Kejimkujik National Park and National Historic Site of Canada

Home , Bear River First Nation, Glooscap First Nation, Kejimkujik National Park, Shelburne River, Tobeatic Wilderness Area

JUNE 2010

Management Plan ii

Cette publication est aussi disponible en français.

National Library of Canada cataloguing in publication data:

Parks Canada Kejimkujik National Park and National Historic Site of Canada management plan.

Issued also in French under the title: Parc national et lieu historique national du Canada Kejimkujik, plan directeur.

Available also on the Internet.

ISBN 978-1-100-13549-6 Cat. no. R64-105/64-2010E

1. Kejimkujik National Park (N.S.)—Management. 2. National parks and reserves—Nova Scotia—Management. 3. National parks and reserves—Canada—Management. I. Title.

FC2314 K4 P37 2010 971.6’33 C2009-980255-4

For more information about the management plan or about Kejimkujik National Park and National Historic Site of Canada:

Kejimkujik National Park and National Historic Site of Canada 3005 Main Parkway, P.O. Box 236, Maitland Bridge, NS B0T 1B0

tel: 902-682-2772, fax: 902-682-3367 e-mail: [email protected] www.parkscanada.gc.ca/kejimkujik

Front Cover Image Credits top from left to right: Dale Wilson, Parks Canada, M. Andrew (Friends of Keji Cooperating Association), Dale Wilson; bottom: Dale Wilson Kejimkujik National Park and iii National Historic Site of Canada Management Plan

Foreword

Canada’s national historic sites, national parks and national marine conservation areas offer Canadians from coast to coast to coast unique opportunities to experience and understand our wonderful country. They are places of learning, recreation and inspiration where Canadians can connect with our past and appreciate the natural, cultural and social forces that shaped Canada. From our smallest national park to our most visited national historic site to our largest national marine conservation area, each of these places offers Canadians and visitors several experiential opportunities to enjoy Canada’s historic and natural heritage. These places of beauty, wonder and learning are valued by Canadians—they are part of our past, our present and our future. Our Government’s goal is to ensure that Canadians form a lasting connection to this heritage and that our protected places are enjoyed in ways that leave them unimpaired for present and future generations. We see a future in which these special places will further Canadians’ appreciation, understanding and enjoyment of Canada, the economic well-being of communities, and the vitality of our society. Our Government’s vision is to build a culture of heritage conservation in Canada by offering Canadians exceptional opportunities to experience our natural and cultural heritage. These values form the foundation of the new management plan for Kejimkujik National Park and National Historic Site of Canada. I offer my appreciation to the many thoughtful Canadians who helped to develop this plan, particularly to our dedicated team from Parks Canada, and to all those local organizations and individuals who have demonstrated their good will, hard work, spirit of co-operation and extraordinary sense of stewardship. In this same spirit of partnership and responsibility, I am pleased to approve the Kejimkujik National Park and National Historic Site of Canada Management Plan.

Jim Prentice Minister of the Environment

Kejimkujik National Park and v National Historic Site of Canada Management Plan

Recommendations

Recommended by:

Alan Latourelle Chief Executive Officer Parks Canada

Linda Frank Field Unit Superintendent Mainland Nova Scotia Field Unit Parks Canada

Kejimkujik National Park and vii National Historic Site of Canada Management Plan

Executive Summary

This new management plan for Kejimkujik operational management of Kejimkujik will be National Park and National Historic Site of based on this principle of consideration and Canada provides strategic direction for Parks respect. Canada’s three mutually supportive mandate This management plan reflects Parks areas: the protection of ecological and cul- Canada’s approach to integrated planning and tural resources, the facilitation of meaningful management by treating each mandate area – visitor experiences, and the delivery of public protection, visitor experience, and education education and awareness programs. The plan – as mutually supportive. Integration means was developed with partner, stakeholder, and looking at issues holistically: that is, planning visitor involvement and applies to all elements for visitor experience entails also planning for of Kejimkujik National Park and National protection; making decisions about protec- Historic Site of Canada and the coastal portion means also considering actions for visitor tion of the park, Kejimkujik National Park experience and public appreciation and under- of Canada – Seaside.1 The plan includes a standing and vice versa. 15-year vision, provides Parks Canada staff Strategic goals and priority actions that will with a framework for decision making, and will be undertaken during the life of this manage- be the primary accountability document for ment plan include: Kejimkujik over the next five years. Kejimkujik was acquired from the prov- Collaboration and Shared Leadership ince in 1967 and was formally established as a Kejimkujik’s strong relationships with the national park in 1974 to protect a representa- Mi’kmaq, visitors, partners, and stakeholders tive example of the Atlantic Coastal Uplands enhance Parks Canada’s resource protection, Natural Region for Canadians to discover visitor experience, and education mandate. and enjoy. Kejimkujik Seaside was acquired Collaboration and shared leadership is a from the province in 1985 and was designated priority for Kejimkujik, particularly working to as part of Kejimkujik National Park in 1988 strengthen existing collaborative relationships to provide protection for the unique coastal with the Mi’kmaq of Nova Scotia. Key actions attributes of the region. In 1995, the inland to achieve this goal will include undertaking portion of Kejimkujik was designated as a projects of mutual interest, working with rep- national historic site because it is a significant resentatives of the Mi’kmaw communities to Mi’kmaw cultural landscape that attests to establish a Mi’kmaq Advisory Committee and Mi’kmaw occupancy of the area since time to identify opportunities for Mi’kmaw involve- immemorial. ment in other advisory committees, identify- Kejimkujik is unique – it is the only ing and carrying out Mi’kmaw Ecological national park where a majority of the land- Knowledge studies, finding a mutually accept- scape has received a designation as a national able solution for the application of admis- historic site. This management plan considers sion fees to Kejimkujik for the Mi’kmaq of and respects the ecological values associated Nova Scotia, and increasing efforts to involve with the national park and the cultural and Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal youth in park historical values associated with the national management and activities. historic site. The ongoing strategic and

1 For the remainder of this management plan, Kejimkujik National Park of Canada – Seaside will be referred to as Kejimkujik Seaside. viii

Parks Canada is also committed to fur- Commemorative Integrity and Cultural thering the engagement and involvement of Resource Protection visitors, partners, and stakeholders in the The cultural resources that attest to implementation of the vision and strategic Kejimkujik’s rich history are not impaired or direction outlined in this plan. Key actions under threat and their values are respected, that will contribute to this goal are establish- understood, celebrated, and communicated. ing a Kejimkujik advisory board with broad Key actions that will help to achieve partner, stakeholder, and visitor representa- Kejimkujik’s commemorative integrity and tion, exploring cooperative association options cultural resource protection goal include com- for Kejimkujik Seaside, supporting and pleting cultural resource inventories and evalu- contributing to regional partnerships in the ations at Kejimkujik inland and Kejimkujik Southwest Nova Biosphere Reserve, including Seaside, completing a Commemorative working with the Southwest Nova Biosphere Integrity Evaluation for the national historic Association and the Mersey Tobeatic Research site, working with the Mi’kmaq and other Institute, strengthening collaborative efforts partners to complete a comprehensive cul- with tourism partners at the provincial and tural resource management plan, conducting regional level, and increasing efforts to collab- research in identified priority areas, and orate with others who share similar protection, exploring options for presenting archaeological education, and experience mandates, such as and historical objects related to Kejimkujik. the Friends of Keji Cooperating Association. Visitor Experience Maintaining Ecological Integrity Visitors have multiple opportunities to enjoy The native biodiversity and processes of and discover Kejimkujik’s diverse natural Kejimkujik’s forest, wetland, freshwater, and systems and rich cultural landscape. Through coastal ecosystems are maintained and/or meaningful experiences, visitors develop a restored with the involvement of the Mi’kmaq, sense of connection to Kejimkujik. local communities, visitors, youth, and stake- Parks Canada is developing a visitor holders. Stressors to ecosystems are mini- experience program to guide investment mized and/or mitigated. decisions in interpretation, visitor facilities, Key actions that will help maintain and visitor services. Key actions that will help Kejimkujik’s ecological integrity include Parks Canada facilitate meaningful visitor increasing opportunities for the Mi’kmaq, experiences include conducting research to local communities, academia, governmental better understand the motivations, needs, and and non-governmental partners, visitors, and preferences of existing and potential visitors, youth to be involved in Kejimkujik’s eco- conducting research to evaluate the state of system science and management program, visitor experience and to assess the results of implementing a comprehensive ecological management decisions, preparing a visitor monitoring program, working with species at experience plan to guide the redevelopment of risk recovery teams to develop and implement Jeremy’s Bay Campground, working with the recovery plans, completing and implementing Mi’kmaq to complete an interpretation plan for fish and fire management plans, developing a the Mi’kmaw cultural landscape, assessing and vegetation restoration plan for Jeremy’s Bay improving recreational opportunities, enhan- Campground, and conducting research, mon- cing personal interpretation at Kejimkujik itoring, and active management on invasive Seaside, facilitating backcountry linkages species, including European green crab and to the Tobeatic Wilderness Area and the glossy buckthorn, to control population levels Shelburne River, and increasing promotional and restore affected species and habitats. and pre-trip planning efforts with partners to position Kejimkujik inland and Kejimkujik Seaside as “must see” destinations. Kejimkujik National Park and ix National Historic Site of Canada Management Plan

Public Outreach Education Zoning and Declared Wilderness Areas Public outreach education programs enhance This management plan includes zoning plans opportunities for Canadians to enjoy, dis- and proposed declared wilderness areas for cover, and learn about Kejimkujik’s diverse Kejimkujik inland and Kejimkujik Seaside. natural systems and rich cultural landscape Both of these tools will help support manage- at home, at leisure, at school, and in their ment objectives by ensuring that rare and/ communities. These programs encourage nat- or sensitive ecological and cultural resources ural and cultural heritage stewardship, relate have strong protection. Zoning is an integrated to individuals’ personal lives, and provide an approach by which land and water areas are opportunity to create a sense of connection to classified according to ecosystem and cultural Kejimkujik. resource protection requirements and their Key actions that will contribute to capability to provide opportunities for visitor Kejimkujik’s public outreach education goals experiences. The proposed declared wilder- include conducting social science research to ness areas will provide an additional degree confirm target outreach audiences, continuing of regulatory protection for large portions of to create and deliver learning opportunities for Kejimkujik inland and Kejimkujik Seaside. local and Mi’kmaw youth in collaboration with Parks Canada will initiate the process to educational partners, refreshing and consist- declare these wilderness areas following the ently updating the Web site to inspire discov- tabling of this management plan in Parliament. ery of Kejimkujik, increasing the profile of Kejimkujik, and developing a strategy to reach out to urban audiences, particularly youth and new Canadians.

Administration and Operations Kejimkujik operates in an efficient, fiscally responsible, and environmentally sound manner in order to achieve Parks Canada program objectives. Key actions to help meet this goal include removing decommissioned infrastructure at Grafton Lake and Canning Field, reviewing the operational use of the Fire Tower road and reducing vehicular traffic where possible, exploring options for a new administration building and seasonal staff accommodations, and implementing the environmental management system plan.

Kejimkujik National Park and xi National Historic Site of Canada Management Plan

Table of Contents

Foreword ...... iii Recommendations ...... v Executive Summary ...... vii

1.0 Introduction...... 1 1.1 The Purpose of the Management Plan ...... 1 1.2 A Management Plan for Kejimkujik...... 1

2.0 Parks Canada Agency...... 3 2.1 Mandate...... 3 2.2 Legislation and Policy...... 5 2.3 Monitoring and Reporting...... 5

3.0 Kejimkujik National Park and National Historic Site of Canada...... 7 3.1 Establishment...... 7 3.2 Role and Significance...... 7 3.3 Dual Designation...... 8 3.4 Regional Setting...... 8 3.5 History...... 11

4.0 Vision for the Next Generation...... 13 4.1 About the Vision...... 13

5.0 Collaboration and Shared Leadership...... 15 5.1 Working with the Mi’kmaq of Nova Scotia...... 16 5.2 Partnering and Stakeholder Engagement...... 16 5.3 Strategic Direction...... 18

6.0 Maintaining Ecological Integrity...... 19 6.1 Current Situation...... 19 Ecosystem Descriptions...... 19 Species at Risk...... 21 Ecosystem Stressors...... 21 Collaboration with the Mi’kmaq, Partners, Visitors, and Volunteers.....22 6.2 Ecosystem Science and Management...... 22 Overview...... 22 Monitoring, Research, and Restoration in each of Kejimkujik’s Ecosystems ...... 23 Species at Risk Recovery...... 25 6.3 Strategic Direction...... 26 xii

7.0 Maintaining Commemorative Integrity and Protecting Cultural Resources...... 29 7.1 Commemoration...... 29 7.2 Current Situation...... 30 Collaboration...... 30 Kejimkujik Inland...... 30 Kejimkujik Seaside ...... 31 Messages...... 31 Inventory, Research and Monitoring...... 32 7.3 Strategic Direction...... 33

8.0 Visitor Experience...... 35 8.1 Current Situation...... 35 Collaboration...... 35 Kejimkujik Inland...... 35 Kejimkujik Seaside ...... 38 8.2 Visitor Experience Trends and Opportunities...... 40 Visitor Experience Research, Monitoring and Reporting...... 40 Visitation Trends...... 41 Trends and Opportunities Associated with Kejimkujik’s Visitor Experience Offer ...... 42 8.3 Enhancing the Visitor Experience Offer...... 43 Enhancing the Camping Offer...... 43 Enhancing Learning and Discovery...... 44 Enhancing Recreation...... 44 8.4 Marketing and Communications...... 45 8.5 Strategic Direction...... 46

9.0 Public Education...... 49 9.1 Current Situation...... 49 9.2 Enhancing Public Outreach Education...... 51 9.3 Monitoring and Reporting...... 51 9.4 Strategic Direction...... 52

10.0 Zoning and Declared Wilderness Areas...... 53 10.1 Zone I: Special Preservation...... 53 10.2 Zone II: Wilderness...... 56 Declared Wilderness...... 56 10.3 Zone III: Natural Environment...... 56 10.4 Zone IV: Outdoor Recreation...... 56 10.5 Ecologically and Culturally Sensitive Sites...... 59 10.6 Strategic Direction...... 59

11.0 Administration and Operations...... 61 11.1 Current Situation...... 61 Infrastructure...... 61 Employment...... 61 Information Management...... 61 Environmental Management...... 61 11.2 Strategic Direction ...... 62 Kejimkujik National Park and xiii National Historic Site of Canada Management Plan

12.0 Strategic Environmental Assessment...... 63

13.0 Implementation Strategy...... 65

Appendices A. Summary of Public and Aboriginal Involvement...... 75 B. Zone I Descriptions...... 77 C. Ecologically and Culturally Sensitive Site Descriptions...... 79 D. Ecological Integrity Indicators and Measures...... 81 E. Interpretation Themes and Messages...... 83 F. Glossary...... 85 G. Acknowledgements...... 87

List of Maps 1. Regional Setting ...... 9 2. Southwest Nova Biosphere Reserve ...... 10 3. Kejimkujik Inland Facilities ...... 36 4. Kejimkujik Seaside Facilities ...... 39 5. Kejimkujik Inland Zoning Plan...... 54 6. Kejimkujik Seaside Zoning Plan...... 55 7. Kejimkujik Inland Declared Wilderness Area...... 57 8. Kejimkujik Seaside Declared Wilderness Area...... 58

List of Tables Kejimkujik National Historic Site Interpretation Themes...... 45 Implementation Timeline...... 66

Kejimkujik National Park and 1 National Historic Site of Canada Management Plan

1.0 Introduction

Dale Wilson

1.1 PURPOSE OF THE MANAGEMENT PLAN and responsive. The plans serve as an agree- ment between Parks Canada’s managers and Parks Canada Agency prepares management the Agency’s Chief Executive Officer and help plans to ensure that decisions affecting its ensure accountability between the Minister protected heritage places are consistent with and the Canadian public. its mandate and policies. The management planning process is one of Parks Canada’s best opportunities to engage Canadians at a 1.2 A MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR KEJIMKUJIK strategic level and provides Aboriginal Peoples, partners, visitors, and other interested parties The last management plan for Kejimkujik was a meaningful opportunity to be involved in set- tabled in Parliament in 1995 and applied only ting priorities for protected heritage places that to the national park. This updated manage- the Agency administers. ment plan is the result of a recent review pro- Management plans are Parks Canada’s cess and applies to all elements of Kejimkujik primary public accountability documents – the inland portion of the national park, and are approved by the Minister responsible which is also a national historic site, as well for the Agency and tabled in Parliament. as the coastal portion of the park, Kejimkujik Plans include a long-term vision and stra- Seaside. This management plan provides Parks tegic goals and actions to achieve objectives. Canada staff with a framework for decision- They are reviewed and updated every five making. It will guide the development of future years to ensure that they remain relevant business plans for the Mainland Nova Scotia 2

Field Unit and Kejimkujik’s work planning This management plan has been developed processes. with broad public involvement.2 While many The strategic direction outlined in this valuable operational considerations have not management plan is in accordance with been included in this strategic document, key national park and national historic site themes communicated by partners, visitors, legislation and policy. All of the commit- and other stakeholders have been incorpor- ments outlined in this plan are achievable ated. Parks Canada is committed to further within the existing financial capacity of the involving interested parties during the imple- Mainland Nova Scotia Field Unit. This plan mentation of this plan. will remain valid until the next management plan is approved by the Minister and tabled in Parliament.

Dale Wilson

2 See Appendix A: Summary of Public and Aboriginal Involvement for an overview of the public and Aboriginal consultation and involvement efforts undertaken during the course of this management plan review. Kejimkujik National Park and 3 National Historic Site of Canada Management Plan

2.0 Parks Canada Agency

Kejimkujik Seaside. Ron Garnett

2.1 MANDATE The challenge for each one of Parks Canada’s national parks, historic sites, and Parks Canada’s mandate is framed around marine conservation areas is to deliver pro- three mutually supportive areas: grams that link all three of Parks Canada’s • Protection of heritage resources, mandate areas while highlighting what is • Facilitation of opportunities for meaningful unique and special about that particular place. visitor experiences, and Each of these mandate areas is treated in this • Providing public education about Canada’s management plan as closely entwined and heritage. mutually supportive. The successful integrated delivery of all three mandate areas can On behalf of the people of Canada, we protect be accomplished only with the support and and present nationally significant examples of ongoing involvement of the Canadian public. Canada’s natural and cultural heritage, and foster public understanding, appreciation and Ecological Integrity enjoyment in ways that ensure the ecological The Canada National Parks Act (2000) and commemorative integrity of these places defines ecological integrity for national parks for present and future generations. as “a condition that is determined to be char- (from Parks Canada Agency’s Charter) acteristic of its natural region and likely to persist, including abiotic components and the composition and abundance of native species 4

and biological communities, rates of change Meaningful Visitor Experiences and supporting processes.” An area has eco- Parks Canada is committed to facilitating logical integrity if it has all of the native plants opportunities for Canadians to have mean- and animals that would normally be expected ingful visitor experiences in national parks, to live in that region, if their populations are national historic sites, and marine conserva- healthy and likely to survive into the future, tion areas so that visitors may create a per- and if the landscape they live in continues to be sonal sense of connection to the heritage shaped by the natural processes (such as fire, place. “Connection to place” is a concept that flooding, and predation) that would normally expresses the emotional, intellectual, and occur there. spiritual attachment Canadians and visitors feel towards Parks Canada’s natural and Commemorative Integrity cultural heritage places. Fostering connection Commemorative integrity refers to the health to place promotes heritage stewardship and or wholeness of a national historic site. A will ensure that Parks Canada continues to be national historic site will have achieved com- relevant to Canadians. memorative integrity when: In order to better facilitate visitor experi- • The resources directly related to the rea- ences, Parks Canada must understand actual sons for the site’s designation as a national and potential visitors’ needs and expectations, historic site are not impaired or under such as why they visit and what they are inter- threat; ested in doing. Programs that highlight what • The reasons for the site’s national historic is unique and special about a particular area significance are effectively communicated need to be responsive to societal and tourism to the public; and changes and trends. • The site’s heritage values (including those not related to national significance) are Public Outreach Education respected by all whose decisions or actions Parks Canada aims to reach out to Canadians affect the site. through communication and public outreach education opportunities so that they may dis- Parks Canada prepares a Commemorative cover and learn about Parks Canada’s heritage Integrity Statement (CIS) for each national his- places at home, at school, at leisure, and in toric site it administers. This document is an their communities. In doing so, Parks Canada elaboration of what is meant by commemora- hopes to increase understanding and appre- tive integrity for a particular national historic ciation of the significance of Parks Canada’s site. The CIS describes what is commemorated heritage places and promote stewardship and at the national historic site and why, and iden- connection to place. tifies the cultural resources that are directly related to the reasons for the national historic site’s designation. The CIS also describes other cultural resources that have regional or local significance but are not necessarily related to the national historic site’s designation. Messages of national significance and regional/ local significance are also listed. The CIS is a key document used to ensure the protection and communication of a national historic site’s heritage values. Kejimkujik National Park and 5 National Historic Site of Canada Management Plan

2.2 LEGISLATION AND POLICY • Parks Canada has in place Prevention Guidelines that support staff in taking both A common legislative and policy context influ- proactive and reactive actions to protect ences the management of all protected heritage natural and cultural resources, and ensure areas owned and/or administered by Parks that visitors enjoy a quality experience, Canada. including ensuring respect of other visitors’ • Various statues provide legislative support experiences and safety. Supporting the for achieving the Parks Canada mandate. Agency’s prevention strategies is a special- The 1998 Parks Canada Agency Act estab- ized law enforcement capacity. However, lished Parks Canada as a separate agency. the Agency’s emphasis is on fostering a The Parks Canada Agency Act confers on culture of conservation and respect among Parks Canada the responsibility to ensure visitors for protected heritage places, the commemorative integrity of national preventing incidents from occurring, and historic sites. The Canada National Parks solving problems before they escalate and Act, enacted in 2000, modernized the require law enforcement measures. Agency’s historic role, but also continued the legislative tradition of dedicating national parks to the people of Canada for 2.3 MONITORING AND REPORTING their benefit, education, and enjoyment, charging the Agency to ensure that they Monitoring and reporting is an essential part are maintained and made use of so as to of the management planning cycle. Parks leave them unimpaired for the enjoyment Canada has developed a suite of indicators to of future generations. This Act also affirms monitor the condition and trends of national the maintenance or restoration of eco- parks and national historic sites in terms of logical integrity as the first priority when the Agency’s three mandate areas, protec- considering all aspects of the management tion, visitor experience, and public outreach of national parks. education. State of the Park and Site Reports, • Parks Canada Guiding Principles and compiled in 5 year intervals, report on the Operational Policies (1994) includes result of this monitoring work. The reports the National Parks Policy, the National also assess performance in achieving desired Historic Sites Policy, and the Cultural results identified in the management plan. Resource Management Policy. These poli- Parks Canada will complete the first State of cies provide direction on many manage- the Park and Site Report for Kejimkujik in ment issues that are not addressed in this 2010. Another report will be completed within plan. five years to inform the next management plan • The Parks Canada Guide to Management review process. Planning (2008) outlines Parks Canada’s principles of management planning, the roles and responsibilities during the management planning process, as well as requirements for public consultation. 6 Kejimkujik National Park and 7 National Historic Site of Canada Management Plan

3.0 Kejimkujik National Park and National Historic Site of Canada

Visitors enjoying the view of Mills Falls. Dale Wilson

3.1 ESTABLISHMENT Canada is to establish at least one national park in each of these 39 natural regions. Kejimkujik was acquired from the province Kejimkujik was established to protect a in 1967 and was formally established as a representative example of the Atlantic Coastal national park in 1974. Kejimkujik Seaside was Uplands Natural Region, which is character- acquired from the province in 1985 and was ized by gentle, boulder-strewn barrens, tran- designated as part of Kejimkujik National Park quil forests, softly flowing rivers, and shallow in 1988. In 1995, the inland portion of the park rock-studded lakes and is framed by a rock- was designated as a national historic site. girded sea coast of world-renowned beauty. Kejimkujik Seaside was added to the park to provide protection for the unique coastal 3.2 ROLE AND SIGNIFICANCE attributes of this region.

