DOCSLIB.ORG

Letter N° 3, December 17, 2020

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Letter N° 3, December 17, 2020 1 France Genocide Tutsi Database https://francegenocidetutsi.org Information Letter n° 3, December 17, 2020 The database official address Nuit et brouillard sur The United States did https://francegenocidetutsi.org le Rwanda not support the RPF (noted below FGT) is a website which brings together documents On March 22, 1994, Prudence Bush- about France’s role in the geno- We have gathered thanks to the nell met Kagame to convince him cide of the Tutsi in Rwanda in archives of the L’Humanité newspa- to accept a representation of the 1994 and a search engine at http: per available on the web the articles Coalition for the Defense of Repub- //francegenocidetutsi.fr.A of Jean Chatain written during his lic (CDR). He refuses, arguing that backup can be accessed at http: two trips to Rwanda in the area lib- they are “criminals, gangsters, they //francegenocidetutsi.ddns.net erated by the Patriotic Front Rwan- threat to kill people”. On March if the official address cannot be dan (RPF) during the genocide. Al- 28, 1994, Ambassador Rawson again reached. Please note that https: though not aware of the country, Jean made pressure for the RPF to accept //francegenocidetutsi.org, http: is one of the few to have under- the CDR. On April 14, 1994, the Sec- //francegenocidetutsi.org, http: stood almost immediately the nature retary of State, Warren Christopher //www.francegenocidetutsi.org of the genocide and the role played is convinced of the will of the Interim are equivalent. by France. While he had published the book Paysages après le génocide Government to secure a ceasefire and (ed. Le Temps des cerises, 2007), we return to Arusha accords. He wants to convinced him of the value of repub- prevent a military victory of the RPF lishing his articles in a book. Unfor- and force him back to the negotiating State of the database tunately, Jean died on the 5th De- table. cember 2019 before the publication of the book whose title he chose Nuit It contains over 11,000 documents. et brouillard sur le Rwanda (Night Anti-aircraft threat at The index cards descriptions of the and fog over Rwanda). This one was documents are now available in abbre- Kigali in April 1994 edited by Izuba in January 2020. See viated. The search engine gives the http://www.izuba.info. full version. The Belgian C-130 which was to land in Kigali on April 6, 1994 was New items have been added to the equipped with “ecm” means (elec- top drop-down menu of web pages: tronic countermeasure) because the - a section “maps” including AA Artillery Belgian army had been warned of an the1/300,000 map of Rwanda, an in- “aa” (anti-aircraft) threat. Comman- teractive map of municipalities show- A note from the Belgian intelligence der De Troy sent a message on April ing the mayors and other officials in service of December 23, 1993 ob- 5, 1994 requesting special custody for 1994, the map of the 5 provinces and serves that two French soldiers listen this plane but, in his hearing on May 30 districts resulting from the 2006 re- to the telephone network. She re- 29, 1997, he did not want to confirm form. ports the movement of anti-aircraft that there was a particular threat in - a section “hate media” with Kan- artillery pieces to the the Kacyiru gen- Kigali. gura and transcriptions of RTLM and darmerie and the presidential guard On April 14, the last French plane Radio Rwanda. camp in Kimihurura. A DGSE file took off from Kanombe, activating dated April 7, 1994 (N° 18487/N) will its anti-missile decoys “ it during - a “multimedia” section with links indicate anti-aircraft gun fire at dawn the flight over Kanombe”, as affirms to videos or radio programs in replay. from the Kacyiru camp and aimed the the Kibat’diary dated September 20, The following comments are all re- RPF battalion at the CND. The at- 1995 and Renaud Girard in the Fi- lated to documents readable on this tack against the RPF was therefore garo Magazine on June 25, 1994. website. planned since a long time. This plane had just been threatened 2 by mortar