Judge Carmel Agius Judge Khalida Rachid Khan Judge Bakhtiyar Tuzmukhamedov For the Registry: Mr. Douglass Hansen Mr. John Tumati For the Prosecution: Mr. Hassan Bubacar Jallow Mr. James Arguin Mr. Abubacarr Tambadou Ms. Thembile M. Segoete Mr. Takeh Sendze Ms. Christiana Fomenky Ms. Sunkarie Ballah-Conteh Ms. Betty Mbabazi Mr. Deo Mbuto For the Accused Augustin Ndindiliyimana: Mr. Christopher Black Mr. Vincent Lurquin For the Accused François-Xavier Nzuwonemeye: Mr. Charles Taku Ms. Beth Lyons For the Accused Innocent Sagahutu: Mr. Fabien Segatwa Mr. Scott Martin Court Reporter: Deirdre O'Mahony NDINDILIYIMANA ET AL TUESDAY, 11 FEBRUARY 2014 1 P R O C E E D I N G S 2 3 MR. PRESIDENT: 4 Good afternoon to everybody. 5 6 Registrar, would you please call the case. 7 MR HANSEN: 8 Thank you, Your Honour. 9 10 The Appeals Chamber of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, composed of Judge Meron, 11 presiding; Judge Liu, Judge Agius, Judge Khan, and Judge Tuzmukhamedov is now sitting in open 12 session today, Tuesday, the 11th of February 2014 for the delivery of the appeal judgement in the 13 matter of Augustin Ndindiliyimana, François-Xavier Nzuwonemeye and Innocent Sagahutu verses the 14 Prosecutor, Case No. ICTR-00-56-A. 15 MR. PRESIDENT: 16 Mr. Ndindiliyimana, can you follow the proceedings in a language you understand? 17 APPELLANT NDINDILIMANA: 18 Yes, sir, I can follow the proceedings in French. -
Table of Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 2 1.1 Achievements and vital role of Tribunal .......................................................... 3 1.2 Strengthening the Tribunal .............................................................................. 4 1.3 Response of Tribunal officials ......................................................................... 7 1.4 Trials in the Rwandese Courts ......................................................................... 8 2. CREATION OF THE TRIBUNAL .............................................................................. 8 2.1 Statute of the Tribunal ................................................................................. 10 2.2 The first prosecutions .................................................................................... 12 3. DELAY OF TRIALS ................................................................................................... 12 4. PROSECUTION STRATEGY..................................................................................... 14 4.1 Relations with the Rwandese Government .................................................. 15 4.2 Prosecuting RPF abuses ................................................................................. 16 4.3 Investigation and prosecution of sexual violence crimes ............................... 17 5. WITNESS PROTECTION .......................................................................................... -
Press Clippings
SPECIAL COURT FOR SIERRA LEONE OUTREACH AND PUBLIC AFFAIRS OFFICE A downtown view of central Freetown from above Hill Cot Road. PRESS CLIPPINGS Enclosed are clippings of local and international press on the Special Court and related issues obtained by the Outreach and Public Affairs Office as at: Friday, 20 May 2011 Press clips are produced Monday through Friday. Any omission, comment or suggestion, please contact Martin Royston-Wright Ext 7217 2 International News Ouattara Asks ICC to Investigate Post-Poll Violence / RFI Page 3 ICTR Prosecutor Welcomes Ex-Army Chief's Sentence / The New Times Page 4 Military Officers Convicted of Killing of Premier / Hirondelle News Agency Page 5 State Seeks to Reply to Ocampo's Claims / The Standard Page 6 3 Thursday, 19 May 2011 Ouattara Asks ICC to Investigate Post-Poll Violence Côte d'Ivoire's President Alassane Ouattara has asked the International Criminal Court (ICC) to open an investigation into the violence that swept the country following the disputed November election. Ouattara sent a letter, dated 3 May, to ICC President Luis Moreno-Ocampo asking the court to investigate "the most serious crimes committed since 28 November 2010 throughout the Ivorian territory". ICC Chief Prosecutor Luis Moreno-Ocampo has said his office is preparing to launch a formal investigation into mass killings which allegedly took place in the west African country. There were reports of a massacre of several hundred people in Duékoué, in the west of the country, in the fighting that followed November's presidential election. The UN, the African Union and the European Union all recognised Ouattara as the rightful winner. -
Individual Accountability and the Death Penalty As Punishment for Genocide (Lessons from Rwanda) Melynda J
University of Kentucky UKnowledge Law Faculty Scholarly Articles Law Faculty Publications 2007 Balancing Lives: Individual Accountability and the Death Penalty as Punishment for Genocide (Lessons from Rwanda) Melynda J. Price University of Kentucky College of Law, [email protected] Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits oy u. Follow this and additional works at: https://uknowledge.uky.edu/law_facpub Part of the Criminal Law Commons, and the International Law Commons Recommended Citation Melynda J. Price, Balancing Lives: Individual Accountability and the Death Penalty as Punishment for Genocide (Lessons from Rwanda), 21 Emory Int'l L. Rev. 563 (2007). This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Faculty Publications at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in Law Faculty Scholarly Articles by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. BALANCING LIVES: INDIVIDUAL ACCOUNTABILITY AND THE DEATH PENALTY AS PUNISHMENT FOR GENOCIDE (LESSONS FROM RWANDA) Melynda J. Price* INTRODUCTION How can you balance the thousands and hundreds of thousands killed with the cooperation of the accused? We believe this crime merits nothing less than life imprisonment. -Response of Deputy Prosecutor Bernard Muna to the calls for a lesser sentence for former Prime Minister Kambandal Since it is foreseeable that the Tribunal will be dealing with suspects who devised, planned, and organized the genocide, these may escape capital punishment whereas those who simply carried out their plans would be subjected to the harshness of this sentence. -
