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A Way Back to Aztlan 1 A Way Back to Aztlan: Sixteenth Century Hispanic-Nahuatl Transculturation and the Construction of the New Mexico Danna Alexandra Levin-Rojo Thesis for PhD in Social Anthropology London School of Economics and Political Science University of London 2001 UMI Number: U615219 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U615219 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 T h - £ S £ ^ F 79 S 8 76356 2 ABSTRACT This thesis is a library and archive-based study within the field of historical anthropology. It is concerned with one particular case of cross-cultural borrowing that occurred during the sixteenth century Spanish conquest of mainland North America; a process of imperial expansion that resulted in the establishment of several colonial provinces, which comprised all of present-day Mexico, Guatemala and some parts of the United States of America and were administratively dependent on the viceroyalty of New Spain. The thesis focuses on the creation of the most northerly province within this territory, Nuevo Mexico, which —unlike other provinces in the Spanish overseas domains— had a social and political existence before it had an actual geographic embodiment. Rather than the actual politico-geographic entity founded as a colonial "kingdom" in 1598, Nuevo Mexico is understood in this study as a "disembodied imaginary world," mainly consisting of the image of the Aztec ancestral homeland that Spanish conquerors and their Indian allies and/or subjects fabricated in the context of their colonial interaction. Therefore the focus of this thesis is on the transformation of abstract, symbolic space into concrete, politically marked territory. Through the semantic analysis of the term Nuevo Mexico and via reconstructing the process of its formulation and reification (1539-1598) I have explored issues of alterity, local knowledge, cultural hybridity and misunderstanding. Part one of the thesis discusses the relevance of historical case-studies for anthropological theorisation on colonialism and the creation of culture. It also provides an ethno-historical background for the area and people addressed in the thesis and displays the chain of events related to the exploration and conquest of Nuevo Mexico. Part two argues against traditional interpretations of the colonisation of Nuevo Mexico as entailing the transplant of the European mediaeval imagery and proposes instead that it was the Nahua pre-conquest myths of origin what prompted the Spanish conquest of the area. Finally, it discusses the complexity of cross-cultural interaction and the creation of culture in colonial contexts. TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements __________________________________________________ 7 N o te s ______________________________________________________________ 8 Part One: Defining the Issue and The Setting_________9 One: Introduction___________________________________________1 o 1.1- "The possibility of a conjuncture" ____________________________________________ 12 1.2- The facts: Portuguese bishops or Nahua ancestors ___________________________ 19 1.3- The theories: Colonialism, cultural borrowing and the representation of "Self" and "O ther" _________________________________________________________ 22 1.3.1.- Europe confronts "the Other" ______________________________________ 23 1.3.2.- "The Other" confronts Europe _______________________________________ 26 1.3.3.- Europe in "the Other": The dialogic space of transculturation ___________ 30 1.4-Thesis structure ___________________________________________________________ 31 Two: The Semantics of Place Names: New Spain and New Mexico_ 33 2.1- The conquest of mainland America _________________________________________ 36 2.2- The process of homologation ______________________________________________ 39 2.3- The conditions for toponymic tran sferen ce__________________________________52 2.4- Hernan Cortes and Christopher Columbus ___________________________________ 60 2.5- Repetition: Cibola as a New Mexico _________________________________________ 63 Three: Mexican, Chichimeca and Pueblo Indians________________ 68 3.1- The land forms and climate of New Spain ____________________________________ 72 3.2- The relevance of culture area classifications _________________________________ 75 3.3- The concept of Mesoamerica _______________________________________________ 79 3.4- The constitution and history of M esoamerica ________________________________ 84 3.5- Marginal Mesoamerica: The movable frontier _________________________________ 88 3.6- Arid America and Oasis America ____________________________________________ 95 3.7- Settled Mesoamericans Vs. unsettled Chichimecas __________________________ 106 Four: The Conquest and Exploration of the North and the Establishment of the Province of Nuevo Mexico_________ 115 4.1- The key to older Mexico: Early settlement and exploration of New Spain _________ 119 4.2- Guzman Vs. Cortes: The conquest of Nueva Galicia___________________________ 125 4.3-The promise of Cibola: Cabeza de Vaca, Niza and Vazquez de Coronado 132 4.4- Searching for Nuevo Mexico: Francisco de Ibarra and Nueva Vizcaya___________ 142 4.5- Cibola becomes Nuevo Mexico: The 1580's non-authorised expeditions 148 4.6- Juan de Onate and the foundation of Nuevo Mexico__________________________ 153 Part Two: Nuevo Mexico as an Imaginary World_______ 164 Five: The Mediaeval Hypothesis______________________________ 165 5.1- Indian and Spanish focused sources ________________________________________ 165 5.2- Indigenous migration / Spanish "de-migration" _______________________________ 167 5.3- Marvels and monsters coming from Europe _________________________________ 173 5.4- New Spain and the Amazons _______________________________________________ 178 5.5- The Island of Antilla and its Seven Bishops ___________________________________ 188 Six: We all Came Walking from the North: Traditions of Ancestral Origin among Nahuas___________________________________ 199 6.1- The sources ______________________________________________________________ 202 6.2- Foreign ancestry and migration: A Mesoamerican idiom for politics _____________ 215 6.3- To be or not to be one single people: Nahua identity and "ethnicity" ___________ 219 6.4- Three intersecting arenas of corporate identity: The calpoili, the altepetl and the tlatocayotl____________________________________________________________ 228 6.5- From Aztlan to Tenochtitlan: The Azteca/Mexica migration _____________________ 233 Seven: Your Past is our Future. Documenting the Cross-Cultural Loan__________________________________________________ 247 7.1- Some explicit traces of the Azteca/Mexica migration in colonial chronicles 251 7.2- Amirrorimage: Mexico-Tenochtitlan and Nuevo Mexico/Cfbola/Copala__________ 261 Eight: Conclusion. _________________________________________ 269 8.1-Recognising "Self" in "the Other" ____________________________________________ 270 8.2- Localising the Euro-American encounter: Intersubjectivity and the transculturation process __________________________________________________ 277 M aps_____________________________________________________287 Illustrations________________________________________________2 9 8 Bibliography. 3 1 9 5 LIST OF MAPS Map 1 - Provincia del Nuevo M exico_________________________________________________ 288 Map 2- Extent of Spanish control in 1600 ____________________________________________ 289 Map 3- Mexico in 1519, with a detail of the Lake basin and Tenochtitlan _________________ 290 Map 4- Mesoamerica, Arid America, Oasis America _______________________ 291 Map 5- Regions of Mexico _______________________________________________________ 292 Map 6- Central Mexico _____________________________________________________________ 293 Map 7- Spanish colonies in Mainland North America ___________________________________ 294 Map 8- Map of Mexico-Tenochtitlan attributed to Hernan Cortes. Nuremberg, 1524 _______________ .______________________________________ 295 Map 9- M esoamerica in the Post-Classic period_______________________________________296 Map 10- Terra antipodv regis castele inveta: a xpoforo colvbo: ian vesi. Number 1 of the Atlas by Vaz Dourado, 1580 ______________________________ 297 6 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Fig. 1- Chapultepec. Codex Boturini, plate XIX ___________ 299 Fig. 2- Foundation of Mexico-Tenochtitlan. Tira de Tepechpan, plate V ________________ 300 Fig. 3- Year-sign grouping. Codex Aubin, page 12 ____________________________________ 301 Fig. 4- Chicomoztoc. Codex Azcatitlan, plate IV ___________________________ 302 Fig. 5- Chicomoztoc. Selden Roll, plate II___________________________________________ 303 Fig. 6- Chicomoztoc. Historia Tolteca-Chichimeca, folio 16r. __________________________ 304 Fig. 7- Chicomoztoc. Mapa de Cuauhtinchan No. 2 _____ ____________________________ 305 Fig. 8- Aztlan. Mapa Siguenza_______________________________________ 306 Fig. 9- Aztlan. Codex Boturini, plate I 307 Fig. 10- Aztlan. Codex Azcatitlan, plate I _______________________________
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