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IN IRAN Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green Fulfillment HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF BROADCASTING IN IRAN Bigan Kimiachi A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY June 1978 © 1978 BI GAN KIMIACHI ALL RIGHTS RESERVED n iii ABSTRACT Geophysical and geopolitical pecularities of Iran have made it a land of international importance throughout recorded history, especially since its emergence in the twentieth century as a dominant power among the newly affluent oil-producing nations of the Middle East. Nearly one-fifth the size of the United States, with similar extremes of geography and climate, and a population approaching 35 million, Iran has been ruled since 1941 by His Majesty Shahanshah Aryamehr. While he has sought to restore and preserve the cultural heritage of ancient and Islamic Persia, he has also promoted the rapid westernization and modernization of Iran, including the establishment of a radio and television broadcasting system second only to that of Japan among the nations of Asia, a fact which is little known to Europeans or Americans. The purpose of this study was to amass and present a comprehensive body of knowledge concerning the development of broadcasting in Iran, as well as a review of current operations and plans for future development. A short survey of the political and spiritual history of pre-Islamic and Islamic Persia and a general survey of mass communication in Persia and Iran, especially from the Il iv advent of the telegraph is presented, so that the development of broadcasting might be seen in proper perspective and be more fully appreciated. Iranian journals and other publications available only in Iran were reviewed and discussions and interviews with authorities at various government agencies and broadcasting centers were arranged. The study revealed that, despite enormous obstacles and innumerable problems, National Iranian Radio and Television has achieved most of its major objectives and has recently effected a reorganization, with the establishment of two entirely separate radio and television networks, which will provide necessary competition and lead to more efficient operation of the system and more effective programming. To Dr. Majid Tehranian of Iran Communication and Development Institute in appreciation and friendship V ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation would not have been possible but for the assistance of a number of people at National Iranian Radio and Television, and Iran Communications and Development Institute to whom I am greatly indebted. I especially would like to thank Dr. Majid Tehranian, Dr. Ali Asadi, Dr. Morteza Mir Aftabi, Dr. Ali Mohammadi, Mr. Khosrow Jahandari, Mr. Bijan Hamzelow, and Ms. Manizha Aarabi. In addition, I would also like to thank the members of my committee for their kindness, assistance, and patience. I would also wish to express my heartfelt gratitude to Ms. Goldi Korenberg and Mr. Alfred Corbosiero for their kindnesses and encouragements. Equally, sincere thanks are expressed to Dr. Abdolkhalegh Kimiachi, Dr. Frotan Mahjowr, Ms. Homa Salehi, and Mr. Amir Golara. Numerous other people have been instrumental during the research and writing of this dissertation to whom I extend my appreciation. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT........................................................................................ iii-iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS................................................................. v LIST OF FIGURES........................................................................... x LIST OF TABLES............................................................................. xi FOREWORD....................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION................................................................ 8 Definition of Historical Study, 8 The Purpose and Scope of the Present Study, 9 Delimitations, 10 Sources of Information, 11 Treatment of Information, 12 Summary, 14 2. A SHORT HISTORY OF PERSIA AND IRAN AND CHARACTERISTICS OF MODERN IRAN.............. 15 Iran or Persia, 15 From Islamic Persia to Modern Iran, 18 Characteristics of Modern Iran, 24: Geography, 24; Population, 26; Language, 32; Government, 34 Summary, 37 Vll Page 3. THE ADVENT OF THE TELEGRAPH IN IRAN.................................................................... 39 Historical and Political Background, 39 Introduction of the Telegraph System, 43: The Establishment of the First Line, 43; The Extension of Soltanieh-Tabrize, 46; The Extension of Aras, 46; The Southern Extension, 47; The Condition of the Telegraph System 1866-1874, 50; The Telegraph Treaties, 50 Iranian-Russian Telegraph, 52 Iranian-Ottoman (Turkish) Telegraph, 53 The Effect of the Telegraph in Iran, 53 The Advent of the Wireless