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An Exploration of Codepink: Women for Peace

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An Exploration of Codepink: Women for Peace ACTIVIST ORGANIZATIONS AND STRATEGIC UTILIZATION OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES: AN EXPLORATION OF CODEPINK: WOMEN FOR PEACE A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI'I AT MĀNOA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN COMMUNICATION AND INFORMATION SCIENCES May 2019 By Wiebke Reile Dissertation Committee: Jenifer Sunrise Winter, Chairperson Vanessa Irvin Rich Gazan Rachel Neo Peter Leong, University Representative Keywords: Activism, Collective Action, Multi-modal Ethnography, Online Activism, Social Media, Social Movement Organizations ACTIVISM and ICTs © COPYRIGHT 2019 WIEBKE REILE All RIGHTS RESERVED ii ACTIVISM and ICTs Dedication This dissertation is dedicated to my Mom and strong women like her. “I write for those women who do not speak, for those who do not have a voice because they were so terrified, because we are taught to respect fear more than ourselves. We've been taught that silence would save us, but it won't." - (Audre Lorde) iii ACTIVISM and ICTs Acknowledgements This work would not have been possible without the support from the amazing professors at the University of Hawai’i at Mānoa. I am especially indebted to Dr. Jenifer Winter, my dissertation chair, whose leadership and knowledge has made me the scholar I am today. She has had faith in me during every step of this process and I am eternally grateful. To the members of my committee thank you for your amazing input, sacrifice of time, and constructive support. In particular, I also want to thank Dr. Irvin for her invaluable knowledge, guidance, and support through all the years conducting research together at UH. Moreover, I would like to thank the support of Dr. Shortell, who had advised my proposal and first introduced me to concept of social networks. I would also like to thank Lauren Bagby, who has been my grammar savior and someone who has dedicated countless hours to editing my work. Lastly, the support of my colleagues Kelsea Hosoda and Jenifer Beamer, was invaluable during this process and really helped me stay motivated to finish this dissertation. To the staff members of CODEPINK, and in particular the founders, I would not have been able to conduct this research without you opening your doors to everything CODEPINK. I am so grateful for you letting me witness such an amazing and daring group of women. Your work is instrumental to our nation. Nobody has been more important to me in the pursuit of this project than the members of my family. To my mom and sister, without your support and love I wouldn’t be the woman I am today. Mom, you taught me the importance of being an educated woman and I will never forget that. Thank you for being the foundation and role model that made all my education and dreams come true. Svenja, thank you for supporting me through your constant enthusiasm, love, iv ACTIVISM and ICTs reassurance, and transportation to the islands. I love you both. To my father up in heaven, thank you for your family’s legacy of teaching and education, and your support in my doctoral pursuits. Lastly, I wrote this dissertation to honor my grandmother, Isle Paul, who has been a guiding light and source of joy in my life. To my husband, Mostafa, thank you for your continuing support day in and day out, and the sacrifices you have made during all of my years in grad school. Throughout this dissertation process you have supported me every step of the way, and gave me the motivation to finish. I love you always for supporting my dreams and being by my side through all of it. You gave me strength when I didn’t have any left. v ACTIVISM and ICTs Abstract Social networking sites have changed the nature of online social movements and decreased the role of formal organizations in facilitating collective action. Conceptualizing how social networking sites are relevant in organizations, and how they facilitate collective action through interaction and engagement, is the central question of my study. The theoretical frameworks used in this study include the concepts of collective action theory and social capital, which provide context for exploring CODEPINK, a women-led grassroots organization focused on ending U.S. wars and militarism, while supporting peace and human rights initiatives. Drawing on previous research about collective action and social networking sites, this study investigates the following questions: What type of civic information does CODEPINK use to facilitate followers (email and social networking sites) to take part in collective action? How does civic information shape a relationship between the followers and the organization? What are the strategies that CODEPINK enacts to facilitate activism concerning political and social issues on social networking sites? What factors build capacity to signal dissent to governments and what constitutes success? How does CODEPINK use social networking sites to build social capital to involve followers to participate in collective action? How do the staff of CODEPINK, if at all, view social networking sites as a tool to facilitate collective action? This research utilizes a multi-modal ethnographic approach to explore the online and offline communities of CODEPINK. Data resources include field observations, social media activities, and semi-structured interviews. Instead of focusing on the outcomes of a social movement, I focus my research on the practices of CODEPINK, whose work in the activist field has contributed a series of micro-mobilizations on a variety of different topics. This work highlights the strategic practices of activists using capacity builders, social networking site practices using social ambassadors to build social capital, the relationship between organizations and different types of civic information, and a multi-layered approach for successful social media campaigns. The organization’s role is as an educator of civic information that inspires individuals to participate in activism. With the use of customer relationship management systems, organizations are able to digitally organize followers using a feedback system that creates a social infrastructure. The combined use of traditional face-to-face practices and social networking sites facilitates collective action according to CODEPINK staff. Moreover, this work establishes that the current digital practices of activists have created a new type of activist organization: a digital grassroots organization. Keywords: Activism, Collective Action, Multi-modal Ethnography, Online Activism, Social Media, Social Movement Organizations vi ACTIVISM and ICTs Table of Contents Dedication ...................................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................ iv Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... vi Table of Contents .......................................................................................................................... vii List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ xi List of Tables ................................................................................................................................ xii Preface .......................................................................................................................................... xiii Chapter 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 1 1.2. Political Climate ....................................................................................................................... 3 1.3. Role of Social Networking Sites .............................................................................................. 5 1.4. Contextual Role of Organizations ............................................................................................ 7 1.5. Problem Statement ................................................................................................................... 9 Chapter 2. Theoretical Framework and Literature Review .......................................................... 11 2.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 11 2.2. Theoretical Framework .......................................................................................................... 11 2.2.1. Collective Action Theory ................................................................................................ 11 2.2.2. Social-Capital Theory ..................................................................................................... 13 2.3. Literature Review ................................................................................................................... 16 2.3.1. Social Networking Sites .................................................................................................. 16 2.3.2. Facebook ........................................................................................................................
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