Rwanda Timeline
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Chapter 2 Political Background
Chapter 2 Political Background Early History The area presently occupied by Rwanda has been inhabited since the 1300s. By the 17th century a kingdom was established inhabited by Hutus, Tutsis and Twa. Rwanda first became a German protectorate in 1884, and under the name Ruanda-Urundi, became part of German East Africa in 1890. After the First World War, it came under Belgian administration under a League of Nations mandate, and after World War II Ruanda-Urundi became a UN trust territory with Belgium as the administrative authority. Towards Independence After the Second World War, Rwanda continued to be administered by Belgium. In 1959, as the independence movement gathered pace, the ruling Tutsi elite formed a political party, Union Nationale Rwandaise. The Belgian authorities encouraged the Hutu majority also to aspire to political power and, in the same year, a rival party, Parti de l’émancipation du peuple Hutu (Parmehutu), was established. As the 1960 local elections approached, Parmehutu initiated a Hutu uprising resulting in the death of many Tutsis and forcing King Kigeri V and tens of thousands of Tutsis to flee into exile in Uganda and Burundi. In 1961 the monarchy was abolished. Independent Rwanda Rwanda achieved independence from Belgium in 1962, with Parmehutu leader Gregoire Kayibanda as President; many more Tutsis left the country and those who remained faced continuing state-sponsored violence and institutionalised discrimination. The most serious eruption of violence at this time was triggered in 1963 by an incursion from Burundi of exiled Rwandan Tutsis and resulted in the death of at least 15,000 Tutsis at the hands of Hutu gangs. -
Tech Mahindra15mar21
India Equity Research | Information Technology © March 15, 2021 Flash Note Emkay Tech Mahindra Your success is our success Refer to important disclosures at the end of this report CMP Target Price Rs 1,003 Rs 1,170 (■) as of (March 15, 2021) 12 months Perigord to augment capabilities in Rating Upside HLS vertical BUY (■) 16.6 % This report is solely produced by Emkay Global. The . Tech Mahindra has agreed to acquire a 70% stake in Ireland-based Perigord Asset following person(s) are responsible for the production of the recommendation: Holdings (Perigord), a digital workflow and artwork, labelling and BPO services firm, for a cash consideration of EUR21mn (~1.5x EV/Sales on TTM basis). Tech Mahindra will Dipesh Mehta acquire the remaining 30% stake in the next four years at valuation linked to the financial [email protected] +91 22 6612 1253 performance of Perigord. Monit Vyas . Deal rationale: This acquisition will strengthen Tech Mahindra’s platform-led BPaaS [email protected] offerings, expand its global footprint and bolster its capabilities in the digital supply chain +91 22 6624 2434 in the global pharmaceutical, healthcare and life science (HLS) market. It will strengthen Tech Mahindra’s position as a leading digital transformation enabler in the artwork and packaging services space with an integrated platform and services portfolio. Additionally, Tech Mahindra will leverage Perigord’s expertise and offerings to extend capabilities toward delivering efficiency and automation levers across sectors, including consumer- packaged goods, medical devices and over-the-counter products. The acquisition is a part of Tech Mahindra’s growth plan to expand presence in key markets in Ireland, Germany, USA, and India, with enhanced global delivery capabilities. -
Chronology of Statements and Events
CHRONOLOGY OF STATEMENTS AND EVENTS 1994 April 6 Presidents Habyarimana and Ntaryamira are killed when their plane is shot down. 8 RPF commander Paul Kagame, citing ethnic killings, declares war and his battalion advances into Kigali. 22 Security Council (SC) votes for a reduction of UNAMIR. May 2 Clinton signs Presidential Decision Directive 25, setting new and much tighter post-Somalia criteria for U.S. participation in, and payment to support, U.N. peacekeeping operations. June 7 U.N. says it is ready to send 5,500 troops but is lacking equipment. 