The National Parks System The National Historic Sites System The National Parks System Plan provides a Kejimkujik is part of a broad-ranging program framework for park establishment in Canada. of commemoration, including places, persons, The plan is based on a land classification and events of national historic significance. system that divides the country into 39 distinct These heritage commemorations come into terrestrial natural regions, as defined by their being on the recommendation of the Historic unique combination of physical and biological Sites and Monuments Board of Canada characteristics. One of the goals of Parks (HSMBC), an arms-length advisory board to the Minister responsible for Parks Canada. 8

A Mi’kmaw Interpreter shares Mi’kmaw cultural heritage with visitors. Brian Townsend

Parks Canada administers 167 of the more than management of Kejimkujik will be based on 900 national historic sites nation-wide that this principle of consideration and respect. form the National Historic Sites System. The balance of the sites are owned and cared for by provincial and municipal governments, by 3.4 REGIONAL SETTING non-governmental, religious, and community organizations, by businesses, and by private Kejimkujik is positioned within the Queens, citizens. Annapolis, and Digby regional municipalities Each national historic site is recognized as of Nova Scotia. The inland portion (381 km2) making a significant contribution to Canadian and Kejimkujik Seaside (22 km2) combine history. The inland portion of Kejimkujik was to protect a total area of 403 km2. The local designated as a national historic site because economy is natural resource-oriented and is it is a significant Mi’kmaw cultural landscape largely dependent upon forestry, fisheries, and that attests to Mi’kmaw occupancy of the area tourism. Other industry includes small farms, since time immemorial. Kejimkujik continues managed blueberry fields, and recreational to be a very important area for the Mi’kmaq. cottage and resort development (see Map 1: Regional Setting). The inland portion of Kejimkujik is 3.3 DUAL DESIGNATION bounded by a mixture of private and Crown land, including the provincial Tobeatic Kejimkujik is unique – it is the only national Wilderness Area (900km2). Together, park where a majority of the landscape has Kejimkujik and the Tobeatic Wilderness Area received a designation as a national historic form the largest protected wilderness area in site. This management plan considers and the Maritimes. The nearest village, Caledonia, respects the ecological values associated with is 18 km to the east. There are approximately the national park and the cultural and histor- 2,500 permanent residents in the area. ical values associated with the national historic Kejimkujik Seaside is situated on the site. The ongoing strategic and operational coastline of Queens Regional Municipality and is bounded by private and Crown land. The Kejimkujik National Park and 9 National Historic Site of Canada Management Plan Glace Bay North 9 10 Sydney Cape North North Sydney Highlands 8 Cape Breton 11 National Park Bras Lake d’Or ISLAND 12 CAPE BRETON Bay MAP 1 KEJIMKUJIK NATIONAL PARK AND NATIONAL HISTORIC AND NATIONAL PARK KEJIMKUJIK NATIONAL SITE OF CANADA Regional Setting 0 25 50 km

Chedabucto

N A so

n a E C

f o C t i a

r t O

C I

9 Marconi Fortress10 of Louisbourg St. Peters11 Canal 12 Canso Islands T

Antigonish

A L

New Glasgow T

Melanson Settlement A

3 Port-Royal 4 5 Anne Fort 6 Grand-Pré 7 Fort Edward 8 Alexander Graham Bell

NOVA SCOTIA

CHARLOTTETOWN Prince Edward Island National Park Truro 102

t i a r t ISLAND S Dartmouth

1 National Historic Sites Of Canada Administered National Historic Sites Of Canada Canada - Nova Scotia By Parks

1 Halifax Defence Complex: Halifax Citadel, Georges Island, Prince Walesof Fort McNab and Tower, Redoubt York 2 Kejimkujik

PRINCE EDWARD

d HALIFAX n a 101 l Sackville r e b

Summerside m u

h Amherst t r o N 7 6 Minas Basin Sackville

Chester

103

Kentville

Kouchibouguac National Park o t

g - Seaside National Park Kejimkujik

i Bridgewater h

Moncton C Park Fundy

National y d

Miramichi n

2 u

NEW BRUNSWICK f

Kejimkujik y a

Saint John Saint B National Park and National Park National Historic Site Yarmouth FREDERICTON 10 Dartmouth North Halifax 118 14 Provincial Wilderness Area Wilderness Provincial Kejimkujik National Park and Kejimkujik National Park National Historic Site of Canada Southwest Nova Biosphere Reserve ATLANTIC OCEAN ATLANTIC Windsor 0 10 20 30 km KEJIMKUJIK NATIONAL PARK AND NATIONAL HISTORIC AND NATIONAL PARK KEJIMKUJIK NATIONAL SITE OF CANADA Southwest Nova Southwest Nova ReserveBiosphere MAP 2 14 Chester Wolfville 3 Bridgewater 12

103 NOVA NOVA SCOTIA Liverpool 1 Kejimkujik - Seaside National Park Port Mouton Port 10 8 River Road Caledonia St. Catherines St. Tidney River Tidney Area Wilderness Cloud Lake Kempt QUEENS COUNTY Lake Rossignol Area Wilderness Wilderness Area Wilderness McGill Lake Kejimkujik and NationalNational Historic Site Park Maitland Bridge Wilderness Area Wilderness ANNAPOLIS COUNTY 101 COUNTY 8 SHELBURNE Bowers Meadows Area Wilderness Annapolis Royal 203 Area Tobeatic Wilderness DIGBY COUNTY YARMOUTH COUNTY YARMOUTH 340 Bay of Fundy Yarmouth Maine Gulf of Kejimkujik National Park and 11 National Historic Site of Canada Management Plan

villages of Port Joli and Port Mouton lie to the destination for visitors within the province and west and east of Kejimkujik Seaside respect- Kejimkujik Seaside is a popular day-use area ively. Thomas H. Raddall Provincial Park is for coastal travelers. located nearby. The nearest town, Liverpool, is 25 km to the east. Species at Risk Due to ancient geophysical, sea-level, and The Southwest Nova Biosphere Reserve climatic events, Kejimkujik and its surround- Biosphere reserves represent important ing greater region has a large concentration ecosystems and supporting cultures and are of rare species for an area of its size. Many of designated by the United Nations Educational, these plants, insects, and animals are con- Scientific and Cultural Organization sidered to be species at risk, and are protected (UNESCO) as demonstration areas for innova- under the federal Species at Risk Act (SARA) tive approaches to conservation and sustain- and the Nova Scotia Endangered Species Act. able development. Each biosphere reserve In Kejimkujik, there are several listed species, contains one or more protected core areas, including mammals such as the American which serve as reference points on the natural marten and mainland moose, reptiles such as state of the ecosystem and a focus for conserv- the Blanding’s turtle and Eastern ribbonsnake, ation efforts. The surrounding area of cooper- birds such as the piping plover and rusty black- ation forms a sustainable working landscape. bird, insects such as the monarch butterfly, In 2001, the United Nations Educational, and plants such as the water-pennywort (part Scientific, and Cultural Organization of the Atlantic Coastal Plain flora). (UNESCO) designated 5 counties of southwest Nova Scotia (Annapolis, Digby, Yarmouth, Shelburne, and Queens) as a biosphere reserve 3.5 HISTORY in recognition of the area’s rich biodiversity and cultural history (see Map 2: Biosphere Kejimkujik Inland Reserve). The Mi’kmaq have lived and traveled in Kejimkujik inland, the Tobeatic Wilderness the Kejimkujik area for at least 4500 years. Area, and a portion of the Shelburne River Mi’kmaw occupation and use may have been (a Canadian Heritage River3) function as the much longer; however, archaeological objects core protected area for the Southwest Nova dating to earlier periods have not yet been Biosphere Reserve. This biosphere reserve is found. the second largest in Canada and was the first At the time of European expansion into to be designated in Atlantic Canada. It focuses North America, the Mi’kmaq occupied a vast on regional cooperation, sustainable develop- territory in what is now Atlantic Canada, ment, and conservation. including a portion of the Gaspé Peninsula. According to oral traditions, their overall Heritage Tourism territory was divided into seven districts. Parks Canada helps to anchor Canada’s The district of Kespukwitk (“land’s end”) international reputation for heritage tourism. covers southwestern Nova Scotia and includes Southwestern Nova Scotia is one of Atlantic Kejimkujik. Canada’s premiere tourism destinations, The arrival of Europeans to the Americas attracting visitors from the Atlantic region, had a profound impact on all indigenous other parts of Canada, the United States, peoples, including the Mi’kmaq. Diseases led and abroad. Kejimkujik plays an important to a terrible death toll, and there were numer- role in the tourism industry of southwestern ous conflicts over land. In the specific case of Nova Scotia. The inland portion is a primary the Kejimkujik area, many changes occurred.

3 Parks Canada is the lead agency responsible for the Canadian Heritage Rivers System. In 1997, the Minister responsible for Parks Canada approved the designation of the Shelburne River as a Canadian Heritage River. Located just outside Kejimkujik’s boundary, the Shelburne River flows 53 kilometres through the heart of the western interior of Nova Scotia. The Shelburne River is accessible via canoe from Kejimkujik. 12

Settlers of European descent arrived in the Kejimkujik Seaside area in the 19th century to establish farms and/ The Mi’kmaq used Kejimkujik Seaside for or to log the forests and mine for gold. While hunting and gathering while camping in the these developments expanded the economy, surrounding harbours. Although only one they also contributed to a gradual displace- Mi’kmaw artefact has been found within ment of the Mi’kmaq in certain areas. Kejimkujik Seaside, large campsites in nearby In the mid-1800s, eleven Mi’kmaw families Port Joli tell a story that is over two thousand requested land grants around Kejimkujik Lake years old, and are considered among the most from the contemporary government of Nova important archaeological sites in Nova Scotia. Scotia, which at the time was still a colony of The oldest known archaeological sites found to Great Britain. In 1842, Joseph Howe (then date within Kejimkujik Seaside are associated Indian Commissioner) granted their request. with late 18th-century pre-Loyalist and Loyalist Also during this time, the Mi’kmaq in the area settlers. Over the next 150 years, land specu- became renowned for their guiding expertise lators controlled most of the property. A few for international sportsmen. settlers attempted to transform the land into Over the years, much of Kejimkujik was agricultural lots capable of supporting their selectively harvested for white pine and red families, despite the fact that the land was poor oak. Since the early 1900s, Kejimkujik has for both crops and livestock. been popular with many tourists and outdoors- In 1887, William A. Kinney purchased men. Recreational activities focused mainly on 2000 acres of land, including Black Point. This fishing and hunting. The development of the marked the beginning of the acquisition of all Kedge Lodge signified the importance of the of the Kejimkujik Seaside lands by the Kinney Kejimkujik area as a major regional destina- family. Kinney set up a livestock farm includ- tion. Several other cottages and resorts were ing a flock of 1000 sheep, houses, barns, and also built at that time. outbuildings (including a sheep dip). Kinney The Mi’kmaq continued to guide well into suffered financial difficulties and lost the prop- the 20th century, often working for sports- erty in 1925 to foreclosure. The land was then men’s lodges on Kejimkujik Lake (including sold and resold to a number of local families Kedge Lodge). The guiding profession peaked and was acquired by the province of Nova in popularity in the 1950s but declined rapidly Scotia in 1974 and transferred to Parks Canada in the 1960s. Lumbering was also a major in 1985. commercial employer for the Mi’kmaq. The Mi’kmaq have continued to hunt, fish, and gather food plants and traditional medicines in the Kejimkujik area over the years and the area is still of great importance to their communities today. The lands of what is now Kejimkujik were acquired by the Province of Nova Scotia and transferred to Parks Canada in 1965. Kejimkujik National Park and 13 National Historic Site of Canada Management Plan

4.0 Vision for the Next Generation

Brian Townsend

Parks Canada, Mi’kmaw partners, stakehold- the Mi’kmaq. The circular shape represents ers, visitors, and the public worked together to the continuous cycles of life and suggests the develop the vision (see following page), which cyclical, interconnected nature of all relation- serves as the overall, integrated goal of this ships and interactions. The elements of Parks management plan. The vision offers an inspira- Canada’s mandate – represented by the words tional view of the future to guide planning and Protect, Respect, Connect, and Collaborate day-to-day decision-making for Kejimkujik. – are integrated, inseparable, and mutually The strategies and actions outlined in this supportive. There are no hard lines delineat- management plan help to achieve the vision. ing the various vision elements. The colours and images blend and cycle into one another 4.1 ABOUT THE VISION emphasizing the inherent connections between In collaboration with Mi’kmaw partners, the visitor experience, commemorative integrity, circular format of the Mi’kmaw Medicine ecological integrity, and working collab- Wheel was selected as the best means for oratively. All four elements contribute to the presenting the vision for Kejimkujik. The whole of Kejimkujik and must be in place in Medicine Wheel is an important symbol for order to achieve this desired view of the future. 14 Kejimkujik National Park and 15 National Historic Site of Canada Management Plan

5.0 Collaboration and Shared Leadership

Volunteers share the experience of monitoring a family of piping plovers at Kejimkujik Seaside. Duncan Smith

Canada’s protected heritage places exist for all Kejimkujik amongst visitors, partners, and Canadians. While Parks Canada plays a custo- stakeholders and to increase opportunities dial role for these special places, fulfilling our for interested people to influence and contrib- protection, education, and visitor experience ute to Kejimkujik’s activities. This priority is mandate is a shared undertaking and a shared demonstrated by the many actions identified in responsibility. this chapter and throughout this plan. As part Collaboration and shared leadership is a of this priority, Parks Canada is committed to priority for Kejimkujik, particularly working forming a Mi’kmaq Advisory Committee and to strengthen existing collaborative relation- a Kejimkujik advisory group that will review ships with the Mi’kmaq of Nova Scotia. Parks annual progress towards achieving the vision Canada also seeks to strengthen support for and strategic direction outlined in this plan. 16

5.1 WORKING WITH THE MI’KMAQ OF The Mi’kmaw Network NOVA SCOTIA4 In 2001, following Kejimkujik’s designation as a national historic site, Parks Canada Building relationships with Aboriginal com- approached Mi’kmaw leaders to seek guid- munities is a priority for Parks Canada. Section ance on establishing an advisory committee 35 of The Constitution Act (1982) recognizes of Mi’kmaw representatives to provide advice and affirms the Aboriginal and treaty rights and input to Kejimkujik staff relating to the of the Aboriginal peoples of Canada. The management planning process. The resulting Mi’kmaq of Nova Scotia claim unextinguished committee, known as the Mi’kmaw Network, Aboriginal title, treaty rights, and other contributed substantially to the development Aboriginal rights throughout Nova Scotia and of this management plan. The structure of the adjacent areas of the offshore, including on the Mi’kmaw Network included one representative federal lands of Kejimkujik National Park and from Acadia First Nation, Annapolis Valley National Historic Site of Canada. The Mi’kmaq First Nation, Bear River First Nation, Glooscap are currently involved in treaty negotiations First Nation, the Confederacy of Mainland with the Province of Nova Scotia and Canada. Mi’kmaq, the Union of Nova Scotia Indians, Parks Canada entered into a process of the Mi’kmaq Association for Cultural Studies, consultation on this management plan with and the Grand Council. representatives of the thirteen Mi’kmaq First Parks Canada is committed to working with Nations in Nova Scotia through the Assembly the Mi’kmaq of Nova Scotia on many aspects of of Nova Scotia Mi’kmaq Chiefs and with the Kejimkujik, including programs and initiatives Native Council of Nova Scotia. These consul- that focus on the protection of natural and tations provided a good opportunity to share cultural resources, the facilitation of meaning- information and build on the collaborative ful visitor experiences, and public outreach relationship that exists between Parks Canada education. and the Mi’kmaq of Nova Scotia. The main issues raised during these consultations were with respect to admis- 5.2 PARTNERING AND STAKEHOLDER sion fees to the park for the Mi’kmaq of Nova ENGAGEMENT Scotia, hunting, harvesting, and fishing access in Kejimkujik, co-management of Kejimkujik Parks Canada seeks to broaden its base of National Park and National Historic Site, and support by engaging its stakeholders and the identification of opportunities for Mi’kmaw partners, and encouraging shared leadership involvement on advisory committees related in the development and implementation of the to national parks and national historic sites. vision and strategic direction for each pro- Also added to the discussions were the issues tected heritage place. This management plan of identifying and carrying out Mi’kmaw was developed based on this principle. As a Ecological Knowledge studies, the sharing of result of on-going collaboration, open com- archaeological information, the involvement of munications, and the provision of opportun- Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal youth in park ities for meaningful involvement in initiatives, management and activities, and the import- Kejimkujik enjoys support from many stake- ance of working with others on ecological holders and partners, including the Mi’kmaq, integrity issues. Accommodations appropriate the scientific community, the tourism industry, for the management plan process have been local businesses, non-governmental organiza- included in this plan document, while other tions, and others. Kejimkujik will continue the identified issues will be addressed at the main inclusive engagement that led to this manage- Made-in-Nova Scotia Negotiation Table. ment plan – through annual implementation reporting, monitoring and evaluation,

4 Unless otherwise specified in writing, any and all input from, work, cooperation, and collaboration by, and participation and involvement of the Mi’kmaw Network in developing or carrying out this management plan are not intended to be, and shall not be construed or interpreted to be, consultation for legal purposes respecting claimed Mi’kmaq rights or title. Kejimkujik National Park and 17 National Historic Site of Canada Management Plan

and scoping issues and opportunities to be Kejimkujik Naturalist Club, the Campground addressed through future planning processes. Host program, species at risk recovery initia- One of Kejimkujik’s key partners is the tives, Jeremy’s Bay Campground rehabili- Friends of Keji Cooperating Association tation, and various special events. These (Friends of Keji) – a member of the Canadian programs enhance resource protection and Parks Partnership. Their mission is to support help facilitate meaningful educational and rec- Parks Canada’s mandate for the protection, reational experiences. Kejimkujik is committed preservation, promotion, and interpretation to involving people directly in projects and of all resources in Kejimkujik. The Friends of recognizing their efforts, thereby encouraging Keji operate the gift shops at the inland Visitor stewardship of natural and cultural heritage. Centre and at the Kejimkujik Seaside kiosk, the Many visitors have been camping in firewood sales in Jeremy’s Bay Campground, Kejimkujik for decades and return with suc- and the canteen at Merrymakedge. Parks cessive generations. These dedicated visitors Canada benefits from the leadership of the are part of what makes Kejimkujik special and Friends of Keji and looks forward to working Parks Canada recognizes the importance of with local people and interested stakeholders their ongoing commitment. Kejimkujik hopes in the possible development of a cooperative to strengthen collaboration with these dedi- association for Kejimkujik Seaside. cated visitors and increase opportunities for Parks Canada also benefits from the their involvement in various projects. involvement of the dedicated volunteers who Kejimkujik works closely with the commit their time and energy to Kejimkujik Southwest Nova Biosphere Reserve through different programs, including the Association, the Mersey Tobeatic Research

The Campground Host Program

Duncan Smith The campground hosts are the welcome enthusiasm and enjoy the social setting wagon of Jeremy’s Bay Campground. For a created by being a host in the campground. week or two at a time, these friendly, outgo- They act as role models with their camping ing, helpful volunteers answer questions, ethics and often assist with special events. provide general information, and share Experienced campers talking to campers – their expertise and love of Kejimkujik with they speak the same language and enhance campers. Campground hosts have great the camping experience at Kejimkujik. 18

Institute,5 academic institutions, other govern- 2. Increase collaboration with the Mi’kmaq ment and non-governmental organizations on regarding the protection of natural and various research, monitoring, and stewardship cultural heritage, facilitating visitor experi- initiatives. Collaboration fosters discussion ence in Kejimkujik and in the greater and promotes a balance of natural and cultural region, and in delivering public outreach heritage protection with sustainable resource education programs. development in the region. 3. Work with representatives of the Mi’kmaw Parks Canada also collaborates with local communities to identify opportunities and regional partners to help promote and for Mi’kmaw involvement in a Mi’kmaq facilitate tourism in southwest Nova Scotia, Advisory Committee and other advisory focusing on marketing initiatives to increase committees to provide input on matters visitation to the region. Parks Canada is inter- related to national parks and national his- ested in working more closely with Destination toric sites. Southwest Nova Tourism Association, the 4. Work with representatives of the Mi’kmaw provincial Department of Tourism, Culture, communities to identify and carry out and Heritage, and local tour, service, and Mi’kmaw Ecological Knowledge studies as accommodation providers. Parks Canada also considered mutually appropriate. works closely with educational institutions to 5. Work with the Mi’kmaw communities to develop curriculum programs for local school find a mutually acceptable solution for the children. application of admission fees to Kejimkujik Increasing collaboration and opportun- for the Mi’kmaq of Nova Scotia. ities for involvement in Kejimkujik’s natural 6. Explore future cooperative association and cultural resource management initiatives options for Kejimkujik Seaside with local were identified as key themes during consulta- communities, partners, and stakeholders. tions for this management plan. Suggestions 7. Support and contribute to the develop- included strengthening existing partnerships ment and growth of the Southwest Nova and building stronger relationships with other Biosphere Reserve Association and the government departments and agencies, non- Mersey Tobeatic Research Institute. governmental organizations and educational 8. Increase collaboration with regional muni- groups, and developing programs to better cipalities and the provincial Department of involve local and regional communities and Environment and Labour on land use and youth. protected area planning initiatives. 9. Build mechanisms that promote dialogue with and support the involvement of the 5.3 STRATEGIC DIRECTION Mi’kmaq, local communities, youth, and visitors in natural and cultural resource Goal: protection initiatives, visitor experience, Kejimkujik’s strong relationships with the and public outreach education initiatives. Mi’kmaq, visitors, partners, and stakeholders 10. In collaboration with the tourism industry, enhance Parks Canada’s resource protection, develop and implement visitor experience visitor experience, and education mandate. opportunities.

