UDC: 572. 02C22) Title: Insula: international journal of isl..

Cat. no: 211537 Date: 08 Apr 201 Subscription no: l Note: j'2-Szilô

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April 1999 ISSN 1021-0814 YearS .1 mild year-roundcllmate and plenty of

sunshineare just two of

Tenerife'sattractions.

This fascinating island is

full of hiddencorners and Bibfiothèque/Library natural wonders worth UNESCO

discovering,especially for b»PlER GIOVANNI D'AYALA e onenoy walkingentbusiasts and nature loyers.

From thé coast to thé Teide National Park 75352 PARIS 07 SP - FRANCE Cephalonia:thé Katavotreskarstic phenomenon, followinga complètenetwork ofpathways and onceexploited as a sourceof energy"ANTONIO D'AYAIA view points, Tenerifeguarantees spectacuîar Ile de PaquetàbïPEDRO D'ALCÂNTARA FREIRE Bibliothèque landscapesand a ricb variety of flora and fauna.

ThéMediterranean islands: paving thé way for qualitydevelopment?

'OGNIEN BABIC Culture,Tourism and Local Community. Thé isle of ManExpérience

Library "STEPHENHARRISON

Wbetberyou chooseto explorethé mountains, Thé architect of thé Sea bïSERGE COLLET E-mail: library@unesco. org lavaformations or coastalcoves independently Saints,Gales, and Seamen..."PIER GIOVANNI D'AYALA Tel.: +33(0)1 45 68 03 56/60 7,Place deFontenoy 75007 Paris, France or as part of an organisedtour, you will .^^ invariablybave thé opportunityto seeone of c our numerousspecies ofbird, indigenousto thé City of Bar '"VLADANZDRAVKOVICH island. Crookedleg's son b'SiLviAPAGGI Tenerifeojfers wonder- fui hôtels with

excellent service, in

addition to a wide SICILIANDOTourism a land range of cultural in baroque Monasterybï CHRISTINA SASSAYANNIS activitiesthroughout A forgotten Islandsas GutturalLandscapes: a model for integratedsustainable management. thé year.Don't take Thé case of Patmosb y EMMANUELLA Doussis AND ANTONIA ZERVAKI ourword for it, corne Technologyand Héritage: A newalliance on thé threshold of théXXI century, and discoverit for Salamanca Conférence ''CIPRIANOMARIN yourself. Tenerifeand thé Sea Programme

Sacred Blood bySOLANGE PETIT-SKINNER

ThéFascinating ïsland

TenerifeTourist Development Bureau

SiNTESIS. creatividad putllicitaria insula International Journal oflsland Affairs building a consensualdevelopment

ISSN 1021 - 0814 April 1999 ineyears hâve elapsed since INSULA, our organization, was created in November Year8N°l 1989.One year more and it will bea full décade.It is timeperhaps to rethinkfrom where started adventureas developedtrough years. our it thé by PlERGIOVANNI D'AYAIA EditorialBoard It waspeople like youand me which for personalor professionalreasons were attracted by islandsand their paradigmatic trajectories; not so muchfor romandeor utopianreasons but Editer: becauseisland problemswere real and to understandthem by workingtogether at theirsolu- Pier Giovanni d'Ayala tions seemedto us a good.way,a way at our scaleand dimension, to glano asin a magnifying muror,at thédeep changes our world was undergoing. A manwho understood us offehng his ScientificAdvisory Committee: supportwas Federico Mayor D. G.of UNESCO.He just told us : « go on ». It wasnot a com- Prof. Salvino Busuttil, MALTA mand,but a wishto seeImaginative, slightly crazy people to startajourney through unknown Dr. Ronald G. Parris, BARBADOS seas.Our first captainswere of sucha breedofpeople: Bill BélierInsula's first chairman,an Prof. Nicolas Margaris, GREECE Americanscientist expert in islanddevelopment. And Ivo Margan,our Secretary Général that Prof. Patrick Nunn, FUI beforebeing a politician from former Yugoslavia was an islander himself. Bill andIvo leadedus ProfG. Prakash Reddy, DsTDIA troughthé still unsettledwaters of our journey. Prof. Hiroshi Kakazu, JAPAN Lateron l wishto recallProf. Nicos Margaris from Greece, Prof. Yoshimasa Yamashina from Dr. Henrique Pinto da Costa, SAO TOME E Japan,Rubin Umaly from Philippines and many others to whoml addrcssmy sincère thanks for PRINCIPE their advice and coopération. Prof. Lino Briguglio, Malta Fromthé beginning our strategy was built ona simpleidea: let's facilitate thé encounter and thédialogue among thé islanders themselves. Apaying move indeed, which led to unexpected results:first respectand friendship among equal partners animated by a commonwill for Production coordinators: progress.Furthermore to anagreed framework for inter-islandcoopération. Several important CiprianoMann internationalconférences such as Island 2000 held in Sicily; théWorid Conférenceon Sustain- GiuseppeOrlando ableTourism taking place in thé CanaryIslands and thé lsl EuropeanConférence on Island EleanaFelici SustainableDevelopment held in Minorcawere instrumental in thé abovestrategy and re- sulted in three main documents recalled in ail international fora: Graphie designer: Luis Mir Paya Thé Lanzarote charter on sustainable tourism, thé Minorca Commitments and thé Island