11 France condemns slaughter in Rwanda and says international community may take steps to secure a cease fire. 13 Rebels capture Gitarama, former government seat. 14 Hutu militiamen abduct 40 Tutsi children in government-held area of Kigali and are believed to kill them. 16 France says world must end inaction over Rwanda and is prepared to intervene with European and African allies. All members of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee send a letter to President Clinton urging him to respond to the genocide in Rwanda. 18 RPF tells other countries not to join the French. 21 French advance party arrives in Goma, Zaire. 22 42 French-speaking African peacekeepers in U.N. force leave Kigali after RPF objects to their presence. U.N. SC approves French intervention (with five abstentions) under Resolution 929, which authorizes member states to conduct a multinational operation until UNAMIR is strengthened. French and Senegalese forces begin Operation Turquoise. 23 First French troops reach Goma and enter western Rwanda. 24 Tutsi refugees in Nyarushishi camp near Cyangugu welcome French troops, and Hutu militiamen dismantle roadblocks. -
What Is Happening to Women in Transitional Justice? Analysing the Crime of Rape and Its Reconciliation in the ICTR Bilge Şahin
Yayınlayan: Ankara Üniversitesi KASAUM Adres: Kadın Sorunları Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi, Cebeci 06590 Ankara Fe Dergi: Feminist Eleştiri Cilt 6, Sayı 2 Erişim bilgileri, makale sunumu ve ayrıntılar için: http://cins.ankara.edu.tr/ What is happening to women in transitional justice? Analysing the crime of rape and its reconciliation in the ICTR Bilge Şahin Çevrimiçi yayına başlama tarihi: 22 Aralık 2014 Bu makaleyi alıntılamak için Bilge Şahin, “What is happening to women in transitional justice? Analysing the crime of rape and its reconciliation in the ICTR” Fe Dergi 6, no. 2 (2014), 1-13. URL: http://cins.ankara.edu.tr/12_1.pdf Bu eser akademik faaliyetlerde ve referans verilerek kullanılabilir. Hiçbir şekilde izin alınmaksızın çoğaltılamaz. 1 Şahin What is happening to women in transitional justice? Analysing the crime of rape and its reconciliation in the ICTR1 Bilge Şahin* International law is dominated by the reproduction of gendered structures originating in the masculine nature of law. In respect of rape in armed conflicts the prescribed roles of men and women and the respective experiences they make severely limit subtantial reconciliation. In armed conflicts, men are considered decision-makers and fighters whereas women are regularly regarded as victims. Hence, their respective roles and experiences in post-conflict societies have constrained effective legal efforts. I will exemplify this by examining the masculine nature of the jurisprudence of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR). I propose that the ICTR case law illustrates the lack luster reconciliation efforts of the international community in response to rape crimes in armed conflicts and reproduces gender norms. -
RAPPORT DE LA COMMISSION INTERNATIONALE D'enquete SUR LES VIOLATIONS DES DROITS DE L'homme AU RWANDA DEPUIS LE 1Er OCTOBRE 1990 (7 - 21 Janvier 1993)
EMBARGO -. 8 MARS 1993 11:00 RAPPORT DE LA COMMISSION INTERNATIONALE D'ENQUETE SUR LES VIOLATIONS DES DROITS DE L'HOMME AU RWANDA DEPUIS LE 1er OCTOBRE 1990 (7 - 21 janvier 1993). RAPPORT FINAL FEDERATION INTERNATIONALE DES AFRICA WATCH (New York, DROITS DE L'HOMME – FIDH Washington, London) (Paris) UNION INTER-AFRICAINE DES DROITS CENTRE INTERNATIONAL DES DROITS DE L'HOMME ET DES PEUPLES - DE LA PERSONNE ET DU UIDH (Ouagadougou) DEVELOPPEMENT DEMOCRATIQUE - CIDPDD / ICHRDD (Montréal) 1 Mars 1993 La mission d'enquête internationale qui fait l'objet du présent rapport a été organisée à la demande de la société civile rwandaise, s'exprimant notamment par la voix des associations rwandaises de défense des droits de l'homme (Association pour la Défense des Droits de la Personne et des Libertés Publiques - ADL, Association Rwandaise pour la Défense des Droits de l'Homme - ARDHO, Association des Volontaires de la Paix - AVP, et Ligue Chrétienne de Défense des Droits de 'Homme - LICHREDOR, regroupées dans le Comité de Liaison des Associations de Défense des Droits de l'Homme - CLADHO ; ainsi que KANYARWANDA -Association pour la promotion de l'Union par la justice sociale). Elle a été réalisée avec le concours des institutions et organisations suivantes : Agir ensemble pour les Droits de l'Homme, Centre de Promotion des Droits de l'Homme (CPDH), Centre National de Coopération au Développement (CNCD), Comité pour le Respect des Droits de l'Homme et la Démocratie au Rwanda (CRDDR), Commission des Communautés Européennes (CCE), European Human Rights Foundation, Ligue des Droits et Libertés du Québec, Nationaal Centrum voor Ontwikkelings-Samenwerking (NCOS), NOVIB. -