fire that lieutenant-colonel ther folder more substantiated on the president’s death was the provocation Maurin wanted to blame on the Bel- preparation of the assassination of his needed to put a long-standing plan gians. father, the coup and massacres in or- into effect. He urged that the United During a meeting on May 18, 1994 der to prevent the entry into force of States encourage French and Belgium at the Belgian Military Prosecutor’s the agreements of Arusha Peace. intervention to stop the escalation of Office, it is mentioned that, accord- fighting and protect Rwandans. ing to the Pentagon, “Rwanda had 15 500 Belgian soldiers missiles”. This refers to the “Ex-FAR For the CIA, the attack Equipment Summary as of 6 April forbidden to land in 1994” sent by the United Nations’s and the massacres were Rwanda DPKO on September 1st, 1994. initiated by Hutu ex- On April 11, 1994, Madeleine Al- tremists De Grossouvre would bright, representative from the United have warned Mobutu States to the UN, confirms that 500 A CIA memo from April 28, 1994 Belgian paratroopers from the oper- says that “in our view politicians and ation Silver Back remained traped As part of his guilty plea, Jean Kam- military commanders from northen in Nairobi: “Belgian PolOff [polit- banda was heard in 1997-1998 by in- Rwanda unleashed the fighting that ical affairs officer] informed USUN erupted on 6 April”. [...] “Eyewit- vestigator Pierre Duclos. On Septem- PolOff that 500 Belgian paratroopers ber 25, 1997, Kambanda said about ness accounts of the downing of Hab- are standing by in Nairobi to rein- yarimana’s aircraft and the system- the April 6, 1994 meeting in Dar-es- force the 400 Belgians at Kigali, if Salaam: “Mobutu would have been ad- atic murder of Tutsi and indepen- needed”. Only 400 Belgian soldiers vised by a senior in the Elysee, the im- dant Hutu politicians immediately af- have been authorized to land in Ki- minence of danger. There would be a terwards suggest that the President’s gali by the Rwandan interim gov- link between the suicide of an Elysée death was the first step in a hardline ernment (GOR). While this one was executive and these communications. Hutu coup attempt”. not yet formed, the representative of France, Mr. Mérimée, made himself Joseph Kavaruganda’s the GOR’s spokesperson to the repre- The RPF denounces sentative of Belgium at the UN, Mr. the genocide on April murder Noterdaeme, as the latter reports it in his telegram of April 8 in Brussels. 13, 1994 In a document of July 2, 1995, An- The French authorities, for their part, nonciata, Joseph Kavaruganda’s wife, have indicated that they have pleaded In the absence of International action describes the circumstances of the ar- with the GOR the cause of Belgium to save innocent Rwandan people, the rest and murder of the President of so that it can land troops. This Rwandese Patriotic Front’s represen- the Constitutional Court on April 7, April 8, Paris knew that the geno- tative, Claude Dusaïdi, declares in 1994 by the Captain Kabera Zédé- cide against the Tutsi was triggered, a letter to President of the Security cias of the presidential guard. She as evidenced by “l’ordre d’opération Council that a crime of genocide is be- believes that Article 7 of the Mem- Amaryllis” and thus made himself the ing committed against the Rwandese orandum of Understanding between spokesperson for the killers. people. He has the moral responsabil- the Government of Rwandan Repub- ity to protect Rwandese people from lic and the RPF on Miscellaneous barbaric and savage criminals. It is Issues and Final Provisions, signed Colonel Rusatira the intention of the RPF to neutralize in Arusha on August 3, 1993 and elements of the Rwandese army that which stipulated that in absence of the His role is ambiguous especially dur- are responsible for these massacres, president of the Republic, ministers ing the ETO massacre on April 11 and deputies took an oath before the 1994. But he contacted Joyce Leader, President of the Constitutional Court, deputy head of mission in Kigali who New Zealand hands was “ textita death sentence” for this retreated to the