Telegraph in Iran, 57: Historical and Political Background, 57; Introduction of the Wireless Telegraph System, 61 Summary, 65 4. THE ADVENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF RADIO IN IRAN.................................................................. 67 Administration and Technical Development, 67 Finance, 78 Personnel, 80 Programming, 82: Program I, 85; Program H, 89; Program n FM, 91 Foreign Service, 92 The Role and Objectives of Radio in Iran, 94 Provincial Radio Centers, 97: Tabriz, 99; Esfahan, 99; Mashhad, 100; Sananadaj, 100; Ahvaz, 101; Rasht, 101; Rezayeh, 101; Shiraz, 102; Kermanshah, 103; Gorgan, 104; Sari, 104; Darya, 105; Yazd, 105; Hamedan, 106; Khoramabad, 106; Ram, 107; Ardebill, 107;Khash, 107; Taibad, 108; Iranshahr, 108 Summary, 109 Vili Page 5. THE ADVENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF TELEVISION IN IRAN............................................ Ill Iran Television (Commercial), 111: Administration and Technical Development, 111; Finance, 115; Personnel, 116; Programming, 118 National Iran Television, 121: Administration and Technical Development, 121 National Iranian Radio and Television, 127: Administration and Technical Development, 127; Transmission and Facilities, 137; Finance, 138; Personnel, 151; Programming, 159; Educational Television, 168; English Language Television, 172; Pars News Agency, 174; The Center for Preserva­ tion and Propagation of Traditional Music, 182; Music Workshop, 185; Theater Workshop, 188; Audience Research and Analysis, 189; Provincial Television Clubs, 194; Provincial Television Centers, 198 Summary, 215 6. INTERNATIONAL AFFILIATIONS.......................... 219 Radio, 219 Television, 220 Satellite Telecommunication, 223 Summary, 227 7. THE FUTURE OF NATIONAL IRANIAN RADIO AND TELEVISION.............................................. 228 Implementation Plan for Program Assessment, 228 Personal Observation and Analysis, 232 8. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS............................ 235 Summary and Conclusion, 235 Needs for Further Study, 245 BIBLIOGRAPHY..................................................................... 247 IX Page APPENDIXES A. SAMPLE RADIO PROGRAMS-PROGRAM I.............. 255 B. SAMPLE RADIO PROGRAMS-PROGRAM II............. 264 C. SAMPLE PROGRAMS OF IRAN TV............................ 272 D. LAW ESTABLISHING NIRT, JUNE 19, 1971............ 276 E. SAMPLE PROGRAMS OF AMERICAN TV................ 290 F. GENERAL RULES.......................................................... 295 F. TIMES AND LEVELS OF TV PROGRAMS............... 300 F. TIMES AND LEVELS OF RADIO PROGRAMS........ 304 F. ADVERTISING RATES................................................... 307 G. SAMPLE PROGRAMS IN TV-PROGRAM 1.................. 309 H. SAMPLE PROGRAMS IN TV-PROGRAM H............... 313 I. FOREIGN TELEVISION PROGRAMS............................ 317 X LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Population Growth in the 20th Century...................... 30 2. Forecast of Iranian Population................................. 31 3. Radio Transmitters in Iran for Selected Years 1940-1973............................................................... 72 4. FM Stations From 1969-1974.................................... 74-5 5. Radio Transmitters in the Provinces, by Date of Establishment...................................... .. 76-77 6. Radio Iran's Budget 1940-1971................................. 79 7. Television Production and Transmission Centers by Date of Establishment 1966-1970................ 126 8. Television Production and Transmission Centers and Relay Stations in Iran by Date of Establishment...................................................... 129-134 9. NIRT Budget During the 1967-1968 Period.......... 140 10. NIRT Principal Sources of Income, 1972............ 142 11. Radio and Television Expansion Budget 1978.... 144-45 12. Number of NIRT Personnel 1966-1976................ 153 13. Number of Personnel of Selected Centers 1976.. 154-55 14. Age Bracket in Households With TV Sets............ 192 15. Education Level in Households With TV Sets.... 193 16. Satellite Earth Stations in the Middle East as of March 1976.......................................................... 224 XL LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Persian Empire 500 B. C............................................ 17 2. Iran’s Neighboring and Major Cities........................ 27 3. Iran: General Map...................................................... 58 4. Radio Iran: A World-Wide Network........................ 86 5. Total Power Output of Television Transmitters in Iran 1967-1974...................................................... 136 6. International News Sources of NIRT and NIRT News Agency Representatives Abroad............ 180 ! FOREWORD The Legend of the World-Revealing Cup
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