Nyamwasa-Q-And-A.Pdf
CASE OVERVIEW Consortium for Refugees and Migrants Rights in South Africa v President of the Republic of South Africa and Others On 29 and 30 October 2012 CoRMSA will argue before the North Gauteng High Court, Pretoria that former Rwandan general and suspected war criminal, Faustin Kayumba Nyamwasa, is not eligible for refugee status. This case is supported by the Southern Africa Litigation Centre and CoRMSA is represented by the Wits Law Clinic. 1. What is this case about? This case concerns the judicial review of the decision of the South African authorities to grant refugee status to a former Rwandan general and suspected war criminal, Faustin Kayumba Nyamwasa, in June 2010. This case is being brought by the Consortium for Refugees and Migrants Rights in South Africa (CoRMSA) and is supported by the Southern Africa Litigation Centre (SALC). It raises a number of issues, including: ▪ The proper interpretation and administration of South Africa’s Refugees Act in accordance with international law; ▪ The intersection between refugee law and international criminal law and the detection and apprehension of persons accused of international crimes; ▪ South Africa’s obligation to ensure that it does not become a safe haven for perpetrators of international crimes; ▪ South Africa’s constitutional mandate to ensure accountable, transparent and rational decision making. This case will be heard on 29 and 30 October by Judge Mngqibisa-Thusi of the North Gauteng High Court in Pretoria. 2. Who is Faustin Kayumba Nyamwasa? Nyamwasa is a Rwandan national and former general in the Rwandan Patriotic Army (RPA). Nyamwasa was a high-ranking member of the RPA between 1990 and 1998, during which time he was in command of troops stationed on the border between the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and Rwanda. -
Icls-Training-Materials-Sec-6-Genocide
International Criminal Law 1. Introduction & Practice Training Materials 2. What is ICL? 3. General Principles 4. International Courts Genocide 5. Domestic Application 6. Genocide Supporting the Transfer of Knowledge and Materials of War Crimes Cases from the ICTY to National 7. Crimes Against Humanity Jurisdictions, funded by the European Union 8. War Crimes Developed by International Criminal Law Services 9. Modes of Liability 10. Superior Responsibility 11. Defences 12. Procedure & Evidence 13. Sentencing 14. Victims & Witnesses 15. MLA & Cooperation Project funded by the EU Implemented by: MODULE 6: GENOCIDE Part of the OSCE-ODIHR/ICTY/UNICRI Project “Supporting the Transfer of Knowledge and Materials of War Crimes Cases from the ICTY to National Jurisdictions” Developed by International Criminal Law Services i The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations, the ICTY, the OSCE-ODIHR or ICLS concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Copyright © ICLS – OSCE-ODIHR ii CONTENTS 6. Genocide ............................................................................................................................... 1 6.1. Introduction for trainers ....................................................................................................... 1 6.1.1. Module description ......................................................................................................... -
„Kobieta, Która Zatraciła Człowieczeństwo – Sprawa Pauline