United States Em- over its archives one. In a letter of March 23, 1994 bassy in Nairobi. Aurelea Brazeal, to the President, Kavaruganda com- the ambassador, reported on April Former New Zealand Ambassador to plained of death threats. During his 12 that he accused the secret orga- the UN, Colin Keating, gave a copy hearing on October 16, 1995, Jean- nization “Amasasu” to have ordered of the archives concerning Rwanda Marcel Kavaruganda provided a fur- the atrocities at Kigali. He said the to the Ambassador at UN Valentine 3 Rugwabiza (The New Times, Septem- « Le Petit Kigali » on the existence of Tutsi survivors in ber 7, 2019 ). Bisesero. The scene was filmed by This movie, dated June 11, 1994, was CNN’s Christiane Amanpour. The 29 shot by Vincent Munyakazi, owner of June evening, he also warned Com- “Petit Kigali”. This restaurant was mander Marin Gillier. The next day, A gift to the geno- the “headquartrt” of the Interahamwe when this officer did not take into ac- cidaires in Kigali. We see Ephrem Nkezabera, count this information, Sam Kiley and Chairman of the Committee on Eco- the reporter from Paris Match Michel nomic and Financial Affairs and the Invited to address the Security Coun- Peyrard introduced French soldiers to captain of the peacekeepers, Amadou cil meeting on 16 April 2014, Colin the Tutsi survivors in Bisesero.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Rwanda Catastrophe : Its Actual Root-Cause and Remedies to Pre
    The International Centre for Le Centre International pour les Peace and Conflict Reconciliation Initiatives de Paix et de Initiative for Africa Résolution des Conflits en Afrique (ICPCRIA) (ICPCRIA) THE RWANDA CATASTROPHE: Its Actual Root-Cause and Remedies to Pre-Empt a Similar Situation in Rwanda , 1 A MEMORANDUM Submitted to: H.E. DR. BOUTROS BOUTROS - GHALI SECRETARY-GENERAL THE UNITED NATIONS ORGANIZATION NEW YORK H.E. DR. SALIM A. SALIM SECRETARY-GENERAL T HE ORGANIZATION OF AFRICAN UNITY ADDIS ABABA H.E. CHIEF EMEKA ANYAOKU SECRETARY-GENERAL THE COM MONWEALTH SECRETARIAT LONDON AND Other World Leaders: HEADS OF STATE And HEADS OF INTERNATIONAL NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS WITH INTEREST IN PEACE AND HUMAN RIGHTS FOR NATIONAL RECONCILIATION AND RECOVERY IN RWANDA BY The International Centre for Peace and Conflict Reconciliation Initiative for Africa (ICPCRIA), P.O. Box 47288, Tel. Nos.565366, Fax No. 214127, Nairobi. Prof. Agola Auma-Osolo PRESIDENT/ICPCRIA 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS PREAMBLE PAGE CHAPTER ONE: PURPOSE AND METHODOLOGY OF THE MEMORANDUM.............................................6 I. PURPOSE .....................................................................................................................................................6 II. METHODOLOGY........................................................................................................................................6 CHAPTER TWO: IS THE RWANDA CATASTROPHE ALSO GENOCIDE?......................................................8 I. GENOCIDE DEFINED................................................................................................................................8
    [Show full text]
  • Fall2011.Pdf
    Grove Press Atlantic Monthly Press Black Cat The Mysterious Press Granta Fall 201 1 NOW AVAILABLE Complete and updated coverage by The New York Times about WikiLeaks and their controversial release of diplomatic cables and war logs OPEN SECRETS WikiLeaks, War, and American Diplomacy The New York Times Introduction by Bill Keller • Essential, unparalleled coverage A New York Times Best Seller from the expert writers at The New York Times on the hundreds he controversial antisecrecy organization WikiLeaks, led by Julian of thousands of confidential Assange, made headlines around the world when it released hundreds of documents revealed by WikiLeaks thousands of classified U.S. government documents in 2010. Allowed • Open Secrets also contains a T fascinating selection of original advance access, The New York Times sorted, searched, and analyzed these secret cables and war logs archives, placed