GENDER MATTERS IN GLOBAL POLITICS Gender Matters in Global Politics is a comprehensive textbook for advanced under- graduates studying feminism and international relations, gender and global politics and similar courses. It provides students with an accessible but in-depth account of the most signifi cant theories, methodologies, debates and issues. This textbook is written by an international line-up of established and emerging scholars from a range of theoretical perspectives, providing students with provoca- tive and cutting-edge insights into the study and practices of (how) gender matters in global politics. Key features and benefi ts of the book: • Introduces students to the wide variety of feminist and gender theory and explains the relevance to contemporary global politics. • Explains the insights of feminist theory for a range of other disciplines including international relations, international political economy and security studies. • Addresses a large number of key contemporary issues such as human rights, traf- fi cking, rape as a tool of war, peacekeeping and state-building, terrorism and environmental politics. • Features extensive pedagogy to facilitate learning – seminar exercises, text boxes, photographs, suggestions for further reading, web resources and a glossary of key terms. In this innovative and groundbreaking textbook, gender is represented as a noun, a verb and a logic, allowing both students and lecturers to develop a sophisticated under- standing of the crucial role that gender plays in the theories, policies and practices of global politics. Laura J. Shepherd is a Lecturer in International Relations at the Department of Political Science and International Studies (POLSIS), University of Birmingham. She teaches and researches in the areas of gender politics, international relations and critical security studies. GENDER MATTERS IN GLOBAL POLITICS A feminist introduction to International Relations Edited by Laura J. Shepherd First published 2010 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2010. To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk. © 2010 Editorial selection and matter, Laura J. Shepherd; individual chapters the contributors All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Gender matters in global politics: a feminist introduction to international relation / edition by Laura J. Shepherd. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-0-415-45387-5—ISBN 978-0-415-45388-2—ISBN 978-0-203-86494-4 1. International relational. 2. Feminism. 3. Feminist theory. I. Shepherd, Laura J. JZ1253.2.G46 2009 327.101—dc22 2009021805 ISBN 0-203-86494-8 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 13: 978-0-415-45387-5 (hbk) ISBN 13: 978-0-415-45388-2 (pbk) ISBN 13: 978-0-203-86494-4 (ebk) ISBN 10: 0-415-45387-9 (hbk) ISBN 10: 0-415-45388-7 (pbk) ISBN 10: 0-203-86494-8 (ebk) CONTENTS Notes on Contributors ix Acknowledgements xv Foreword by Cynthia Enloe xvii Glossary xix SECTION ONE: THEORY/PRACTICE 1 1. Sex or Gender? Bodies in World Politics and Why Gender Matters 3 Laura J. Shepherd 2. Ontologies, Epistemologies, Methodologies 17 Lene Hansen 3. Feminist International Relations: Making Sense . 28 Marysia Zalewski 4. Postcolonial Theories and Challenges to ‘First World-ism’ 44 Anna M. Agathangelou and Heather M. Turcotte SECTION TWO: ETHICS AND THE HUMAN SUBJECT 59 5. Ethics 61 Kimberly Hutchings 6. Body Politics: Human Rights in International Relations 74 Jill Steans 7. Traffi cking in Human Beings 89 Barbara Sullivan v CONTENTS SECTION THREE: VIOLENCE AND SECURITY 103 8. Militarism and War 105 Cynthia Cockburn 9. The ‘War on Terrorism’ 116 Krista Hunt 10. Genocide and Mass Violence 127 Adam Jones 11. Sexual Violence in War 148 Donna Pankhurst 12. Peacekeeping, Peacebuilding and Post-confl ict Reconstruction 161 Nadine Puechguirbal 13. Cyborg Soldiers and Militarised Masculinities 176 Cristina Masters SECTION FOUR: POLITICAL ECONOMY 187 14. Mainstreaming Gender in International Institutions 189 Jacqui True 15. International/Global Political Economy 204 V. Spike Peterson 16. Development Institutions and Neoliberal Globalisation 218 Penny Griffi n 17. Production, Employment and Consumption 234 Juanita Elias and Lucy Ferguson SECTION FIVE: IDENTITIES, ORDERS, BORDERS 249 18. Migration 251 Jindy Pettman 19. Religion 265 Suruchi Thapar-Bjorkert and Laura J. Shepherd 20. Nationalism 280 Dibyesh Anand 21. Transnational Activism 292 Valentine