Actions: 1. Establish a Kejimkujik advisory board with broad partner, stakeholder, and visitor representation to foster ongoing dialogue and review progress towards management plan goals.

5 The Mersey Tobeatic Research Institute is a non-profit co-operative – made up of the general public, landowners, industry, educators, and three levels of government – whose mission is to advance collaborative research, monitoring, and biodiversity conservation in the Southwest Nova Biosphere Reserve. Kejimkujik National Park and 19 National Historic Site of Canada Management Plan

6.0 Maintaining Ecological Integrity

Visitors help park staff carry out important monitoring of the movements and habitat use of the Blanding’s turtle. Duncan Smith

Kejimkujik works with the Mi’kmaq, academia, 6.1 CURRENT SITUATION governmental, and non-governmental partners, local communities, volunteers, and youth 6.1.1 Ecosystem Descriptions in the surrounding region to ensure the Kejimkujik has a large diversity of habitats due conservation of the physical features, bio- to the convergence of climate, bedrock, soil, diversity, and ecological processes that are and major floral elements in southwestern characteristic of the Atlantic Coastal Uplands Nova Scotia and can be divided into four basic Natural Region. Ecological integrity at ecosystem types based on terrestrial and Kejimkujik was first defined through the aquatic features: forest, freshwater, wetlands, development of an Ecological Integrity and coastal. Statement, prepared in 2003. The goals and objectives from this statement have been Forest Ecosystems further refined and integrated into this The forests of inland Kejimkujik are a repre- management plan. Future tracking and sentative portion of the Acadian Forest Region, reporting on ecological integrity will be done a transition zone between southern through State of the Park and Site Reports, (Alleghenian) deciduous forests and northern which will be produced in 2010 and again prior (Boreal) coniferous forests. These forests to the next management plan review. The State contain old-growth stands of Eastern hemlock, of the Park and Site Reports will focus on key red spruce, and sugar maple. Red maple indicators for investments and on tracking and floodplains flank river systems and wetter reporting on management actions. areas. Large white and red pines occur in older mixed-wood stands while younger stands 20

contain American beech, ironwood, and red freshwater ecosystems include small, shallow, oak. The forest stands at Kejimkujik Seaside nutrient-poor ponds with low productivity and are characterized by stunted, dense-growing two brackish head ponds that are part of the conifers, including white and black spruce and St. Catherine’s River watershed. balsam fir. The fire barrens at Kejimkujik Atlantic Coastal Plan flora (which includes Seaside contain an unusual stand of red oak. threatened water-pennywort), threatened Kejimkujik’s forest ecosystems have Eastern ribbonsnake, and endangered complex age distributions and have been Blanding’s turtles are found along the shore- influenced in the past by fire, logging, agricul- lines of Kejimkujik inland’s freshwater ture, windstorms, insect outbreaks, and other ecosystems. Warm-water fish species such as small-scale disturbances. Kejimkujik has yellow perch, white perch, and brown bullhead suppressed wildfires since the park was are distributed throughout, while brook trout, acquired from the province in 1967. Logging which prefer colder water, seek spring up-well- and active agriculture ceased at this time as ings and deeper lakes to escape high summer well. In the last few decades, insect outbreaks water temperatures. Common loons nest on and wind have had little effect on stand the shorelines of many of the larger lakes. compositions. Recent outbreaks of the pale- winged grey moth continue to affect park Wetland Ecosystems resources; however, the impacts to date have Wetland ecosystems at Kejimkujik are com- been less severe than anticipated. Kejimkujik is prised mostly of peatlands, including both bogs working to better understand natural disturb- and fens. Wetlands have a significant influence ance patterns and how to maintain them, on the water chemistry, level and colour of including the restoration of natural fire cycles. freshwater ecosystems, and provide habitat for Kejimkujik’s forests support a diverse many of the species at risk in the park, includ- fauna with a large variety of bird and mammal ing Blanding’s turtle, Eastern ribbonsnake, and species. More than 160 different species of Atlantic Coastal Plan flora. A proliferation of birds occur in the inland portion of Kejimkujik different orchid species occur on bogs at while Kejimkujik Seaside has more than 190 Kejimkujik Seaside. species. Some mammal species, such as the Southern flying squirrel, American marten, Coastal Ecosystems and fisher, occur in relatively low numbers Kejimkujik Seaside’s coastal ecosystems while the larger mammals such as white-tailed feature two highly productive lagoons, exten- deer and black bear are more common. Most of sive headlands, tidal flats, salt marshes, and these bird and animal species range beyond magnificent sand beaches. These ecosystems park boundaries within the greater region. are dynamic due to shifting sand, storms, sea-level rise, and shoreline erosion. Freshwater Ecosystems Both lagoons are important staging areas Kejimkujik inland’s aquatic ecosystems contain for many migratory waterfowl and contain 46 lakes and ponds and more than 30 streams soft-shell clams and other bivalves in the rich and rivers, most of which are part of the sediment deposits. St. Catherine’s River Beach Mersey River watershed. This watershed supports a nesting population of the endan- originates north of the park on provincial and gered piping plover; St. Catherine’s River private lands and is the largest in Nova Scotia. Lagoon provides an important feeding area for Most lakes have shallow, dark brown, acidic, fledging chicks. seasonally warm water, with intervening rivers, Headland shrub and tree species include still waters, and meandering streams. Clear- speckled alder, grey birch, wild raisin, red water lakes occur less frequently and are less maple, and a variety of plants associated with acidic. The Mersey system exhibits significant wet, acidic conditions. Harbour seals and grey seasonal water level changes, and is isolated seals are found on the rocky islands offshore. from the Atlantic Ocean by six hydro dams below Lake Rossignol. Kejimkujik Seaside’s Kejimkujik National Park and 21 National Historic Site of Canada Management Plan

6.1.2 Species at Risk habitat requirements. Development and land Kejimkujik and its surrounding greater region use are also influencing Kejimkujik’s hydrol- is home to several species at risk listed under ogy. Effects on Kejimkujik’s water quality are the Species at Risk Act (SARA). Most of these being investigated. species live in wetlands or along coastlines. Hydro dams outside the park prevent the This includes the endangered Blanding’s turtle, migration of large numbers of gaspereaux and the threatened Eastern ribbonsnake, and the American eel which affects freshwater bio- threatened water-pennywort for which Parks diversity at Kejimkujik. Within Kejimkujik, Canada is the lead federal agency for recovery. dams (constructed to facilitate logging oper- Kejimkujik also contributes to recovery of ations prior to Kejimkujik’s establishment as a several other species at risk, including the national park) and road culverts act as barriers endangered piping plover. Past and present and cause artificial water levels that may not water control, forestry, and cottage develop- support ecological integrity objectives. In ment appear to be the main threats to species addition, some species in Kejimkujik, such as at risk at Kejimkujik. common loons and piping plovers are particularly sensitive and alter their natural behaviour 6.1.3 Ecosystem Stressors in response to disturbance. While Kejimkujik and its partners strive to protect these ecosystems, a number of stres- Invasive species sors affect ecological integrity in the region and Kejimkujik faces increasing stress in all of its in Kejimkujik. These include: ecosystems from a broad range of invasive plants and animals that can displace, out- Habitat disturbance and fragmentation compete, or prey upon sensitive native species. Habitat disturbance and fragmentation within Recent investigations at Kejimkujik Seaside and beyond Kejimkujik has affected forest, have detected a hyper-abundant population of wetland, coastal, and freshwater systems. the invasive European green crab that is Forestry is an important economic driver in influencing eelgrass beds and the young-age the region and occurs as small woodlot classes of soft-shell clams, requiring active operations as well as large-scale commercial management to restore ecological integrity. operations. Through the analysis of satellite Other invasive species that may require active imagery for the Southwest Nova Biosphere management to control their spread are purple Reserve it has been determined that significant loosestrife and glossy buckthorn. In terms of changes in forest cover, composition, and road Kejimkujik’s freshwater ecosystem, data densities have occurred. Other changes in the indicates that two invasive species, the region which are being monitored for effects smallmouth bass and chain pickerel, are on Kejimkujik’s ecosystems include forest occurring in the same watershed as the park conversion, habitat loss, water quality, and and site. In addition, exotic insects and hydrological changes. diseases such as the gypsy moth and beech The gradual and cumulative fragmentation canker disease have had harmful effects on tree of the landscape due to incremental develop- species in Kejimkujik. Kejimkujik is monitor- ment can reduce available habitat and restrict ing for the presence of these and other exotic plant and animal dispersal. Species in insects and diseases. Kejimkujik such as flying squirrels, American marten, forest birds, and the Nova Scotia Long-range transport of acid rain and air Mainland moose require landscape connectiv- pollutants ity to maintain viable populations. Air-borne pollutants from North America and Watershed development and land use in Asia are carried to and deposited in Kejimkujik coastal and freshwater ecosystems outside the through continental air masses. Kejimkujik is park and site have resulted in habitat loss and one of the most studied areas in North America disturbance of aquatic species such as brook for air pollution effects and has one of five trout that occur in Kejimkujik but that also primary Canadian Acid Precipitation require movement outside the park to meet Monitoring Network sites. Air-borne 22

pollutants can have significant detrimental contributed significantly to the recovery of impacts on both aquatic and terrestrial species at risk. Visitors are first introduced to ecosystems. Research demonstrates that the and engaged in recovery efforts through aquatic ecosystems at Kejimkujik have interpretation programs. They are then invited experienced acidification over the past several to participate directly in field work in the park. decades, which is correlated to mercury uptake Many times, these visitors come back and get by biota. Concerns about high levels of involved in the park’s volunteer program. mercury in gamefish have led to health Kejimkujik now has one of the most advisories on fish consumption at Kejimkujik. successful volunteer programs in the Parks Atmospheric concerns also include the effects Canada system, with volunteers contributing of ground-level ozone, ultra-violet radiation, thousands of hours annually towards park and other heavy metals on ecosystem bio- conservation. Park visitors, volunteers, and diversity and processes. Impacts to local community members will continue to be Kejimkujik’s forest ecosystems from air-borne engaged in conservation and the recovery of pollution include acidification of soils and species at risk. stress to trees.

Influence of climate change and sea-level rise 6.2 ECOSYSTEM SCIENCE AND MANAGEMENT Biodiversity and ecological processes representative of the region are being influenced by 6.2.1 Overview climate change and sea-level rise. Parks The ecosystem science program at Kejimkujik Canada continues to research and monitor involves conducting inventories, research, and these influences. In particular, the impacts of ongoing monitoring and reporting to provide coastal shoreline erosion or flooding (caused essential information on the state of ecological by rising sea levels and continental subsidence) integrity and how it is changing over time. on vulnerable species (such as endangered Research, monitoring, and other information, piping plovers) and habitats (such as salt such as indigenous knowledge, are essential marsh) are currently being investigated. tools to assess the state of ecosystems and track progress in achieving conservation 6.1.4 Collaboration with the Mi’kmaq, Partners, objectives within Kejimkujik and the surround- Visitors, and Volunteers ing region. Kejimkujik’s ecosystem science Kejimkujik collaborates with the Mi’kmaq and program also includes active management many other partners and stakeholders to aimed at ecological restoration of ecosystems protect and sustain the full range of native and species at risk. biodiversity and ecological processes characteristic of the Atlantic Coastal Uplands Natural Inventory Region. Parks Canada participates in discus- An important element of Kejimkujik’s eco- sion, inventory, monitoring and research, system science program is to identify the species at risk recovery, restoration projects, components of ecosystems. Some of and other activities aimed at advancing Kejimkujik’s ecosystems have not been fully landscape conservation in the greater region. inventoried; however, inventory work is This includes involvement in the Southwest on-going. In recent years Parks Canada has Nova Biosphere Reserve Association and the completed inventories for exotic plants and Mersey Tobeatic Research Institute. Atlantic Coastal Plain flora. In partnership with local environmental and community groups, Parks Canada also Monitoring directly involves people from all walks of life in Kejimkujik has recently developed and is conservation action at Kejimkujik, including implementing a monitoring and reporting local landowners and businesses, academic program that provides useful and relevant institutions, visitors, volunteers, and others. information for decision-making. This mon- Through active involvement in hands-on itoring program measures and reports on recovery actions, visitors and volunteers have changes in ecosystems. Assessments of Kejimkujik National Park and 23 National Historic Site of Canada Management Plan

biodiversity, processes, and stressors are made captive rearing and release of species at risk. for each ecosystem using a variety of biological, These initiatives are supported by research and chemical, and physical measures. Current on-going monitoring to ensure their measures for Kejimkujik’s ecosystems are effectiveness. presented in Appendix D. Kejimkujik has completed a number of Over the next several years Kejimkujik will disturbed site restoration projects since the involve the Mi’kmaq and other partners in 1995 management plan, including restoring reviewing and implementing the monitoring the natural water levels of Grafton and program, and will work to increase coordina- Cobrielle Lakes, which improved both fish and tion, cooperation, and support within the Eastern ribbonsnake habitat. The Hemlocks surrounding region. and Hardwoods area was improved by the The results of Kejimkujik’s monitoring construction of a raised boardwalk and the program will be used to report on the condition sewage lagoons in Jeremy’s Bay Campground of ecological integrity and how it may be were upgraded so that they no longer discharge changing over time. These conditions and treated effluent into Kejimkujik Lake. trends will be communicated in State of the Kejimkujik’s ecological restoration prior- Park and Site Reports that will be prepared on ities for the forest (including Jeremy’s Bay a five-year cycle and will inform the next Campground), freshwater, and coastal eco- management plan review and will also be used systems are outlined in section 6.2.2. in the preparation of national-level State of Protected Heritage Area Reports. Results from 6.2.2 Monitoring, Research, and Restoration in the monitoring program have been used to each of Kejimkujik’s Ecosystems identify priority actions for research and restoration in forests, freshwater, wetlands, Forest Ecosystem and coastal ecosystems. Further details on Over the next several years, Parks Canada will monitoring priorities for each ecosystem are work collaboratively with other organizations, outlined in section 6.2.2. including the Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources, the Mersey Tobeatic Research Research Institute, the Mi’kmaq, local com- Kejimkujik serves as an important bench-mark munities, industry, academic institutions, and for scientific research and monitoring of environmental NGOs, to strengthen our natural ecosystems, biodiversity, and eco- understanding of forest dynamics and land- logical processes. Research determines the scape connectivity in the greater Kejimkujik measures best suited for monitoring and region. A strengthened understanding of forest provides more in-depth information when ecology will support the refinement and monitoring systems indicate that thresholds of implementation of landscape-level monitoring acceptable change have been exceeded. measures as well as the identification of Research also provides necessary information ecosystem and vegetation management goals to allow Parks Canada to react to specific for Kejimkujik’s forests. management concerns. Kejimkujik’s research Fire management planning also involves priorities for each ecosystem are outlined in partners, including the Mi’kmaq and the section 6.2.2. Department of Natural Resources. A fire management plan for the Mainland Nova Ecological Restoration Scotia Field Unit (the Parks Canada adminis- Parks Canada aims to restore ecosystems and trative unit of which Kejimkujik is a part) will their constituent communities so that natural be completed in 2010. The plan will include species compositions are intact and the fire prevention and suppression strategies, processes that maintain them are functioning. management response to fire in different areas, Ecological restoration, often referred to as and rationale and strategies for fuel reduction. “active management” by Parks Canada, The plan also outlines that Kejimkujik will be includes activities such as restoring disturbed researching the use of fire as an ecosystem sites, removing exotic invasive species, and the restoration tool. 24

Kejimkujik will be engaging in further are acting as barriers for fish passage. collaborative work in the area of active forest Additionally, opportunities will be provided for management research. A ten year research visitors and community member to be involved project will be implemented in collaboration in hands-on restoration and monitoring. As an with the Mersey Tobeatic Research Institute, associated priority, Parks Canada will work Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources, with partners to prevent the introduction of and others to study active forest management exotic species to freshwater ecosystems at techniques, such as tree thinning, mammal Kejimkujik. exclosures, and prescribed burns, which can Another priority is continuing to conduct influence vegetation dynamics in mixed research into mercury levels and acidification Acadian forest. Tree thinning will mimic in freshwater ecosystems in collaboration with natural processes and all trees will be left on academic partners. site. The results of these techniques will be monitored long term. Wetland Ecosystem Parks Canada will also continue to remove Wetland ecological monitoring measures will invasive exotic plants in the forest ecosystem, be refined and implemented over the next such as glossy buckthorn and purple loose- couple of years. Active species at risk manage- strife, to control their spread. ment to recover Blanding’s turtle, Eastern At Jeremy’s Bay Campground, Parks ribbonsnake, and water-pennywort is ongoing. Canada will be working to ensure a healthy See species at risk section (6.2.3) for further natural environment and improve visitor details. experience by increasing the diversity of native plant species and restoring sites in select areas. Coastal Ecosystem This restoration work is an integral part of a The former harvest of soft-shelled clams in the visitor experience plan for the redevelopment St. Catherine’s River and Port Joli lagoons has of Jeremy’s Bay Campground discussed in been discontinued due to the potential for detail in chapter 8, section 8.2.1. human health hazards. Fecal coliform contam- ination (from high numbers of waterfowl) and Freshwater Ecosystem the threat of paralytic shellfish poisoning led to Sport fishing is a long-standing activity in the fishery closure. The St. Catherine’s River Kejimkujik and is still a popular visitor and Little Port Joli estuaries are highly experience today. A Fish Management Plan, productive and contain a large diversity of which is an operational plan with regards to organisms, including an immense variety of sport fish management and sustainability, will shorebirds, many of which depend on healthy be completed by 2012. The development, shellfish populations. Parks Canada will implementation, and ongoing review of this permanently close these lagoons to shellfish plan will involve other government agencies, harvesting and will create Zone 1 special the Mi’kmaq, anglers, local landowners, and preservation areas (see Chapter 10) to afford other stakeholders. Volunteers will continue to them greater protection. These lagoons will play key roles in monitoring fish populations function as benchmark areas for future and angling pressures. By working together, research and monitoring, which is required to knowledge will be shared and visitors, stake- better understand shellfish population dynam- holders, volunteers, and partners will all ics and stressors in these areas. contribute to the conservation of Kejimkujik’s The active management priority for the fish populations. coastal ecosystem is to reduce the hyper-abun- Parks Canada will work with regional dant invasive European green crab and restore partners and stakeholders on collaborative eelgrass beds and the young-age classes of research initiatives to better understand and soft- shell clams. Coastal monitoring will focus restore watershed connectivity. Active manage- on reporting the condition of and changes in ment will focus on improving aquatic connec- the coastal ecosystem as well as the effective- tivity through restoring and replacing ness of active management strategies to ineffective priority road culverts and dams that improve coastal ecological integrity. Research Kejimkujik National Park and 25 National Historic Site of Canada Management Plan

will concentrate on understanding coastal species that are found in Kejimkujik, including dynamics and the impacts of marine exotic the Blanding’s turtle, the Eastern ribbonsnake, species, and attempts to control them, on the the water-pennywort, and the piping plover, by coastal ecosystem. clearly defining and mitigating the root causes Irish moss and bloodworm harvesting of decline, enhancing populations through occasionally occurs below the high tide mark, active management (such as captive rearing beyond the boundaries of Kejimkujik Seaside. and release), identifying and enhancing critical Parks Canada will work with partners to habitat, and implementing education and understand the potential impacts that this monitoring initiatives. This involves working commercial activity has on natural resources closely with recovery teams, collecting know- within Kejimkujik Seaside ecosystems. ledge, conducting research, and working with visitors, the Mi’kmaq, local communities, and 6.2.3 Species at Risk Recovery others in recovery and stewardship. Park Parks Canada is committed to helping the visitors and members of the local communities recovery of the species at risk and other rare