PublishedbyINSULA, thé International Scientific Council for Is- Agendaaddressing European Islands but, openingthé doorto collaborationamong ail is- landDevelopment, withthé support ofUNESCO. lands,planet wide.

Articlespublished inthis journal do not necessarily reflect thé opin- OurVice chairman Mr JoanHuguet i Rotgerproposed consequently to thé Caribbean Minis- ionsof INSULAor of UNESCO. tersmeeting at UNESCOlast Octoberto starta pragmaticcoopération among thé Europeanand théCaribbean Islands in priorityareas such as new technologies, health and éducation. Matedalappearing inthis journal cannot bereproduced without thé Sailing ship in a gale. 1899. priorpermission of thé Editor. Madonna dei Martiri Sanctuary, Barletta (Southern Italy). Hère is, dear INSULA's friends, where we are, confronted with a new set ofchallenging tasks includingthé increasinglyimportant activity broughtforward, as recorded in our Journal,with insula, théhtemational Journal ofIsland Affairs is distrib- thé EuropeanUnion and its islands. utedfree to NSULA'sindividual and institutional members. For sub- scriptionsand information, please write to: INSULArepresents now an important Organization internationally recognized, proceeding on a well tracedprogrcss path. insula Sucha propice situation calls however for à consistentimprovement in tackingadvantage of thégreet wealth ofprofessional competencies represented byour membership, both institu- c/oUNESCO in tional andpersonal terms. l, meMiolUs Howto strengthenthus our collaboration? Ail yourideas are welcome. Without your direct 75732 Paris,FRANCE supportno sustainableprogress can be achievednor we candare to pursuesuccessfully our Tél.: +33145.68.40.56,Fax: +33 145.68.58.04 joumeytowards thé nextmillennium. A symbolfor INSULA, your Organization. E-mail: [email protected]

Happynew year folk, islandersand island friends, Produced by: TENYDEA S.L. Canary Islands let's togethertake thé future in our hands.

International Journal of Island Affairs Sffhv

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jttSBiR'RWchsttRK byANTONIO D'AVALA fh'^îtoef ^;nd;

http: //www. insula. org

he mountainousisland of Cephaloniais well known under ew information technology breaks its attractiveand characteristic geological profile, dueto thé morphol- down thé barriers of général and specialised ogy of its rocks: mainly limestone,dolomite and conglomerateof >,fll»i . aki oni information that used to accentuate thé isola- Mesozoicand Cenozoic period. ^M^rTHMd RenewableEnergies . QMfmWwm shaped, subsoil tion of islands. Thé cost of new information Thé water cycle hascarved and through time, thé ^A^stoana technology already makes it accessible to Sustainable Development of this island,giving a remarkableand exclusive hydrogeological ". small communities and isolated users. Teleinsula reticular Systemof deep cavesand channelscrossed by an under- ^^iy Diverse and complex island problems need ground eastward water flow. ff^B>ma S^IWslw an efficient transfer of information in order to Thé Sait Route Thereare many caves and subten-anean lakes along thé east side of team about thé solutions of other islands and théIsland, one of thèse,maybe thé most important, is thécave-lake Damubantta^\ -|^ Sustainable Tourism MafPai^sgsî to share new, integratedapproaches in ait thé Melissani,near Sami. It is in this lake,with turquoiseand emerald UoniKipowsaa g . ï^ST" '^ ila'<,alTa différent fietds of island interest. Technologyand Héritage water,thé lake Karavomilos and thé bay of Samithat thé seawater, Manteaiir Conscious of thèse new possibilities, suc- swallowedin Katavotres(west coast) reappears. Nowadays, in thé KOUNOPETB*»pWsQjdos' ceeded in thé endeavour to create a Web Telematic Health Ser ices prettylake ofKaravomilos (fig. l), thiswater, mnning costantly to thé site in service islands, aiming to bring sea, sets to move a water mill. AgiaPetaffaM" thé of for Islands tate um S»»"' informationon thé stratégiesectors retatedto But,what happen at Katavotresto générale this rise at théother %6s"asda island development, on expériences of com- Island News sideof théisland? Moreover, how and when was explained thé whole mon interest and on technical and scientific phenomenon? Thé orld of thé Island instruments suitable for our realities. Fig. l

