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Handbook on High-Speed Rail and Quality of Life HANDBOOK ON HIGH-SPEED RAIL AND QUALITY OF LIFE Edited by Yoshitsugu Hayashi, KE Seetha Ram, and Shreyas Bharule ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK INSTITUTE Handbook on High-Speed Rail and Quality of Life Edited by Yoshitsugu Hayashi, KE Seetha Ram, and Shreyas Bharule ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK INSTITUTE © 2020 Asian Development Bank Institute All rights reserved. ISBN 978-4-89974-201-2 (Print) ISBN 978-4-89974-202-9 (PDF) The views in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Asian Development Bank Institute (ADBI), its Advisory Council, ADB’s Board or Governors, or the governments of ADB members. ADBI does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. ADBI uses proper ADB member names and abbreviations throughout and any variation or inaccuracy, including in citations and references, should be read as referring to the correct name. By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area, or by using the term “recognize,” “country,” or other geographical names in this publication, ADBI does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. Users are restricted from reselling, redistributing, or creating derivative works without the express, written consent of ADBI. The Asian Development Bank recognizes "China" as the People's Republic of China, "Korea" as the Republic of Korea, and "Vietnam" as Viet Nam. Note: In this publication, “$” refers to US dollars. Asian Development Bank Institute Kasumigaseki Building 8F 3-2-5, Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku Tokyo 100-6008, Japan www.adbi.org Contents Tables, Figures, and Boxes vi Contributors xvi Preface xix Acknowledgments xxi Abbreviations xxii Introduction 1 Naoyuki Yoshino, Shreyas Bharule, Yoshitsugu Hayashi, and KE Seetha Ram PART I: Frontiers of Modeling the Spillover Effects of High-Speed Rail for Quality of Life Key Messages 15 1. Land Trust Scheme and the Spillover Effects of Infrastructure Investment 18 Naoyuki Yoshino, Kai Xu, and KE Seetha Ram 2. Approaches to Measuring the Wider Economic Impacts of High-Speed Rail Experiences from Europe 35 Werner Rothengatter 3. How High-Speed Rail Affects Local Land Prices: Evidence from Taipei,China 74 Nuobu Renzhi 4. How High-Speed Rail Fosters Japan’s Regional Agglomeration Economy 96 Jetpan Wetwitoo 5. Modeling the Spatiotemporal Urban Spillover Effect of Infrastructure Development 112 Satoshi Miyazawa, Jetpan Wetwitoo, and KE Seetha Ram 6. The Potential of Big Data for Boosting the Social Impact of Infrastructure Projects 139 Ryosuke Shibasaki, Satoshi Miyazawa, KE Seetha Ram, and Shreyas Bharule iii iv Contents PART II: High-Speed Rail Stations and Development Ecosystems Key Messages 149 7. The Relationship between High-Speed Rail and Regional Development 152 Kazuaki Hiraishi 8. Transit-Oriented Development Policies and Station Area Development in Asian Cities 164 Tetsuo Kidokoro 9. Strategy to Realize a Railway-Oriented City: A Transit-Oriented Development Policy Imperative 176 Takashi Yamazaki 10. Optimizing Station Location Based on Accessibility and Environmental Impacts 185 Sandeepan Roy and Avijit Maji 11. Metropolitan Travel and Land-Use Impacts 204 Chetan Kumar Hanni, Akash Yewale, Soham Chintawar, and K.V. Krishna Rao 12. A Station Location Identification Model for an Integrated Interoperable High-Speed Rail System 220 Sandeepan Roy and Avijit Maji 13. Adding Value to the Railway Business: Station Building, Station Front, and Urban Development 238 Yoshitaka Ishii, Shreyas Bharule, and Kai Xu PART III: Case Studies and Messages to Policy Makers Key Messages 247 14. Gaotie in the People’s Republic of China 249 Pan Haixiao and Gao Ya 15. Quantifying the Economic and Social Impacts of High-Speed Rail: Europe and the People’s Republic of China 283 Chia-lin Chen and Roger Vickerman 16. High-Speed Rail as a New Mode of Intercity Passenger Transportation in the United States 304 Eugene Chao, Vukan R. Vuchic, and Aleksandr Vashchukov 17. Japan’s Post-Privatization Experience 330 Yoshitaka Ishii and Kai Xu Contents v 18. Lessons from Japan for High-Speed Rail and Station Area Development in India 342 Yoshihiro Kumamoto, Takashi Yamazaki, Toshiji Takatsu, Seiichiro Akimura, and Shreyas Bharule PART IV: Institutional Development for the Successful Operation and Management of High-Speed Rail Key Messages 367 19. Top Management Decisions and Safety Culture 370 Nikhil Bugalia, Yu Maemura, and Kazumasa Ozawa 20. Policies for Speed and Socioeconomic Development 397 Neelakantan Ravi 21. Safety and Reliability 421 Yoshihiro Kumamoto, Nikhil Bugalia, and KE Seetha Ram 22. Salient Features of Human Resource Development 435 Michikazu Mukoyama and Nikhil Bugalia 23. Capacity Development