Opuscula Philolichenum, 11: 52-59. 2012. *pdf effectively published online 9April2012 via (http://sweetgum.nybg.org/philolichenum/)

New and Interesting Lichens from Kejimkujik National Park and National Historic Site, ,

1 RICHARD TROY MCMULLIN

ABSTRACT. – A lichen monitoring program was implemented at Kejimkujik in 2006. At that time, lichens were collected in plots that were established for the monitoring program. These collections were added to all known lichen collections in the park and a provisional lichen list was developed. The monitoring program at Kejimkujik requires an assessment every five years; therefore, the second round of monitoring occurred in 2011. To increase the statistical power of the initial monitoring program six new plots were added to the original six, which led to the discovery of additional lichen species. New records for lichen species previously unreported in the park were also made outside of the study plots. Fifty-three new species were indentified in 2011, which brings the total number of known lichen species in Kejimkujik to 238 in 103 genera. Two of the new lichens discovered are listed by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada as species at risk, Erioderma mollissimum (endangered) and Degelia plumbea (special concern). One of the new species discovered is provincially red-ranked (at risk in Nova Scotia), which brings the total number of provincially red-ranked species known in the park to two: E. mollissimum and Xanthoparmelia mougeotii. Three of the new species discovered are provincially yellow- ranked (sensitive to disturbance), which increases the known yellow-ranked species in the park to nine: Anzia colpodes, Cladonia stygia, Leptogium corticola, L. milligranum, L. subtile, Physconia detersa, Sticta fuliginosa, Usnea cavernosa and U. mutabilis.

INTRODUCTION

A provisional list of the lichen species occurring in Kejimkujik National Park and National Historic Site in Nova Scotia (Fig. 1) was recently created by the author (McMullin 2009). The list began with lichen species collected during the implementation of a lichen monitoring program at Kejimkujik in 2006 (McMullin & Ure 2008). The records from the monitoring plots were combined with all other known lichen collection records in the park to create the first provisional checklist. The lichen monitoring program includes an assessment of the lichen diversity in the study plots every five years. The second stage of monitoring was conducted in November of 2011. During the 2011 assessment, six new plots were added to the original six to increase the statistical power of the analyses that could be performed on the data collected (Fig. 2). In these additional plots, lichen species new to Kejimkujik were discovered. Outside of the study plots, records of lichen species previously unreported in the park were also discovered opportunistically (Figs. 2 and 3). The present study includes an update to the lichen checklist for Kejimkujik and identifies rare or interesting species in the park.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A detailed description of the methods and sampling plots used in the lichen monitoring program at Kejimkujik is presented by McMullin and Ure (2008). All sampling plots were established in mature mixed-wood forests dominated by Acer rubrum, Quercus rubra and Pinus strobus. This forest type is common in Kejimkujik, it occurs on moderately well-drained, fine to medium textured till soils (Gimbarzevsky 1975).

1 RICHARD TROY MCMULLIN – Biodiversity Institute of Ontario Herbarium, Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada. – email: [email protected]

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Figure 1. Kejimkujik’s inland and coastal localities in Nova Scotia

Lichen specimens were identified using a stereo or compound microscope and chemical spot tests with para-phenylenediamine in ethyl alcohol, nitric acid, sodium hypochlorite, 10% potassium hydroxide, and Lugol’s iodine (Brodo et al. 2001). Specimens that could not be reliably identified by morphology or spot tests were confirmed using thin-layer chromatography following Culberson and Kristinsson (1970) and Orange et al. (2001). Photographs were captured with a Canon PowerShot A2000IS digital camera. Voucher specimens are stored at Kejimkujik and the Biodiversity Institute of Ontario Herbarium (OAC) at the University of Guelph, Ontario.