them in context, and played a crucial role in breaking the WikiLeaks story. • online promotion at Open Secrets, originally published as an e-book, is the essential collection www.nytimes.com/opensecrets of the Times’s expert reporting and analysis, as well as the definitive chronicle of the documents’ release and the controversy that ensued. An introduction by Times executive editor, Bill Keller, details the paper’s cloak-and-dagger “We may look back at the war logs as relationship with a difficult source. Extended profiles of Assange and Bradley a herald of the end of America’s Manning, the Army private suspected of being his source, offer keen insight engagement in Afghanistan, just as into the main players. Collected news stories offer a broad and deep view into the Pentagon Papers are now a Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and the messy challenges facing American power milestone in our slo-mo exit from in Europe, Russia, Asia, the Middle East, and Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • Northumbria Research Link
    Northumbria Research Link Citation: White, Dean (2012) The UK's Response to the Rwandan Genocide of 1994. Doctoral thesis, Northumbria University. This version was downloaded from Northumbria Research Link: http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/id/eprint/10122/ Northumbria University has developed Northumbria Research Link (NRL) to enable users to access the University’s research output. Copyright © and moral rights for items on NRL are retained by the individual author(s) and/or other copyright owners. Single copies of full items can be reproduced, displayed or performed, and given to third parties in any format or medium for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge, provided the authors, title and full bibliographic details are given, as well as a hyperlink and/or URL to the original metadata page. The content must not be changed in any way. Full items must not be sold commercially in any format or medium without formal permission of the copyright holder. The full policy is available online: http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/policies.html THE UK’S RESPONSE TO THE RWANDAN GENOCIDE OF 1994 DEAN JAMES WHITE PhD 2012 THE UK’S RESPONSE TO THE RWANDAN GENOCIDE OF 1994 DEAN JAMES WHITE MA, BA (HONS) A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the University of Northumbria at Newcastle for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Research undertaken in the School of Arts and Social Sciences. July 2012 ABSTRACT Former Prime Minister Tony Blair described the UK’s response to the Rwandan genocide as “We knew.
    [Show full text]
  • New World Spring 2008.Pdf
    news and comment on the United nations and UnA-UK Spring 2008 | £3.00 NE W WORLD SHIRLEY WILLIAMS on the new push to rid the world of nuclear weapons The Beginning of The end? AND Foreign Secretary David Miliband speaks to YPN page 27 The global food crisis page 9 Join the debate on climate change page 2 Combat child The US-Un The right to trafficking relationship water page 16 page 10 page 14 PLUS groundbreaking disability treaty page 5 The responsibility to protect page 7 oil-for-food page 10 Parliament and the Un page 18 david hannay’s new book page 20 UnA-UK 63rd Annual Conference page 22 new Youth Council page 30 UNA-UK UNITED NATIONS ASSOCIATION OF THE UK | 3 Whitehall Court, London SW1A 2EL | www.una.org.uk UNA-UK What is the role of the United Nations in finding solutions to climate change and building CLIMATE CHANGE resilience to its impacts? CONFERENCE SERIES Is the UK government doing enough to build 2008-09 a low-carbon economy? What can you do as an individual ? An upcoming series of one-day conferences on climate change, to be held by UNA-UK in 2008-2009 in different cities around the UK, will be tackling these questions. The first conference of the series will be held in Birmingham on Saturday, 7 June 2008. The second will be held in Belfast on Thursday, 6 November 2008. Two further events are being planned for the autumn of 2008 and early 2009 – one in Wales and the other in Scotland.
