Rwanda's Hutu Extremist Insurgency: an Eyewitness Perspective
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Statelessness and Citizenship in the East African Community
Statelessness and Citizenship in the East African Community A Study by Bronwen Manby for UNHCR September 2018 Commissioned by UNHCR Regional Service Centre, Nairobi, Kenya [email protected] STATELESSNESS AND CITIZENSHIP IN THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY 2 September 2018 STATELESSNESS AND CITIZENSHIP IN THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY Table of Contents List of Tables ............................................................................................................................... i List of Boxes ................................................................................................................................ i Methodology and acknowledgements ...................................................................................... ii A note on terminology: “nationality”, “citizenship” and “stateless person” ........................... iii Acronyms .................................................................................................................................. iv Key findings and recommendations ....................................................................... 1 1. Summary ........................................................................................................... 3 Overview of the report .............................................................................................................. 4 Key recommendations .............................................................................................................. 5 Steps already taken .................................................................................................................. -
Reconstruction in Rwanda Leonce
Reconstruction in Rwanda Leonce Ndikumana PUBLISHED BY THE AFRICAN STUDIES ASSOCIATION |nstJtutJona| Faj|ure and Ethnic Conflicts in Burundi Timothy Longman Empowering the Weak and Protecting the Powerful: The Contradictory Nature of Christian Churches in Central Africa David Newbury Understanding Genocide Kisangani N. F. Emizet Confronting Leaders at the Apex of the State: The Growth of the Unofficial Economy in Congo Book Reviews African Studies Review The Journal of the African Studies Association EDITORS Ralph Faulkingham, University of Massachusetts Mitzi Goheen, Amherst College Editorial Office: African Studies Review Department of Anthropology University of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003-4805 voice: 413/545-2065 fax: 413/545-9494 e-mail: [email protected] Office Manager: Rita Reinke Manuscripts and correspondence about them should be sent to the editors. All manuscript submissions must conform to the following conventions: • Submit three copies, typed double-spaced, in a 12 point—or 10 characters per inch— font size. The text should not be longer than 25 pages. • Maps, tables, charts and other illustrations must be camera-ready. • Citations within the text should follow the author-date standard described in chapter 16 of the 14th edition of A Manual of Style (University of Chicago Press, 1993). • Complete bibliographic references to the citations should be provided at the end of the essay in a section entitled "References." The standard is page 648 of the aforemen tioned A Manual of Style. • "Notes" should follow the References. They should be formatted according to the con ventions of A Manual of Style, sections 15.35-15:40. • Manuscripts will be sent to external peer reviewers; include a removable cover page giving essay title, author name and mailing address, fax number and e-mail address, if available; title should be repeated on the first page of text, but the author's name should appear only on the cover page. -
Dispute Over U.N. Report Evokes Rwandan Déjà Vu by HOWARD W
September 30, 2010 Dispute Over U.N. Report Evokes Rwandan Déjà Vu By HOWARD W. FRENCH and JEFFREY GETTLEMAN When drafts of a United Nations study recently surfaced accusing Rwandan forces of committing atrocities against Hutu refugees in Congo in the 1990s — crimes that could constitute acts of genocide — the Rwandan government protested vociferously. It even threatened to withdraw its peacekeepers from Sudan and elsewhere if the report was published. The dispute immediately raised some pointed questions. Would the United Nations stand its ground, or would it suppress or alter a report about the past for the sake of the present? But often lost in the debate was a salient déjà vu: The two sides had been in a similar standoff years before. In the fall of 1994, just after nearly a million people had been killed in the Rwandan genocide, a team of United Nations investigators concluded that the Rwandan rebels who finally stopped the genocide had killed tens of thousands of people themselves. But after strong pressure from both Rwanda and Washington and intense debate within the United Nations, the report was never published. Sixteen years later, a 14-page official summary of that investigation paints a disturbing picture of the victorious rebel forces who would form the new Rwandan government. The findings in the 1994 report tell of soldiers rounding up civilians and methodically killing unarmed men, women and children. Several of the allegations are uncannily similar to the scale and tactics depicted in the new United Nations report, expected to be released on Friday, which says that these same Rwandan forces systematically hunted down tens of thousands of refugees fleeing across the Democratic Republic of Congo, as well as attacking local Congolese Hutu. -
