DOCSLIB.ORG

Conflict Between Western and Traditional Iranian Educational Values.Redacted for Privacy Abstract Approved '4Htr

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Conflict Between Western and Traditional Iranian Educational Values.Redacted for Privacy Abstract Approved '4Htr AN ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION OF Khadijeh Khatami Dodge for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Education presented on April 27, 1983. Title: Conflict Between Western and Traditional Iranian Educational Values.Redacted for privacy Abstract approved '4HTr. Carvel W. floocf The purpose of this research was to examine the Iranian culture and society, and its relationship to some Western countries in order to understand the basis for the conflict between Western and Iranian educational values. Specifically, the objectives of this study were to describe: (1) the historical development of Iranian society; (2) the major religions and philosophies which under- lie Iranian traditional values; (3) some elements of the socio-economic structure of the society and its system of education; (4) some historical development in Iranian relation- ships (contact) with some Western countries; (5) the basis for the conflict between the Western and Iranian cultures; and (6) some suggestions for the improvement of education in Iranian society. The study began with the search to trace the develop- ment of the Iranian society and its major religions and thoughts that shaped Iranian traditional values. It examined the socio-economic condition of Iran and its educational system, which do not promote the practice of Western educational ideas in Iran. The study described the relationship between Iran and some Western countries and found that the conflicts between Iran and the West were cultural as a whole and political, economic, and educational in particular. It showed that the Western science and technology acted as the key to influence most of the educated people in Iran and the ruling class, inciting them to work as agents of the Western culture and to introduce Western values to Iran through educational channels. The information revealed that the differences be- tween Western and Iranian cultures resulted in different sets of values and consequently different expectations from the educational process. These differences were found to be the basis for the educational conflict be- tween Iran and Western society. Finally, the study made some suggestions for the improvement of education in Iran. Conflict Between Western and Traditional Iranian Educational Values by Khadijeh Khatami Dodge A THESIS submitted to Oregon State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Completed April 27, 1983 Commencement June 1983 APPROVED: Redacted for privacy Pressor of Education in charge of major Redacted for privacy Head of department of Education Redacted for privacy Dean of Grate School (I Date thesis is presented April 27, 1983 Typed by Christina W. O'Bryan for Khadijeh Khatami Dodge ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Great appreciation is extended to my major pro- fessor, Dr. Carvel W. Wood, for his advice and sup-, port during my studies. I am gratified to have had the opportunity to work with him. I would like to thank Dr. F. Cross, Dr. M. J. Wall, Dr. A. Sugawara and Dr. H. Hall for serving as members of my committee, and for theirvaluable advice and suggestions. Appreciation is extended to Stephanie Jobin and Christina O'Bryan for efficient and quick editing and typing. To my husband, Yadolah, for his encouragement, love and moral and financial support. Without him, my studies would not have been possible. To my children, Ali and Arash, who have put up patiently with my irritable moods. TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1 1. INTRODUCTION 6 1.1 Objectives of the Study Jutification of the Study 7 1.2 14 1.3 Basic Assumptions Definition of Terms 15 1.4 23 1.5 Research Methodology References 24 2. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OFIRANIAN RELIGIONS AND THOUGHTS WHICH UNDERLIEIRANIAN VALUES ...26 26 2.1 The Development ofIranian Society - TheCharacteristics of the Society Before Islam 30 The Characteristics ofthe Society After Islam: Social Classes, the Mongol Conquest, Tamerlane'sRule 36 50 2.2 Major Religions - Zoroastrianism:Ethical Dualism, airoastrian View of,Life 51 - Manicheism 56 Mazdakism 58 Islam: The Basic Principles,Its View of Man, GeneralEthical Princi- ples and Moral Values,Shia and Sunni, Sufism 61 70 2.3 Major Philosophies andThoughts Al-Farabi 70 Ibn-Sina 72 - Al-Ghazali 74 76 - OmarKhayyam 78 - Moulavi 81 Sadi 83 Hafiz Talbaf 86 References 89 IRANIAN SOCIETY 3. SOCIO-ECONOMIC STRUCTURE OF AND ITS EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM 92 92 3.1 Social System - Ethnic Groups 92 Class Structure 94 Family 100 3.2 Some Aspects of the Economy 104 - Urban vs. Rural 105 The Distribution of Income 107 3.3 The Formal Educational System 109 A Brief History of Education in Iran 109 - The Pattern of the Present Educa- tional System: .Organization 115 Types of Schools: Kindergarten, Elementary and Secondary Schools, Vocational/Technical Education, Adult Education, Special Schools, Religious Schools, Literacy Corps, Teacher Training, Higher Education 117 Major Educational Problems 121 References 135 4. CONTACT WITH THE WEST 137 4.1 Russian and British Domination 138 4.2 Treaties with Russia 142 Gulistan Treaty 142 Turkman Treaty 142 4.3 Treaties and Concessions with Britain , 143 - Reuter Concession 143 - The Tobacco Concession 144 - D'arcy and the Oil Concession 146 4.4 The Nationalization of the Oil Industry 149 4.5 Iranian-American Relations 153 - Military Mission and Military Involvement 158 The Overthrowing of Mossadegh 162 4.6 The Western Cultural Impact ..166 - The Penetration of WesternIdeas 166 - First Students Sent to Europe 173 - The Missionaries and ForeignSchools 175 - Amir Kabir and the FirstIranian University 177 In the Direction of the West 180 - The Impact upon the Educational Institutions: Formal Education, Films, and the Mass Media 194 References 210 5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 213 References 233 BIBLIOGRAPHY 234 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1 Map of Iran 28 2 The Iranian Educational System 117a LIST OF TABLES Table Page I Sources of Cultural Conflicts 231 II Cultural Conflicts 232 CONFLICT BETWEEN WESTERN AND TRADITIONAL IRANIAN EDUCATIONAL VALUES 1. INTRODUCTION Western or industrial countries are those which have the technology to convert raw materials into con- sumer goods. Developing or underdeveloped countries are those which use these products, although the raw materials used in the fabrication of these products often come from these consumer countries. However, in reality, such a relationship is not limited to consum- ing products. It also applies to using the West's literature, music, philosophy and thoughts and ulti- mately its way of "day to day" living. This means that, by accepting its sciences and technology, one would ultimately inherit its educational system and culture (1). Science and technology, the strong agents of Wes- tern influence over developing countries, although beneficial to these countries, are also seen as a means of exploitation, and as a force used to distort and destroy the structural elements of their society, which means their traditions,.cultural values, educational system and religion. Shariati, an Iranian sociologist, said that when the machine emerged and developed in the west in the 2 hands of the capitalists and the rich, the machine had to produce more and more to be able to pay more for labor, and to put products on the market more cheaply than its competitors. Science and technology have contributed to the development of the machine and im- proved its efficiency. This development has changed the face of humanity today. The machine progressively increased its production each year and created the need for continuous consump- tion. The West could not consume all of the products and new fields for consumption were needed. Production stepped over its national boundaries and pushed goods into foreign markets. The surplus goods had to go to Asia's and Africa's developing countries. Since the pattern of life in those countries did not require these products, it was necessary to make the people in those countries consumers of the European products. Their societies had to be changed so that they would need the European products. This literally meant changing a nation: trans- forming a man, his clothing, his surroundings and his city. His morale and his way of thinking were the first things that had to be changed. This was accomp- lished by the "enlightened European intellectuals" by placing the temptation of "modernization" before the 3 non-European societies. A new culture called "moderni- zation" was presented to the whole world. This meant that all of the people of the world should become uniformly alike, they should live alike and think a- like. The structural elements of the personality and spirit of a man and his nation, which are religion, history, culture, ancestry, education and tradition, had to conform, wherever they were, to a single pattern which was provided by the Europeans. So the "non- Europeans" were