We Are Going to Rape You and Taste Tutsi Women”: Rape During the 1994 Rwandan Genocide
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by OpenSIUC “We are going to rape you and taste Tutsi women”: Rape During the 1994 Rwandan Genocide Christopher W. Mullins Center for the Study of Crime, Delinquency and Corrections Southern Illinois University Carbondale Word count: 8883 This paper was made possible by the author’s receipt of the Charles Hill Research Excellence Award given by the University of Northern Iowa’s College of Social and Behavioral Science. I gratefully acknowledge the assistance of Jessica Braccio for helping organize the data and Robin M. Cardwell-Mullins for helpful comments on an earlier draft. Please direct all correspondence to Christopher W. Mullins, Faner Hall 4226 Mail Code 4504 Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale IL 62901 USA, 618-453-6368, fax 618-453-6377, email: [email protected] Abstract Over the past decades, scholars have paid greater attention to sexual violence, in both theorization and empirical analysis. One area which has been largely ignored, however, is the sexual violence during times of armed conflict. This paper examines the nature and dynamics of sexual violence as it occurred during the 1994 Rwandan genocide. Drawing upon testimonies given to the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), descriptions of rapes--both singular and mass—were qualitatively analyzed. In general, three broad types of assaults were identified: opportunistic, assaults which seemed to be a product of the disorder inherent within the conflict; episodes of sexual enslavement; and genocidal rapes, which were framed by the broader genocidal endeavors occurring at the time. -
The Sacrifice of Jean Kambanda
The Sacrifice of Jean Kambanda: A Comparative Analysis of the Right to Counsel in the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and the United States, with emphasis on Prosecutor v. Jean Kambanda. Kelly Xi Huei Lalith Ranasinghe California Western School of Law Summer 2004 Editors’ Note: This article does not reflect any endorsement by the Chicago-Kent Journal of International & Comparative Law of the factual representations, opinions or legal conclusions contained herein. Such representations, opinions and conclusions are solely those of the author. 1 For General Romeo Dallaire, whose valiant stand with 500 of his men saved the lives of countless innocents in Kigali, Rwanda, 1994. 2 Jean Kambanda sat quietly. The handsome forty-year old African was dressed in his familiar dark blue jacket and azure grey tie. His hands were folded in a gesture which, if not for the severity of the proceeding, might have been mistaken for indifference. Behind plain black eyeglasses and an immaculate beard, his soft eyes looked out with a professorial intensity. Legs crossed and reclining in his chair, he looked more bemused than concerned. Indeed, he could have been lightly chiding a young subordinate, or engrossed in an abstruse problem. There was an unmistakable air of eloquence and dignity in his movements…a painful and tragic élan. Jean Kambanda sat quietly in his chair, relaxed. He waited to hear his sentence for the genocide of 800,000 of his people… Table of Contents 3 1. Introduction:.............................................................................................................. 4 2. The Right to Counsel in the United States.............................................................. 8 a. History..................................................................................................................... 8 b. Philosophy and Key Provisions of the American Right to Counsel. -
The Sacrifice of Jean Kambanda
Chicago-Kent Journal of International and Comparative Law Volume 5 Issue 1 Article 7 1-1-2005 The Sacrifice of Jean Kambanda: A Comparative Analysis of the Right to Counsel in the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and the United States, with emphasis on Prosecutor v. Jean Kambanda Kelly Xi Huei Lalith Ranasinghe Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.kentlaw.iit.edu/ckjicl Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Kelly X. Ranasinghe, The Sacrifice of Jean Kambanda: A Comparative Analysis of the Right to Counsel in the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and the United States, with emphasis on Prosecutor v. Jean Kambanda, 5 Chi.-Kent J. Int'l & Comp. Law (2005). Available at: https://scholarship.kentlaw.iit.edu/ckjicl/vol5/iss1/7 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarly Commons @ IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in Chicago-Kent Journal of International and Comparative Law by an authorized editor of Scholarly Commons @ IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. The Sacrifice of Jean Kambanda: A Comparative Analysis of the Right to Counsel in the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and the United States, with emphasis on Prosecutor v. Jean Kambanda. Kelly Xi Huei Lalith Ranasinghe California Western School of Law Summer 2004 Editors’ Note: This article does not reflect any endorsement by the Chicago-Kent Journal of International & Comparative Law of the factual representations, opinions or legal conclusions contained herein. Such representations, opinions and conclusions are solely those of the author. -