The History of Modern Rwanda Through Photos
The History of Modern Rwanda through Photos PHOTO LINKS WITH HISTORICAL DESCRIPTIONS DIRECTIONS: The photo URLs and accompanying historical descriptions listed below are the basis for the photo/ time line activity in The History of Modern Rwanda through Photos lesson plan. See Procedure 1 in the lesson plan for procedural options for student use of the photos/descriptions. 1. Ethnic Differentiation between Hutus and Tutsis, 1920’s http://modernhistoryproject2012.wordpress.com/history-of-hutu-tutsi-relations/ (First illustration, right side) The racist eugenics movement was popular in the United States and Europe in the 1920’s and 1930’s. It is this racism by European powers that influenced the interactions with Africans. Racism was the filter by which Bel- gian scientists, interested in understanding the nature of the relationship between the Hutu (75% majority) and the Tutsi (15-20% minority), measured heads, noses, skin color, height and body shape in an attempt to explain “scientifically” why the Tutsis were a “superior” tribe. The Belgian scientists concluded after their “re- search” that the Tutsis had European features, and this explained why they held the power despite being in the minority. This process brought institutional racism into Rwanda. 2. Tutsis Fled Ethnic Violence After Independence, 1959-1962 http://bengal.missouri.edu/~smwgz8/history.htm (Second image, first photo on page) Tutsis fled Rwanda after the Hutus rose to power and the resulting violence between the two groups when the Tutsi-led monarchy was overthrown. Over 150,000 Tutsis fled the country to Uganda and Burun- di, and those remaining in Rwanda were barred from political office after the 1962 constitution. -
Of the United Nations Mission in the DRC / MONUC – MONUSCO
Assessing the of the United Nations Mission in the DRC / MONUC – MONUSCO REPORT 3/2019 Publisher: Norwegian Institute of International Affairs Copyright: © Norwegian Institute of International Affairs 2019 ISBN: 978-82-7002-346-2 Any views expressed in this publication are those of the author. Tey should not be interpreted as reflecting the views of the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs. Te text may not be re-published in part or in full without the permission of NUPI and the authors. Visiting address: C.J. Hambros plass 2d Address: P.O. Box 8159 Dep. NO-0033 Oslo, Norway Internet: effectivepeaceops.net | www.nupi.no E-mail: [email protected] Fax: [+ 47] 22 99 40 50 Tel: [+ 47] 22 99 40 00 Assessing the Efectiveness of the UN Missions in the DRC (MONUC-MONUSCO) Lead Author Dr Alexandra Novosseloff, International Peace Institute (IPI), New York and Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI), Oslo Co-authors Dr Adriana Erthal Abdenur, Igarapé Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Prof. Tomas Mandrup, Stellenbosch University, South Africa, and Royal Danish Defence College, Copenhagen Aaron Pangburn, Social Science Research Council (SSRC), New York Data Contributors Ryan Rappa and Paul von Chamier, Center on International Cooperation (CIC), New York University, New York EPON Series Editor Dr Cedric de Coning, NUPI External Reference Group Dr Tatiana Carayannis, SSRC, New York Lisa Sharland, Australian Strategic Policy Institute, Canberra Dr Charles Hunt, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) University, Australia Adam Day, Centre for Policy Research, UN University, New York Cover photo: UN Photo/Sylvain Liechti UN Photo/ Abel Kavanagh Contents Acknowledgements 5 Acronyms 7 Executive Summary 13 Te effectiveness of the UN Missions in the DRC across eight critical dimensions 14 Strategic and Operational Impact of the UN Missions in the DRC 18 Constraints and Challenges of the UN Missions in the DRC 18 Current Dilemmas 19 Introduction 21 Section 1. -
ARMING RWANDA the Arms Trade and Human Rights Abuses in the Rwandan War
HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH ARMS PROJECT January 1994 Vol. 6, Issue 1 ARMING RWANDA The Arms Trade and Human Rights Abuses in the Rwandan War Contents MapMap...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3 IntroductionIntroduction....................................................................................................................................................................................4 Summary of Key Findings ........................................................................................................................................................ 5 Summary of Recommendations .......................................................................................................................................... 6 I. Historical Background to the WarWar......................................................................................................................................7 The Banyarwanda and Uganda..............................................................................................................................................7 Rwanda and the Habyarimana Regime............................................................................................................................ 9 II. The Record on Human RightsRights..............................................................................................................................................11 -