for Transport Infrastructure 446 Sudhir Misra 24. Quality-of-Life Implications of Public Transport Integration 459 Dipanjan Nag, Manoj B.S., Arkopal K. Goswami, and Shreyas Bharule 25. Governance Institutions: Key Elements for the Integrated Planning and Equitable Deliverability of High-Quality Transport Infrastructure 476 Grant B. Stillman and Shreyas Bharule Conclusions and Policy Messages 26. Evaluation of Transport Infrastructure Impacts and the Implications for Quality of Life 527 Yoshitsugu Hayashi, KE Seetha Ram, and Shreyas Bharule Tables, Figures, and Boxes Tables 1.1 Infrastructure Investment Needs in Asia and the Pacific 18 1.2 Tax Revenues in Three Cities along the Highway Project in the Philippines 25 1.3 Difference-in-Difference Analysis and Econometric Results 29 1.4 Cost and Revenue of High-Speed Rail Project in Taipei,China 31 1.5 Net Present Value and Internal Rate of Return of High-Speed Rail Project in Taipei,China 32 2.1 Existing High-Speed Rail Network in the European Union and Lines under Construction 39 2.2 High-Speed Rail Performance in European Union Countries (billion passenger-kilometers) 45 2.3 Dupuit’s Example of Comparative Costs of a Canal Investment 50 2.4 EXIOBASE—Development Stages, Differentiation, and Extensions 65 3.1 The Construction and Operation Timeline of the High-Speed-Rail in Taipei,China 80 3.2 Descriptive Statistics 82 3.3 Baseline Results 86 3.4 Regional Results—North Region 87 3.5 Regional Results—Mid Region 88 3.6 Regional Results—South Region 90 3.7 Robustness Test 91 4.1 Characteristics of the Localization/Urbanization and Specialization/Diversity Agglomeration 99 4.2 Estimation Results 108 5.1 Time Frame for the Study 115 5.2 Land Cover Classes 116 5.3 Treatment Groups 121 5.4 Estimation Results of the DID Model for Treatment Group 1 133 5.5 Estimation Results of the DID Model for Treatment Group 2 134 5.6 Estimation Results of the DID Model for Treatment Group 3 134 5.7 Estimation Results of the DID Model for Treatment Group 4 135 8.1 Main Measures for Realizing Transit-Oriented Development in Toyama City 170 10.1 Parameters and Corresponding Values 194 10.2 Weightage Assigned for Desirable Requirements 195 Tables, Figures and Boxes vii 10.3 Variation in Total Utility Scores for Different Weightage Assignments 199 11.1 Classification of Indian Rail Lines 204 11.2 Ridership Variation in Western Railway and Metros 215 11.3 Accessibility Changes in High-Speed Rail Station Area 216 11.4 Land Prices in the Mumbai Metropolitan Region 217 12.1 Input Parameters 229 12.2 Ridership Coverage and Travel Distance Trade-Off 230 14.1 High-Speed Rail Lines in the Yangtze River Delta 255 14.2 Major High-Speed Rail Station Site Locations and Rail Line Plans 257 14.3 High-Speed Rail Access Modes at Wuchang Station 266 14.4 Number of Passengers as a Function of the City Population and Distance 269 14.5 Origin of Surveyed Passengers at Hongqiao High-Speed Rail Station 270 14.6 Administrative Districts’ Distribution in Shanghai 271 14.7 Access Time Changes in Different Districts of Shanghai 275 15.1 Ex Post Evaluation of HS1 290 15.2 Standard Case Cost–Benefit Analysis for HS2 291 15.3 Estimated Regional Distribution of Transport User Benefits from HS2 292 15.4 Regional Distribution of Estimated Gains 293 15.5 New Firms by Sector and Location before and after High-Speed Rail, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China 299 16.1 Travel Time of the Conventional Rail, High-Speed Rail, and Air Modes, 1960 and 2018 309 17.1 Passenger Companies after Japan’s National Railway Reform 331 18.1 Outline of Proposed Stations along the MAHSR 346 18.2 Comparison of Emissions among Interregional Modes of Transport 347 18.3 Distribution of Daily Passenger Traffic in Tokyo Station Area 348 18.4 Breakup of the Total Land Area in the Tokyo Station Area 350 18.5 Tokyo Region-wide Station Redevelopment Plans 355 18.6 Comparison of Japanese and Indian Tourism 362 19.1 Level of Safety Classification 380 19.2 Organizational Aspects of Safety Culture 380 19.3 Descriptions of Current State of Tangible Safety Aspects 382 19.4 Descriptions of Current State of Intangible Safety Aspects 385 19.5 Scope of Safety Culture Improvement at Indian Railways 387 20.1 Major Objectives Designated for Railways Development under Each 5-Year Plan in India 398 viii Tables, Figures and Boxes 20.2 Comparison of India’s First Three Long-Distance Superfast Trains 400 20.3 Status of Various Corridors Selected for Conducting Prefeasibility Studies 402 20.4 Travel Time and Fares of Transport Modes between Mumbai and Ahmedabad 408 20.5 Comparison of the Current Journey Time to the Assumed Values for High-Speed Rail Corridors in India 411 20.6 Travel Time and Fare Range Comparison of Transport Modes from Bangalore
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