Visitor and Volunteer Involvement with Species at Risk at Kejimkujik

Duncan Smith Kejimkujik has established a strong vol- In an amazing encounter in 2007, long-time unteer stewardship program to involve Keji volunteers discovered a new population visitors, local community members, and the of turtles in an area adjacent to the park and local Mi’kmaq in recovery activities. Keji’s historic site – only the fourth such popula- work in this area has focused primarily on tion in the province. On an annual basis, Blanding’s turtles. Volunteers are involved over 300 volunteers contribute 10,000 in a combination of nest screening to hours of time to conservation and presenta- protect eggs from predators and increasing tion programs in and around Kejimkujik. protection from road-edge nesting turtles. 26

are engaged in hands-on recovery of these 7. Work with partners to monitor and species. maintain landscape connectivity in the Southwest Nova Biosphere Reserve. 6.3 STRATEGIC DIRECTION 8. Implement prevention programs aimed at protecting resources and ensuring a quality Goal: visitor experience in collaboration with The native biodiversity and processes of park visitors with particular emphasis on Kejimkujik’s forest, wetland, freshwater, and Jeremy’s Bay Campground, wilderness coastal ecosystems are maintained and/or campsites, and Kejimkujik Seaside. restored with the involvement of the Mi’kmaq, 9. Continue to collaborate with the Nova local communities, visitors, youth, and Scotia Department of Natural Resources, stakeholders. Stressors are minimized the Department of Fisheries and Oceans, and/or mitigated. and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police on prevention and enforcement strategies. Actions: Continue to collaborate with these departments and others, including the Nova Collaboration Scotia Emergency Measures Organization, 1. Increase opportunities for involving the the Coast Guard, Search and Rescue, and Mi’kmaq, local communities, academia, volunteer fire departments for fire and governmental and non-governmental environmental emergency responses. partners, visitors, and volunteers in Kejimkujik’s ecosystem science and Forest Ecosystem management program, with particular 10. Complete the Fire Management Plan by emphasis on involving youth. 2010 and work with partners to execute a 2. To work with representatives of the Mi'kmaq 10-year research study on active manage- communities to identify and carry out ment of the Acadian mixed-wood forest, Mi'kmaw Ecological Knowledge studies as including assessing the effects of pre- considered mutually appropriate. scribed burns, mammal exclosures, and 3. Work with partners to develop and thinning, and facilitating opportunities for implement standardized protocols that visitors to learn about these research contribute to a regionally integrated activities. monitoring initiative by 2010. Continue 11. Remove glossy buckthorn and other to refine and implement a sustainable invasive plants to control population levels ecological monitoring program thereafter. and restore affected species and habitats. 4. Work with the Mi’kmaq and other institu- Continue monitoring and research to tions and organizations to produce and understand trends in invasive plants at circulate research and monitoring results Kejimkujik and the effectiveness of and host research and resource manage- management actions. ment events. 12. Develop a vegetation restoration plan by 5. Work with resource-based businesses, local 2011 for Jeremy’s Bay Campground as an landowners, and communities to mitigate integrated component of the larger stressors to ecological integrity in the park campground redevelopment plan (see and site as well as in the Southwest Nova Section 8.3.1). Biosphere Reserve. 13. Complete a prioritized plan for restoring 6. Collaborate with stakeholders, partners, disturbed sites by 2012 and implement and adjacent landowners to determine where feasible. forest ecosystem management objectives for Kejimkujik in support of ecological and commemorative integrity and to enhance visitor experience by 2012. Kejimkujik National Park and 27 National Historic Site of Canada Management Plan

Freshwater Ecosystem Species at Risk 14. Continue to collaborate with government 20. Work with recovery teams, the Mi’kmaq, and academic partners to research mer- youth, other partners, and volunteers, to cury, water quality, and acid rain. develop proactive recovery strategies and 15. Complete and implement the Fish implement actions (including active Management Plan by 2012. management) for several species at risk, 16. Improve aquatic connectivity in watersheds including Blanding’s turtle, piping plover, at Kejimkujik through restoring and Atlantic Coastal Plain flora, and Eastern replacing road culverts and dams that are ribbonsnake. Recovery strategies will be acting as barriers to fish movement. developed by 2011.

Wetland Ecosystem Reporting 17. Continue to refine and implement an 21. Report on the condition and trends of effective and sustainable ecological Kejimkujik’s ecosystems and on natural monitoring program for the wetland resource management effectiveness in the ecosystem. 2010 State of the Park and Site Report and in the next “State of” report to be com- Coastal Ecosystem pleted prior to the next management plan 18. Improve coastal ecological integrity by review. reducing the European green crab and then restoring eelgrass beds and young-age classes of soft-shell clams. 19. Add the Crown land on the Port Mouton side of Kejimkujik Seaside to the description of Kejimkujik National Park in Schedule I of the Canada National Parks Act and better delineate park boundaries by 2011. 28 Kejimkujik National Park and 29 National Historic Site of Canada Management Plan

7.0 Maintaining Commemorative Integrity and Protecting Cultural Resources

Continuing an ancient Mi’kmaw tradition – launching a birch bark canoe. Jean Augustine-McIsaac

The cultural landscape of the inland portion of by all of those whose decisions and actions Kejimkujik was designated a national historic affect their management. site because it attests to Mi’kmaw occupancy of this area since time immemorial. The resources related to the historic site include petroglyph 7.1 COMMEMORATION sites, habitation sites, fishing sites, hunting territories, travel routes, and burials. The wilder- Parks Canada began consultations with the ness character of Kejimkujik is an integral part Mi’kmaq of Nova Scotia in 1993 regarding the of this landscape. designation of Kejimkujik as a landscape of Parks Canada works with the Mi’kmaq national historic significance. The designation and others to ensure that the resources and was recommended by the Historic Sites and values associated with the Mi’kmaw cultural Monuments Board in November 1994, and landscape and Kejimkujik’s later history are approved by the Minister responsible for Parks protected and that the public has opportunities Canada in the spring of 1995. The designation to experience, appreciate, and understand the recognizes the historical value of specific loca- significance of the historic site. Resources are tions in Kejimkujik, including camps, villages considered protected when they are stable and and portages, while also recognizing the role surrounding developments are sensitive to and that river systems and plant and animal habi- compatible with their values and character, tats played in the daily life of Mi’kmaw people. and when they are understood and appreciated Spiritual and cultural connections to the land 30

are evident in the presence of the petroglyph of Tourism, Culture and Heritage, museums, sites and burial ground. local communities, and heritage organizations. Kejimkujik’s cultural resources are generally located along rivers and lakes, reflecting 7.2.2 Kejimkujik Inland the importance of fish resources and the trans- Resources Related to the National Historic Site’s portation network along water courses. The Designation close relationship to water systems extends These resources include the designated place, beyond the pre-contact period of seasonal several pre-contact habitation sites (including migration and was essential to the success of the Eel Weir and Merrymakedge), several post- Mi’kmaw hunting and fishing guides in the contact reserve sites (including the remains of nineteenth and twentieth centuries. the home of famous guide Jim Charles), the Parks Canada partnered with Mi’kmaw petroglyphs found at Fairy Bay, Mill Bay, Peter organizations to develop a Commemorative Point, and George Lake, the Merrymakedge Integrity Statement (CIS) for Kejimkujik burial ground, portage routes and trails (approved in 2000). The CIS identifies the throughout the front and backcountry, several designated place as the boundaries of the fishing weirs, and a number of archaeological inland portion of Kejimkujik;6 however, the and historical objects (including 7 sketches true boundaries of a cultural landscape of this of Kejimkujik landscapes from 1869). The type are less easily defined. Kejimkujik lies at heritage values associated with these resources the hub of a network of rivers that connected are many, and include their role as physical people to the Atlantic and Fundy coasts of evidence of the Mi’kmaq’s continuous connec- southwestern Nova Scotia, when hunting and tion to Kejimkujik’s landscape, their diversity, fishing territories were not confined by legal their rarity, and their uniqueness. boundaries as they are today. Kejimkujik is a protected area that represents a broader Petroglyphs – Mi’kmaw petroglyphs are found landscape at the centre of Kespukwitk, one of along the shorelines of Kejimkujik and George the seven traditional districts of the Mi’kmaq. lakes. These faint images are inscribed in soft While the boundaries of Kejimkujik are not slate and are fading due to natural erosion. inclusive of the entire cultural landscape of the Over the years, graffiti and other vandalism Mi’kmaq, they do provide an excellent rep- have damaged these resources. In response, resentation of this environment. Parks Canada has created restricted zones and only allows visitors access to these important, sacred areas when accompanied by a Mi’kmaw 7.2 CURRENT SITUATION interpreter guardian. Signage and surveillance also provide an additional level of protection. 7.2.1 Collaboration Due to natural causes, these resources Parks Canada aims to maintain and strengthen will disappear in the future. This approach partnerships for cultural resource protection is consistent with the wishes of the local in order to promote sound cultural resource Mi’kmaq. Kejimkujik and its Mi’kmaw part- management practices, meet common research ners have made special efforts to record images and monitoring objectives, and enhance stew- of the petroglyphs, and have created moulds ardship. Kejimkujik is committed to increasing and copper plate etchings and are exploring collaboration with many groups that share options for digital imagery. Having detailed, similar cultural resource protection and pres- stored information on these resources will entation objectives, and is particularly inter- allow Parks Canada and others to continue to ested in building relationships with local and present the petroglyphs and their associated regional Mi’kmaw communities and organiza- values once the physical resources disappear. tions (including the Mi’kmaq Association for Cultural Studies), the Nova Scotia Department

6 Kejimkujik Seaside was not considered during national historic site designation discussions. Kejimkujik National Park and 31 National Historic Site of Canada Management Plan

Fishing Weirs – Analysis from Parks Canada’s known, their locations have not been recorded. archaeology staff and external academic Some known sites are being impacted by nat- research indicates that Kejimkujik’s fishing ural forest regeneration. Kejimkujik will work weirs are considered stable. with the Mi’kmaq to identify research gaps and carry out additional archaeological surveys, as Mi’kmaw Archaeological Resources –The considered mutually appropriate. pre-contact village sites in the vicinity of Merrymakedge and the Eel Weir and Archaeological and Historical Objects – All of the Kejimkujik’s many portages and trails are locally and regionally significant archaeo- considered stable. The condition of post-con- logical and historical objects are considered tact reserve site resources is unknown, as full stable and are mostly stored and presented inventories have not been completed. at Kejimkujik. A small number of objects are stored in Halifax. Merrymakedge Burial Ground – The burial ground at Merrymakedge is considered stable. At the request of the Mi’kmaq, a surround- 7.2.3 Kejimkujik Seaside ing fence was removed and trails have been There are a number of regionally and locally re-routed to respect privacy wishes. Access to significant cultural resources at Kejimkujik this area is restricted for Mi’kmaw spiritual Seaside that have historical and cultural purposes.7 importance. These include an 18th century Loyalist homestead, several 19th-century fish- Archaeological and Historical Objects – All of the ers’ homesteads, the mid-19th-century family archaeological and historical objects related homestead of African-Nova Scotian Jeremiah to the national historic site’s designation have Downey, and the 19th- and 20th-century Kinney been fully inventoried and recorded and are in farm development which includes the St. stable condition. They are housed in a Parks Catherine’s River Lagoon canal drainage, evi- Canada storage facility in Halifax. As such, dence of sheep ranching on Port Joli Head, and these resources are not currently available for the remains of the Kinney family homestead on public presentation purposes. Black Point. Cultural resources at Kejimkujik Seaside Locally and Regionally Significant Resources have been inventoried and their condition is These resources include other historical petro- generally stable. The development of a Cultural glyphs (such as settlers’ names and dates), Resource Value Statement to define heritage stone cairns marking the route of historical log values associated with these cultural resour- runs through Kejimkujik, a memorial stone in ces has been identified as a long-term goal for the burial ground (erected in 1931), traces of Kejimkujik Seaside. commercial fisheries (such as the fish hatch- ery), remnants of farms, gold mines, saw mills, and recreation facilities (such as the Rod and 7.2.4 Messages Gun club and the Minard cabins), archaeo- Kejimkujik’s CIS identifies a number of mes- logical objects (including lumbering and gold sages of national, regional, and local signifi- mining items), and historical objects (includ- cance that are related to Kejimkujik’s cultural ing original George Creed drawing sets from resources. These messages are communicated 1887 and 1888). to the public through interpretation and public outreach education initiatives and speak to Archaeological Resources – A comprehensive both the cultural landscape as well as the survey of locally and regionally significant individual resources within it. Interpretation archaeological resources has not been com- at Kejimkujik Seaside also incorporates human pleted. Although all major sites are likely history themes.

7 Direction concerning activity in the vicinity of the Merrymakedge burial ground will be developed collaboratively with the Mi’kmaq and will be subject to the Parks Canada Directive on Human Remains and Funerary Objects. 32

Kejimkujik delivers these messages 7.2.5 Inventory, Research, and Monitoring through various programs, described in detail Parks Canada aims to better understand its in chapter eight. Communicating these mes- cultural resources and their related values in sages is a priority, as commemorative integrity order to achieve resource protection objectives, requires not just the protection of resources, enhance visitor experience opportunities, and but public awareness and understanding of support public outreach education programs. their values. Enhancing communication of Kejimkujik has completed inventories and messages relating to cultural heritage also pre- undertaken research initiatives in both the sents a significant opportunity to enhance and inland portion and Kejimkujik Seaside. Future enrich visitor experience. efforts will improve the understanding of

Kejimkujik – A Place Where Nature and Culture are Respected, Intertwined, and Inseparable

Andrea Drake, Friends of Keji Cooperating Association

In 1993, Parks Canada staff initiated ities and programs, the Mi’kmaq continue consultations with the Mi’kmaq regarding to broaden staff and visitors’ understand- the possible designation of the Kejimkujik ing of the interrelationship between nature petroglyphs as being of national historic and culture. For many Mi’kmaq, ecological significance. Through discussions with integrity and commemorative integrity at Mi’kmaw leaders, it became clear that the Kejimkujik National Park and National importance of Kejimkujik to Mi’kmaw his- Historic Site are not just integrated – they tory and culture extended well beyond the are one and the same. As we move forward, petroglyphs and designation of the area as a Parks Canada will strive to work closely with whole should be considered. In 1995, thanks the Mi’kmaq to deepen our understanding largely to Mi’kmaw input, the Historic Sites and respect of Mi’kmaw perspectives and to and Monuments Board of Canada recom- facilitate new and enhanced opportunities mended the designation of Kejimkujik as a for visitors to discover the many ways that cultural landscape. Through their ongoing nature and culture at Kejimkujik are inter- involvement in many of Kejimkujik’s activ- twined and inseparable. Kejimkujik National Park and 33 National Historic Site of Canada Management Plan

resources and values related to the following 3. Complete cultural resource inventories priority areas: backcountry canoe and portage and evaluations at Kejimkujik inland and routes, traditional-use plants (including black Kejimkujik Seaside. ash), reserve site genealogies, and the stor- 4. Conduct research in identified priority ies associated with the people who lived in areas (see section 7.2.5). Kejimkujik inland, Kejimkujik Seaside, and the 5. Evaluate cultural resource condition and surrounding area. the effectiveness of cultural resource man- Parks Canada will conduct a Commemorative agement at Kejimkujik in the 2010 State of Integrity Evaluation to assess the condition of the Park and Site Report and by completing cultural resources, the effectiveness of cul- a Commemorative Integrity Evaluation for tural resource management practices, and the the national historic site by 2011. presentation of key messages at Kejimkujik. An 6. Work with the Mi’kmaq and other part- interim assessment of the state of the cultural ners to complete a comprehensive cultural resources will be conducted for the State of the resource management plan (for both Park and Site Report by 2010. the inland portion of Kejimkujik and Kejimkujik Seaside), which will include strategies for conservation, maintenance, 7.3 STRATEGIC DIRECTION record keeping, storage, and monitoring by 2012. Goal 7. Explore options for permanently docu- The cultural resources that attest to menting, recording, and presenting the Kejimkujik’s rich history are not impaired or petroglyphs. under threat and their values are respected, 8. Share archaeological information with the understood, celebrated, and communicated. Mi’kmaq, identify research gaps, and carry out additional archaeological surveys, as Actions: considered mutually appropriate. 1. Build relationships with organizations and 9. Explore infrastructure options for on-site institutions that share Parks Canada’s cul- presentation of archaeological and histor- tural resource protection and presentation ical objects by 2012 and explore options for mandate, including Mi’kmaw organiza- visitors to learn about and discover these tions, academic institutions, the provin- objects. cial Department of Tourism, Culture and Heritage, museums, local communities, and heritage organizations. 2. To work with representatives of the Mi'kmaq communities to identify and carry out Mi'kmaw Ecological Knowledge studies as considered mutually appropriate. 34 Kejimkujik National Park and 35 National Historic Site of Canada Management Plan

8.0 Visitor Experience

Dale Wilson

Parks Canada is committed to facilitating Association, the provincial Department of opportunities for meaningful and enjoyable Tourism, Culture and Heritage, local tour, visitor experiences at Kejimkujik, whether service and accommodation providers, they involve a walk along the coastal shores of and Kejimkujik’s dedicated repeat camp- Kejimkujik Seaside or a backcountry canoe trip ers. Collaboration efforts will focus on social along historical Mi’kmaw travel routes. These science research, product development, and visitor experiences facilitate opportunities for promotion. visitors to create a personal connection to the physical, emotional, intellectual, and spiritual 8.1.2 Kejimkujik Inland aspects of Kejimkujik. Kejimkujik is a place where turtles bask along slow-moving rivers and white-tailed deer slip silently through tranquil forests; a place 8.1 CURRENT SITUATION where friends and family meet to spend time with each other, explore nature, and learn 8.1.1 Collaboration about the land and its people. Parks Canada collaborates with local and Kejimkujik inland is a year-round destina- regional partners to help promote and facili- tion for overnight campers and day-use visitors tate tourism in southwest Nova Scotia. Parks alike. It features abundant lakes and rivers, Canada is interested in working more closely lush woodlands, gentle rolling landscapes, with Destination Southwest Nova Tourism Mi’kmaw heritage canoe routes, an elaborate 36 To Caledonia To Kempt

New Grafton

Lake Lake

Grafton

Lake Loon EEL WEIR EEL

MERRYMAKEDGE

Lake

George

JAKES LANDING

Maitland Bridge

LAKE

Lake

Cobrielle

Bay Bay JEREMYS BAY

CAMPGROUND Jeremys

To Annapolis Royal To

Lake Mountain

KEJIMKUJIK

Lake

Big Dam Big

Lake

Channel

Lake

Peskowesk

Lake

Ocean Frozen

er iv R ne ur elb

Sh Lake

KEJIMKUJIK NATIONAL PARK KEJIMKUJIK NATIONAL Peskawa AND NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE HISTORIC AND NATIONAL

North

Lake

Poplar Liberty Picnic Area Picnic Swimming Boat Launch Cabin Patrol Visitor Centre Kiosk Unpaved Road Service Road View Point Group Campground Backcountry Campsite Parking Helipad Trail/Portage Hiking Road Paved MAP 3 Kejimkujik Inland Facilities KEJIMKUJIK NATIONAL PARK AND PARK KEJIMKUJIK NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE OF CANADA NATIONAL 0 1 2 3 4 km Kejimkujik National Park and 37 National Historic Site of Canada Management Plan

system of backcountry campsites, beautiful and the Shelburne River. Some hikers and pad- front-country campgrounds, and exceptional dlers enjoy regional experiences that combine hiking trails (see Map 3: Kejimkujik Inland elements in both protected areas. Facilities). Recreational Activities Visitor Centre Kejimkujik provides a diverse range of rec- The Visitor Centre welcomes visitors and is reational opportunities supported by well the ideal place to discover Kejimkujik through developed trail and road networks and infra- a variety of interpretive displays, games, structure. Some of these trails and facilities pamphlets, and an audiovisual program. It is were upgraded in the early 1990s to better suit also a great place to learn about opportunities visitors with special needs. Every season has to experience the park and site. All back- its allure, with a menu of opportunities that country campers are required to register here, include swimming during the heat of summer, where they receive important weather and biking amidst the brilliant colours of autumn, safety information. The Visitor Centre includes photographing the first blossoming of spring, a Friends of Keji gift shop that sells unique and snowshoeing on clear bright winter days. items, many of which offer further opportun- Many local visitors come to fish, predomin- ities to learn about Kejimkujik. antly in the spring.