The International Response to Conflict and Genocide:Lessom from the Rwanda Experience
The International Response to Conflict and Genocide: Lessons from the Rwanda Experience March 1996 Published by: Steering Committee of the Joint Evaluation of Emergency Assistance to Rwanda Editor: David Millwood Cover illustrations: Kiure F. Msangi Graphic design: Designgrafik, Copenhagen Prepress: Dansk Klich‚, Copenhagen Printing: Strandberg Grafisk, Odense ISBN: 87-7265-335-3 (Synthesis Report) ISBN: 87-7265-331-0 (1. Historical Perspective: Some Explanatory Factors) ISBN: 87-7265-332-9 (2. Early Warning and Conflict Management) ISBN: 87-7265-333-7 (3. Humanitarian Aid and Effects) ISBN: 87-7265-334-5 (4. Rebuilding Post-War Rwanda) This publication may be reproduced for free distribution and may be quoted provided the source - Joint Evaluation of Emergency Assistance to Rwanda - is mentioned. The report is printed on G-print Matt, a wood-free, medium-coated paper. G-print is manufactured without the use of chlorine and marked with the Nordic Swan, licence-no. 304 022. 2 The International Response to Conflict and Genocide: Lessons from the Rwanda Experience Study 2 Early Warning and Conflict Management by Howard Adelman York University Toronto, Canada Astri Suhrke Chr. Michelsen Institute Bergen, Norway with contributions by Bruce Jones London School of Economics, U.K. Joint Evaluation of Emergency Assistance to Rwanda 3 Contents Preface 5 Executive Summary 8 Acknowledgements 11 Introduction 12 Chapter 1: The Festering Refugee Problem 17 Chapter 2: Civil War, Civil Violence and International Response 20 (1 October 1990 - 4 August -
Afr 47/19/98 Dealing with the Truth
AI I INDEX: AFR 47/19/98 DEALING WITH THE TRUTH Amnesty International’s concerns in Rwanda Rwanda is still caught in a cycle of violence. Four years on from a genocide in which as many as one million people lost their lives, the bloodshed has not stopped. Whole families are being wiped out. Civilians, both Tutsi and Hutu, are being ruthlessly killed. This violence is not inevitable. People inside and outside Rwanda can make a difference. The Rwandese Government can do more to protect human rights. Leaders of armed opposition groups can prevent the killing of unarmed civilians. Governments and people around the world can ensure that the international community does not turn its back on Rwanda again. As an international non-governmental human rights organization, Amnesty International campaigns for the respect of the same internationally recognized standards in all countries. This leaflet seeks to explain Amnesty International’s concerns in Rwanda, to summarize the main human rights issues and to address some of the ongoing debates: What could the international community have done to stop the genocide? Will justice ever be done? How can human rights be protected in Rwanda today? In answering these questions, this leaflet also responds to some of the criticisms made regarding Amnesty International’s work on Rwanda. The genocide in 1994 Between April and July 1994, as many as one million people were killed in a genocide organized by extremist elements within the Hutu-dominated government and armed forces, the Forces armées rwandaises (FAR). Many of these killings were carried out by the militia known as interahamwe. -
Nyamwasa-Q-And-A.Pdf
CASE OVERVIEW Consortium for Refugees and Migrants Rights in South Africa v President of the Republic of South Africa and Others On 29 and 30 October 2012 CoRMSA will argue before the North Gauteng High Court, Pretoria that former Rwandan general and suspected war criminal, Faustin Kayumba Nyamwasa, is not eligible for refugee status. This case is supported by the Southern Africa Litigation Centre and CoRMSA is represented by the Wits Law Clinic. 1. What is this case about? This case concerns the judicial review of the decision of the South African authorities to grant refugee status to a former Rwandan general and suspected war criminal, Faustin Kayumba Nyamwasa, in June 2010. This case is being brought by the Consortium for Refugees and Migrants Rights in South Africa (CoRMSA) and is supported by the Southern Africa Litigation Centre (SALC). It raises a number of issues, including: ▪ The proper interpretation and administration of South Africa’s Refugees Act in accordance with international law; ▪ The intersection between refugee law and international criminal law and the detection and apprehension of persons accused of international crimes; ▪ South Africa’s obligation to ensure that it does not become a safe haven for perpetrators of international crimes; ▪ South Africa’s constitutional mandate to ensure accountable, transparent and rational decision making. This case will be heard on 29 and 30 October by Judge Mngqibisa-Thusi of the North Gauteng High Court in Pretoria. 2. Who is Faustin Kayumba Nyamwasa? Nyamwasa is a Rwandan national and former general in the Rwandan Patriotic Army (RPA). Nyamwasa was a high-ranking member of the RPA between 1990 and 1998, during which time he was in command of troops stationed on the border between the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and Rwanda. -
Banyamulenge, Congolese Tutsis, Kinshasa