modernized for the sake of consumption, according to Shariati (25). Growing contact with Europe by Iranian officials and the upper class opened the road for this moderniza- tion and this produced a new threat and challenge to the traditions of the society and its educational in- stitutions. The following statement by Nirumand, an Iranian professor of history of philosophy, addresses the issue: The increasing Europeanization of the Iranian upper class was not limited to its demand for consumer goods of European origin. Westerni- zation infected the consciousness of Iranian culture more than any other alien domination in the past... The Iranian of the 19th cen- tury, surprised and fascinated by advanced European technology and science, forgot their own values in the challenge of this confronta- tion, and came to regard his country's own traditions as backward, and made his own alienation from them the measure of his own culture... with the founding of the first university in Tehran in 1852, which was staffed mostly by European scholars, and the 4 establishment of foreign schools (French and English) which soon followed, this tendency of the Iranian upper class to Europeanization became institutionalized.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Seleucid Research Bibliography
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Online Research @ Cardiff SELEUCID RESEARCH BIBLIOGRAPHY Draft 1.1 – Updated 27 March, 2013 compiled by Altay Coskun and Alex McAuley 1) Specialist Editions of Primary Sources: Ager IA Ager, Sheila: Interstate Arbitrations in the Greek World, 337–90 BC, Berkeley 1996. Austin2 Austin, Michel M.: The Hellenistic World from Alexander to the Roman Conquest. A Selection of Ancient Sources in Translation. Second Edition, Cambridge 2006. Bringmann/Steuben Bringmann, Klaus/ von Steuben, Hans (eds.): Schenkungen hellenistischer Herrscher an griechische Städte und Heiligtümer, Part 1, Berlin 1995. del Monte del Monte, Giuseppe F.: Testi dalla Babilonia Ellenistica. Volume I: Testi cronografici, Pisa 1997. Schoene, Alfred/ Petermann, H./ Roediger, R.: Eusebi Chronicorum canonum quae supersunt, 1Berlin 1866, Nd. (=2. Aufl.) Dublin 1967. FGrH Jacoby, Felix: Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker, Leiden Teil II, 1961/83; Teil III, 1950/55. Houghton/Lorber, SC Houghton, Arthur/Lorber, Catharine: Seleucid Coins. A Comprehensive Catalogue. With Metrological Tables by Brian Kritt. Part I: Seleucus I through Antiochus III. Volume I: Introduction, Maps, and Catalogue, Volume II: Appendices, Indices, and Plates, New York & London 2002. I.Didyma Rehm, Albert: Die Inschriften von Didyma, ed. posthum. by Richard Harder, Berlin 1958 (=Theodor Wiegand: Didyma, Zweiter Teil: Die Inschriften, von Albert Rehm). I.Erythrai I–II Engelmann, Helmut/Merkelbach, Reinhold: Die Inschriften von Erythrai und Klazomenai, Teil I (Nr. 1–200); Teil 2 (Nr. 201–536), Bonn 1972/73. (IGSK 1–2) I.Iasos I–II Blümel, Wolfgang: Die Inschriften von Iasos, 2 vols., Bonn 1985.
    [Show full text]
  • Religion and Politics in Early Persia
    RELIGION AND POLITICS IN EARLY PERSIA. BY CAPTAIN ELBRIDGE COLBY. PROCOPIUS of Csesarea writes in that book of his history of the wars which deals with the Persian campaigns: But as time went on Kobad became more high-handed in the administration of the government, and introduced innovations into the constitution, among which was the law which he promulgated providing that Persians should have communal intercourse with their women, a measure which by no means pleased the common people. Accordingly they rose against him, removed him from the throne, and kept him in prison in chains.^ In so writing Procopius not only lives up to his reputed fond- ness for strange tales, but also shows how partial historians can distort history by telling only a part of the truth. The "law" referred to by Procopius was the doctrine of Mazdak, and it is our great misfortune that, as Reynold Nicholson has remarked,- none but hostile accounts survive of this interesting reformer. First among the annahsts of these events were the Greeks, remote in time and place, and willing, in view of the in- tense Grseco-Persian rivalry of the sixth and seventh centuries, to exemplify so easily the rottenness of the Persian rule. Cedrenus Georgius tells the incident thus: Moreover Kobad the last son of Perozes began to use the kingdom very badly, a law even being promulgated which com- manded that wives should be common to all. And so the Persians took the rule from him.^ Agathias, who was more nearly contemporaneous, but still wrote nearly a century after the events, says: 1 De Bellico Persico, tr.