http://www. teleinsula. org Cephalonia îîS^SSS'^fL'^".!

j j -s , a. . A _j. . '.< _ai ^ gulfof Teleinsi^la Argostoli / Sami Thé Teleinsula project Web server brings an exten- bay \ 1 (Katavotres) 3 Melissa Karavomilos ." ?. sive compendium oftools, information and telematic Sea level cave ... ". services relating to islands. It is thé operative window ^. -^.f of thé projects gathered around Teleinsula, an ambi- f . tious reality joined every day by new islands and is- Cephaloniathé Katavotres karst phenomena ofthé land expériences. wdergroundwater. Redrawn and modified from W. H.Bond (1973)

International Journal of Island Affairs 3)Rainfall on Cephalonia'sslopes fil- ters rapidly downward toward thé seawater channels, a year-round process; 4)Faster-flowing freshwaterjoins thé !) undergroundsalt-water stream and increasesits speed. Thé result is a suction effect that helps pull thé seain at Katavotres; »_-=. «. -.., 5)As thé channelsbroadea, thé now ^l'./ brackish water slows and bubbles up -a in springsat Melissani,along thé shore,and under thé gulf of Sami.

Fig. 2: Thé bay of Saini

NearArgostoli, there's a greenwoodarea called Katavotres, in which we can admiresome of thémost peculiar phenomena of théisland. Sea water flows into PEDROD'ALCÂNTARA FREIRE gapsamong thé rocks on thé coast and desappears, engendehng théhypsometric by différenceof l ,3 m betweengroundwater and sealevel. Fromthé scientificpoint of view,thé explanationof théflowing wayof this Fiskardo input-outputsteady stream of waterwas a misteryto everyoneuntil 1963. Itha e Brcwoiô^> ^/ nhade Paquetà Thenthé Greek spelaeologist C.Petrochilos (Frangopulos, Maleraki; 1963) and llhado Boq^oirào^ other austrianscientists discovered, after many experiments,what happensto Thé bulky and incessant sea water théwater that pours into thé holes. They released 140 kg of ablue-coloured tracer infiltration into thé ground, at llha do Governador in Katavotresarea and after 14 daysdetected traces of this substancein thé bay Katavotres,was exploited in thé past of Sami(fig. 2), in Melissanilagoon and Karavomilos lake on théeastern side of since 19thcentury, when an enterpris- théisland, providing proof of a 17km undergroundrun. ing Englishmanharnessed thé current Hère below, is listed thé contentof Figure 3, which illustrâtesschematically with a waterwheelto grind grain.Later e live on a little islandof l ,5 squaremeters and 5000 ^ how water flow cross thé island beneath thé soil; on, electric power (5-8 HP) was pro- permanent inhabitants; which is located in thé end of thé ha undâo a l) Seawaterpours into sinkholes; duced until thé second worid war. Thé Guanabarabay, at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It is calledPaqueta. It's t9P (Rio-w ^ 2) Saitwater mns eastwards down sloping limestone beds in channelsthat pass 1953earthquake destroyed thé seamill name cornesfrom its ancient inhabitants, thé Amerindians of thé Sào Cristôvâo beneaththé harbor of Argostoliand through thé veryheart of thé mountain- breaking off definitively this kind of Tomoyotnbe; and means thé pacas'home. Apaca is a medium- Centra ecological energy production and its Niterôi ous island.Thèse conduits were carvedby freshwaterin thé ice âgewhen sea sizeanimal, very appreciatedfor its gastronomievalues. Estâcio level was lower; applications.During thé last décades a das Barcas Gloria Santos Dumo new waterwheel has been built at

Fig. 3: Thé lake of Karavomilos Katavotres, but only for décorative pur- posesof tourist pavillons, becoming thé attraction for a new indirect source of energy...tourist moneycash flow.