RESULTS

The total number of park species newly discovered in 2011 was 53 in 33 genera. These records increase the total number of lichen and allied fungi species known from Kejimkujik to 238 in 103 genera. Five of the 53 newly discovered lichen species in Kejimkujik have a federal or provincial status rank as either a species at risk or a species sensitive to disturbance. Federally, two species new to the park are listed by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC), Erioderma mollissimum, which is endangered (Cameron et al. 2009), and Degelia plumbea, which is a species of special concern (Richardson et al. 2010) (Fig. 4A-B). Provincially, one of the species newly discovered has been given a red-rank by the Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources (NSDNR), which increases the number of provincially red-ranked lichens in the park to two: E. mollissimum and Xanthoparmelia mougeotii. Species

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Figure 2. Location of the lichen collection sites in the inland portion of Kejimkujik National Park and National Historic Site. designated as red-ranked in Nova Scotia are believed to be at risk of extinction or extirpation in the province (NSDNR 2009). Three of the newly discovered species have been given a yellow-rank by NSDNR (Fig 4C-E), which increases the number of yellow-ranked lichen species in park to nine: Anzia colpodes, Cladonia stygia, Leptogium corticola, L. milligranum, L. subtile, Physconia detersa, Sticta fuliginosa, Usnea cavernosa and U. mutabilis. A yellow-rank is given to species that are sensitive to human activities or natural events (NSDNR 2009).

CHECKLIST

The checklist below is arranged alphabetically by genus and species. Roman numerals following the author’s collections correspond to the georeferenced localities in Appendix I. Collections preceded by an asterisk “*” were only found at Kejimkujik Seaside. Non-lichenized fungi treated with lichens are preceded by a dagger “†”. Nomenclature follows Brummitt and Powell (1996) and the 17th edition of the North American Lichen Checklist (Esslinger 2011).

*Alectoria sarmentosa (Ach.) Ach. ssp. sarmentosa – McMullin 7952 (XX). *Arctoparmelia incurva (Pers.) Hale – McMullin 7953 (XXI). Baeomyces rufus (Huds.) Rebent. – McMullin 7954 (XII). Bryoria capillaris (Ach.) Brodo & D. Hawksw. – McMullin 7950 (XIX) and 7955 (XII).

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Figure 3. Location of the lichen collection sites in Kejimkujik Seaside.

Bryoria fuscescens (Gyeln.) Brodo & D. Hawksw. – McMullin 7956 (XX) and 8035 (XII). Bryoria nadvornikiana (Gyeln.) Brodo & D. Hawksw. – McMullin 7957 (XVI). Calicium abietinum Pers. – McMullin 8004 (XX), 8010 (I) and 8111 (I). Calicium lenticulare Ach. – McMullin 7999 (XII), 8003 (I), 8013 (I) and 8016 (XX). Calicium salicinum Pers. – McMullin 8012 (I) and 8026 (V). Chaenotheca chrysocephala (Ach.) Th. Fr. – McMullin 7958 (XVIII) and 8015 (XX). Chaenotheca ferruginea (Turner ex Sm.) Mig. – McMullin 8131 (XX). Chaenotheca xyloxena Nádv. – McMullin 8008 (XV). *Chrysothrix sp. – McMullin 7960 (XX). *Cladonia boryi Tuck. – McMullin 8110 (XXI). Cladonia merochlorophaea Asahina – McMullin 7962 (VI). Cladonia multiformis G. Merr. – McMullin 7963 (XIV). Cladonia parasitica (Hoffm.) Hoffm. – McMullin 7964 (XVII). Cladonia rei Schaer. – McMullin 7965 (XVIII). *Cladonia stygia (Fr.) Ruoss – McMullin 7966 (XX). *Coccocarpia palmicola (Spreng.) Arv. & D. J. Galloway – McMullin 7967 (XX). *Degelia plumbea (Lightf.) P. M. Jørg. & P. James – McMullin 7968 (XX).

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Figure 4. A-B, Federally (COSEWIC) listed species at risk discovered in Kejimkujik in 2011. A, Degelia plumbea (McMullin 8210, scale = 6.0 mm). B, Erioderma mollissimum (McMullin 7971, scale = 9.0 mm). C-E, Provincially yellow listed species discovered at Kejimkujik in 2011. C. Cladonia stygia (McMullin 7665, scale = 1.25 cm). D. Leptogium subtile (McMullin 7977, scale = 1.0 mm). E. Sticta fuliginosa (McMullin 7996, scale = 6.0 mm). F. Dictyocatenulata alba (McMullin 7888, scale = 1.25 mm).