    [Show full text]
  • Amended Indictment of 23 February 2005
    INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR RWANDA Case No. ICTR-98-44-I The PROSECUTOR v. Édouard KAREMERA Mathieu NGIRUMPATSE Joseph NZIRORERA Amended Indictment of 23 February 2005 The Prosecutor of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (“The Prosecutor”), pursuant to the authority stipulated in Article 17 of the Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (the “Statute of the Tribunal”), charges: Édouard KAREMERA Mathieu NGIRUMPATSE Joseph NZIRORERA Pursuant to Article 2 of the Statute of the Tribunal, with: (i) Conspiracy To Commit Genocide, (ii) Direct and Public Incitement To Genocide, and (iii) Genocide, or Alternatively (iv) Complicity In Genocide Pursuant to Article 3 of the Statute of the Tribunal, with: (v) Rape, and (vi) Extermination, as Crimes Against Humanity Pursuant to Article 4 of the Statute of the Tribunal, with: (vii) Killing and Causing Violence to Health and Physical or Mental Well-Being as Serious Violations of Article 3 Common to the Geneva Conventions and Additional Protocol II. The Accused I. Particulars of the Accused 1. Édouard KAREMERA, alias RUKUSANYA, was born in Mwendo commune, Kibuye préfecture, in 1951. Édouard KAREMERA was trained as a lawyer and was Minister of the Interior in the Interim Government of 8 April 1994, taking the oath of office on 25 May 1994 and continuing in that capacity until the Interim Government fled from Rwanda in July 1994. During 1994 Édouard KAREMERA was also First Vice-President of the MRND political party and a member of the party’s Steering Committee, serving in that capacity since July 1993. 2. Mathieu NGIRUMPATSE was born in 1939 in Tare commune, Kigali-rural préfecture, Rwanda.
    [Show full text]
  • S/1994/1125 4 October 1994
    UNITED NATIONS S Security Council Distr. GENERAL S/1994/1125 4 October 1994 ORIGINAL: ENGLISH LETTER DATED 1 OCTOBER 1994 FROM THE SECRETARY-GENERAL ADDRESSED TO THE PRESIDENT OF THE SECURITY COUNCIL By its resolution 935 (1994) of 1 July 1994, the Security Council requested me to establish, as a matter of urgency, an impartial Commission of Experts to examine and analyse information submitted pursuant to that resolution, together with such further information as the Commission of Experts might obtain through its own investigations or the efforts of other persons or bodies, including the information made available by the Special Rapporteur of the Commission on Human Rights on Rwanda, with a view to providing me with its conclusions on the evidence of grave violations of international humanitarian law committed in the territory of Rwanda, including the evidence of possible acts of genocide. On 26 and 29 July 1994, I informed the Security Council of the establishment of the Commission and its terms of reference and composition (S/1994/879 and S/1994/906). On that occasion, I expressed the hope that, in view of the urgency of the matter, the final report of the Commission would be submitted not later than 30 November 1994. The Commission began its work on 15 August 1994 and, after a series of meetings in Geneva, conducted a field mission to Rwanda and some neighbouring countries from 29 August to 17 September 1994. Pursuant to a decision taken at its first session, the Commission has transmitted to me an interim report which covers its preliminary investigations and activities prior to 30 September 1994.
    [Show full text]
  • Genocide in Rwanda: the Search for Justice 15 Years On
    Genocide in Rwanda: The search for justice 15 years on. An overview of the horrific 100 days of violence, the events leading to them and the ongoing search for justice after 15 years. 6 April 2009 | The Hague On the fifteenth anniversary of the plane crash killing former President Habyarimana which sparked one-hundred days of Genocide in Rwanda slaughtering over 800,000 Tutsis and moderate Hutus, the Hague Justice Portal reflects on some of the important decisions, notable cases and remaining gaps in the ICTR’s ongoing search for justice. On 8 November 1994, seven months after the passenger plane carrying President Juvénil Habyarimana was shot out of the sky on the evening of April 6 1994 triggering Genocide in the little-known central African state of Rwanda, the United Nations Security Council adopted Resolution 955 (1994) establishing the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR). The tribunal is mandated to prosecute “persons responsible for genocide and other serious violations of international humanitarian law”1, with its inaugural trial commencing on January 9 1997. According to Trial Chamber I, delivering its Judgment in this first case against a suspected génocidaire, “there is no doubt that considering their undeniable scale, their systematic nature and their atrociousness” the events of the 100 days subsequent to April 6, “were aimed at exterminating the group that was targeted.”2 Indeed, given the nature and extent of the violence between April and July 1994, it is unsurprising that the ICTR has been confronted with genocide charges in nearly every case before it. Within hours of the attack on the President’s plane roadblocks had sprung up throughout Kigali and the killings began; the Hutu Power radio station, RTLM, rife with conspiracy, goading listeners with anti-Tutsi propaganda.