Frontcountry Camping Opportunities for Discovery and Learning Kejimkujik is a favourite spot for frontcountry Parks Canada strives to facilitate opportun- camping. Jeremy’s Bay Campground provides ities of learning and discovery that meet the wooded, lakeshore camping on Kejimkujik needs and interests of visitors so that they Lake and has 360 non-serviced campsites and may create a strong connection to Kejimkujik. a number of other facilities, including trails, Opportunities for adults and children to playgrounds, washrooms, and showers. The discover and learn about Kejimkujik’s special majority of Kejimkujik visitors camp here and natural and cultural heritage include guided use it as a base for their activities, including walks, hikes, paddles, and bike rides, daytime recreational and social opportunities and the and evening outdoor theatre presentations, chance to participate in learning programs an encampment program, and special events. and events. Group camping opportunities There are also numerous opportunities for vis- are offered in Jim Charles Point Group itors to engage in Kejimkujik’s ecosystem man- Campground. agement program through “citizen science” activities, including contributions to monitor- Backcountry Canoeing and Camping ing, research, and species at risk recovery (see Kejimkujik is well known as an ideal place page 25). In 2009, 970 visitors engaged in for canoeing. By using the craft of the early citizen science activities at Kejimkujik. Mi’kmaq, visitors enjoy an unfolding natural Visitors also enjoy cultural experiences at and cultural landscape as they travel along Kejimkujik. Mi’kmaw guardian interpreters gentle rivers to small lakes and across the lead tours to the petroglyphs and the encamp- island-studded expanse of Kejimkujik Lake. ment site, which offer visitors unique oppor- Kejimkujik has one of the largest systems of tunities to experience the Mi’kmaw cultural backcountry trails, portages and backcountry landscape. Merrymakedge has a restricted campsites (46 in total) of all national parks in area that is an important place for Mi’kmaw Canada – providing exceptional opportunities ceremonies and spiritual gatherings associ- for visitors to camp in unspoiled, peaceful ated with their special relationship with wilderness. Most backcountry campers travel Kejimkujik’s natural and cultural resources. by canoe and kayak but some also hike, bike, A Mi’kmaw interpreter guardian must accom- ski, and snowshoe. pany visitors wishing to access this area. Kejimkujik’s backcountry is linked with the Parks Canada and partners facilitate fur- adjacent provincial Tobeatic Wilderness Area ther opportunities for enjoyment and discovery 38

by hosting a variety of special events, including Opportunities for Enjoyment, Learning, and Park Day, Kejimkujik’s birthday, Canada Day Discovery celebrations, and other ceremonies. Parks Canada aims to facilitate opportunities for visitors to enjoy, discover, and learn about 8.1.3 Kejimkujik Seaside this coastal wilderness. A key visitor oppor- Kejimkujik Seaside is a coastal paradise where tunity is the walk along the coastal headland visitors experience the wonder of nature. The trail,8 which routes through a variety of dif- glacier-carved headlands, expansive white- ferent ecosystems containing unique natural sand beaches, and secluded rocky coves set resources. Visitors also enjoy walking along the the stage for visitors to explore, breathe in the beaches, wildlife viewing (particularly seals), salty ocean air, and watch the seals play in the bird watching, wild flower identification, distance. picnicking, and photography. Interpretation Kejimkujik Seaside is an ideal day-hiking at Kejimkujik Seaside includes signage and destination to experience a wild and iso- telescopes along trails, panels, and brochures lated stretch of Nova Scotia’s Atlantic Coast. (available at the entrance kiosk). Parks Canada Kejimkujik Seaside is operated seasonally from has provided intermittent personal program- mid-May through October. Services and infra- ming at Kejimkujik Seaside including guided structure are minimal and include an adminis- walks which have been well received by tration office and entrance kiosk, washrooms, visitors. and hardened trails. (see Map 4: Kejimkujik Seaside Facilities).

Visitors Experience Mi’kmaw Petroglyphs

Jean Augustine-McIsaac During the summer season, Mi’kmaw takes visitors on a journey back through interpreters conduct a variety of regularly time to experience pictorial etchings found scheduled guided programs which provide on the slate outcrops along the lake shore. visitors with exciting opportunities to learn Kejimkujik is home to over 500 images, one about Mi’kmaw history and culture. The of the largest collections in eastern North most popular of these, the petroglyph tour, America.

8 A portion of the trail on St. Catherine’s River beach is closed during the nesting season of endangered piping plover. Kejimkujik National Park and 39 National Historic Site of Canada Management Plan North Picnic Shelter Washroom Outhouse National Park Land Ungazetted Park OCEAN ATLANTIC View Point Administration Parking Trail Hiking A MAP 4 Port Mouton Head KEJIMKUJIK NATIONAL PARK OF CANADA - SEASIDE PARK KEJIMKUJIK NATIONAL Kejimkujik Seaside Facilities 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 km Bay Black Point Little Port Joli Lagoon Little Port Joli South West South Mouton Port

Basin Lake Bay Bay River Lagoon

Lake St. Catherines River Catherines St. St. Catherines Meadow St Catherines River Lake Port Joli Head Flat Lake KEJIMKUJIK Forbes Lake NATIONAL PARK - SEASIDE Cove Boyds A St. Catherines St. River KIOSK Point Forbes Port Joli 40

8.2 VISITOR EXPERIENCE TRENDS AND • 2006-07 Patterns of Use Study which OPPORTUNITIES analyzed visitor travel patterns while at Kejimkujik. Visitation at Kejimkujik – including the • 2008 Visitor Experience Assessment number of visitors who come, the composition which explored the state of visitor experi- of their parties, and their needs and prefer- ence through a multi-disciplinary analysis ences while at the park and site – is largely process. shaped by demographics, tourism trends, and • 2008 Accommodation Pilot Project which visitors’ personal values and travel motiva- included two surveys. One of the surveys tions. Current trends of particular significance assessed visitor satisfaction with existing include Canada’s increasingly urbanized and campground amenities and identified the aging population, as well as the decrease in types of services that might better meet American tourism to Canada. Social sci- their needs. The other assessed visitor ence research and input from visitors and satisfaction with a pilot “Internet Café”, stakeholders provides insight into the trends which continues to provide internet servi- and the changing motivations, interests, and ces to visitors at Kejimkujik inland. expectations of visitors, which, in turn, helps guide decision-making. Highlights of existing research are found in the following section of this plan (8.2.2). 8.2.1 Visitor Experience Research, Monitoring, Research priorities in the coming years will and Reporting be on developing a greater understanding of Parks Canada is developing a comprehensive changing tourism and demographic trends as research strategy to understand and respond well as understanding the needs, interests, and to visitation trends, to monitor and report on expectations of current and potential visitors visitor experience, and to guide management based on their personal values and travel direction. This includes utilizing external infor- motivations. Kejimkujik will also develop mation and social science research to under- baselines relative to Parks Canada’s perform- stand visitors’ motivations and preferences, to ance expectations for visitor experience (that assess satisfaction with existing products, and are found in the Agency’s corporate plan), explore future opportunities. such as the percentage of visitors who enjoyed Recent research that supports the facili- their visit and the percentage who consider tation of visitor experience at Kejimkujik Kejimkujik to be meaningful to them. Once includes: baselines are established, Kejimkujik will strive • Visitation statistics (on-going). to improve upon them and meet or exceed • 2005 Jeremy’s Bay Campground survey corporate targets. which provided in-depth information on Results of this research, an assessment Kejimkujik’s front-country campers. of the condition and trends of visitor experi- • 2006 Visitor Information Program (VIP) ence, and an assessment of the effectiveness of – a survey that provided information on visitor experience activities and programs will visitor demographics, assesses visitor satis- be presented in the 2010 State of the Park and faction levels with facilities, services, and Site Report and subsequent State of the Park programs, and is conducted every 5 years. and Site Reports produced every five years. Kejimkujik National Park and 41 National Historic Site of Canada Management Plan

8.2.2 Visitation Trends

Kejimkujik Inland In recent years, Kejimkujik inland has been hosting an average of approximately 44,000 person-visits per year,9 or approximately 136,000 person-days of use.10 In 2006, the year of the last Visitor Information Program (VIP), approximately two-thirds of visitors to Kejimkujik Inland (68%) were repeat users from Nova Scotia, with the remaining visitors coming from overseas (13%), the U.S. (9%), Peter Hope and other Canadian provinces (10%). The majority of visitors (63% in 2006) Canada will work towards increasing visitation camp inside the park and over half of the by at least 10% by 2015. groups who camp include children.11 Many In 2006, 16% of visitors to Kejimkujik campers have been coming for generations and inland were 60 or older. The percentage of the return frequently throughout the summer. This Canadian population of people 50 and over segment of Kejimkujik’s visitor audience – is projected to increase from 32% to 42% by referred to as the “Habitual Camping” segment 2026. Increase in this group and associated – spend most of their time socializing, relax- demand for preferred services like electrified ing, biking and/or canoeing or kayaking, and RV campsites is anticipated. participating in camping-related activities. As a national historic site that commemor- The other main segment of Kejimkujik ates a significant Mi’kmaw cultural landscape, inland’s audience consists primarily of vis- Parks Canada is endeavouring to support itors who come for the sites and experiences increased use of Kejimkujik by the Mi’kmaq. afforded by a day trip. The most popular Due to special events and use by schools and activities they engage in include walking or community groups, the numbers of Mi’kmaq hiking, stopping at the Visitor Center, and pic- who come to Kejimkujik is increasing, but nicking. This segment includes both local and still represent less than three percent of total international visitors and most are first-time inland use. visitors. During consultation for this management Visitation at Kejimkujik has been declin- plan, many partners, stakeholders, and repeat ing over the last decade, with approximately visitors/campers expressed concern regarding 52,000 visitors in the late 1990s, and a low Kejimkujik’s decreased visitation and provided of 41,204 in 2008/09. Decreased use is suggestions for improving the visitor experi- chiefly associated with a decline in visitation ence offer and increasing promotional efforts amongst Nova Scotians who camp in the park (discussed in section 8.2.3). – Kejimkujik inland’s largest visitor group. Between 2002 and 2006 the percentage of Kejimkujik Seaside campers who were Nova Scotian fell from 90% Kejimkujik Seaside is also facing a downward to 68%. A number of actions identified in this trend in visitation, receiving an average of management plan are designed to address the approximately 14,000 in the last few years, challenges of declining visitation. Parks compared to approximately 18,000 in the early

9 This is the approximate average of 2004/05 to 2008/09 visitation numbers. Each time a person passes through the Kejimkujik entrance kiosk they are recorded as a person-visit. Same-day re-entries and re-entries by visitors staying over-night do not constitute a new person-visit. 10 “Person-days” are essentially “person-visits” multiplied by the average length of stay expressed in days. As such, the average length of stay at Kejimkujik is 3.09 days per person. 11 Approximately 19, 000 Jeremy’s Bay site-nights are booked each year, corresponding to approximately 67,000 annual person- nights. Approximately 2,700 back-country site-nights are booked each year, which corresponds to 8,000 annual backcountry person-nights. 42

2000s. At the Seaside, where 70% of use is ized Kejimkujik’s pilot Internet Café found the from outside Nova Scotia, American users have service enhanced their camping experience. decreased from 36% in 2003 to 19.5% in 2009. The topic of Kejimkujik’s camping offer Use by European visitors and those from other generated significant discussion during con- parts of Canada have remained fairly stable at sultation for this management plan. Visitors approximately 20% for both. (particularly campers during camping meet- The vast majority of visitors are adults ings), partners, and stakeholders expressed and seniors (85% in 2006) with only 15% of discontent with the current entrance and visitors being families with children under camping fees and what they perceive as 16. Sixty-eight percent are first-time visitors insufficient services for the price. Many have to Kejimkujik Seaside and 65% also visit the called for updated camping infrastructure to inland portion of Kejimkujik. meet the needs of existing and potential markets, especially electrical services, and larger, 8.2.3 Trends and Opportunities Associated with leveled sites to accommodate recreational Kejimkujik’s Visitor Experience Offer vehicles, larger tents, and/or other recreational Following are the results of social science equipment (such as bikes, canoes, and kayaks). research and public, visitor, and stakeholder Campers have also expressed support for input on specific aspects of Kejimkujik’s visitor increased enforcement of regulations (particu- experience offer: larly those related to natural resource protection and noise) when rules and guidelines have Camping been well communicated but not adhered to. Jeremy’s Bay and backcountry camping num- There has been mixed response to Parks bers have decreased in recent years. Group Canada decision to close the Peskowesk road camping was down 16% in 2008, compared past the Eel Weir. This decision was made as to the 1997-2007 average and the number of major modifications to the road, which would person-nights spent in the backcountry has be required to meet safety standards, are dropped an average of 2.7% annually since neither affordable nor compatible with the wil- 2000. derness character of the area. While the intent Parks Canada has conducted significant of the decision was not to limit backcountry research to assess camping trends and the access, some backcountry users oppose the needs and expectations of current camp- closure as it reduces the access they previ- ers at Kejimkujik. The 2005 Jeremy’s Bay ously had to some of the backcountry. Other Campground Survey (2005) identified the campers support the road closure, feeling that characteristics of camping that are most the backcountry should only be accessed by important to Kejimkujik’s campers. These human-powered means. include peace and quiet, a safe and protected natural environment, opportunities for Learning and Discovery recreation and socializing, and learning about Opportunities for visitors to learn about the nature. The study also identified factors that natural and cultural heritage of Kejimkujik have negatively impacted visitors’ experiences, has been identified as a priority for many which include noise from other campers and of Kejimkujik’s stakeholders and visitors, campsites being too close. particularly Keji’s repeat campers, with The 2008 Accommodation Pilot Project many stressing the importance of providing study revealed that there is substantial visitor a wide range of effective interpretive pro- interest in sites with electrical hook ups (47% grams and activities for a variety of audi- of those surveyed). In addition, 48% of those ences. Approximately one third of all visitors surveyed expressed interest in alternative to Kejimkujik inland partake in experiences campground equipment provided by the park, that involve interpretative programming and with respondents most interested in rustic indicate nearly 100% satisfaction ratings for cabins with minimal services. The same 2008 most programs. However, the 2008 Visitor study determined that 88% of visitors who util- Experience Assessment concluded that the non-personal media (including panels and Kejimkujik National Park and 43 National Historic Site of Canada Management Plan

other interpretive materials) at Kejimkujik particular, signage directing visitors to the inland is dated and there is currently no inter- developed Port Joli end of the park was felt pretation plan for the national historic site. to be inadequate and the intersection at the Although visitor satisfaction with specific highway and St. Catherine’s River Road is aspects of the interpretive offer at Kejimkujik considered by many to be unsafe. Seaside received high satisfaction ratings, There is an on-going need to ensure that visitor satisfaction with the overall interpret- standards for accessibility are fully considered ive offer at Kejimkujik Seaside is about 70% and implemented in facility/service designs (2006 survey) – a figure that does not meet and upgrade. It is necessary to re-engage the Parks Canada’s satisfaction benchmark of organizations which represent people with dis- 85%. Partners, stakeholders, and visitors have abilities to identify needs and opportunities for expressed a keen interest in collaborating with further improvements. Parks Canada to increase the interpretation Sections of the trails at Kejimkujik Seaside offer at Kejimkujik Seaside, including explor- are being eroded by wave action from storms. ing options for personal interpretation and Redirecting small sections of trail to locations updating exhibits and other media. further back from the beach is required in some locations. Recreation In 2006, 98% of visitors were either satisfied The West Portion of Kejimkujik Seaside or very satisfied with their visit to Kejimkujik The subject of the west portion of Kejimkujik inland as a recreational experience. At Seaside on the Port Mouton side continues to Kejimkujik Seaside, the satisfaction rating generate dialogue among local communities for this category was 97%. There have been and stakeholders. Initially, development at significant changes in recent years, however, in Kejimkujik Seaside was planned for the Port visitors’ requests and demand for recreational Mouton end; however, a high level of use on activities. Biking is increasingly popular at the Port Joli side, before visitor facilities were Kejimkujik inland which has led to requests established, was resulting in impacts to natural for greater trail safety (on trails that combine resources. Through consultation with local biking and walking), improved biking trails, communities and stakeholders, Parks Canada and enhanced opportunities for this activity. decided to reverse the order of development to Since the last management plan review, kayak- ensure that ecological integrity was not coming and snow-shoeing have emerged as import- promised. Some of Parks Canada’s partners, ant recreational activities at Kejimkujik. In stakeholders, and visitors have communicated addition, many visitors have expressed interest that they wish to see the Port Mouton side in longer, looped hiking trails that are better remain undeveloped while others hope for fur- suited to day-long experiences. Visitors also ther infrastructure and facilities. Parks Canada support the improvement of sightseeing oppor- will reserve decision-making regarding the tunities along existing frontcountry roads and Port Mouton side of Kejimkujik Seaside and trails. In particular, users of the trail system will continue to consult and collaborate with at Kejimkujik Seaside have suggested that interested parties regarding this issue. benches be installed at rest stops to enhance opportunities for viewing the ocean scenery. The use of motorboats, which are permit- 8.3 ENHANCING THE VISITOR ted on Kejimkujik Lake, generates mixed EXPERIENCE OFFER views; some visitors enjoy using them for fishing while others feel that they impact on the In response to public consultation and social tranquil nature of their experiences. science research, Kejimkujik is working with partners to enhance existing programs and Safety and Accessibility services and develop new products, including Both local stakeholders and visitors have special events that increase visitation, engage expressed safety concerns with road access new audiences, and enhance experiences. (including signage) to Kejimkujik Seaside. In 44

8.3.1 Enhancing the Camping Offer messages relating to the Mi’kmaw cultural An important service improvement will be landscape that are found in Kejimkujik’s CIS undertaken through the development of a that have been developed into themes in visitor experience plan to guide redevelopment collaboration with the Mi’kmaw Network of Jeremy’s Bay Campground. The plan seeks (Table 1, following page). These themes centre to better meet the needs and expectations of around the reason Kejimkujik was designed as existing visitors and attract new ones while a national historic site: restoring impacted campground vegetation. The plan will address service enhancements The cultural landscape of Kejimkujik attests such as electrical hook-ups at some sites and to Mi’kmaw occupancy of this area since time improvements to service buildings, showers, immemorial, and includes petroglyph sites, and roads. Other objectives include facilitat- habitation sites, fishing sites, hunting territor- ing new opportunities for youth to enjoy their ies, travel routes, and burials. visit, such as through enhanced bicycling opportunities, and furthering the development A number of principles will guide the of Internet access already piloted through development of this interpretation plan, the successful Internet Café. Environmental including: leadership will be a guiding principle of the • All interpretation will be developed collab- redevelopment – with efforts to utilize green oratively with the Mi’kmaq; products and technology wherever possible. • Mi’kmaw heritage information will not be Restoring vegetation and enhancing the resili- simply added on to national park messa- ency of existing stands will ensure a healthy ging; rather, it will be woven into existing natural environment while improving vis- programming; itor experience through planting to improve • The story of the Mi’kmaw cultural land- screening between campsites. Given that the scape, including present day, will be told campground will need to continue to be oper- from a Mi’kmaw perspective; and ational and the scope and scale of the project, • Mi’kmaw staff will deliver all personal the plan will be implemented in stages over programming that interprets the Mi’kmaw several years. cultural landscape.

8.3.2 Enhancing Learning and Discovery The collaborative development of an accur- Parks Canada aims to facilitate a range of ate and authentic interpretation plan for the engaging and enjoyable learning opportunities Mi’kmaw cultural landscape will take time. that enhance experiences, inspire discov- Once complete, Kejimkujik will implement the ery, instill a sense of pride and respect, and national historic site interpretation plan with promote natural and cultural resource stew- the existing national park interpretation plan ardship. Based on visitor feedback and social (1996) (see Appendix D), resulting in programs science research, Kejimkujik will upgrade and that present both natural and cultural perspec- update natural and cultural interpretive media, tives while highlighting what is unique and including panels and other materials for both important about each. Kejimkujik inland and Kejimkujik Seaside. Parks Canada will also work with partners in 8.3.3 Enhancing Recreation an effort to establish a regularly scheduled In response to visitor feedback and social sci- personal interpretation program at Kejimkujik ence research, Parks Canada will strive to meet Seaside. visitors’ changing needs and expectations with regard to recreational opportunities. Parks Interpretive Planning Canada will be responsive to emerging recrea- Another priority is to develop an interpretive tion trends, particularly a growing interest in plan for the national historic site that will cycling, as well as increasing interest in hiking, enhance opportunities for visitors to learn snow-shoeing, and kayaking, by providing a about and discover Mi’kmaw cultural heritage wider range of opportunities throughout the at Kejimkujik. This plan will be based upon year. Detailed actions regarding enhancing Kejimkujik National Park and 45 National Historic Site of Canada Management Plan

Table 1 Kejimkujik National Historic Site Interpretation Themes

Kepmite’tmnej ta’n wtapeksulti’kw… Let The geographical and historical context of Kespukwitk and its us honour where we come from relationship to Kejimkujik’s cultural landscape.

Walking in the Footprints of the Ancestors Establishment and use of waterways, portages, and trails both by the Ancestors and by people today.

Wsitqamu’k “Pieces from Our World – Information gathered throughout archaeological sites within 4000 years” a 4000-year span that includes pre-contact period along with the various objects recovered.

Relationships with the Land How the Mi’kmaq learn about and interact with their environment.

Post-Contact Changes Changes that took place in the lives of the Mi’kmaw people with the arrival of the Europeans 500 years ago.

Mi’kmaw Story – Written in Stone The stories and information that can be derived from the petroglyph images.