56 Dictyocatenulata alba Finley & E. F. Morris – McMullin 7970 (VI). *Erioderma mollissimum (Samp.) Du Rietz – McMullin 7971 (XX) (photographed, not collected). *Heterodermia neglecta Lendemer, R.C. Harris & E. Tripp – McMullin 7972 (XX). *Hypogymnia krogiae Ohlsson – McMullin 7973 (XX). *Hypogymnia vittata (Ach.) Parrique – McMullin 8136 (XX). *Imshaugia aleurites (Ach.) S.F. Mey. – McMullin 7974 (XXI). †Julella fallaciosa (Arnold) R.C. Harris – McMullin 7975 (XII). Lecania croatica (Zahlbr.) Kotlov – McMullin 9012 (XVI). Leptogium laceroides (B. de Lesd.) M. Jørg. – McMullin 7976 (XIV), 8031 (XIV) and 8052 (XX). Leptogium subtile (Schrad.) Torss. – McMullin 7977 (XIII), 8028 (XIV) and 8056 (XV). *Menegazzia subsimilis (H. Magn.) R. Sant. – McMullin 7978 (XX). Menegazzia terebrata (Hoffm.) A. Massal. – McMullin 7979 (XXII) and 8039 (XXII). *Moelleropsis nebulosa ssp. frullaniae Maas – McMullin 7980 (XX). Mycoblastus sanguinarioides Kantvilas – McMullin 7981 (I). †Mycocalicium subtile (Pers.) Szatala – McMullin 7982 (XVIII), 8001 (XVI) and 8014 (XVII). Nephroma helveticum Ach. – McMullin 7983 (XXII). *Nephroma laevigatum Ach. – McMullin 7984 (XX). Nephroma parile (Ach.) Ach. – McMullin 8129 (XIV). Pannaria conoplea (Ach.) Bory – McMullin 7986 (XV) and 8133 (XXII). Pannaria rubiginosa (Ach.) Bory – McMullin 8109 (XVIII) and 8137 (XX). Parmotrema crinitum (Ach.) M. Choisy – McMullin 7988 (XIV), 8111 (XXII) and 8124 (XX). Peltigera leucophlebia (Nyl.) Gyeln. – McMullin 7989 (XV). Peltigera membranacea (Ach.) Nyl. – McMullin 8036 (XXII). Peltigera neopolydactyla (Gyeln.) Gyeln. – McMullin 7991 (XV). †Phaeocalicium compressulum (Nyl. ex Szatala) A.F.W. Schmidt – McMullin 7992 (XX) and 8024 (XVIII). †Phaeocalicium polyporaeum (Nyl.) Tibell – McMullin 8023 (XVII) Protopannaria pezizoides (Weber) M. Jørg. & S. Ekman – McMullin 7995 (XX) and 8135 (XVI). †Stenocybe pullatula (Ach.) Stein – McMullin 7994 (XXII) and 8025 (XV). Stereocaulon intermedium (Savicz) H.Magn. – McMullin 7995 (XV). *Sticta fuliginosa (Hoffm.) Ach. – McMullin 7996 (XX). *Usnea cornuta Körb. – McMullin 7997 (XX). Xanthoparmelia plittii (Gyelnk) Hale – McMullin 7998 (XII).

DISCUSSION

The biodiversity in southwestern Nova Scotia is rich and unusual both provincially and nationally, which is a primary reason the area around and including Kejimkujik was designated the Southwest Nova Biosphere Reserve by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO 2001). Kejimkujik alone contains at least 14 COSEWIC listed species in addition to the two listed lichens found in this study (Caverhill & Crowley 2008, COSEWIC 2012, Megan Crowley, pers. com. 2011). The lichen diversity in the park is also rich and unusual. For example, 29 of the 238 species currently known from Kejimkujik are cyanolichens, which comprise six of the 12 (50%) provincially and federally listed species at risk in the park. Three of the species newly discovered in Kejimkujik that do not have a provincial or federal status rank are also of interest. The first is Dictyocatenulata alba, which is a new record for Nova Scotia (Fig. 4F). This species is, however, expected to be common throughout the province. Dictyocatenulata alba was likely over-looked in the past because it is relatively inconspicuous and it was only recently found to be lichenized (Lendemer and Harris 2004). It is a globally widespread species that is common in mature and humid broad-leaved and mixed-wood forests (Diederich et al. 2008). The second species of interest is Mycoblastus sanguinarioides. It was only recently reported from Nova Scotia by Spribille et al. (2011). They showed that specimens in this region that were previously identified as M. sanguinarius may be M. sanguinarioides, a species that has previously been known from the southern hemisphere. Mycoblastus sanguinarius lacks the birefringent crystals in the hymenium that are found in M. sanguinarioides. Mycoblastus sanguinarioides appears to be more common in the province based on a reassessment of the author’s previous collections and consultation with local lichenologist Frances Anderson (pers com. 2011).