    [Show full text]
  • Tribes and Empire on the Margins of Nineteenth-Century Iran
    publications on the near east publications on the near east Poetry’s Voice, Society’s Song: Ottoman Lyric The Transformation of Islamic Art during Poetry by Walter G. Andrews the Sunni Revival by Yasser Tabbaa The Remaking of Istanbul: Portrait of an Shiraz in the Age of Hafez: The Glory of Ottoman City in the Nineteenth Century a Medieval Persian City by John Limbert by Zeynep Çelik The Martyrs of Karbala: Shi‘i Symbols The Tragedy of Sohráb and Rostám from and Rituals in Modern Iran the Persian National Epic, the Shahname by Kamran Scot Aghaie of Abol-Qasem Ferdowsi, translated by Ottoman Lyric Poetry: An Anthology, Jerome W. Clinton Expanded Edition, edited and translated The Jews in Modern Egypt, 1914–1952 by Walter G. Andrews, Najaat Black, and by Gudrun Krämer Mehmet Kalpaklı Izmir and the Levantine World, 1550–1650 Party Building in the Modern Middle East: by Daniel Goffman The Origins of Competitive and Coercive Rule by Michele Penner Angrist Medieval Agriculture and Islamic Science: The Almanac of a Yemeni Sultan Everyday Life and Consumer Culture by Daniel Martin Varisco in Eighteenth-Century Damascus by James Grehan Rethinking Modernity and National Identity in Turkey, edited by Sibel Bozdog˘an and The City’s Pleasures: Istanbul in the Eigh- Res¸at Kasaba teenth Century by Shirine Hamadeh Slavery and Abolition in the Ottoman Middle Reading Orientalism: Said and the Unsaid East by Ehud R. Toledano by Daniel Martin Varisco Britons in the Ottoman Empire, 1642–1660 The Merchant Houses of Mocha: Trade by Daniel Goffman and Architecture in an Indian Ocean Port by Nancy Um Popular Preaching and Religious Authority in the Medieval Islamic Near East Tribes and Empire on the Margins of Nine- by Jonathan P.
    [Show full text]
  • 38 • the FEDERAL LAWYER • November/December 2019
    38 • THE FEDERAL LAWYER • November/December 2019 “When ISIS attacked Sinjar, they came to destroy.” —Yazidi religious authority ISIS AND THE CRIMES AGAINST THE YAZIDIS PEOPLE FRANCESCA BRAGA adia Murad1 is a 26-year-old Yazidi Al-Qaida in post-Saddam Iraq, which sanctioned their indiscriminate woman who was captured by the killing. ISIS has referred to them as a “pagan minority” and add that Yazidi women can be enslaved as spoils of war.9 so-called Islamic State of Iraq and Al- On June 10, 2014, ISIS captured Mosul and started a campaign to Sham (ISIS).2 She was a victim of war “purify” the region of its “non-Islamic” and Shiite communities. Ncrimes and has refused to accept the social norm Since the Sinjar District attack on Aug. 3, 2014, when ISIS that women should remain silent and ashamed publicly cited the Yazidi faith as the basis for the attack, ISIS has committed the crime of genocide as well as multiple crimes against of the abuses to which they have been subjected. humanity (CAH) and war crimes10 against the Yazidis.11 She has shown uncommon courage in recounting The U.N. Independent International Commission of Inquiry on her own sufferings and speaking up on behalf of the Syrian Arab Republic12 determined that ISIS’ violence against the 13 other victims.3 Yazidis of Sinjar constitutes a case of genocide defined by Article 2 of 1948 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime The Norwegian Nobel Committee has decided to award the Nobel of Genocide,14 to which the Syrian Arab Republic is a state party.