Spiritual Connections The connection between the Kejimkujik landscape and the spiritual beliefs of the Mi’kmaw people.

recreation at Kejimkujik are outlined in Promotion Section 8.5. Parks Canada will develop promotion opportunities with partners to increase visitation and camping at Kejimkujik inland and day-use at 8.4 MARKETING AND COMMUNICATIONS Kejimkujik Seaside. Based on internal social science research Pre-trip and On-site Communications and analysis of tourism and demographic Parks Canada aims to provide visitors with trends, Kejimkujik inland promotion efforts accurate and timely information in order for will target the following markets: Mi’kmaw them to make knowledgeable and safe deci- communities in Atlantic Canada, Nova Scotia sions regarding opportunities to experience residents (with emphasis on local commun- Kejimkujik. Each year, Kejimkujik produces a ities, metro Halifax residents, new Canadians, Visitors’ Guide that contains information on retirees, and youth), residents of other Atlantic a range of topics including camping, recrea- provinces, Europeans, visitors staying with tional, cultural, and learning activities, safety, local accommodation operators, and new and and available services in the local commun- existing repeat campers. Kejimkujik Seaside ity. This guide is available, free of charge, to target markets will include: Nova Scotia all visitors. Pre-trip planning tools include residents (with emphasis on local commun- the vacation planner and the Kejimkujik Web ities, metro Halifax residents, new Canadians, site, which currently contains limited infor- retirees, and youth), visitors staying with local mation for potential visitors. The Web site accommodation operators, and Quebec and will be updated, modernized and consistently New England residents. refreshed in the coming years to meet trip- Kejimkujik’s marketing and communi- planning needs. cation efforts to date have focused on its recreational opportunities. Future marketing will highlight the breadth and depth of 46

Kejimkujik’s visitor experience offer, includ- Enhancing the Visitor Experience Offer ing cultural opportunities and historic site 4. With partners (including the Destination themes. Efforts will also be made to improve Southwest Tourism Association, Aboriginal cross-promotion of Kejimkujik inland, tourism, local tourism operators, rec- Kejimkujik Seaside, Tobeatic Wilderness reational equipment retailers, and long- Area, and Thomas H. Raddall Provincial Park term campers) explore opportunities opportunities. for enhanced experiential and learning The results of research will inform how opportunities to meet the needs of current promotion efforts will be targeted to specific and potential visitors as well as partner- markets. For instance, fall promotion will initiated special events. target European audiences, as Europeans 5. Continue to upgrade and update natural tend to visit Nova Scotia during the shoulder and cultural non-personal media (includ- season. Parks Canada will also enhance coming panels and other materials) for both munications with visitors post-visit to keep Kejimkujik inland and Kejimkujik Seaside. them informed about different opportunities 6. Improve on-site communications of the and encourage repeat visitation. full-range of programs and activities available to visitors.

8.5 STRATEGIC DIRECTION Enhancing the Visitor Experience Offer: Kejimkujik Inland Goal: 7. Based on extensive social science research Visitors have multiple opportunities to enjoy and input from visitors and stakehold- and discover Kejimkujik’s diverse natural ers, prepare a visitor experience plan to systems and rich cultural landscape. Through guide the redevelopment of Jeremy’s Bay meaningful experiences, visitors develop a Campground by 2011 to meet current and sense of connection to Kejimkujik. future visitor needs and expectations.12 Given the scope and scale of the project, Actions: implementation will be phased over several Research, Monitoring, and Reporting years. 1. Conduct research to better understand 8. Work with the Mi’kmaq, other partners Kejimkujik’s target markets’ motivations, and stakeholders to complete and imple- needs, interests, and preferences and ment interpretation plans in an integrated attract new markets. Develop and adjust manner. Kejimkujik’s offer accordingly. 9. Assess and improve recreational opportun- 2. Conduct research to evaluate the state of ities according to visitor input and social visitor experience and management effect- science research. This will involve: iveness in facilitating visitor experience. • Improving select frontcountry trails to Report on findings in the 2010 State of the better accommodate multiple uses by Park and Site Report and in the next “State 2011; of” report to be completed prior to the next • Reviewing both front and backcountry management plan review. biking experiences and increasing 3. Using the 2009-10 baseline of 42,500, opportunities where feasible by 2011; increase visitation by at least 10% to • Improving looped, backcountry hiking achieve a target of approximately 46,750 opportunities on existing trails and visitors by 2015. roads by 2012;

12 The campground plan will evaluate and include recommendations for sites, facilities, trails, services, and improvements for operational efficiencies. Kejimkujik National Park and 47 National Historic Site of Canada Management Plan

• Investigating opportunities to better Prevention, Safety, and Accessibility facilitate backcountry experiences that 16. Implement prevention programs aimed include Kejimkujik, the provincial at protecting resources and ensuring a Tobeatic Wilderness Area, and the quality visitor experience in collaboration Shelburne River; and with park visitors with particular emphasis • Continuing to manage vegetation to on Jeremy’s Bay Campground, wilder- ensure viewpoints are maintained. ness campsites, and Kejimkujik Seaside. 10. Review the shoulder and winter season Complete a visitor risk management plan service and facility offer13 with the aim to by 2010. improve opportunities and encourage use. 17. Work with accessibility stakeholders to 11. Explore infrastructure options for on-site improve service and infrastructure for presentation of archaeological and histor- visitors with special needs. ical objects by 2012 and options for visitors 18. By 2010, re-align eroded areas of the trail to learn about and discover these objects. at Kejimkujik Seaside. 12. Explore the feasibility of a low-cost alterna- 19. Work with provincial government part- tive for visitors to access the Peskowek ners to improve the St. Catherine’s road road past the Eel Weir. intersection design, roadside clearing, and 13. Discontinue the use of two-cycle outboard signage. motors on Kejimkujik Lake by 2012 and 20. Enhance public safety through pre-trip encourage the use of electric motors. planning and on-site communications.

Enhancing the Visitor Experience Offer: Pre-trip Planning and Promotions Kejimkujik Seaside 21. Increase targeted promotional efforts for 14. Based on social science data, offer a priority audiences with partners to position minimum of one guided event per week at Kejimkujik inland and Kejimkujik Seaside Kejimkujik Seaside during the peak oper- as “must see” destinations in southwestern ations season and explore options for other Nova Scotia. programming. 22. Improve Web site promotional and pre- 15. Install benches at resting and at view- trip planning capacities and explore the points that visitor input and patterns of potential to host a web-based backcountry use studies indicate will enhance visitor campsite reservation system. experience.

13 Including road clearing, grooming, cabins, warming huts, Visitor Centre services, etc. 48 Kejimkujik National Park and 49 National Historic Site of Canada Management Plan

9.0 Public Outreach Education

Every autumn, Kejimkujik interpreters go out and visit schools near the park and site. Jonathan Sheppard

Parks Canada aims to reach out to Canadians 9.1 CURRENT SITUATION through communication and public outreach education opportunities designed to increase Parks Canada collaborates with numerous awareness, understanding, and appreciation individuals, organizations, and institutions of the significance of Parks Canada’s herit- that share our public outreach education age places and the importance of protecting mandate including the Mi’kmaq, local com- and presenting them. This includes reaching munities, academic institutions, teachers and out to Canadians so they may discover, learn students in local schools, and non-govern- about, and create a personal sense of connec- mental organizations. One of Kejimkujik’s tion to Kejimkujik. Outreach programs foster public outreach education priorities has been an awareness and understanding of the natural to develop and deliver programs to local and and cultural values of Kejimkujik and aim to regional elementary and middle schools. encourage shared leadership and active par- Parks Canada partners with local ele- ticipation in supporting this special heritage mentary schools to deliver both in-school place. Parks Canada’s efforts to engage stake- programming and on-site activities. These holders and partners in the protection and programs are linked to curriculum and facili- presentation of Kejimkujik are outlined in the tate opportunities for students to be active Collaboration and Shared Leadership Chapter stewards of Kejimkujik, including contribut- (5.0) and throughout the plan. ing to Kejimkujik’s monitoring and research programs. Kejimkujik has also developed cultural heritage outreach programs that are delivered to middle schools located in local and regional Mi’kmaw communities as well 50

as other schools that have high Aboriginal to Kejimkujik’s outreach education programs student enrolment. In 2009, 20 schools were among teachers, parents, and students has involved with Kejimkujik’s outreach education been overwhelmingly positive. programming, reaching approximately 650 In addition to reaching out to children children. One of Kejimkujik’s main outreach at school, Parks Canada seeks to engage programs for youth – Keji Quest (see below) Canadians with Kejimkujik at home, at leisure, – is supported by a Web site that is hosted by and in their communities. Extensive out- the Friends of Keji Cooperating Association. reach is conducted with local communities, The Web site provides information, activities, particularly by encouraging and supporting games, photos, and videos for students, as local peoples’ substantial volunteer contribu- well as activities, workbooks, and tool kits for tions to Kejimkujik and the greater Kejimkujik teachers, parents, and chaperones. Response ecosystem of southwest Nova Scotia. Volunteer

Reaching out to Youth: the Keji Quest Program

Andrea Drake, Friends of Keji Cooperating Association

A great example of Kejimkujik’s public activities at Kejimkujik and monitoring outreach education programs is the Keji plots, and post-visit follow up. Teachers Quest, which provides Grade 4 students are encouraged to have students continue with curriculum-linked nature activities monitoring changes in their environment or programs while involving them in the through activities such as Leaf Watch and Kejimkujik’s ecological monitoring and Ice Watch, which collect vital data for the reporting program. Following extensive Environmental Monitoring and Assessment development work and pilot testing, the Network’s (eman) Nature Watch program. park focused the program on two field Results from this program are integrated measures – salamander abundance and in the Parks Canada’s ecological integrity the rate of soil decay. Keji Quest includes monitoring and reporting program. pre-visits to participating schools, onsite Kejimkujik National Park and 51 National Historic Site of Canada Management Plan

programs such as the piping plover guardians’ Parks Canada is also committed to fur- program, Blanding’s turtle nest protection, thering opportunities for Canadians to loon watch, monitoring and beach cleanup, discover Kejimkujik wherever they may be. and the campground host program constitute To this end, Parks Canada has dedicated outreach success stories at Kejimkujik. For resources to enhance and continuously refresh example, a more detailed description of visitor the Kejimkujik Web site to inspire discovery and volunteer involvement with species at risk of the park and site. Parks Canada will also can be found on page 25. proactively strengthen relationships with Communication tools, such as the local and regional media to raise the profile of Kejimkujik Web site, are also critical to reach- Kejimkujik and explore opportunities to utilize ing out to Canadians. Although the Web site a variety of social media to reach Canadians currently provides information on the natural who cannot personally visit the park and and cultural heritage of the park and site, site. Parks Canada will also be assessing and visitor experience opportunities, and pre-trip identifying opportunities for outreach products planning, it requires improvement to further and opportunities that are relevant to and will engage and be relevant to Canadians. Other reach urban audiences. important communication tools include publi- Identified priority audiences include cations, such as newsletters, and other media. Mi’kmaw communities and organizations For example, Kejimkujik partners with the in Atlantic Canada, local communities, Friends of Keji, the Mersey Tobeatic Research local and urban youth, university research Institute, Bear River First Nation, Bird Studies groups, and volunteer groups. In the coming Canada, and Acadia University to produce years, Kejimkujik will also be putting greater the “Volunteers News” – a newsletter that is emphasis on reaching out to urban and new distributed annually throughout the region, Canadians, especially those in metro Halifax. providing updates on volunteer contributions and opportunities that are happening in and around Kejimkujik and the Southwest Nova 9.3 MONITORING AND REPORTING Biosphere Reserve. Kejimkujik staff also con- ducts regular feature interviews on local radio, Parks Canada is in the process of developing a discussing a range of activities at the site and national program that will measure Canadians’ park, including natural and cultural interpreta- level of awareness and understanding of Parks tion, citizen science, and special events. Canada’s administered places. Kejimkujik is developing and implementing activities and programs to help achieve the national object- 9.2 ENHANCING PUBLIC OUTREACH EDUCATION ives and contribute to the national outcome. Kejimkujik will also measure the effective- Parks Canada has recently reasserted its com- ness of its activities and programs in reaching mitment to public outreach education and has targeted outreach audiences. This information conducted an internal reorganization to more will be presented in State of the Park and Site effectively deliver this priority. Increasing Reports. educational outreach efforts was also identified as a key opportunity by a majority of the partners, stakeholders, and visitors involved in this management planning process. Kejimkujik will work to strengthen relationships with the Mi’kmaq, local communities, academic institutions, local elementary, middle, and high schools, and non-governmental organizations to build upon existing and create new public outreach education and external communications programs and products. 52

9.4 STRATEGIC DIRECTION 3. Based on social science research, continue to create and deliver learning opportun- Goals ities for youth (including the curriculum Public outreach education programs enhance program) in collaboration with educational opportunities for Canadians to enjoy, dis- partners (including Mi’kmaw and prov- cover, and learn about Kejimkujik’s diverse incial school boards, non-governmental natural systems and rich cultural landscape organizations, and teachers). at home, at leisure, at school, and in their 4. Refresh and consistently update the communities. These programs encourage Kejimkujik Web site to facilitate inspir- natural and cultural heritage stewardship, ing discovery of Kejimkujik for Canadians relate to individuals’ personal lives, and pro- at home, at leisure, at school, and in their vide an opportunity to create a connection to communities. Kejimkujik. 5. Continue to support and enhance volunteer programs. Actions: 6. Work with local and provincial media to 1. Conduct social science research to monitor, increase the profile of Kejimkujik National report, and guide management decisions Park and National Historic Site and on Canadians’ sense of connection to enhance appreciation for the Parks Canada Kejimkujik. brand. 2. Evaluate the state of public outreach edu- 7. Develop a strategy to reach out to urban cation and management effectiveness in audiences, particularly youth and new achieving public outreach education goals. Canadians. Report on findings in the 2010 State of the Park and Site Report and in the next “State of” report to be completed prior to the next management plan review. Kejimkujik National Park and 53 National Historic Site of Canada Management Plan

10.0 Zoning and Declared Wilderness Areas

Zoning is an integrated approach by which both vehicles and motorized boat use) is land and water areas are classified according not permitted. Opportunities are provided to ecosystem and cultural resource protection for visitors to experience and learn about requirements and their capability to provide these unique areas in a manner that does not opportunities for visitor experiences. Zoning threaten their values. is also an important tool for ensuring that rare There are 26 Zone I areas in the inland and/or sensitive ecological and cultural resour- portion of Kejimkujik and 3 at Kejimkujik ces have strong protection. Seaside,14 representing 5% and 15% of their Kejimkujik’s zoning system is complex, total respective areas.15 These areas include due in part to the area’s role in protecting its (but are not limited to) critical habitat for large concentration of species at risk (see Map species at risk, unique stands of old-growth 5: Kejimkujik Inland Zoning Plan and Map 6: forests, and sensitive Mi’kmaw petroglyphs. Kejimkujik Seaside Zoning Plan). The critical Additional Zone I areas for cultural resource habitat of several species at risk includes large protection will be identified as a result of areas of Kejimkujik inland’s frontcountry, future research. including areas immediately adjacent to Most Zone I area boundaries have been existing facilities and infrastructure. For modified from the 1995 plan to better reflect example, endangered Blanding’s turtles use their associated values. In particular, Zone I infrastructure areas opportunistically, includ- areas at Grafton Lake, Heber Meadow, West ing roadsides for nesting habitat. Special man- River, and Atkins Brook were expanded to agement actions (such as speed bumps during better reflect species at risk critical habi- nesting and hatchling seasons) are imple- tat. Zone I areas in Peskawa, Cobrielle, and mented to protect important ecological values Kejimkujik lakes, established to protect water- during specific seasons when most required. bird habitat, were re-designated as Zone IIs. Zoning plans are based on the best avail- Their values will continue to be well protected able natural and cultural resource and visitor by this designation. experience information and are modified if A new Zone I area was established in necessary. They are reviewed every five years Boyd’s Cove at Kejimkujik Seaside to protect (at a minimum) as part of the management unique flora. Zone I areas at St. Catherine’s plan review process. River and Little Port Joli barrier beaches and lagoons were expanded to better reflect potential piping plover feeding habitat and to protect 10.1 ZONE I – SPECIAL PRESERVATION the large diversity of estuarine organisms that occur there. These Zone I areas will be perma- Zone I areas provide an increased level of nently closed to shellfish harvesting. During protection for the most sensitive or representa- piping plover nesting season, public access to tive natural features and threatened cultural beaches where plovers are nesting will con- resources. Public motorized access (including tinue to be restricted.

14 Zone 1 descriptions are provided in Appendix A. 15 Figures represent all gazetted lands of Kejimkujik Seaside. The Crown lands on the Port Mouton side of the park will be zoned during the next management plan review. 54 To Caledonia To Kempt 12

New Grafton

Lake Lake Grafton EEL WEIR EEL 18 MERRYMAKEDGE

Lake Loon 22 16

13 Lake 15

14 George 17 17 JAKES LANDING

r 10b

Maitland Bridge 11

10a

y 6

LAKE

Lake

Cobrielle

Bay Bay Jeremys JEREMYS BAY CAMPGROUND

To Annapolis Royal To 25 8

Lake Mountain KEJIMKUJIK 5 3

20 Lake

Big Dam Big

Lake

Channel Lake

Peskowesk

Lake

Ocean Frozen Trails Trails Road Paved Unpaved Road Service Road

Lake Peskawa KEJIMKUJIK NATIONAL PARK KEJIMKUJIK NATIONAL 1 AND NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE HISTORIC AND NATIONAL 19 Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4

* Descriptions of Zone 1 areas (numbered 1-26) are Appendix B. located in

Lake

Poplar

Lake Liberty North MAP 5 KEJIMKUJIK NATIONAL PARK AND PARK KEJIMKUJIK NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE OF CANADA NATIONAL Kejimkujik Inland Zoning Plan 0 1 2 3 4 km Kejimkujik National Park and 55 National Historic Site of Canada Management Plan North Trail Trail Road Paved Unpaved Road OCEAN ATLANTIC Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 4 Land Ungazetted Park * Descriptions of the three Zone 1 areas are located Appendix B. in Port Mouton Head MAP 6 KEJIMKUJIK NATIONAL PARK OF CANADA - SEASIDE PARK KEJIMKUJIK NATIONAL Kejimkujik Seaside Zoning Plan 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 km Bay Black Point Little Port Joli 2 Lagoon South West South Mouton Port Little Port Joli

Basin Lake Bay Bay 1

Lake St. Catherines River Catherines St. River Meadow Lagoon St. Catherines St Catherines River Lake Port Joli Head Flat Lake KEJIMKUJIK Forbes Lake NATIONAL PARK - SEASIDE Cove Boyds St. Catherines St. River 3 Point Forbes Port Joli 56

10.2 ZONE II – WILDERNESS The proposed declared wilderness areas represent 77% of the total area of Kejimkujik Zone II areas are conserved in a wilderness inland and 99.5% of the Kejimkujik Seaside condition with minimal interference. They pro- and include most of the Zone II and many of vide high-quality backcountry opportunities the Zone I areas. Existing activities such as for visitors to experience wilderness, including canoeing, hiking, cross country skiing, snow- remoteness and solitude, with a high degree of shoeing, swimming, and interpretive program- visitor self-reliance and minimal built struc- ming will be encouraged and supported. tures. Public motorized access is not permitted. The Peskowesk Road past the Eel Weir is Zone II areas represent 75% of the total not included in the declared wilderness area so area of the inland portion of Kejimkujik and that options for controlled motorized access to encompass most of the area west of Kejimkujik this area of the backcountry can be explored. Lake and the Mersey River, separating what is traditionally thought of as Kejimkujik’s front and backcountry. 10.3 ZONE III – NATURAL ENVIRONMENT Most of Kejimkujik Seaside is designated as Zone II, representing 84.5% of the total area. Zone III areas are managed as natural areas where impacts are minimized and mitigated 10.2.1 Declared Wilderness Areas to the extent possible/feasible. Zone III areas Any area of a national park that exists in a provide high-quality frontcountry opportun- natural state or that is capable of returning to ities to experience and learn about the natural a natural state may be declared, by regulation, and cultural environment and are supported as a wilderness area under section 14 of the by minimal facilities of a rustic nature. While Canada National Parks Act. Unlike the zoning public motorized access is permitted in Zone plan, which is based on policy, a declared wil- III areas, public transportation is encouraged.16 derness area is established through the regula- Zone III areas represent 18% of the total tory process by amending the National Parks area of Kejimkujik inland. There are no Zone of Canada Wilderness Areas Declaration III areas at Kejimkujik Seaside. Regulations. Once established, no activity that would compromise the wilderness character of these areas can be authorized. 10.4 ZONE IV – OUTDOOR RECREATION As stated in the Canada National Parks Act, infrastructure within a declared wilder- Zone IV areas are small areas that support ness area is of a rudimentary nature, such as intensive visitor use and infrastructure such hiking trails, boardwalks, and backcountry as campgrounds, beach facilities, roads, and campsites. Public motorized access is not parking areas. Zone IV areas offer high-quality permitted. frontcountry recreational and learning oppor- The proposed declared wilderness areas tunities with an emphasis on accessibility and will provide protection for the wilderness char- safety. acter of both the inland portion of Kejimkujik Zone IV areas encompass 2% of the total and Kejimkujik Seaside (see Map 7: Kejimkujik area of the inland portion of Kejimkujik and Inland Declared Wilderness Area and Map 0.5% of Kejimkujik Seaside. 8: Kejimkujik Seaside Declared Wilderness The Zone IV area near the Grafton Road Area) and were considered during consulta- in the inland portion of Kejimkujik has been tions regarding this management plan. Parks reduced. The Zone IV area on the Port Mouton Canada will work towards the declaration of side of Kejimkujik Seaside was re-zoned as Kejimkujik’s wilderness areas upon completion a Zone II area. The remaining area of Crown of this management plan. land on the Port Mouton side will be added

16 The Peskowesk Road past the Eel Weir will remain a Zone III corridor; however, it will remain closed to unrestricted private vehicular traffic. Kejimkujik National Park and 57 National Historic Site of Canada Management Plan To Caledonia To Kempt

New Grafton

Lake Lake

Grafton

Lake Loon EEL WEIR EEL

MERRYMAKEDGE

Lake George JAKES LANDING

Maitland Bridge

Lake Lake LAKE

Cobrielle Cobrielle

Bay Bay Jeremys JEREMYS BAY CAMPGROUND

To Annapolis Royal To

Lake Mountain

KEJIMKUJIK

Lake

Big Dam Big

Lake

Channel

Lake

Peskowesk

Lake

Ocean

Frozen Lake

KEJIMKUJIK NATIONAL PARK KEJIMKUJIK NATIONAL Peskawa AND NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE HISTORIC AND NATIONAL Trails Trails Road Paved Unpaved Road Service Road

Declared Wilderness Area Wilderness Declared

Lake

Poplar Liberty North MAP 7 KEJIMKUJIK NATIONAL PARK AND PARK KEJIMKUJIK NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE OF CANADA NATIONAL Kejimkujik Inland Area Wilderness Declared 0 1 2 3 4 km 58 North Unpaved Road Service Road OCEAN ATLANTIC Declared Wilderness Area Wilderness Declared Trail Trail Road Paved Port Mouton Head MAP 8 KEJIMKUJIK NATIONAL PARK OF CANADA - SEASIDE PARK KEJIMKUJIK NATIONAL Kejimkujik Seaside Area Wilderness Declared 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 km Bay Black Point Little Port Joli Lagoon Little Port Joli South West South Mouton Port

Basin Lake Bay Bay River Lagoon St. Catherines

Lake St. Catherines River Catherines St. Meadow St Catherines River Lake Port Joli Head Flat Lake KEJIMKUJIK Forbes Lake NATIONAL PARK - SEASIDE Cove Boyds St. Catherines St. River Point Forbes Port Joli Kejimkujik National Park and 59 National Historic Site of Canada Management Plan

to the description of Kejimkujik in Schedule 10.6 STRATEGIC DIRECTION 1 of the Canada National Parks Act and will be zoned during the next management plan Actions review process. 1. Continue to review and, if necessary, update the zoning plan to reflect new information and/or changes in ecological and 10.5 Ecologically and Culturally cultural values and in visitor trends. Sensitive Sites 2. Initiate the process to declare wilderness areas for Kejimkujik inland and Kejimkujik Ecologically and Culturally Sensitive Sites are Seaside. small sites that require special protection but are not captured in the zoning system. This situation usually arises because the sites are either too small to be effectively designated as discrete Zone I areas, they are on or immediately adjacent to existing infrastructure, or because the sites themselves may be variable from one year to the next. There are 14 new ecologically sensitive sites and 5 new culturally sensitive sites in the inland portion of Kejimkujik.17

17 Ecologically and Culturally Sensitive Site descriptions are provided in Appendix C. 60 Kejimkujik National Park and 61 National Historic Site of Canada Management Plan

11.0 Administration and Operations

Kejimkujik National Park and National space requirements and existing signage does Historic Site is administered under the provi- not meet current national standards. sions of the Canada National Parks Act and the Parks Canada Agency Act and in 11.1.2 Employment accordance with the Parks Canada Guiding Kejimkujik has a special relationship with Principles and Operational Policies. Within the Mi’kmaq of Nova Scotia and aims to this legislative and policy framework, Parks increase their involvement in various aspects Canada strives to deliver the mandate of of management and operations. Parks Canada resource protection, visitor experience, is committed to fostering this relationship and and education while demonstrating sound will continue to seek opportunities to increase environmental stewardship and prudent fiscal the proportion of Mi’kmaw employees at management. Kejimkujik and their representation in various roles and capacities.