Aleksandra Spychalska (Uniwersytet Wrocławski) „Kobieta, Która zatraciła człowieczeństwo” – sprawa paUline nyiramasUhuko abstract a women who lost her hUmanity: the case of paUline nyiramasUhuko This article presents the case of Pauline Nyiramasuhuko – Rwandan Minister for Family Welfare and the Advancement of Women – who was tried at the Interna- tional Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda for genocide, public and direct incitement to commit genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes. The trial of Ny- iramasuhuko was unprecedented. It was the longest and most expensive trial the ICTR has ever held. It was also the first trial before an international criminal court in which the accused was a woman. Furthermore, among the charges that were brought against her – for which she was sentenced in the first instance to life im- prisonment – was rape as a crime against humanity. KEYWORDS: genocide, Pauline Nyiramasuhuko, ICTR, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, Rwanda SłOWA KLUCZOWE: ludobójstwo, Pauline Nyiramasuhuko, MTKR, Międzynaro- dowy Trybunał Karny dla Rwandy, Rwanda A woman from the Rwandan society, a woman who is a minis- ter, who is a member of parliament. A woman who lost all her civil nature: People being raped before their parents; watching their children being raped. She had lost her civil nature be- cause in her presence, the most serious rape under the cruelest conditions were applauded. She encouraged even her son to do 266 ��������������������������� aleKsandra spychalsKa as much. She put everything she had to the point that she was dressed in military gear to play her role of a militant minister. A woman who had lost every sense of feeling, Pauline Nyira- masuhuko1. -
Comptes Rendus D'audience Du Procès En Appel De Pascal
FAC-SIMILÉ Comptes rendus d’audience du procès en appel de Pascal SIMBIKANGWA (octobre-décembre 2016) Par Alain GAUTHIER Source : http://www.collectifpartiescivilesrwanda.fr/pascal- simbikangwa-proces-en-appel-a-bobigny/ Page 1 sur 220 FAC-SIMILÉ Procès en appel de Pascal SIMBIKANGWA: communiqué de presse. 14/10/2016 Le 14 mars 2014, les jurés de la Cour d’assises de Paris condamnaient monsieur Pascal SIMBIKANGWA à 25 ans de prison pour “génocide et complicité de crimes contre l’humanité“. Son procès en appel se déroulera du 25 octobre au 9 décembre à la Cour d’assises de Bobigny. Monsieur Pascal SIMBIKANGWA, qui a nié tous les faits qui lui étaient reprochés, a fait appel de sa condamnation? Occasion nous sera donnée de rappeler qu’en 1994, au Rwanda, plus d’un million de personnes ont été exterminées parce qu’elles étaient Tutsi. Cette première condamnation a été plus récemment suivie de celle de messieurs NGENZI et BARAHIRA. Ces deux anciens bourgmestres de Kabarondo ont écopé, le 6 juillet dernier, de la réclusion criminelle à perpétuité . Ils ont aussi fait appel. Ces deux décisions judiciaires n’ont pas eu le retentissement qu’elles auraient dû avoir: le silence d’un grand nombre de médias a été assourdissant. Ce “génocide sans importance” n’intéresserait pas nos concitoyens? C’est ce qu’aurait laissé entendre le directeur de l’information d’une radio nationale. Il faut dire que, de leur côté, les autorités politiques françaises d’hier et d’aujourd’hui ne veulent toujours pas reconnaître le rôle que le gouvernement de cohabitation de l’époque a joué dans ce drame qui a emporté hommes, femmes, enfants, vieillards, bébés, tous innocents. -
ORIGINAL: ENGLISH TRIAL CHAMBER I Before: Judge Erik Møse
International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda Tribunal pénal international pour le Rwanda ORIGINAL: ENGLISH TRIAL CHAMBER I Before: Judge Erik Møse, presiding Judge Jai Ram Reddy Judge Sergei Alekseevich Egorov Registrar: Adama Dieng Date: 18 December 2008 THE PROSECUTOR v. Théoneste BAGOSORA Gratien KABILIGI Aloys NTABAKUZE Anatole NSENGIYUMVA Case No. ICTR-98-41-T JUDGEMENT AND SENTENCE Office of the Prosecutor: Counsel for the Defence: Barbara Mulvaney Raphaël Constant Christine Graham Allison Turner Kartik Murukutla Paul Skolnik Rashid Rashid Frédéric Hivon Gregory Townsend Peter Erlinder Drew White Kennedy Ogetto Gershom Otachi Bw’Omanwa The Prosecutor v. Théoneste Bagosora et al., Case No. ICTR-98-41-T TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION........................................................................................ 1 1. Overview ................................................................................................................... 1 2. The Accused ............................................................................................................. 8 2.1 Théoneste Bagosora ................................................................................................... 8 2.2 Gratien Kabiligi ....................................................................................................... 10 2.3 Aloys Ntabakuze ...................................................................................................... 10 2.4 Anatole Nsengiyumva ............................................................................................. -
