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ORIGINAL: ENGLISH TRIAL CHAMBER I Before: Judge Erik Møse

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ORIGINAL: ENGLISH TRIAL CHAMBER I Before: Judge Erik Møse International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda Tribunal pénal international pour le Rwanda ORIGINAL: ENGLISH TRIAL CHAMBER I Before: Judge Erik Møse, presiding Judge Jai Ram Reddy Judge Sergei Alekseevich Egorov Registrar: Adama Dieng Date: 18 December 2008 THE PROSECUTOR v. Théoneste BAGOSORA Gratien KABILIGI Aloys NTABAKUZE Anatole NSENGIYUMVA Case No. ICTR-98-41-T JUDGEMENT AND SENTENCE Office of the Prosecutor: Counsel for the Defence: Barbara Mulvaney Raphaël Constant Christine Graham Allison Turner Kartik Murukutla Paul Skolnik Rashid Rashid Frédéric Hivon Gregory Townsend Peter Erlinder Drew White Kennedy Ogetto Gershom Otachi Bw’Omanwa The Prosecutor v. Théoneste Bagosora et al., Case No. ICTR-98-41-T TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION........................................................................................ 1 1. Overview ................................................................................................................... 1 2. The Accused ............................................................................................................. 8 2.1 Théoneste Bagosora ................................................................................................... 8 2.2 Gratien Kabiligi ....................................................................................................... 10 2.3 Aloys Ntabakuze ...................................................................................................... 10 2.4 Anatole Nsengiyumva .............................................................................................. 11 CHAPTER II: PRELIMINARY ISSUES .......................................................................... 14 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................ 14 2. Trial Without Undue Delay .................................................................................. 14 3. Initial Appearance Without Delay ....................................................................... 17 4. Rule 40 bis ............................................................................................................... 20 4.1 Extension of Provisional Detention ......................................................................... 20 4.2 Notification of Charges ............................................................................................ 21 5. Notice of Charges ................................................................................................... 21 5.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 21 5.2 Law .......................................................................................................................... 22 5.3 General Challenges to the Indictments .................................................................... 24 5.4 Cumulative Effect of Defects in the Indictments ..................................................... 25 6. Presence at Trial .................................................................................................... 26 7. Admission of Evidence .......................................................................................... 28 8. Disclosure Before Cross-Examination ................................................................. 29 CHAPTER III: FACTUAL FINDINGS .............................................................................. 30 1. Background ............................................................................................................ 30 1.1 Arusha Accords ........................................................................................................ 30 1.2 Rwandan Armed Forces ........................................................................................... 32 1.3 United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda ..................................................... 39 2. Allegations of Planning and Preparation of the Genocide ................................. 45 2.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 45 2.2 Definition of the Enemy ........................................................................................... 46 2.3 Apocalypse Statement, Late October 1992 .............................................................. 50 Judgement and Sentence i 18 December 2008 The Prosecutor v. Théoneste Bagosora et al., Case No. ICTR-98-41-T 2.4 Meetings Before 6 April 1994 ................................................................................. 53 2.4.1 Meetings at Camp Kanombe, 1992 - 1993 ....................................................... 53 2.4.2 MRND Meeting, Umuganda Stadium, 27 October 1993 ................................. 59 2.4.3 Distribution of Weapons, Bugarama, 28 January 1994 ................................... 61 2.4.4 Meeting at Ruhengeri Military Camp, 15 February 1994 ................................ 65 2.4.5 Meeting at Gisenyi MRND Headquarters, February 1994 .............................. 72 2.4.6 Butare Meeting, February 1994 ....................................................................... 74 2.4.7 Senegalese Dinner, 4 April 1994 ..................................................................... 80 2.5 Preparation and Use of Lists .................................................................................... 85 2.5.1 Arrests, October 1990 ...................................................................................... 85 2.5.2 Orders to the General Staff, 1992 .................................................................... 92 2.5.3 Déogratias Nsabimana’s Vehicle, 1993 ........................................................... 97 2.5.4 Interahamwe ................................................................................................... 102 2.5.5 Use of Lists, 1994 .......................................................................................... 105 2.6 Creation, Training and Arming of Civilian Militias .............................................. 109 2.6.1 Interahamwe and Other Political Party Militias ............................................. 110 2.6.2 Rwanda’s Civil Defence System and Civilian Assailants .............................. 111 2.6.3 Jean-Pierre ...................................................................................................... 124 2.7 Zero Network ......................................................................................................... 129 2.8 AMASASU ............................................................................................................ 134 2.9 Death Squads ......................................................................................................... 146 2.10 Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines ............................................................. 158 3. Events from 6 to 9 April 1994 ............................................................................. 166 3.1 Death of President Habyarimana ........................................................................... 166 3.2 Meetings, 6 - 7 April .............................................................................................. 166 3.2.1 Crisis Committee ............................................................................................ 167 3.2.2 Meeting with Booh-Booh ............................................................................... 169 3.2.3 Meeting with the United States’ Ambassador ................................................ 170 3.2.4 Meeting at ESM ............................................................................................. 171 3.3 Political Killings, 7 April ....................................................................................... 174 3.3.1 Political Context ............................................................................................. 175 3.3.2 Prime Minister Agathe Uwilingiyimana ........................................................ 176 3.3.3 Officials in Kimihurura .................................................................................. 183 3.4 Killing of 10 Belgian Peacekeepers, 7 April ......................................................... 190 Judgement and Sentence ii 18 December 2008 The Prosecutor v. Théoneste Bagosora et al., Case No. ICTR-98-41-T 3.5 Events in Kigali After 6 April ................................................................................ 200 3.5.1 Camp Kanombe, 6 - 7 April ........................................................................... 200 3.5.2 Centre Christus, 7 April ................................................................................. 217 3.5.3 Kibagabaga Mosque, 7 - 8 April .................................................................... 224 3.5.4 Kabeza, 7 - 8 April ......................................................................................... 227 3.5.5 Saint Josephite Centre, 8 April ....................................................................... 233 3.5.6 Augustin Maharangari, 8 April ...................................................................... 235 3.5.7 Karama Hill and Kibagabaga Catholic Church, 8 - 9 April ........................... 240 3.5.8 Gikondo Parish, 9 April ................................................................................. 242 3.5.9 Separate Radio Network ...............................................................................
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