    [Show full text]
  • An Introduction to Classical Islamic Philosophy Pdf
    An introduction to classical islamic philosophy pdf Continue A philosophy that is characterized by the Islamic tradition of aristotle's medieval Arabic view of student learning. Part of the series onIslame Beliefs Of God's Corooling Of the Prophets revealed the Books of Angels Day Resurrection Predestination Practices Of the Practice Of Faith Prayer Of The Alms giving Fasting Pilgrimage Texts and Science koran Sunna (Hadith, Syrah) Akida (credo) Tafsir (exegesis) Fiqh (law) Sharia (law) History Timeline Of Muhammad Ahl al-Bayt Sahab Rashidun Caliphate Imamat Spreading Islam Continuity Muhammad Culture and Society Of Academics Animal Calendar Children's Demographic Circumcision Economics Education Education Exorcism Feminism Festivals Finances LGBT Madras Islame Criticism of Islam Muhammad Koran Hadith Islam and other religions Islam Islamism and violence terrorism war Islamophobia Jihad Jihadism Glossary Islam portalvte Part series onPhilosophyPlatoKantNietzcheBuddhaConfuciusAverroes Branches Aesthetics Epistemology Ethics Legal Philosophy Metaphysics Philosophy Of the Mind Philosophy Political Philosophy Social Philosophy Periods Ancient Pre-Socratic Hellenistic Medieval Modern Modern Modern Tradition Analytical Non-Physivism Ordinary Language Continental Existentialism Phenomenonology Pragmatism Skepticism Skepticism The tradition of the region of African East Chinese Indians middle East Egyptian Western School tradition Aristotle Augustine Averroist Avicennist Hegelian Kantian Okkam Platonist Neoplatic Scottish Tomic Traditions of Religion
    [Show full text]
  • On the Modern Politicization of the Persian Poet Nezami Ganjavi
    Official Digitized Version by Victoria Arakelova; with errata fixed from the print edition ON THE MODERN POLITICIZATION OF THE PERSIAN POET NEZAMI GANJAVI YEREVAN SERIES FOR ORIENTAL STUDIES Edited by Garnik S. Asatrian Vol.1 SIAVASH LORNEJAD ALI DOOSTZADEH ON THE MODERN POLITICIZATION OF THE PERSIAN POET NEZAMI GANJAVI Caucasian Centre for Iranian Studies Yerevan 2012 Siavash Lornejad, Ali Doostzadeh On the Modern Politicization of the Persian Poet Nezami Ganjavi Guest Editor of the Volume Victoria Arakelova The monograph examines several anachronisms, misinterpretations and outright distortions related to the great Persian poet Nezami Ganjavi, that have been introduced since the USSR campaign for Nezami‖s 800th anniversary in the 1930s and 1940s. The authors of the monograph provide a critical analysis of both the arguments and terms put forward primarily by Soviet Oriental school, and those introduced in modern nationalistic writings, which misrepresent the background and cultural heritage of Nezami. Outright forgeries, including those about an alleged Turkish Divan by Nezami Ganjavi and falsified verses first published in Azerbaijan SSR, which have found their way into Persian publications, are also in the focus of the authors‖ attention. An important contribution of the book is that it highlights three rare and previously neglected historical sources with regards to the population of Arran and Azerbaijan, which provide information on the social conditions and ethnography of the urban Iranian Muslim population of the area and are indispensable for serious study of the Persian literature and Iranian culture of the period. ISBN 978-99930-69-74-4 The first print of the book was published by the Caucasian Centre for Iranian Studies in 2012.
    [Show full text]
  • Iran's Nuclear Ambitions From
    IDENTITY AND LEGITIMACY: IRAN’S NUCLEAR AMBITIONS FROM NON- TRADITIONAL PERSPECTIVES Pupak Mohebali Doctor of Philosophy University of York Politics June 2017 Abstract This thesis examines the impact of Iranian elites’ conceptions of national identity on decisions affecting Iran's nuclear programme and the P5+1 nuclear negotiations. “Why has the development of an indigenous nuclear fuel cycle been portrayed as a unifying symbol of national identity in Iran, especially since 2002 following the revelation of clandestine nuclear activities”? This is the key research question that explores the Iranian political elites’ perspectives on nuclear policy actions. My main empirical data is elite interviews. Another valuable source of empirical data is a discourse analysis of Iranian leaders’ statements on various aspects of the nuclear programme. The major focus of the thesis is how the discourses of Iranian national identity have been influential in nuclear decision-making among the national elites. In this thesis, I examine Iranian national identity components, including Persian nationalism, Shia Islamic identity, Islamic Revolutionary ideology, and modernity and technological advancement. Traditional rationalist IR approaches, such as realism fail to explain how effective national identity is in the context of foreign policy decision-making. I thus discuss the connection between national identity, prestige and bargaining leverage using a social constructivist approach. According to constructivism, states’ cultures and identities are not established realities, but the outcomes of historical and social processes. The Iranian nuclear programme has a symbolic nature that mingles with socially constructed values. There is the need to look at Iran’s nuclear intentions not necessarily through the lens of a nuclear weapons programme, but rather through the regime’s overall nuclear aspirations.