Références Bond W., C\973)-Hydrogeological profile of Cephalonia island-Na- tional Géographie Society. Frangopulos l., Maleraki l. (1963)- Geological and chemical profect in thé island of Cephalonia-SaenWic research news. No. 1 C^D),Athens.

International Journal of Island Affairs Sincethé XVIth century,Paqueta island has witnessedmany importantevents of important cultural and communicationequipment that constitutedthé Brazilian nation.First discoveredand explored by thé French, keepsthé island inhabitants,especially thé oldest,out it wastaken over by théPortuguese, masters of thérégion. They consecrated it to of thé cultural circuit, concentrated in Rio de Janeiro. sugarcane and its derivativescultivation, production and exportation, in a sys- Thinking about thé means to take constmctive ini- tembased on slavelabour. From thé beginningof thé XIXthcentury, with thé tiatives, a group of résidents-including me and thé déclineof sugarcultivation, Paqueta Island became apeaceful place, where wealthy Mayor of Marco Gitsin island- decided to found an familles of Rio de Janeiro built their holiday houses. association structured as an academy of Arts, Science Théinvasion of Portugalby Napoléon'stroupes in 1807led to thétransfer of and Humanities. In doing this, we followed an old tra- théRoyal family and its Courtto Rio deJaneiro, which became thé capital of thé dition in Rio de Janeiro, which bas, since thé XVIIIth LusitanianEmpire. King JoàoVI liked thé island'sbeauty and tranquillity and century witnessed thé création of many cultural acad- wouldgo their often.Before thé returnof thé Courtin Lisbon,Paquetà island emies, that hâve had an important rôle in thé develop- becamethé refuge of free-thinkers,men and women of action,and artists who ment of thé city. We also chosethis type of organisa- foughtfor gréâtnational causes such as independence, abolition of slavery,and don becauseof thé inspiration of thé high spiritual supportinga Republican,secular and démocratie régime. values of thé greco-latin culture, perpetuatedin our Sâo Roque square

»'<.. - -/.- - "^ ^ li

.t

Tamoios Park Thé watch of Colônia of Férias da Mesbla

Moreninha Stone, Paqueta Island ibero-american civilisations. Thé Acad- Church of Sâo Roque emy of Arts, Science and Humanities of Paquetà island offers to: . Réalisehistorical and envu-onmentalre- Solar D'el Rey Future seat of thé Academy searchon thé Island,making thé gath- Duringthis period, it alsowelcomed many famous visitors, non only from thé ered information available to général luso-brasilianworld, but also foreigners.We can mention, among others,thé public and thé administrative in a li- baron Gobineau,one of thé fathersof positivist anthropology,thé Evolutionism brary/information centre. theoreticianCharles Darwin, andthé impressionistpainter Edouard Manet. . Promote in thé island cultural activities Duringail théXXth century, Paquetà affirmed its vocationas a touristpôle, a and debateson thé main actuality placeof leisureand préservation of théregion's natural and cultural patrimony, thèmes,at thé same time satisfying thé Nowadays,thé island must accept thé challenge of makingthé inhabitant's life résidentpopulation's needs and attract- qualitybetter and preserving its patrimonywithout renouncing to thé benefits ing visitors interested by cultural tour- ism. broughtby tourism. But this flow, essential for thé island's life, is threatened and threatening.On thé one hand, thé lack of investmentsin infrastmctureand infor- * Punctionlike a lobbyon localand re- mation makesthé island very sensitiveto big massesof tourists which are not gional authorities in order to encour- well advisedon thévalue of its naturaland cultural patrimony and are not really âge necessary réalisations for thé im- concemed about preserving it. provement of thé island inhabitants On thé otherhand, thé gréâtindustrial development of thé régionof Rio de qualityoflife. . Establish contacts with national or international organisations which oper- Janeirohas led to thé serionspollution of one of thé biggestand prettiest bays in . Cultivateand propagate noble virtues ate in favour of cultural development of people, protection of thé environ- thé worid, thé Guanabara.Thé wastereleased by thé factories situatedon thé andideals which oftenlack in our mod- ment, human rights, public health and fighting against starvadon. continentalshore of thé bay areresponsible for thé water'suncleanness for ern societies, such as tolérance, com- swimmingand light watersports. They arealso responsible for thé disappearance passion,solidarity, love of nature and TheAcademy was founded officially on December 12th, 1997, and is recog- of dolphins,whales and fish, which were abundant in thé past. Moreover, thé lack théhéritage of our ancestors. nised, according to Brazil laws, as a non-profit cultural organisation.