The Evolution of an Armed Movement in Eastern Congo Rift Valley Institute | Usalama Project
RIFT VALLEY INSTITUTE | USALAMA PROJECT UNDERSTANDING CONGOLESE ARMED GROUPS FROM CNDP TO M23 THE EVOLUTION OF AN ARMED MOVEMENT IN EASTERN CONGO rift valley institute | usalama project From CNDP to M23 The evolution of an armed movement in eastern Congo jason stearns Published in 2012 by the Rift Valley Institute 1 St Luke’s Mews, London W11 1Df, United Kingdom. PO Box 30710 GPO, 0100 Nairobi, Kenya. tHe usalama project The Rift Valley Institute’s Usalama Project documents armed groups in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The project is supported by Humanity United and Open Square and undertaken in collaboration with the Catholic University of Bukavu. tHe rift VALLEY institute (RVI) The Rift Valley Institute (www.riftvalley.net) works in Eastern and Central Africa to bring local knowledge to bear on social, political and economic development. tHe AUTHor Jason Stearns, author of Dancing in the Glory of Monsters: The Collapse of the Congo and the Great War of Africa, was formerly the Coordinator of the UN Group of Experts on the DRC. He is Director of the RVI Usalama Project. RVI executive Director: John Ryle RVI programme Director: Christopher Kidner RVI usalama project Director: Jason Stearns RVI usalama Deputy project Director: Willy Mikenye RVI great lakes project officer: Michel Thill RVI report eDitor: Fergus Nicoll report Design: Lindsay Nash maps: Jillian Luff printing: Intype Libra Ltd., 3 /4 Elm Grove Industrial Estate, London sW19 4He isBn 978-1-907431-05-0 cover: M23 soldiers on patrol near Mabenga, North Kivu (2012). Photograph by Phil Moore. rigHts: Copyright © The Rift Valley Institute 2012 Cover image © Phil Moore 2012 Text and maps published under Creative Commons license Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by/nc-nd/3.0. -
Peace in the Great Lakes Region: Time for a Regional Approach
Occasional Paper 310 August 2020 Peace in the Great Lakes Region: Time for a Regional Approach STEPHANIE WOLTERS African perspectives Global insights Abstract The countries of the Great Lakes region face the possibility of rising regional tensions which could lead to renewed violence. Relations between Uganda and Rwanda are at a historical low, and the heightened tensions between Rwanda and Burundi are entering a sixth year. At the same time, the change in leadership in the DRC, and an apparent commitment by President Félix Tshisekedi to address chronic instability and violence in the eastern DRC provide an opportunity to reinvigorate regional relations in a positive manner. Although still too early to tell, the recent leadership change in Burundi may also provide an opening to re-engage with the government to bring an end to the political crisis and years of isolation. In order to effectively address instability in the DRC and rising political tensions in the wider Great Lakes region, a strong, regionally rooted political process is necessary to address violence, instability and the business of illegal resource exploitation in the region. This paper looks at the status quo, particularly the interests that have driven and sustained instability in the region and the eastern DRC in particular. It argues that a new high-level regional political process is necessary in order to end decades of violence and prevent an escalation arising from growing tensions between key countries. A key element of such a peace process must be a reframing of the conflict narrative of the past 30 years, which has persistently placed governance failures in the DRC at the centre of the conversation, without recognising and addressing the reality that governance failures in other countries are equally significant drivers of instability and violence.