    [Show full text]
  • Denkard Book 9
    DENKARD, Book 9 Details of Nasks 1-3, 21 (The Original Gathic Texts) Translated by Edward William West From Sacred Books of the East, Oxford University Press, 1897. Digitized and converted to HTML 1997 Joseph H. Peterson, avesta.org. Last updated Mar 2, 2021. 1 Foreword The Denkard is a ninth century encyclopedia of the Zoroastrian religion, but with extensive quotes from materials thousands of years older, including (otherwise) lost Avestan texts. It is the single most valuable source of information on this religion aside from the Avesta. This volume contains detailed contents of the Gathic Nasks of the Ancient Canon, much of which is now lost in the original Avesta. Note however, that (as Dr. West says) “it is abundantly clear to the practised translator that Avesta phrases often underlie the Pahlavi passages which seem to be quoted at length from the original Nasks, especially in Dk. 9; but, for some of the details mentioned, there may be no older authority than a Pahlavi commentary, and this should be ever borne in mind by the sceptical critic in search of anachronisms.” I have added some comments in {} and [[]], mainly to facilitate searches. Spelling of technical terms have also been normalized to conform with other texts in this series. Wherever possible I have used the spellings of F.M. Kotwal and J. Boyd, A Guide to the Zoroastrian Religion, Scholars Press, 1982. The original S.B.E. volumes used a system of transliteration which was misleading to the casual reader, and no longer adopted. As an example “chinwad” (bridge) (Kotwal and Boyd) was transliterated in S.B.E.
    [Show full text]
  • THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY for IRANIAN STUDIES انجمن بین املللی ایران شناسی ISIS Newsletter Volume 37, Number 1 May 2016
    THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR IRANIAN STUDIES انجمن بین املللی ایران شناسی www.societyforiranianstudies.org ISIS Newsletter Volume 37, Number 1 May 2016 PRESIDENT’S NOTE Although the festivities of Nowruz 1395 have come to an end, nevertheless I would like to take this opportunity to wish all members of our society a very happy and prosperous 1395! Since the publication of the last issue of the newsletter, the online election for the new president was held and my good friend Touraj Daryaee now stands as the President-Elect. Also, Elena Andreeva and Afshin Marashi joined the Council. I am very grateful to the collective team of colleagues on the board for their commitment to our society. Preparation for the forthcoming Eleventh Biennial Conference of The International Society for Iranian Studies is underway and the head of the Conference Committee, Florian Schwarz, and Programme Committee Chair Camron Amin together with their colleagues on both committees are doing their best to make the Eleventh Biennial another successful conference, this time in Vienna. I look forward to seeing all our members at the beginning of August in Vienna. Touraj Atabaki Amsterdam, April 2016 The International Society for Iranian Studies Founded in 1967 ISIS 2016 OFFICERS ISIS Newsletter Volume 37, Number 1 May 2016 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE The second reason is that some years ago when we were on summer vacation 2016 AFRO-IRANIANS: in Iran with family and friends, I saw an Afro-Iranian man for the first time. We went to a football match between Bargh Shiraz FC and Aluminium Hormozgan FC. The TOURAJ ATABAKI AN ELEMENT IN A MOSAIC PRESIDENT man was the fan leader of the Hormozgan team and I was quickly drawn to the way the fans joyfully and rhythmically chanted for their team.