Response to Information Request COD103417.FE Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada www.irb-cisr.gc.ca Français Home Contact Us Help Search canada.gc.ca Home > Research > Responses to Information Requests RESPONSES TO INFORMATION REQUESTS (RIRs) New Search | About RIRs | Help The Board 31 March 2010 About the Board COD103417.FE Biographies Organization Chart Democratic Republic of the Congo: The treatment of the Banyamulenge, or Congolese Tutsis, living in Kinshasa and in the provinces of North Kivu and South Employment Kivu Legal and Policy Research Directorate, Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, Ottawa References Publications Situation of the Banyamulenge in Kinshasa Tribunal Several sources consulted by the Research Directorate indicated that the Refugee Protection Banyamulenge, or Congolese Tutsis, do not have any particular problems in Division Kinshasa (Journalist 9 Mar. 2010; Le Phare 22 Feb. 2010; VSV 18 Feb. 2010). Immigration Division During a 18 February 2010 telephone interview with the Research Directorate, Immigration Appeal a representative of Voice of the Voiceless for the Defence of Human Rights (La Voix Division des sans voix pour les droits de l'homme, VSV), a human rights non-governmental Decisions organization (NGO) dedicated to defending human rights in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) (VSV n.d.), stated that his organization has never Forms been aware of [translation] “a case in which a person was mistreated by the Statistics authorities or the Kinshasa population in general” solely because that person was Research of Banyamulenge ethnic origin. Moreover, in correspondence sent to the Research Directorate on 22 February 2010, the manager of the Kinshasa newspaper Le Phare Research Program wrote the following: National Documentation [translation] Packages There are no problems where the Banyamulenge-or Tutsis-in Kinshasa are Issue Papers and concerned. -
The Rwandan Genocide: Combating Stereotypes And
The Rwandan Genocide: Combating Stereotypes and Understanding the Origins Nicola Skakel Senior Honors Thesis Department of History April 9th 2018 Defense Committee: Dr. Susan K. Kent, Department of History, Primary Advisor Dr. Matthew Gerber, Department of History, Honors Council Representative Dr. Paul Shankman, Department of Anthropology, Advisor 1 Introduction On the 7th of April 1994, the small east African country of Rwanda erupted into one of the most deadly and intimate genocides the modern world had ever witnessed. Whilst the western world stood by and watched in just 100 days over 800,000 Rwandans out of a total population of 7 million, were systematically murdered in the most brutal and violent of ways. Those who were targeted made up the country’s minority ethnic group the Tutsis, and moderates from the majority group, the Hutus. For many, the legacy of Rwanda is a monstrous example of extreme pent up ethnic tensions that has its roots in European colonialism. In contrast, I will argue that the events not just of 1994 but also the unrest that proceeded it, arose from a highly complex culmination of long-standing historical tensions between ethnic groups that long pre-dated colonialism. In conjunction, a set of short-term triggers including foreign intervention, civil war, famine, state terrorism and ultimately the assassination of President Habyarimana also contributed to the outburst of genocide in 1994. Whilst it would be easy to place sole responsibility on European colonists for implementing a policy of divide and rule and therefore exacerbating ethnic tensions, it seems to me that genocide is never that cut and dried: it can never be explained by one factor. -
Ethnic Cleansing Rears Itshead Inztire
Ethnic CleansingRears ItsHead InZtire POPUI"ATION IN MASISI SUFFERS UNTOLD HARDSEIP I November1996 REPORT SUMMARY MSF is deeply concemed by the on-going situation in Masisi, particularly the humanitariaasituation of the peoplewhom MSF considera population in danger. This is a political conflict for which there are only political solutions.MSF thereforeappeals to the Zairian authoritiesand the internationalcommunity to help the people of Masisi urgently tkough taking the vital carefirl and measuredpolitical steps to enablethe conflict to be resolvedand the elementsexacerbating the crisisto be addressed. Only the Zairian authortties in cooperationwith the international comrnunity can preventfurther blooilsheil and suffering of the people of Masisi Political delaysare killing people. At the worse,and this is the scenafio threatening the whole region at the time of writing of this report, this conflict is spiralling out of control, throwing the region in to further chaos. Therefore, immediate steps ,nust be taken towards the resolution of this crisis. The imminent threat of a regional war causedby the unacceptablesituation which has beenkrt tufestur, can no longer he ignored Humanitarian Crisis Masisi, a region just Northwest of Goma town in Eastern Zaire, is a war zone. Renownedfor tle presenceof I million Rwandanrefugees who left to the areain July 1994,the region is lessknown for tle war tâking placea few kilometresdown the road from the camps. At the dateof this report, anywhereup to 300,000people have been displaced by the Masisi conflict while over 50,000 people, mainly Zairian Tutsis of Rwandan expression,have been forced to flee to neighbouringRwanda since 1994.The numbers killed areunquantifiable due to lack ofaccessor reliablefigures but are estimatedto be in the thousands.