Amended Indictment of 23 February 2005
INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR RWANDA Case No. ICTR-98-44-I The PROSECUTOR v. Édouard KAREMERA Mathieu NGIRUMPATSE Joseph NZIRORERA Amended Indictment of 23 February 2005 The Prosecutor of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (“The Prosecutor”), pursuant to the authority stipulated in Article 17 of the Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (the “Statute of the Tribunal”), charges: Édouard KAREMERA Mathieu NGIRUMPATSE Joseph NZIRORERA Pursuant to Article 2 of the Statute of the Tribunal, with: (i) Conspiracy To Commit Genocide, (ii) Direct and Public Incitement To Genocide, and (iii) Genocide, or Alternatively (iv) Complicity In Genocide Pursuant to Article 3 of the Statute of the Tribunal, with: (v) Rape, and (vi) Extermination, as Crimes Against Humanity Pursuant to Article 4 of the Statute of the Tribunal, with: (vii) Killing and Causing Violence to Health and Physical or Mental Well-Being as Serious Violations of Article 3 Common to the Geneva Conventions and Additional Protocol II. The Accused I. Particulars of the Accused 1. Édouard KAREMERA, alias RUKUSANYA, was born in Mwendo commune, Kibuye préfecture, in 1951. Édouard KAREMERA was trained as a lawyer and was Minister of the Interior in the Interim Government of 8 April 1994, taking the oath of office on 25 May 1994 and continuing in that capacity until the Interim Government fled from Rwanda in July 1994. During 1994 Édouard KAREMERA was also First Vice-President of the MRND political party and a member of the party’s Steering Committee, serving in that capacity since July 1993. 2. Mathieu NGIRUMPATSE was born in 1939 in Tare commune, Kigali-rural préfecture, Rwanda. -
S/1994/1125 4 October 1994
UNITED NATIONS S Security Council Distr. GENERAL S/1994/1125 4 October 1994 ORIGINAL: ENGLISH LETTER DATED 1 OCTOBER 1994 FROM THE SECRETARY-GENERAL ADDRESSED TO THE PRESIDENT OF THE SECURITY COUNCIL By its resolution 935 (1994) of 1 July 1994, the Security Council requested me to establish, as a matter of urgency, an impartial Commission of Experts to examine and analyse information submitted pursuant to that resolution, together with such further information as the Commission of Experts might obtain through its own investigations or the efforts of other persons or bodies, including the information made available by the Special Rapporteur of the Commission on Human Rights on Rwanda, with a view to providing me with its conclusions on the evidence of grave violations of international humanitarian law committed in the territory of Rwanda, including the evidence of possible acts of genocide. On 26 and 29 July 1994, I informed the Security Council of the establishment of the Commission and its terms of reference and composition (S/1994/879 and S/1994/906). On that occasion, I expressed the hope that, in view of the urgency of the matter, the final report of the Commission would be submitted not later than 30 November 1994. The Commission began its work on 15 August 1994 and, after a series of meetings in Geneva, conducted a field mission to Rwanda and some neighbouring countries from 29 August to 17 September 1994. Pursuant to a decision taken at its first session, the Commission has transmitted to me an interim report which covers its preliminary investigations and activities prior to 30 September 1994. -
Ndindilyimana Et
INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR RWANDA TRIAL CHAMBER II Before: Judge Asoka de Silva, Presiding Judge Judge Taghrid Hikmet Judge Seon Ki Park Registrar: Adama Dieng Date: 17 May 2011 PROSECUTOR Against Augustin NDINDILIYIMANA Augustin BIZIMUNGU François-Xavier NZUWONEMEYE Innocent SAGAHUTU Case No. ICTR-00-56-T SUMMARY OF JUDGEMENT AND SENTENCE Office of the Counsel for the Defence Prosecutor: Mr. Alphonse Van Mr. Christopher Black & Mr. Vincent Mr. Moussa Sefon Lurquin for Augustin Ndindiliyimana Mr. Lloyd Strickland Mr. Gilles St. Laurent & Mr. Benoît Mr.Abubacarr Tambadou Henry for Augustin Bizimungu Ms. Faria Rekkas Mr. Charles Taku & Ms. Beth Lyons for F. X. Nzuwonemeye Mr. Fabian Segatwa & Mr. Saidou Doumbia for Innocent Sagahutu 17 May 2011 The Prosecutor v. Ndindiliyimana et al, ICTR-00-56-T CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 2 II. EVENTS IN RWANDA AFTER 6 APRIL 1994 ........................................................................ 2 III. PRELIMINARY ISSUES ........................................................................................................... 3 IV. FACTUAL FINDINGS ............................................................................................................... 3 A. COUNT 1: CONSPIRACY TO COMMIT GENOCIDE ........................................................................... 3 B. COUNTS 2 AND 3: GENOCIDE AND COMPLICITY IN GENOCIDE IN THE ALTERNATIVE ..................