10 International Journal of Island Affairs 11 rr '%" -^ "'"""" l B î A

t ^''l

by OGNIEN BASIC

he Mediterranean island's héritage bas experienced several stages of since ail thé decision-makers and maintenance ofthose constructions was It was a new model of individual nothing in common with thé rich is- change. urban population were sincerelycon- costly, that thé matehals deteriorated housing,with a sizeablesurface area land vernacular architecture and thus Until thé seventies, visitors and local authorities mainly perceived thé island vinced that thé «housing machines» faster in a marine envu-onment, and that that enabled a dual use which were was an odd interprétation of moder- héritagefrom ahistorical viewpoint. They focused exclusively on old houses,squares, were society'sglorious futures. theirgigantic size was operational only rooms for rent in thé summer and fam- nity. smallchapels or churches.This attachment to thépast was actually admitting to thé Islands had no capacity to resist over- with seasonalpersonnel which in fact ily life out of thé tourist season.They Thé shapes were cubic, with no or- namental éléments. em- impossibilityto reactupon an environmentundergoing massive changes at a time whelming progress,therefore thé trans- was insufficient on thé islands. were built by people whose économie Owners liked to when mass tourism was developing rapidly. fer was immédiate. Thé developmentof tourism in thé existence was undergoing massive phasise thé functional and modem as- For thé first time massivedevelopment opérations were changingthé face of Considérablequantities of housingseventies generated a boom of indi- changes.Their lay out was ambiguous: pect by painting thé house in white. thé islands;roads, harbours, water supply Systems,electrical Systemsand air- units groupedtogether in tower blocksvidual houseson thé islands. They no privacy between their living space Only minor components were made of portswere set up rapidly.Thé seaand air links madethé accessto thé islands were built on thé continent. Those cu- usuallyhad to meettwo requirements: and their spacefor rent. It contributed stone, such as thé surrounding walls easier.Both a synchronieand a diachronicmovement swept thé islandssince thé bic shapeswere transferredto thé is- accommodatethé tourists and thé fam- to thé success of private tourism, im- or thé foundations. Thé use oflocal speedof changeshad no longer anythingin commonwith thé local paceof life lands.Thé result was a largeunifomiity ily. Their investmentdepended on thé plying that thé host lived togetherwith building materialsbecame impossible and thé previous générations. betweenthé hôtelsbuilt in Greece,Spain, tounst season and thé works could last thé temporarytenant. Most of thétime, because their production and setting standard was and This rhythm demandeda new building process.It was only thé brand new Croatia etc. where tourist masses several years. thé cultural similar up turned out to be too costly. Thé industrialisedbuilding materialsand developmentprocesses that could provide accommodated and indoctri- living togetherwas considered a proof stone-cutters earned a better living for thé needsof thé time; thingshad to go fast. Thé local authoritieshad to make nated by thé tour opera- of hospitality. with lesser effort within thé différent immédiatedécisions but they werenot well preparedfor thé scaleof thé changes. tors. It turned Thé house was built tourist sectors. Furthermore, they Thé spoiled landscapes,thé transformationof arablelands into building lands, out that quickly, often without couldn't compete with thé building and thé aver densityof facilities, were considereda necessaryevil. t h e a permanent roof, material industries based on cément In between thé second world war and thé seventies, architecture was domi- thé iron frame- that came from thé continent. soar- natedby a répétitivemodel: industrialisation and shapesbarrenness. It is a major work At that time, little attention is paid to eventin thé history of architecture,as there has never been such a fast spreadof ing up into thé local town planning, meaning thé suchan unattractivespatial model. An «InternationalStyle» spreadworld-wide, thé sky, laying out and improvement of squares, stemming from a modem movementrepresented by El Corbusier, Gropius, waiting for streets, public lighting etc. Thé choice Niemeyer etc. an oth e r of building products is limited and thé For thé first time in théhistory of humanityan architecturalstyle anda building floor to be prevailing opinion even leans towards modelcompletely ignored thé surroundingenvironment, thé culturalcontext, and built. This sponta- replacing thé large stone slabs with ce- werevoluntarily disconnected from ail historicalréférence. No countrywas spared neous architecture had ment or asphalt. Thé concept of im-