11.1 CURRENT SITUATION 11.1.3 Information Management Kejimkujik is in the process of creating a 11.1.1 Infrastructure digital geographical information system atlas. Kejimkujik’s existing assets (including roads, This tool will include information on both eco- buildings, and other infrastructure) are gener- logical and cultural resources as well as visitor ally in good physical condition. However, due experience opportunities and infrastructure. to their increasing age, they are requiring The atlas will allow Parks Canada staff and higher levels of maintenance and, where neces- partners to access information and create new sary, upgrades, or replacement. Parks Canada maps to suit individual project and presenta- recognizes the role that infrastructure plays in tion needs. facilitating visitors’ experiences and is committed to keeping assets in the best possible 11.1.4 Environmental Management repair. Infrastructure that public input and/ Parks Canada is committed to minimizing the or research demonstrates is no longer required aspects of its operations that have an actual or for operations will be decommissioned and potential impact on the environment. Parks removed. Infrastructure improvements or Canada has made a number of environmental recapitalization will be done while minimizing management improvements since the last potential impacts on the environment. management plan, including the installation A number of infrastructure challenges of solar showers in Jeremy’s Bay Campground currently limit administrative and operational and the construction of the Kejimkujik Seaside efficiency and effectiveness. Kejimkujik’s operations building, which includes com- administration and office space is spread posting toilets and uses rain-water run-off. over several buildings and multiple locations. Kejimkujik has prepared an Environmental This format decreases energy efficiency (i.e. Management System Plan to identify oppor- increased heating and driving requirements) tunities to improve green procurement and and limits collaboration. Current phone water conservation and reduce impacts on capacity and computer connectivity needs are particular environmental aspects including not being met. Seasonal staff and researcher greenhouse gas emissions, petroleum stor- accommodations do not meet peak season age, halocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, contaminated sites, hazardous material 62

management, wastewater management, pesti- 4. Explore options and develop building cides, and solid waste management. concepts for a new administration and Further efficiencies and environmental operations building to better meet office impact reductions could be achieved at space and Internet technology needs in the Kejimkujik. Changes in consumption and future by 2010. upgrades in systems aim to reduce usage of 5. Explore options and develop building con- electricity, fuel oil, and water. As well, renewal cepts for seasonal staff accommodations by of the vehicle fleet may offer opportunities to 2010. reduce greenhouse gases through the purchase 6. Develop updated architectural motif and of hybrid vehicles. colour scheme guidelines to guide infrastructure improvements and replacement by 2011. 11.2 STRATEGIC DIRECTION 7. Create a digital geographical information system atlas by 2014. Goal 8. Establish an internal “Green Committee” Kejimkujik is operated in an efficient, fis- to promote awareness and understand- cally responsible, and environmentally sound ing of the Kejimkujik Environmental manner in order to achieve Parks Canada Management System Plan priorities, tar- program objectives. gets, and operational solutions by 2010. 9. Update and implement the Kejimkujik Actions: Environmental Management System Plan 1. Remove decommissioned infrastructure at so that it is in accordance with the Parks Grafton Lake and Canning Field by 2013. Canada Environmental Management 2. Review the operational use of the Fire Directive (2009) by 2013. Tower road and reduce administrative motor vehicle use where feasible by 2011. 3. Complete the sign replacement plan by 2010. Kejimkujik National Park and 63 National Historic Site of Canada Management Plan

12.0 Strategic Environmental Assessment

Parks Canada is responsible for assessing and Relevant federal environmental poli- mitigating the impact of its actions on eco- cies, including those of Parks Canada, were systems and cultural resources. The Cabinet considered in a policy review. The proposed Directive on the Environmental Assessment of strategic directions outlined in the manage- Policy, Plan and Program Proposals prepared ment plan are consistent with these policies. by the Canadian Environmental Assessment Implementation of the management direc- Agency, requires an environmental assess- tion and the specific actions that are proposed ment of all plans and policies submitted to the should contribute to maintaining ecological federal Cabinet or to a Minister for approval, and commemorative integrity of Kejimkujik including management plans for national National Park and National Historic Site of parks and historic sites. Canada. Accordingly, a strategic environmental The environmental challenges facing assessment of the objectives, programs, and Kejimkujik are recognized in the direction and management actions outlined in this manage- initiatives outlined in the plan. Opportunities ment plan was carried out. The objectives of for stakeholder and public review were pro- the environmental assessment were: vided throughout the planning process. Public • to ensure that the strategic directions and views and comments, including environmental specific proposals contained within the concerns, are reflected in the management plan respect and support the ecological plan. integrity goals for the national park and A few management actions could result the commemorative integrity goals for the in some adverse environmental impacts. national historic site; However, it is expected that these impacts can • to ensure that the plan adequately be mitigated once they are examined more addresses potential conflicts that could closely during project-specific environmental arise between management for commem- assessments required under the Canadian orative and ecological integrity; and Environmental Assessment Act. The following • to assess the implications of proposals initiatives may be subject to project-specific alternatives considered in the plan, to environmental assessments: enhance positive environmental effects, • Infrastructure recapitalization and/or and avoid or mitigate potential negative development (including trails, buildings, effects. and other facilities); • Jeremy’s Bay Campground The assessment included evaluation of re-development; cumulative environmental effects from all • Vegetation management; proposals. It also considered the full range of • Removal of decommissioned potential impacts on the natural and cultural infrastructure; resources of the national park and national • Removing European green crab and restor- historic site, both from ongoing operations and ing eel grass beds; from proposed projects. 64

• Restoring and replacing road culverts and Collectively, the strategic direction and dams to restore fish movement; and management actions outlined in the man- • Active forest management research. agement plan will contribute to an overall improvement in the ecological and commem- In addition, the following initiatives orative integrity of Kejimkujik National Park may be subject to strategic environmental and National Historic Site of Canada. assessments: • Fire Management Plan; • Fish Management Plan; • Cultural Resource Management Plan; • Species at Risk recovery strategies; and • Ecosystem recovery and invasive species control strategies.

Kejimkujik National Park and 65 National Historic Site of Canada Management Plan

13.0 Implementation Strategy

Dale Wilson

Implementation of this management plan is Any changes to the five-year forecast are cap- the responsibility of the Mainland Nova Scotia tured by the annual review and update of the Field Unit Superintendent. The actions pro- sustainable business plan. posed in this management plan for Kejimkujik The timeline for the implementation of are implemented through the Field Unit’s actions identified in this management plan can sustainable business plan. While the manage- be found in the table on the following page. ment plan is a strategic guide with a ten-to- Implementation of these actions depends on fifteen year lifespan (reviewed every five years), the availability of financial resources. the biennial sustainable business plan offers a Progress on the implementation of the picture of five years at a time. The sustainable management plan will include an annual business plan identifies those actions of the implementation report with Kejimkujik’s management plan that will be realized within newly established advisory boards. the next five years, their timing, and their cost. 66

Table 2 Implementation timeline

Action Immediate: First 2010-2011 Planning Longer Cycle: Term: 2010-2015 2015-2020

Collaboration and Shared Leadership

Establish a Kejimkujik advisory board with broad partner, stakeholder, and visitor representation to foster ongoing • dialogue and review progress towards management plan goals.

Increase collaboration with the Mi’kmaq regarding the protection of natural and cultural heritage, facilitating visitor • • • experience in Kejimkujik and in the greater region, and in delivering public outreach education programs.

Work with representatives of the Mi’kmaw communities to identify opportunities for Mi’kmaw involvement in a Mi’kmaq Advisory Committee and other advisory committees to • • • provide input on matters related to national parks and national historic sites.

Work with representatives of the Mi’kmaw communities to identify and carry out Mi’kmaw Ecological Knowledge • • • studies as considered mutually appropriate.

Work with the Mi’kmaw communities to find a mutually acceptable solution for the application of admission fees to • • • Kejimkujik for the Mi’kmaq of Nova Scotia.

Explore future cooperative association options for Kejimkujik • • • Seaside with local communities, partners, and stakeholders.

Support and contribute to the development and growth of the Southwest Nova Biosphere Reserve Association and the • • • Mersey Tobeatic Research Institute.

Increase collaboration with regional municipalities and the provincial Department of Environment and Labour on land • • • use and protected area planning initiatives.

Build mechanisms that promote dialogue with and support the involvement of the Mi’kmaq, local communities, youth, • • • and visitors in natural and cultural resource protection initiatives, visitor experience, and public education initiatives.

In collaboration with the tourism industry, develop and • • • implement visitor experience opportunities. Kejimkujik National Park and 67 National Historic Site of Canada Management Plan

Action Immediate: First Longer 2010-2011 Planning Term: Cycle: 2015-2020 2010-2015

Maintaining Ecological Integrity

Increase opportunities for involving the Mi’kmaq, local communities, environmental non-government organizations, visitors, and volunteers in Kejimkujik’s ecosystem science • • • and management program, with particular emphasis on involving youth.

Parks Canada will seek to obtain Mi’kmaw ecological knowledge and any information shared with Parks Canada • • • will be integrated within natural resource management.

Work with partners to develop and implement standardized protocols that contribute to a regionally integrated monitoring • • • initiative by 2010. Continue to refine and implement a sustainable ecological monitoring program thereafter.

Work with the Mi’kmaq and other institutions and organizations to produce and circulate research and • • • monitoring results and host research and resource management events.

Work with resource-based businesses, local landowners, and communities to mitigate stressors to ecological integrity in • • • the park and site as well as in the Southwest Nova Biosphere Reserve.

Collaborate with stakeholders, partners, and adjacent landowners to determine forest ecosystem management objectives for Kejimkujik in support of ecological and • • • commemorative integrity, and to enhance visitor experience by 2012.

Work with partners to monitor and maintain landscape • • • connectivity in the Southwest Nova Biosphere Reserve.

Implement prevention programs aimed at protecting resources and ensuring a quality visitor experience in collaboration with park visitors with particular emphasis on • • • Jeremy’s Bay Campground, wilderness campsites, and the Kejimkujik Seaside.

Continue to collaborate with the Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources, the Department of Fisheries and Oceans, and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police on prevention and enforcement and strategies. Continue to collaborate with • • • these departments and others, including the Nova Scotia Emergency Measures Organization, the Coast Guard, Search and Rescue, and volunteer fire departments for fire and environmental emergency responses.

Complete the Fire Management Plan by 2010 and work with partners to execute a 10-year research study on active management of the Acadian mixed wood forest, • • • including assessing the effects of prescribed burns, mammal exclosures, and thinning, and facilitating opportunities for visitors to learn about these research activities. 68

Action Immediate: First Longer 2010-2011 Planning Term: Cycle: 2015-2020 2010-2015

Maintaining Ecological Integrity

Remove glossy buckthorn and other invasive plants to control population levels and restore affected species and habitats. Continue monitoring and research to understand • • • trends in invasive plants at Kejimkujik and the effectiveness of management actions.

Develop a vegetation restoration plan by 2011 for Jeremy’s Bay Campground as an integrated component of the larger • campground redevelopment plan.

Complete a prioritized plan for restoring disturbed sites by • 2012 and implement where feasible.

Continue to collaborate with government and academic • • • partners to research mercury, water quality, and acid rain.

Complete the Fish Management Plan by 2012. •

Improve aquatic connectivity in watersheds at Kejimkujik through restoring and replacing road culverts and dams that • • • are acting as barriers to fish movement.

Continue to refine and implement an effective and sustainable ecological monitoring program for the wetland • • • ecosystems.

Improve coastal ecological integrity by reducing the European green crab and then restoring eelgrass beds and • • • the young-age classes of soft-shell clams.

Add the Crown land on the Port Mouton side of Kejimkujik Seaside to the description of Kejimkujik National Park in • Schedule I of the Canada National Parks Act and better delineate park boundaries by 2011.

Work with recovery teams, the Mi’kmaq, youth, and other partners to develop and implement proactive recovery strategies and implement actions (including active • • • management) for several species at risk, including Blanding’s turtle, piping plover, Atlantic coastal plain flora, and Eastern ribbonsnake. Recovery strategies will be developed by 2011.

Report on the condition and trends of Kejimkujik’s ecosystems and on natural resource management effectiveness in the 2010 State of the Park and Site Report • • • and in the next “State of” report to be completed prior to the next management plan review. Kejimkujik National Park and 69 National Historic Site of Canada Management Plan

Action Immediate: First Longer 2010-2011 Planning Term: Cycle: 2015-2020 2010-2015

Maintaining Commemorative Integrity and Protecting Cultural Resources

Build relationships with organizations and institutions that share Parks Canada’s cultural resource protection and presentation mandate, including Mi’kmaw organizations, • • • academic institutions, the provincial Department of Tourism, Culture and Heritage, museums, local communities, and heritage organizations.

Parks Canada will seek to obtain Mi’kmaw ecological knowledge and any of the information shared with Parks • • • Canada will be integrated within natural cultural resource management.

Complete cultural resource inventories and evaluations at • • • Kejimkujik inland and Kejimkujik Seaside.

Conduct research in identified priority areas (see Section • • • 7.2.5).

Evaluate cultural resource condition and the effectiveness of cultural resource management at Kejimkujik in the 2010 State of the Park and Site Report and by completing a • Commemorative Integrity Evaluation for the national historic site by 2011.

Work with the Mi’kmaq and other partners to complete a comprehensive cultural resource management plan (for both the inland portion of Kejimkujik and Kejimkujik Seaside), • which will include strategies for conservation, maintenance, record keeping, storage, and monitoring by 2012.

Explore options for permanently documenting, recording, • and presenting the petroglyphs.

Share archaeological information with the Mi’kmaq, identify research gaps, and carry out additional archaeological • • • surveys, as considered mutually appropriate.

Explore infrastructure options for on-site presentation of archaeological and historical objects by 2012 and explore • options for visitors to learn about and discover these objects. 70

Action Immediate: First Longer 2010-2011 Planning Term: Cycle: 2015-2020 2010-2015

Visitor Experience

Conduct research to better understand target markets’ motivations, needs, interests, and preferences and attract • • • new markets. Develop and adjust Kejimkujik’s offer accordingly.

Conduct research to evaluate the state of visitor experience and management effectiveness in facilitating visitor experience. Report on findings in the 2010 State of the • • • Park and Site Report and in the next “State of” report to be completed prior to the next management plan review.

Using the 2009-10 baseline of 42,500, increase visitation by at least 10% to achieve a target of approximately 46,750 • • • visitors by 2015.

With partners (including the Destination Southwest Nova Tourism Association, Aboriginal tourism, local tourism operators, recreational equipment retailers, and long-term • • • campers), explore opportunities for enhanced experiential and learning opportunities to meet the needs of current and potential visitors as well as partner-initiated special events.

Continue to upgrade and update natural and cultural non- personal media (including panels and other materials) for • • • both Kejimkujik inland and Kejimkujik Seaside.

Improve on-site communications of the full-range of • • • programs and activities available to visitors.

Based on extensive social science research and input from visitors and stakeholders, prepare a visitor experience plan to guide the redevelopment of Jeremy’s Bay Campground • • • by 2011 to meet current and future visitor needs and expectations. Given the scope and scale of the project, implementation will be phased over several years.

Work with the Mi’kmaq and other partners and stakeholders to complete and implement interpretation plans in an • • integrated manner.

Assess and improve recreational opportunities. This will involve:

Improving select frontcountry trails to better • accommodate multiple uses by 2011;

Reviewing both front and backcountry biking experiences, • and increasing opportunities where feasible by 2011;

Improving looped, backcountry hiking opportunities on • existing trails and roads by 2012;

Investigating opportunities to better facilitate backcountry experiences that include Kejimkujik, the provincial • • • Tobeatic Wilderness Area, and the Shelburne River; and

Continue managing vegetation to ensure viewpoints are • • • maintained. Kejimkujik National Park and 71 National Historic Site of Canada Management Plan

Action Immediate: First Longer 2010-2011 Planning Term: Cycle: 2015-2020 2010-2015

Visitor Experience

Review the shoulder and winter season service and facility offer with the aim to improve opportunities and encourage • • • use.

Explore infrastructure options for on-site presentation of archaeological and historical objects by 2012 and explore • options for visitors to learn about and discover these objects.

Explore the feasibility of a low-cost alternative for visitors to • access the Peskowesk road past the Eel Weir.

Discontinue the use of two-cycle outboard motors on Kejimkujik Lake by 2012 and encourage the use of electric • motors.

Based on social science data, offer a minimum of one guided event per week at Kejimkujik Seaside during the • peak operations season and explore options for other programming.

Install benches at resting and at view-points that visitor input and patterns of use studies indicate will enhance visitor • experience.

Work with accessibility stakeholders to improve service and • • • infrastructure for visitors with special needs.

By 2010, re-align eroded areas of the trail at Kejimkujik • Seaside.

Work with provincial government partners to improve the St. Catherine’s road intersection design, roadside clearing, and • • • signage.

Enhance public safety through pre-trip planning and on-site • • • communications.

Increase target audience promotional efforts with partners to position Kejimkujik inland and Kejimkujik Seaside as “must • • • see” destinations in south western Nova Scotia.

Improve Web site promotional and pre-trip planning capacities and explore the potential to host a web-based • • • backcountry campsite reservation system. 72

Action Immediate: First Longer 2010-2011 Planning Term: Cycle: 2015-2020 2010-2015

Public Outreach Education

Conduct social science research to monitor, report, and guide management decisions on Canadians’ sense of • • • connection to Kejimkujik.

Evaluate the state of public outreach education and management effectiveness in achieving public outreach education goals. Report on findings in the 2010 State of the • • • Park and Site Report and in the next “State of” report to be completed prior to the next management plan review.

Based on social science research, continue to create and deliver learning opportunities for youth (including the curriculum program) in collaboration with educational • • • partners (including Mi’kmaw and provincial school boards, non-governmental organizations, and teachers).

Refresh and consistently update the Kejimkujik Web site to facilitate inspiring discovery of Kejimkujik for Canadians at • • • home, at leisure, at school, and in their communities.

Continue to support and enhance volunteer programs. • • •

Work with local and provincial media to increase the profile of Kejimkujik National Park and National Historic Site and • • • enhance appreciation for the Parks Canada brand.

Develop a strategy to reach out to urban audiences, • • • particularly youth and new Canadians.

Zoning and Declared Wilderness Areas

Continue to review and, if necessary, update the zoning plan to reflect new information and/or changes in ecological and • • • cultural values.

Initiate the process to declare wilderness areas for Kejimkujik • inland and Kejimkujik Seaside. Kejimkujik National Park and 73 National Historic Site of Canada Management Plan

Action Immediate: First Longer 2010-2011 Planning Term: Cycle: 2015-2020 2010-2015

Administration and Operations

Remove decommissioned infrastructure at Grafton Lake and • Canning Field by 2013.

Review the administrative and operational use of the Fire Tower road and reduce administrative motor vehicle use • where feasible by 2011.

Complete the sign replacement plan by 2010. •

Explore options and develop building concepts for a new administration and operations building to better meet office • space and Internet technology needs in the future by 2010.

Explore options and develop building concepts for seasonal • staff accommodations by 2010.

Develop updated architectural motif and colour scheme guidelines to guide infrastructure improvements and • replacement by 2011.