    [Show full text]
  • Lead IG for Overseas Contingency Operations
    LEAD INSPECTOR GENERAL FOR OVERSEAS CONTINGENCY OPERATIONS OPERATION INHERENT RESOLVE REPORT TO THE UNITED STATES CONGRESS OCTOBER 1, 2016‒DECEMBER 31, 2016 LEAD INSPECTOR GENERAL MISSION The Lead Inspector General for Overseas Contingency Operations will coordinate among the Inspectors General specified under the law to: • develop a joint strategic plan to conduct comprehensive oversight over all aspects of the contingency operation • ensure independent and effective oversight of all programs and operations of the federal government in support of the contingency operation through either joint or individual audits, inspections, and investigations • promote economy, efficiency, and effectiveness and prevent, detect, and deter fraud, waste, and abuse • perform analyses to ascertain the accuracy of information provided by federal agencies relating to obligations and expenditures, costs of programs and projects, accountability of funds, and the award and execution of major contracts, grants, and agreements • report quarterly and biannually to the Congress and the public on the contingency operation and activities of the Lead Inspector General (Pursuant to sections 2, 4, and 8L of the Inspector General Act of 1978) FOREWORD We are pleased to publish the Lead Inspector General (Lead IG) quarterly report on Operation Inherent Resolve (OIR). This is our eighth quarterly report on the overseas contingency operation (OCO), discharging our individual and collective agency oversight responsibilities pursuant to sections 2, 4, and 8L of the Inspector General Act of 1978. OIR is dedicated to countering the terrorist threat posed by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) in Iraq, Syria, the region, and the broader international community. The U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • The Kosovo Report
    THE KOSOVO REPORT CONFLICT v INTERNATIONAL RESPONSE v LESSONS LEARNED v THE INDEPENDENT INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON KOSOVO 1 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Great Clarendon Street, Oxford ox2 6dp Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford Executive Summary • 1 It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, Address by former President Nelson Mandela • 14 and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Map of Kosovo • 18 Athens Auckland Bangkok Bogotá Buenos Aires Calcutta Introduction • 19 Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Florence Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi Paris São Paulo Singapore Taipei Tokyo Toronto Warsaw PART I: WHAT HAPPENED? with associated companies in Berlin Ibadan Preface • 29 Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the uk and in certain other countries 1. The Origins of the Kosovo Crisis • 33 Published in the United States 2. Internal Armed Conflict: February 1998–March 1999 •67 by Oxford University Press Inc., New York 3. International War Supervenes: March 1999–June 1999 • 85 © Oxford University Press 2000 4. Kosovo under United Nations Rule • 99 The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) PART II: ANALYSIS First published 2000 5. The Diplomatic Dimension • 131 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, 6. International Law and Humanitarian Intervention • 163 without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, 7. Humanitarian Organizations and the Role of Media • 201 or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organisation.