    [Show full text]
  • In the Eyes of the Iranian Intellectuals of The
    “The West” in the Eyes of the Iranian Intellectuals of the Interwar Years (1919–1939) Mehrzad Boroujerdi n 1929, after a lecture by Arnold Toynbee (from the notes of Denison Ross, the fi rst director of the School of Oriental and African Studies) on the subject of the modern- ization of the Middle East, a commentator said, Persia has not been modernized and has not in reality been Westernized. Look at the map: there is Persia right up against Russia. For the past hundred years, living cheek by jowl with Russia, Persia has maintained her complete independence of Russian thought. Although sixty to seventy percent of her trade for the past hundred years has been with Russia, Persia remains aloof in spirit and in practice. For the past ten years, Persia has been living alongside the Union of Socialist Soviet Republics, and has remained free from any impregnation by their basic ideas. Her freedom is due to her cultural independence. For the safety of Persia it is essential, if she is to continue to develop on her own lines, that she should not attempt modernization, and I do not think that the attempt is being made. It is true that the Persians have adopted motor-cars and in small way railways. But let us remember that the Persians have always been in the forefront in anything of that sort. The fi rst Eastern nation to enter the Postal Union and to adopt a system of telegraphs was Persia, which country was also among the fi rst of the Eastern nations to join the League of Nations and to become an active member.
    [Show full text]
  • Designing the Hall in the City of Sari with an Emphasis on the Improvement and Identity of Architecture of Mazandaran, Taberestan
    Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi Cumhuriyet University Faculty of Science Fen Bilimleri Dergisi (CFD), Cilt:36, No: 3 Ozel Sayı (2015) Science Journal (CSJ), Vol. 36, No: 3 Special Issue (2015) ISSN: 1300-1949 ISSN: 1300-1949 Designing the Hall in the City of Sari with an Emphasis on the Improvement and Identity of Architecture of Mazandaran, Taberestan Lili ALAEI1,*, Dr. Saeid MIRRIAHI2 1Postgraduate in the field of architecture, Azad University of Savadkuh Branch 2Architecture Ph.D., the University of Shahid Beheshti Received: 01.02.2015; Accepted: 06.06.2015 _____________________________________________________________________________________________ Abstract. Being dynamic is one of the features of the city of Sari, that is, no finished shape can ever be defined for the city since it is always changing in the development process to conform itself with the environmental and socioeconomic and … conditions. The city of Sari is one of the ancient cities of the province which was once the capital city of achaemenian (Zadratca). As the researchers say the city of Sari is built on the layers of a city which was the center of the northern state of Iran since the pre- Islamic ages. The city of Sari with its historic background; and its cultural, social antiquity and the tourism issue is under the focus of the people or the other nations, probably. Designing the hall of the city of Sari is aimed to meet the cultural and social needs of the people. It is tried in this thesis to explain the different periods of architecture by the urbanism studies. Then, we will show the designing steps using the traditional architecture concepts and geometric patterns.
    [Show full text]
  • IN IRAN Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green Fulfillment
    HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF BROADCASTING IN IRAN Bigan Kimiachi A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY June 1978 © 1978 BI GAN KIMIACHI ALL RIGHTS RESERVED n iii ABSTRACT Geophysical and geopolitical pecularities of Iran have made it a land of international importance throughout recorded history, especially since its emergence in the twentieth century as a dominant power among the newly affluent oil-producing nations of the Middle East. Nearly one-fifth the size of the United States, with similar extremes of geography and climate, and a population approaching 35 million, Iran has been ruled since 1941 by His Majesty Shahanshah Aryamehr. While he has sought to restore and preserve the cultural heritage of ancient and Islamic Persia, he has also promoted the rapid westernization and modernization of Iran, including the establishment of a radio and television broadcasting system second only to that of Japan among the nations of Asia, a fact which is little known to Europeans or Americans. The purpose of this study was to amass and present a comprehensive body of knowledge concerning the development of broadcasting in Iran, as well as a review of current operations and plans for future development. A short survey of the political and spiritual history of pre-Islamic and Islamic Persia and a general survey of mass communication in Persia and Iran, especially from the Il iv advent of the telegraph is presented, so that the development of broadcasting might be seen in proper perspective and be more fully appreciated.
    [Show full text]