Create a digital geographical information system atlas by • 2014.

Establish an internal “Green Committee” to promote awareness and understanding of environmental management • plan priorities, targets and operational solutions by 2010.

Update and implement the Kejimkujik Environmental Management System Plan to be in accordance with the • Parks Canada Environmental Management Directive (2009) by 2013. 74 Kejimkujik National Park and 75 National Historic Site of Canada Management Plan

Appendix A Summary of Public and Aboriginal Involvement

Many interested individuals, groups, and In general, people expressed support for organizations were involved in the review of the draft vision, and indicated that they were the management plan for Kejimkujik National pleased with the presentation of protection, Park and National Historic Site of Canada. Two experience, education, and collaboration ele- visioning sessions were held in early 2005. ments. Many suggestions were put forward as Twelve people attended the first session; the to how Parks Canada could improve relations second involved Mi’kmaw elders. A draft vision with a wide variety of stakeholders. Local was sent out to local communities and stake- communities were identified as priorities holders in the form of a newsletter in early for collaboration and relationship building; 2006, which asked interested parties to pro- however, a number of other groups, including vide comment and suggestions regarding the non-governmental organizations, other levels future of Kejimkujik. A public notice announ- of government, educators, youth groups, and cing the newsletter ran in local and regional repeat visitors, were also mentioned. newspapers. Many interested parties indicated that Two workshops were held in the spring Kejimkujik was doing a good job of protecting of 2006 and were attended by approximately natural resources, and expressed support for 85 people representing a wide variety of efforts to increase regional collaboration as different views and perspectives. The first well as finding additional ways to involve more session focused on Kejimkujik Seaside while people in stewardship. There is limited aware- the second addressed the inland portion of ness among interested parties about the abun- Kejimkujik. Input from the visioning ses- dance and richness of Kejimkujik’s cultural sions, the workshops, and ongoing meetings resources. Almost all individuals and organ- with the Mi’kmaw Network were incorpor- izations expressed interest in having more ated into a draft summary of management opportunities to learn about Kejimkujik’s rich direction, which was sent to all individuals history and expressed concern that many of and organizations that provided comment or the cultural objects were stored in Halifax and indicated interest in being further involved. were not available for the public to appreciate. Approximately 100 visitors and other stake- Kejimkujik’s visitor experience offer gener- holders provided additional input during an ated the most discussion during consultations. open house, held in Kejimkujik in August of Partners, stakeholders, and repeat visitors 2006. expressed strong concern for Kejimkujik’s Much of the valuable operational input decreased visitation and were keen to see provided by partners, stakeholders, and vis- increased promotional efforts. Many individ- itors will be considered in operational planning uals expressed an interest in seeing existing for different aspects of Kejimkujik. Operational facilities (including camping infrastructure) items do not appear in this strategic manage- upgraded to meet new and existing market ment plan. needs and in exploring new hiking and biking opportunities. In general, most parties communicated strong support for expanding educational opportunities and options for visitors to become involved in projects and were particularly interested in initiatives targeted towards youth. 76

Parks Canada will continue to engage the Mi’kmaq, visitors, partners, and stakeholders in the implementation of this plan, through an annual implementation reporting process, and as outlined in detail in Chapter 5.

Aboriginal Consultation Parks Canada has a duty to consult with Aboriginal peoples regarding activities that may adversely affect asserted Aboriginal or Treaty rights. Parks Canada also places a high priority on developing mutually beneficial relationships with Aboriginal peoples. To these ends, Parks Canada entered into a process of consultation on this management plan with representatives of the thirteen Mi’kmaq First Nations in Nova Scotia through the Assembly of Nova Scotia Mi’kmaq Chiefs and with the Native Council of Nova Scotia. These consultations provided a good opportunity to share information and build on the collaborative relationship that exists between Parks Canada and the Mi’kmaq of Nova Scotia. For more information on the main issues raised, please see section 5.1 of this plan. Kejimkujik National Park and 77 National Historic Site of Canada Management Plan

Appendix B Zone I Descriptions

Kejimkujik Inland 9. The west side of Indian Point has both sand There are 26 Zone I areas within the inland and cobble beaches as well as muddy flats portion of Kejimkujik: – ideal habitat for coastal plain plants. This 1. The hemlock stand near Dennis Boot Lake particular area supports a concentration of features some of the largest old-growth meadow beauty (rare in Canada), subulate Hemlock trees in Kejimkujik. Also present bladderwort, and panic grass. are areas where large hemlocks have been 10. This area contains important Mi’kmaw cul- blown down by high winds, illustrating the tural features, including petroglyphs and a effects of powerful natural forces. 19th -century burial ground. The Fairy Bay 2. The Innis Brook floodplain is a fragile area shoreline area supports a rich diversity of containing one of the best examples of an plants, including a rare coastal plain panic old-growth red maple floodplain. grass species, button bush, catbrier, and 3. The significant stand of old-growth water-pennywort. hemlock located along the north side of 11. Ell Island provides excellent habitat for Big Dam Lake has been identified as an water-pennywort and a variety of rare International Biomonitoring Program species, including bladderwort and panic study area, featuring trees more than 300 grass. years old. 12. Grafton Lake, the associated Minard Brook 4. Atkins Meadow bog (to the west of Channel and Sweeney Brook drainage basins and Lake) features stands of curlygrass fern, the adjacent perimeter of Kejimkujik Lake which is uncommon to inland Nova Scotia. combine to create an important area for The bog also serves as a research site for a number of elements. The watershed measuring the influence of natural versus features lower acidity levels and serves as human-caused aquatic acidification. a refuge for pioneer and sensitive aqua- 5. The shoreline of Heber Meadow fea- tic species. The area provides important tures important endangered Blanding’s habitat for endangered Blanding’s turtles, turtle nesting habitat and rare coastal threatened Eastern ribbonsnake, and rare plain bladderwort species. This area also coastal plain flora. A Zone III corridor includes threatened water-pennywort habi- accommodates the presence of the Eel Weir tat immediately adjacent Meadow Beach. Road. 6. The Mersey River and braided islands in 13. The area north of Mill Bay protects this area display examples of swamp milk- Mi’kmaw petroglyphs. weed and provide important winter habitat 14. The tip of Peter Point protects Mi’kmaw for the endangered Blanding’s turtle. petroglyphs and water-pennywort. 7. Glode Island and nearby Glode Point are 15. Peale Island contains a unique climax important nesting habitat for the endan- sugar maple/white ash stand (the only such gered Blanding’s turtle population found in stand in Kejimkujik). The shoreline is habi- the vicinity of West River. tat for threatened Eastern ribbonsnake. 8. The deeply notched cove on the northeast- 16. A high-quality stand of long-leaved panic ern shoreline of Indian Point is excellent grass (largely unknown in the rest of aquatic plant habitat and includes a large Canada) occurs here and at George Lake. colony of threatened water-pennywort. This area is also nesting habitat for endangered Blanding’s turtle. 78

17. The land between the base of Peter Point 25. The shallow-water area near the end of the and Snake Lake is excellent habitat for canoe portage between Upper and Lower coastal plain plants, including uncommon Silver Lakes contains the only community buttonbush and swamp loosestrife. of spike-rush in Kejimkujik. 18. An assemblage of rare plants occurs south- 26. Mud Lake is a shallow, moderated acid east of Snake Lake, including smooth alder, water body in the southern portion of panic grass, beaked rush, catbrier, and Kejimkujik. It is an excellent example of obtuse manna grass. lake succession and features a variety of 19. The stream at the north end of Big Red significant plant species, including humped Lake contains the only known community bladderwort, swamp loosestripe, quill- of netted chain fern in Kejimkujik. wort, and bog fern. High concentrations of 20. This area contains an old-growth sugar rare floating aquatic vegetation also occur maple-yellow birch forest. It is contigu- within the lake. ous with the bog/fen wetland area north of Mountain Lake but on a higher eleva- Kejimkujik Seaside tion, and is an important component of There are three Zone I areas within Kejimkujik Kejimkujik’s old-growth forests. Seaside: 21. The wetland bog-fen area between 1. St. Catherine’s River Beach and Lagoon Mountain Lake and North Cranberry Lake is primary nesting habitat for the piping features exceptional examples of the rare plover. This area will continue to be scheuchzeria-sphagnum association, bog restricted to visitors during the nesting fern, and wwamp loosestrife. season. 22. The small cove on George Lake contains 2. Little Port Joli Beach and Lagoon is nesting threatened water-pennywort, rare giant habitat for the piping plover. This area will reed grass, screw-stem (Bartonia), and continue to be restricted to visitors during three species of bladderwort. the nesting season. 23. The southern shore of George Lake pro- 3. Boyd’s Cove contains a spectacular display tects Mi’kmaw petroglyphs and a small of orchids and pitcher plants susceptible to population of water-pennywort. trampling (including rare white arethusa, 24. The extreme southeast end of Peskowesk calopogan, lady’s slipper, clavellate orchis Lake contains a significant variety of rare and rattlesnake plantain), upright common and uncommon plant species including juniper, and krummholtz black spruce. stands of inkberry, bog fern, meadow beauty, slender-leaved goldenrod, beak rush, swamp St. John’s-wort, catbrier, and subulate bladderwort. Areas further up the south shore of Peskowesk Lake contain galingale and the rare grass Muhlenbergia uniflora. Kejimkujik National Park and 79 National Historic Site of Canada Management Plan

Appendix C Ecologically and Culturally Sensitive Site Descriptions

Ecologically Sensitive Sites ESS7 The beach where the Jim Charles There are fourteen Ecologically Sensitive Sites Loop of Jeremy’s Bay Campground within the inland portion of Kejimkujik. approaches Kejimkujik Lake includes a colony of threatened water-pennywort. ESS1 This site protects a stand of Goodyera pubescens, an exceedingly rare rattle- ESS8 The Merrymakedge area roadsides snake plantain in Nova Scotia. are used by a number of endangered Blanding’s turtles. ESS2 This small rocky island in Channel Lake supports nesting barn swallows. ESS9 The Sisters islands (south of Ell Island in Kejimkujik Lake) are significant ESS3 The gravel shoulders of the main waterbird habitat. A number of spe- parkway, the J-Line road leading to cies, including common terns, nest on the campground and a pit near the these islands. beginning of the Big Dam road are used by a number of nesting endan- ESS10 The area between Peter Point and the gered Blanding’s turtles in the spring Gold Mines trail is used by a number and emerging hatchlings in the fall. of nesting endangered Blanding’s turtles in the spring and emerging ESS4 The main parkway crossing at Rogers hatchlings in the fall. Brook, a portion of Rogers Brook, and parts of the Mersey River north of the ESS11 A roadside area on the Peskowesk road Braided Islands support endangered south of the gold mines trail is used Blanding’s turtles throughout the by Blanding’s turtles in the spring and year and include overwintering and emerging hatchlings in the fall. summer feeding sites. ESS12 This site protects a stand of Goodyera ESS5 A smaller satellite stand of threatened pubescens, an exceedingly rare rattle- water-pennywort occurs on the eastern snake plantain in Nova Scotia. side of Indian Point, northwest of the Zone 1 designation. ESS13 This site protects a stand of Goodyera pubescens, an exceedingly rare rattle- ESS6 The eastern shore of Meadow Beach snake plantain in Nova Scotia. adjacent to the swimming area includes a colony of threatened ESS14 The red maple stand east of the water-pennywort. Peskowesk Brook Bridge protects a community of rare chain fern and white water smartweed. 80

Culturally Sensitive Sites CSS4 A former campsite of the Woodland There are five Culturally Sensitive Sites within period (with a possible 17th-century the inland portion of Kejimkujik. Historic era component) is located at White Beach. CSS1 A multi-component campsite of the Late Archaic to Historic era is located at the CSS5 The Eel Weir and its vicinity is one of end of the Little River portage at Frozen the more important cultural sites in Ocean Lake. It contains extensive undis- Kejimkujikand includes the remains of turbed deposits. V-shaped rock walls (former eel weirs) in the Mersey River. Projectile points, CSS2 The Pine Tree site, at the tip of Indian scrapers, ceramic pots, and animal Point, was in use during the Woodland remains indicate a period of previous period. The site may have been used occupation of approximately 4000 as a workshop for the production of years. Petroglyphs are located nearby. tools from quartz quarried nearby. Archaeological objects, including knives, scrapers, a hammerstone, projectile points, and a large quantity of discarded stone flakes have been found here.

CSS3 The site of Jim Charles’ cabin is of particular significance to the 19th-century history of the area. It was part of the first grant of reserves along the lakeshore. Joseph Howe first authorized its transfer to John Jeremy in 1842. Later it became the home of Jim Charles, a well-known Mi’kmaw guide. Remains of the house, an outbuilding, and a well are still visible. Kejimkujik National Park and 81 National Historic Site of Canada Management Plan

Appendix D Ecological Integrity Indicators and Measures

Indicators Measures

Biodiversity Processes Stressors

Forest Forest birds Tree growth and recruitment Invasive plants Ecosystems Salamanders Decomposition Infrastructure footprint Lichens Forest disturbance Landscape connectivity White-tailed deer Forest age-class distribution Old forest distribution

Freshwater Benthic invertebrates Water quality Aquatic connectivity Ecosystems Common loons Stream flow Mercury concentration Brook trout Chlorophyll-a Ice phenology

Wetland Blanding’s turtle Water quality Wetland surface area Ecosystems Vascular plants & Water quantity bryophytes

Coastal Piping plover Barrier beach stability Invasive species Abundance Ecosystems Salt marsh vegetation Soft-shell clams (green crab) Eelgrass extent Estuarine water quality 82 Kejimkujik National Park and 83 National Historic Site of Canada Management Plan

Appendix E Interpretation Themes and Messages

Kejimkujik has an interpretation program that national historic site (to commemorate its presents both natural and cultural themes. representation as a Mi’kmaw cultural land- These themes can be divided into three cat- scape) is highlighted. Other national parks egories: Parks Canada Agency, national park, and national historic sites in Nova Scotia and and national historic site. Canada are identified.

Parks Canada Agency National Park Opportunities for visitors to develop under- National park messages in the inland portion standing and awareness of the Parks Canada of Kejimkujik focus on the biodiversity, species Agency messages are provided at both at risk, processes and stressors found within Kejimkujik inland and Kejimkujik Seaside. Kejimkujik’s forest, freshwater, and wetland They focus on Kejimkujik’s role within the ecosystems. Kejimkujik’s later history (which Agency’s family of national parks, historic includes messages pertaining to Kejimkujik’s sites, and marine conservation areas, and mining and logging history that are identified explain Parks Canada’s mandate for protec- in the CIS) is also part of national park mes- tion, experience, and education. Kejimkujik’s sage delivery. Surveys have indicated a high role as both a national park (to represent the level of understanding of these key messages. Atlantic Coastal Uplands natural region) and Themes include:

Kejimkujik Inland National Park Interpretation Themes

Geological and landscape features How geology created the landscape.

Forest ecosystems Forest processes, history, and forest plants and animals.

Freshwater ecosystems Water quality and seasonal fluctuations and interactions with plants, animals, and the landscape.

Wetland ecosystems Floodplains, meadows, bogs, and their reptiles and amphibians.

Special plants and animals Species at risk, including Blanding’s turtle, Eastern ribbonsnake, Water pennywort, and Atlantic Coastal Plain Flora.

Post-contact human history Genealogy, logging, farming, and mining. 84

National park messages at Kejimkujik National Historic Site Seaside focus on the biodiversity, processes, See Section 8.3.2 of this plan. and stressors found within the area’s coastal ecosystems. Themes include:

Kejimkujik Seaside Interpretation Themes

Heathland ecosystems Ecological processes, orchids, and other plants of the coastal barrens.

Coastal ecosystems The ever-changing coastline and its interactions with marine plants and animals.

Special plants and animals Species at risk: piping plover. Kejimkujik National Park and 85 National Historic Site of Canada Management Plan

Appendix F Glossary

Commemorative Integrity: A historic place may Ecological Integrity: With respect to a park, a be said to possess commemorative integrity condition that is determined to be character- when the resources that symbolize or repre- istic of its natural region and likely to persist, sent its importance are not impaired or under including abiotic components and the com- threat, when the reasons for its significance position and abundance of native species and are effectively communicated to the public, biological communities, rates of change and and when the heritage value of the place is supporting processes. respected. Ecosystem: An ecosystem is a community of Cultural Resource: A human work or place that organisms, including humans, and its non-liv- gives evidence of human activity or has spirit- ing environment interacting with one another ual or cultural meaning, and which has been and intimately linked by a variety of biological, determined to have historic value. chemical and physical processes. Ecosystems are often embedded within other, larger Cultural Resource Management: Generally ecosystems. accepted practices for the conservation and presentation of cultural resources, founded on Field Unit: An administrative division developed principles and carried out in a practice that by Parks Canada combining the management integrates professional, technical and admin- and administration of one or more national istrative activities so that the historic value park(s), national historic site(s), marine con- of cultural resources is taken into account servation area(s) or historic canal(s). There are in actions that might affect them. In Parks 32 Field Units across Canada. Canada, Cultural Resource Management encompasses the presentation and use, as well Historic Value: Historic value is a value or values as the conservation of cultural resources. assigned to a resource, whereby it is recognized as a cultural resource. These values can be Cultural Resource Value Statement: A strategic physical and/or associative. document that identifies cultural resources and values for places, other than national historic Invasive Species: Introduced, non-indigenous sites, which are under the responsibility of species that can establish and proliferate Parks Canada. It identifies historic and other within natural or semi-natural habitats, heritage values and their character-defining successfully competing with and displacing elements (both tangible and intangible) associ- at least some of the native flora and fauna, ated with a national park or national marine impacting biodiversity and altering the natural conservation area as a whole, as well as the structure and function of the ecosystem. range of cultural resources that contribute to these values. National Historic Site: Any place declared to be of national historic interest or significance by the Minister responsible for Parks Canada. 86

Non-personal Interpretation: These are programs Stakeholder: A person or organization with that do not involve Parks Canada interpreters an interest in Kejimkujik National Park of (guides) or volunteers directly. Rather, a var- Canada. Organizations may include both gov- iety of media is made available to visitors, such ernment and non-government organizations, as films/videos, audio recordings, exhibits, commercial, and for profit and non-profit interpretation panels, among others. organizations.

Personal Interpretation: These are programs State of the Park Report: This report provides a that are offered by Parks Canada interpreters synopsis of the current condition of a national (guides) and volunteers. They include guided park, national historic site, or national marine nature walks, outdoor theatre presentations, conservation area, and assesses performance historic re-enactments, talks on specific topics, in meeting established goals and objectives guided site tours, hands-on activities, among for indicators associated with the Agency’s others. mandate. These reports are produced on a five- year cycle, and are the basis for the five-year Restoration: The process of assisting the recov- management plan review. ery of an ecosystem that has been degraded, damaged, or destroyed (Canadian Parks Council 2008: 8, 15).

SARA: The Species at Risk Act is a key federal government commitment to prevent wildlife species from becoming extinct and secure the necessary actions for their recovery. It provides for the legal protection of wildlife species and the conservation of their biological diversity.

Species at Risk: Extirpated, endangered or threatened species or a species of special concern. “Extirpated species” means a species that no longer exists in the wild in Canada, but exists elsewhere in the wild. “Endangered species” means a wildlife species that is facing imminent extirpation or extinction. “Threatened species” means a wildlife species that is likely to become an endangered species if nothing is done to reverse the factors leading to its population decline. “Species of special concern” means a wildlife species that may become a threatened or an endangered species because of a combination of biological characteristics and identified threats. Kejimkujik National Park and 87 National Historic Site of Canada Management Plan

Appendix G Acknowledgements

This management plan was developed with the Stephen Hopper input of a number of individuals and organiza- Asset Officer, Kejimkujik National Park and tions. Parks Canada appreciates and thanks National Historic Site of Canada all those who took the time to share their thoughts with the planning team, or to attend Susan Mather a workshop or open house. Particular thanks Management Planner, Atlantic Service Centre is extended to the members of the Mi’kmaw Network, who were important contributors to Chris McCarthy the development of this plan. Ecologist, Kejimkujik National Park and National Historic Site of Canada Kejimkujik Mi’kmaw Network Dr. Elsie Charles Basque, Elder Bob Thexton Chief Shirley Clarke, Glooscap First Nation Former Chief Park Warden, Kejimkujik Murray Coleman, Annapolis Valley First National Park and National Historic Site of Nation Canada Lisa Francis, Acadia First Nation Don Julien, The Confederacy of Mainland Julie Tompa Mi’kmaq Manager of Planning, Social Sciences, and Robert McEwan, Bear River First Nation Aboriginal Initiatives, Atlantic Service Centre the late Keptin Frank Nevin, Mi’kmaq Grand Council Diane Wilson Sherry Pictou, Bear River First Nation Former Management Planner, Atlantic Joan Prosper, Mi’kmaq Association for Service Centre Cultural Studies Chief Debbie Robinson, Acadia First Nation, With additional support from: Union of Nova Scotia Indians Suzanne Bagnell Debra Betts Lorraine Whitman, Glooscap First Nation Yves Bossé Richard Brunt Theresa Bunbury Gary Corbett Parks Canada Management Planning Team Rob Ferguson Marie Fernandes Dave Algar Stephen Flemming Philip Greyson Manager, Resource Conservation, Kejimkujik John Johnston Jackie Jorissen National Park and National Historic Site of Paul Lalonde Jean Augustine-McIsaac Canada Ian Morrison Paul Olshefsky Sally O’Grady Alexi Payzant Harry Delong Jim Rossiter Jonathan Sheppard Superintendent, Kejimkujik National Park Duncan Smith Rick Smith and National Historic Site of Canada Darien Ure

Linda Frank Field Unit Superintendent, Mainland Nova Scotia Field Unit