12 International Journal of Island Affairs 13 that was doomed in thé previous dec- donedin thé eightiesas far asthé new 'êi:^ adesis rehabilitated, colours of thé origi- constructions were concerned. %c^, nal façades are rediscovered and thé Thé new buildings both public and y tîiiBsaiè, urban environment is starting to be private often hâve solar panels used a perspective. for hot water. Shapes and colours are ^ ' ^^s' ^ looked at with global " "^ /''( Thé new hôtel complexes or public more varied, local building materialsare r^ buildings hâve a permanent roof, thé better used and thé local architects are flat roofs disappear,thé shapesbecome well established. more fluid, thé gardens are well It is difficult to imagine thé future of maintenanced.Moreover, thé building thé hôtel complexesbuilt thirty years y industryoffers a largervariety ofmate- ago. Rehabilitatinga private houseis riais and products. feasible,but thé réhabilitationof large provementsto thé town no longer ex- In fact, thé new products tum out to constructionsposes an économiechal- ists becauseit requiresa well thought- be more suitable: a round shapedor lengecomparable to that of thé recon- out and collective action, incompatible arched window can be drawn -which was stmctionof largeEuropean cities' dor- with thé time frame. impossible before- stone becomes a mitory towns. In thé eightiesthé situationchanged standard due to thé local production. This difficulty is augmentedby thé under thé influence of thé Post-Mod- Furthermore, thé development of com- change in thé tourist demand: mass emist movement (thé theoretical foun- puter science contributes to a better de- tourism is less profitable than in thé dations of which were summarised by sign and to thé managementof thé build- past. Local decision-makershâve n Charles Jenks). In fact, architects tried mg practice. solution to this problem. They are by SJEPHENHARRISON" to re-establish a link with thé past, to Lastly, thé islandsare openingup to mainly focusedon thé improvementof learn about thé environment and to re- thé outside world. Local decision-mak- services and on local town planning. SUMMARY Europe spectit while producingcomplex and ers travel, are better informed and hâve by concentrating on thé context of uring thé last two years,aver fourteendifférent countriesfrom functional buildings. This was a first now acquired an expérience in town thé object, by recognising that pro- hâve visited thé Isle of Man with a view to implementing its model for héritage stepin thé direction of a continuity of management. A large investment is fessional requirements can be promotion. thé localhéritage, a respectfor théGen- madein local town planning,consid- aligned to and in fact can be made Manx National Héritage, thé Island's statutory héritage agency, has won a ius Locci. Thé shapesbecame more so- eration for thé local population, waste to drive public expectation, and by EuropeanMuséum of thé Year award and has won thé British Muséum of thé phisticated,thé box conceptwas aban- pick-up and recycling, phone lines etc. recognising that thé changing con- Year Award twice - no organisationhas won thé award twice before in thé doned, thé colours changeaand thé Local héritage is no longer confined ditions of public expectation require competition's twentyfive-year history. modem interprétations of thé tradi- to tradition, but now refers to a physi- thé dismantling of atl walls between Most recently, Manx National Héritage has been presented with thé Island's tional éléments such as columns or cal, cultural and social unity that needs subject disciplines and professional «International Ambassador of thé Year» award, in récognition of thé international capitals appear. to be protected without a conservative Waste pick-up, beachcleaning and and technological techniques, we attraction which it has created for thé Manx cultural identity. On thé islands, new trends are bias. hygienic régulations contribute to a hâve provided a new profile for thé Why is it that a smallisland, 570 squarekilomètres in area,positioned between adoptedimmediately. Local héritage Thé «International Style» was aban- généralstate ofcleanliness. Modem tel- subject as a whole and a new Englandand Ireland, can hâve such an impact on thé new approachto cultural ephone links provide accessto thé agenda. promotion in Europe? Internet, a direct opening on to thé tour-' it is this new agendawhich can now Thé answer is thé pioneering way in which Manx National Héritage has rede- ist market with local resources therefore be funherfuelted by thé kinds of new fined thé traditional boundaries of thé «muséum» opération, both geographically diminishing thé influence of thé tour dissémination methods we hâve and also in terms of its position and rôle within thé community which it serves. operators.Also, médicalcare and edu- been discussingon this conférence For Manx National Héritage , thé whole of thé historié landscape is thé setting cation now meet continental standards. to provide incrémental progress in for thé museum's activities. This means that thé professional staff cannot «hide» Whenvisiting Mediterranean islands, our professional quest. within thé confinesof a pardcularmuséum building but must take thé muséum one noticesa généraleffort in thé im-' it is a quest, howeverwhich cannot, messageout into thé communityin a much moreproactive way thanhas usually been thé case British muséums. provementof squaresand streets, a so- in my view, be persued in isolation in phisticated urban lighting, maintenance fromthé interna]and externalpres- Thé significance ofthis approach is that thé héritage argument has to link much of public parks. It is a considérablesures and duties which we bear and moredynamically with thélocal eommunityand economy and, most importantly, change of environment. Islands are no which we must fulfil. thé messageand valueof thé Museum'srôle hasto be presentedon thé commu- longer treasure chestsof natural beauty for MNH,there is a simpleéquation nity's terms,not on thé curator's. in a well-preserved environment. whichwe hâve constantly in mindin Essentially,this meansthat an argumenthas to be madeto establishthé mu- During thé next millennium, perhaps ail ourdevelopments and presenta- seum/heritageservice as somethingwhich is central, rather than peripheralto thé islands will be thé origin of thé im- tions- thé ingrédientswill be differ- society.Consequently, thé battle for successis played out on a wider political petusfor improvementof thécoastlines ent in your own cases but thé areas and socialplatform andthé stakesare much higher. to corne. of influencewill be thé same *Director, Manx National Héritage