M. Moghadam vi CONTENTS SECTION SIX: INFORMATION, COMMUNICATION, TECHNOLOGY 307 22. Popular Culture and the Politics of the Visual 309 Christina Rowley 23. Sex, Gender and Cyberspace 326 M. I. Franklin Conclusion 347 Terrell Carver Bibliography 351 Index 409 vii NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS Adam Jones is Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of British Columbia Okanagan in Kelowna, Canada. He is author of Gender Inclusive: Essays on Violence, Men, and Feminist International Relations (Routledge, 2009) and author or editor of a dozen other books on genocide and human rights, gender and IR, and transitional mass media. He serves as executive director of Gendercide Watch (www. gendercide.org). Anna M. Agathangelou is Associate Professor of Political Science and Women’s Studies at York University, Toronto, and is the co-director of Global Change Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus. Her publications include The Global Political Economy of Sex: Desire, Violence and Insecurity in Mediterranean Nation-States (Palgrave Macmillan, 2006), and Transforming World Politics: From Empire to Multiple Worlds (Routledge, 2009), co-authored with L.H.M. Ling (New School). Barbara Sullivan is Senior Lecturer in the School of Political science & International Studies, University of Queensland, Australia. She teaches and researches in the area of gender politics, feminist political theory, prostitution and traffi cking. She has published in a range of political science and criminology journals as well as in two recent comparative politics texts: Gendering the State in the Age of Globalization: Women’s Movements and State Feminism in Post Industrial Democracies edited by Melissa Haussman and Birgit Sauer (Rowman & Littlefi eld, 2007) and The Politics of Prostitution: Women’s Movements, Democratic States and the Globalisation of Sex Commerce edited by Joyce Outshoorn (Cambridge University Press, 2004). Christina Rowley is a doctoral researcher in the Department of Politics, University of Bristol. She has published on the politics of science fi ction (2005), on representa- tions of gender in Firefl y/Serenity (2007) and (with Jutta Weldes) on identities and US foreign policy (2008). She is one of the editors of the ‘Popular Culture and World Politics’ book series (Lexington). Cristina Masters is Lecturer of International Politics in the discipline area of Politics at the . She teaches and researches in the areas of feminist poststructural theory, gender politics, and practices of war and violence. Recent publications include a chapter on Judith Butler in Critical Theorists and ix NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS International Relations (Routledge, 2009), edited by Nicholas Vaughan-Williams and Jenny Edkins, ‘Femina Sacra: The “War on/of Terror”, Women and the Femi- nine’ in Security Dialogue (2009), and ‘Bodies of Technology and the Politics of the Flesh’ in Rethinking The ‘Man’ Question: Sex, Gender and Violence in International Relations (Zed Books, 2008), edited by Jane L. Parpart and Marysia Zalewski. Cynthia Cockburn is a feminist researcher and writer based at The City University, London, UK, where she is a Visiting Professor in the Department of Sociology. Her recent publications include The Space Between Us: Gender and National Identities in Confl ict (1998), The Line: Women, Partition and the Gender Order in Cyprus (2004), and From Where We Stand: War, Women’s Activism and Feminist Analysis (2007), all published by Zed Books. Dibyesh Anand is an Associate Professor at Westminster University. His publica- tions are in the areas of Global Politics, Tibet, Nationalism and Gender. He has authored Geopolitical Exotica: Tibet in Western Imagination and Hindu Nationalism in India and the Politics of Fear. He is currently working on a book China’s Tibet, Indian diaspora in Tanzania, and a project on the China-India border. Donna Pankhurst is Professor of Peacebuilding and Development at the Depart- ment of Peace Studies, University of Bradford, UK. In recent years she has researched in Africa on confl ict, post-confl ict settlements and peacebuilding, particularly with a focus on gender issues. Recent publications include Gendered Peace: Women’s Strug- gles for Post-Confl ict Justice and Reconciliation (Routledge, 2007). Heather M. Turcotte is Assistant Professor in Political Science, Women’s Studies and International Studies at the University