57 Neither species of Mycoblastus has previously been collected in Kejimkujik (McMullin 2009). The last species of interest is Cladonia merochlorophaea, which appears to be uncommon in Nova Scotia, based on an unpublished provincial lichen checklist maintained by Frances Anderson. Cladonia merochlorophaea is previously known from a single 1981 collection in Cape Breton, Wetmore 43127 (MIN), but it is likely more common than collections suggest due to species in the C. chlorophaea group often being grouped together. Five of the 12 (42%) lichens that are provincially or federally listed as species at risk in the park occur only at Kejimkujik Seaside. In addition, 17 of the 53 (32%) lichen species discovered in the present study and 33 of the 238 (14%) lichen species known from the park also occur only at Kejimkujik Seaside (McMullin 2009). Ecologically, Kejimkujik’s two localities are different, belonging to different provincial ecoregions determined by NSDNR (Neily et al. 2003). Kejimkujik Seaside is in the Atlantic Coastal Ecoregion, while the inland portion of the park is in the Western Ecoregion, which accounts for the differences in the lichen communities. An uncommon forest ecosystem at Kejimkujik Seaside contained 15 lichen species that were not found anywhere else in the park, which includes both of the COSEWIC listed species at risk. This ecosystem is a mature, open canopy forest with high humidity and tree cover dominated by Abies balsamea and Acer rubrum. Lichen collections in Kejimkujik have primarily been made opportunistically. A systematic investigation of the lichens in the park will undoubtedly reveal a greater number of species. Based on the number of rare and sensitive species discovered during this study, a closer examination of the lichens in Kejimkujik is recommended to better understand its rich and unusual lichen diversity.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I am grateful to Diane and Harold Clapp for hosting me during this study. Many thanks to: Brad Toms, Diane Clapp, Frances Anderson. Harold Clapp, and Kyle Rowter for their assistance in the field, despite long and cold days; Robert Cameron for providing updated status ranks for lichens in Nova Scotia; Sally O’Grady for creating the maps; Daniel Pouliot and Megan Crowley for logistical support; Frances Anderson, José Maloles and Steven Selva for assistance with identifications; and David Richardson, Harold Clapp, Frances Anderson, James Lendemer, Megan Crowley, Robert Cameron, and two anonymous reviewers for helpful comments on the manuscript.

LITERATURE CITED

Brodo, I.M., S.D. Sharnoff and S. Sharnoff. 2001. Lichens of North America. Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut. 795 pp. Brummitt, R.K. and C.E. Powell (eds.). 1996. Authors of Plant Names. Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew, Great Britain. 732 pp. Cameron, R.P, T. Neily, S.R. Clayden and W. Maass. 2009. COSEWIC assessment and status report on Vole Ears Erioderma mollissimum in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa, Ontario. 60 pp. Caverhill, B. and M. Crowley. 2008. Species at Risk in Nova Scotia – Identification and Information Guide. Mersey Tobeatic Research Institute, Kempt, Nova Scotia. 89 pp. COSEWIC. 2012. Database of Wildlife Species Assessed by COSEWIC. Government of Canada, Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. http://www.cosewic.gc.ca/eng/sct1/searchform_e.cfm (Updated Jan. 6, 2012. Accessed Jan. 9, 2012) Culberson, C.F. and H. Kristinsson. 1970. A standardized method for the identification of lichen products. Journal of Chromatography, 46: 85-93. Diederich, P., Z. Palice and D. Ertz. 2008. Cheiromycina ananas is a synonym of Dictyocatenulata alba, a widespread, lichenized, synnematous hyphomycete herewith reported as new for Europe. Sauteria, 15: 205-214. Esslinger, T. L. 2011. A cumulative checklist for the lichen-forming, lichenicolous and allied fungi of the continental United States and Canada. North Dakota State University: http://www.ndsu.edu/pubweb/~esslinge/chcklst/chcklst7.htm (First Posted 1 December 1997, Most Recent Version (#17) 16 May 2011), Fargo, North Dakota. Gimbarzevsky, P. 1975. Biophysical survey of Kejimkujik National Park. Forest Management Institute Information Report FMRX-81, Environmental Management Service, Environment Canada. 316 pp. Lendemer, J.C. and R.C. Harris. 2004. A checklist of the lichens collected on the 28th A. Leroy Andrews Foray. Evansia, 21: 88–100. McMullin, R.T. 2009. Lichens of Kejimkujik National Park and National Historic Site, Nova Scotia, Canada (Provisional List). Opuscula Philolichenum, 7: 71-78. McMullin, R.T. and D. Ure. 2008. Lichen monitoring protocol for Kejimkujik National Park and National Historic Site of Canada. Report produced for . Maitland Bridge, Nova Scotia. 43pp.

