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Embroidering Emancipation: Female Abolitionists and Material Culture in Britain and the USA, C.1780-1865

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Embroidering Emancipation: Female Abolitionists and Material Culture in Britain and the USA, C.1780-1865 Embroidering Emancipation: Female Abolitionists and Material Culture in Britain and the USA, c.1780-1865 Naomi Gardner This thesis is submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Royal Holloway, University of London March 2016 ! i Declaration of Authorship I, Naomi Gardner, hereby declare that this thesis and the work presented in it is entirely my own. Where I have consulted the work of others, this is always clearly stated. Signed: N. Gardner Date: 18/03/2016 ! ii Abstract This thesis examines material culture and female participation in the British and American anti-slavery campaigns from the 1780s to 1865. It explores the production, distribution and use of abolitionist material culture, within a female transatlantic framework. It considers the home as an overlooked site of political expression and explores how women’s personal, social and political networks facilitated their relationships with political objects. This thesis brings together the separate disciplines of material culture and female abolitionists to enrich the current transatlantic anti-slavery narrative. Such an approach allows us to trace the ways material objects were used by abolitionists for political gain and as furnishings for the domestic interior. This thesis incorporates a variety of surviving anti-slavery objects from numerous museum and archival collections and auction houses across Britain and the U.S. Beginning with an analysis of sewing circles we can see how British women were encouraged to employ their traditionally feminine skills to create items for sale at American bazaars. These items were then distributed by and marketed to female abolitionists, combining politics and consumerism. By exploring the household as a site for the display and use of political objects we can assess how women’s increasing participation in the anti-slavery movement affected domestic space and the ways these objects were employed in the home for both decorative and practical purposes. By mapping the abolitionist interior, we can see how anti-slavery campaigns permeated transatlantic homes and incorporated all generations, especially girl abolitionists. Finally, the ways female abolitionist writers utilised material culture in narratives addressed to their juvenile abolitionist audience will be examined. iii Table of Contents Table of Contents .................................................................................................................iv Table of Figures ...................................................................................................................vii Acknowledgements ..............................................................................................................xii Abbreviations .......................................................................................................................xiv Introduction .........................................................................................................................1 The Material Culture of Abolition..............................................................................5 Approaches: Material Culture.....................................................................................6 Overview of the British and American Anti-Slavery Campaigns..............................9 Female Abolitionists..................................................................................................10 The Material Culture of Anti-Slavery........................................................................13 Child Abolitionists and Material Culture: Games and Embroidered Samplers........18 Children’s Abolitionist Literature and Material Culture............................................20 Chapter Outline..........................................................................................................24 Chapter One: Sewing the Slave: The Production of Handmade Anti-Slavery Objects Through the Sewing Circle .................................................................................................27 Femininity and Fancywork.........................................................................................29 Benefits of Sewing Circles: Education, Recruitment and Socialisation....................32 Lived Experiences: Daily Realities of Sewing Circles...............................................37 Domestic Production as ‘Work’..................................................................................42 Women’s Perceptions of their Political Needle ‘Work’..............................................45 Conclusion...................................................................................................................49 Chapter Two: Buying at the Bazaar: the Distribution of Handmade Political Objects through the Anti-Slavery Bazaar...................................................................................... 51 A Comparison of Rural and Urban Bazaars...............................................................53 Desired Donations and the Role of Transatlantic Networks .....................................59 Useful to Fanciful: Changes in Object Function........................................................64 Marked Mottoes: From Norm to Novelty..................................................................67 Spectacular Spectacle.................................................................................................71 Abolitionist Consumerism: Spending for the Slave...................................................74 Conclusion..................................................................................................................78 Chapter Three: The Abolitionist Home: Anti-Slavery Material Culture in the Transatlantic Domestic Space........................................................................................... 79 The Abolitionist Body................................................................................................81 Wearing the Fabric of Abolition: Clothing and Accessories.....................................81 Wedgwood’s Cameo: The Original Abolitionist Accessory......................................85 iv Penny Tokens: The Kneeling Slave as a Form of Currency and Portable Commemoration.........................................................................................................91 Workbags: Fashionable Abolitionist Repositories ....................................................95 The Bedroom: Bedcovers and Beauty ......................................................................99 The Abolitionist Toilette ...........................................................................................99 ‘Traite des Nègres’: Bed Curtains Made From Anti-Slavery Fabric .......................104 Abolitionist Quilts: Furnishing the Bed with Political Sentiment ............................106 The Abolitionist Parlour and Drawing Room ...........................................................116 Prints, Plaques and Paintings: Walls as Canvases for Images of Abolition ............117 The Abolitionist Writing Desk: Inkstands, Letter Holders and Stationery ..............124 Furnishing the Parlour: Decorative and Functional Items ........................................130 Tea Sets and Sugar Bowls: The Kitchen and Dining Room .....................................133 Conclusion..................................................................................................................138 Chapter Four: Slaves in the Toy Box: Children’s Anti-Slavery Games and Samplers in the Transatlantic Domestic Space..................................................................................... 140 Spaces for Child Abolitionists: The Nursery, Playroom and Schoolroom...............143 Anti-Slavery Bazaars as Abolitionist Toy Shops.......................................................144 Games, Puzzles and Cards: Surviving Anti-Slavery Toys ........................................148 The Anti-Slavery Dial................................................................................................149 ‘A Tour Through the Empire’: Slavery in British Imperial Board Games ..............152 Anti-Slavery Dissected: Jigsaw Puzzles ...................................................................159 Piecing together Uncle Tom’s Cabin: Jigsaws ..........................................................164 Dealing Uncle Tom’s Cabin: Card Games ................................................................166 Anti-Slavery Samplers: Displaying Girls’ Needlework in Children’s Spaces .........169 Unpicking Surviving Anti-Slavery Samplers ............................................................173 Poetic Inscriptions: Children’s Abolitionist Text on Samplers .................................176 Attempting to Decode Two Identical Anti-Slavery Samplers ..................................181 Embroidering God: Biblical Texts on Anti-Slavery Samplers .................................183 Conventions and Columns: Incorporating National and Transatlantic Political Events into Traditional Samplers ..........................................................................................186 Conclusion .................................................................................................................191 Chapter Five ‘To Our Little Readers’: Material Culture, the Household and Anti- Slavery in Children’s Literature.........................................................................................194 Historiography............................................................................................................196
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