14 International Journal of Island Affairs 15 Thé issuesinvolve resolving thé ten- Therefore, although héritage agen- ture- buildings, road-signs, télévision, (Jane Sarre - SHCG Journal vol23 bodiedin our separatecultures, cultural sions between culture, tourism and thé ciescan benefit greatly from this initia- art, muséums,social stmctures and as- 1997-Sp32) but l would suggestthat professionals are in thé fore-front of needs of thé local community and tive, we should be in no doubt that this pi rations. a présentationof national héritage is creating thé new «confident cultural economyin a way which providesmu- is a political and économie remit. However,if culturecan seize thé op- as much a statement about thé per- citizen»of Europe. tuai benefit and willing partnerships. For many in what could broadly be portunityoffered to it by initiatives ceived image of thé présent and thé fu- In a climate of constantchange, it is called thé «arts and muséum commu- such as INTERREG II, l believe there is ture as aboutthé past. becoming increasingly acceptedthat nity ofprofessionals»,such aremit may an opportunityto fulfil thé true poten- For an island such as thé Isle ofMan, culture plays a vital rôle in thé con- THE POLITICS be considered anathemato thé pure es- tial of «unitythrough diversity» by pre- thé définitions of thé «cullural terri- struction and reinforcement of social 0F HERITAGE senceof culture within thé community. serving, enhancingand proudly pre- tory» and thé «cultural community» stability within a community,whether As a number of thé new nations of However, thé émergenceof muse- sentingthat which, regardlessof po- (which opérâtesas an active participant on thé local, national or international Europeémerge from traumatic dmes and ums, cultureand héritage on thé Euro- litical boundaries, we can ail relate to rather than a passive consumer) within scale. renew thé processof evaluatingtheir pean political, économie and social as our cultural héritage. it, are fundamental to thé héritage de- Clearly, itis one of thé ambitions of culture and identity within an expand- agendaover thé lastfew yearsis, in my velopment strategy. thépolitically inspiredinterventions on ing Europeancontext, two ingrédients view, not somethingto be afraidof. For Muséums and other cultural centres culturefrom Europethat Muséums and are increasingly recognised as key how long hâve héritageprofessionals PERCEPTIONS 0F hâve outgrown their passive custodial other cultural organisations can be-

foundations for thé future. complainedat havingto begfor cmmbs COMMUNITY CULTURE rôle - they are becoming part of a grow- cornemodels for new patternsof eco- A sound economyis obviously es- from thé tables of thé économie élite? But if culture is becoming rapidly ing web of interconnected ideas and nomic, social and cultural intégration sential, and, while responding to thé Perhapswe arenear to a breakthrough more important in this strangely uni- institutionscombining throughout Eu- betweenthé peoplesof Europe. unity of a Europeanidentity, thé unique wherebythé funding of our work will fied diversity of Europe,it is doing so rope to feed off thé past for thé future If thé foundationof a rich European assetwhich héritageand culture repre- become central to a European strategy in two very différent areas.Firstly in in tenns ofa common cultural héritage. cultural diversity lies in a common Eu-