58 Neily, P.D., E. Quigley, L. Benjamin, B. Stewart, and T. Duke. 2003. Ecological land classification for Nova Scotia. Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources, Renewable Resources Branch, Report DNR 2003-2. 83 pp. NSDNR. 2009. Macrolichens General Status database. Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources. http://www.gov.ns.ca/natr/wildlife/genstatus/ (Accessed March 16, 2012). Orange, A., P. W. James, and F. J. White. 2001. Microchemical Methods for the Identification of Lichens. British Lichen Society, London, UK. 101 pp. Richardson, D.H.S., F. Anderson, R.P. Cameron and R.T. McMullin. 2010. COSEWIC assessment and status report on Blue Felt Lichen Degelia plumbea in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa, Ontario. 40 pp. Spribille, T., B. Klug and H. Mayrhofer. 2011. A phylogenetic analysis of the boreal lichen Mycoblastus sanguinarius (Mycoblastaceae, lichenized Ascomycota) reveals cryptic clades correlated with fatty acid profiles. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 59: 603-614. UNESCO. 2001. Biosphere Reserve Nomination for Southwest Nova Biosphere. Man and the Biosphere Program, Southwest Nova Biosphere Reserve Association, Nova Scotia 125 pp.

APPENDIX I – GEOREFERENCED LOCALITIES

The roman numerals below correspond to those following the collection numbers of the author in the checklist above. Coordinate data are given as UTMs, zone 20T, NAD83.

Lichen Monitoring Plots and Collection Sites at Kejimkujik

2006 Monitoring Plots I: 312091 4908829 - Channel Lake Trail Monitoring Plot A II: 312891 4908029 - Channel Lake Trail Monitoring Plot B III: 319774 4923544 - Cobrielle Lake Monitoring Plot A IV: 319774 4923894 - Cobrielle Lake Monitoring Plot B V: 322186 4907810 - Peskawa Lake Monitoring Plot A VI: 322386 4907960 - Peskawa Lake Monitoring Plot B

2006 Collection Sites VII: 313890 4922955 - Along Portage U, between Frozen Ocean Lake and Channel Lake VIII: 316210 4921150 - Backcountry Camp Site # 9, at the south end of Channel Lake IX: 322263 4918393 - Jim Charles Campground, site 1 X: 322075 4918388 - Jim Charles Campground, site 2 XI: 324100 4922950 - Visitor Center, forest trail along the river XII: 324492 4916660 - Grafton Lake, forested area along the river, near the bridge XIII: 323238 4918703 - Jakes Landing, road side XIV: 320495 4923944 - Big Dam Lake, on the trail near the turn off for Hemlocks & Hardwoods Trail

2011 Monitoring Plots XII: 316770 4925580 - Still Brook Monitoring Plot A XIII: 316040 4925900 - Still Brook Monitoring Plot B XIV: 324621 4916338 - Grafton Lake Monitoring Plot A XV: 324780 4916101 - Grafton Lake Monitoring Plot B XVI: 323586 4908960 - Square Camp Brook Monitoring Plot A XVII: 323986 4908760 - Square Camp Brook Monitoring Plot B

2011 Collection Sites XVIII: 316659 4926434 - Frozen Ocean Trail, at unnamed brook XIX: 318083 4926220 - Frozen Ocean Trail, at the bridge over Thomas Meadow Brook XX: 353583 4858406 - Kejimkujik Sea Side, treed wetland on the east side XXI: 350700 4855446 - Kejimkujik Sea Side, coastal barrens on the west side XXII: 323946 4909143 - Square Camp Brook

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