    [Show full text]
  • Papers from the Conference on Homeland Protection
    “. to insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence . .” PAPERS FROM THE CONFERENCE ON HOMELAND PROTECTION Edited by Max G. Manwaring October 2000 ***** The views expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Army, the Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government. This report is cleared for public release; distribution is unlimited. ***** Comments pertaining to this report are invited and should be forwarded to: Director, Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, 122 Forbes Ave., Carlisle, PA 17013-5244. Copies of this report may be obtained from the Publications and Production Office by calling commercial (717) 245-4133, FAX (717) 245-3820, or via the Internet at [email protected] ***** Most 1993, 1994, and all later Strategic Studies Institute (SSI) monographs are available on the SSI Homepage for electronic dissemination. SSI’s Homepage address is: http://carlisle-www.army. mil/usassi/welcome.htm ***** The Strategic Studies Institute publishes a monthly e-mail newsletter to update the national security community on the research of our analysts, recent and forthcoming publications, and upcoming conferences sponsored by the Institute. Each newsletter also provides a strategic commentary by one of our research analysts. If you are interested in receiving this newsletter, please let us know by e-mail at [email protected] or by calling (717) 245-3133. ISBN 1-58487-036-2 ii CONTENTS Foreword ........................ v Overview Max G. Manwaring ............... 1 1. A Strategic Perspective on U. S. Homeland Defense: Problem and Response John J.
    [Show full text]
  • ORIGINAL: ENGLISH TRIAL CHAMBER I Before: Judge Erik Møse
    International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda Tribunal pénal international pour le Rwanda ORIGINAL: ENGLISH TRIAL CHAMBER I Before: Judge Erik Møse, presiding Judge Jai Ram Reddy Judge Sergei Alekseevich Egorov Registrar: Adama Dieng Date: 18 December 2008 THE PROSECUTOR v. Théoneste BAGOSORA Gratien KABILIGI Aloys NTABAKUZE Anatole NSENGIYUMVA Case No. ICTR-98-41-T JUDGEMENT AND SENTENCE Office of the Prosecutor: Counsel for the Defence: Barbara Mulvaney Raphaël Constant Christine Graham Allison Turner Kartik Murukutla Paul Skolnik Rashid Rashid Frédéric Hivon Gregory Townsend Peter Erlinder Drew White Kennedy Ogetto Gershom Otachi Bw’Omanwa The Prosecutor v. Théoneste Bagosora et al., Case No. ICTR-98-41-T TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION........................................................................................ 1 1. Overview ................................................................................................................... 1 2. The Accused ............................................................................................................. 8 2.1 Théoneste Bagosora ................................................................................................... 8 2.2 Gratien Kabiligi ....................................................................................................... 10 2.3 Aloys Ntabakuze ...................................................................................................... 10 2.4 Anatole Nsengiyumva .............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Media Reporting of War Crimes Trials and Civil Society Responses in Post-Conflict Sierra Leone
    Media Reporting of War Crimes Trials and Civil Society Responses in Post-Conflict Sierra Leone Abou Binneh-Kamara This is a digitised version of a dissertation submitted to the University of Bedfordshire. It is available to view only. This item is subject to copyright. Media Reporting of War Crimes Trials and Civil Society Responses in Post-Conflict Sierra Leone By Abou Bhakarr M. Binneh-Kamara A thesis submitted to the University of Bedfordshire in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. January, 2015 ABSTRACT This study, which seeks to contribute to the shared-body of knowledge on media and war crimes jurisprudence, gauges the impact of the media’s coverage of the Civil Defence Forces (CDF) and Charles Taylor trials conducted by the Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL) on the functionality of civil society organizations (CSOs) in promoting transitional (post-conflict) justice and democratic legitimacy in Sierra Leone. The media’s impact is gauged by contextualizing the stimulus-response paradigm in the behavioral sciences. Thus, media contents are rationalized as stimuli and the perceptions of CSOs’ representatives on the media’s coverage of the trials are deemed to be their responses. The study adopts contents (framing) and discourse analyses and semi-structured interviews to analyse the publications of the selected media (For Di People, Standard Times and Awoko) in Sierra Leone. The responses to such contents are theoretically explained with the aid of the structured interpretative and post-modernistic response approaches to media contents. And, methodologically, CSOs’ representatives’ responses to the media’s contents are elicited by ethnographic surveys (group discussions) conducted across the country.
    [Show full text]