sentsfor any nation or région is a fun- for social and économie well-being; thé political arena and secondly, in By facilitating accessto thé reservou- ropean héritage - muséums can damental basis for social stability and moving awayfrom thé peripheryof af- terms of its «démocratisation» within of identity, or «belonging»that is em- uniquely reveal thé messageof thé mix pride. fairs in a way which will enhancerather thé community itself. It is therefore not surprising that, than diminish thé essence of cultural This raisesa numberof crucialques- when thèse two éléments are consid- achievement in our communities. tions.Firstly, shouldcultural organisa- ered together,thé prospectof focus- However, this will not happen with- tions be funded on thé basis of thé im- ing their respectivebenefits through out a considérable change in percep- portanceof their collectionsas defined thé eye of «cultural tourism» becomes tion of what we in thé cultural sector by a relativelyélite groupof «connois- an aspiration at both thé political as do (usuallyat thé tax-payer'sexpense), seurs» or on their contribution to thé well as thé cultural level. thé boundaries of our involvement and communityat largeand their potential A simpleexample ofthis, takenfrom its relevance to thé community which contribution to thé economy which thé various European Union pro- is paying for it. supportsthat community? grammesfor cultureand héritage, is thé Thé answer of course is for both rea- Interreg II initiative. sons. Thé problem is that too few THE CULTURAL NATION sourcesof finance(usually politicians THE INTERREG II INCENTIVE is 0F EUROPE in Government)recognise thé innate based upon thé récognition, at a politi- «Unity through diversity»is thé en- culturalimportance of cultural institu- cal level, of thé following facts: igmatic phrasewhich you will find in tions,and too few cultural profession- . Thé «border régions» of Europe manyEU andCouncil of Europedocu- aïsrecognise thé needto communicate make up e. 15% of thé EuropeanCom- ments as a new Europe struggles to thisimportance to peoplewho do not munity territory and representse 10% achievea cohésionof identity which immediatelysee it asa priority of com- of its population matchesthé aspirationsit has for its mumty need. . GNP is generally lower in thé border cohesiveéconomie policies. This new, Thisis because,traditionally, thèse régions and thé unemployment rate and rather enigmatic phrase, cornes at two groupsof key playersin thé new is higher a time whenEurope has suffered some culturalEurope hâve rarely felt thé need

. There is a need to develop cross-bor- terrible and traumatic events which has to talkto eachother - in fact,by and der co-operation with areas which moved culture to thé fore of thé debate large,they hâvebeen enemies - thé may face difficulty due to économie about «identity», and national eco- politiciansregarding thé cultural pro- and social isolation nomic survival. fessionalsas wasteful and indulgent . Particular emphasis should be place What does «unity through diversity» andthé cultural professionals regard- on co-operation in thé fields of cul- actuallymean?! ingthé politicians as philistines. turc and éducation and thé develop- At worst, of course, it means a bland It hasbeen said that «Muséums are mentoftourism. homogenisationof ail aspectsof cul- society'srelationship wîth thé post»

16 International Journal of Island Affairs 17 that thé whole of thé community land- criticalfirst stepis to considercarefully cately «bend» history into «héritage». In 1997,332 million visits were made scapeshould be thé subjectof thé «mu- what does constitute your particular However, a properly co-ordinated to muséums, art galleries and historié seum»présentation, which is seento cultural territory, (a village, a town, a programme,marketed under a compre- buildings. be an importantmodel within Europe. région,and industrial area, a country) hensible and accessiblemarketing ban- Tourists from abroad constituted This strategy closely reflects that anddefine your rôle clearly within it. ner, can be a useful and productive 35% ofvisits to historié buildings, 22% outlinedin théCouncil ofEurope's 1995 But to be successful, thé criteria stimulus to «appropriate tourism». of visits to muséumsand art galleries, recommendation on «Thé Integrated which govern thé delineation of thé In a rapidly and radically changing 13%for displayedgardens, and 5% for Conservationof Guttural Landscapecultural spacewill relate to thé envi- tourist marketplace,there are far more wild-life attractions. Areasas Part ofLandscapePolicies.» ronmental atmosphère, setting, or the- pros than cons in adopting a sound In other words, 75% offoreign tourist Specifically: matic qualifies of thé héritage assets héritagemarketing strategy, both as an visits in Bhtain were to cultural/herit- «Thé need to develop stratégies for beingoffered. They must also relate to exercisein thé cultural sector's self pro- âge attractions. That is to say, 249 mil- integrating thé managedévolution of thé determined enthusiasm of a local motion and also as an agent of self- lion visits by people wishing to see thé thé landscapeand thé préservationof group of people(large or small in defence! It will also be évident from «cultural héritage» ofour temtory. cultural landscapeareas as part of a number) to identify themselves clearly whatl saythat l view thé local commu- This is big money and thé cultural comprehensivepolicy for thé wholeenoughto présentthemselves and their nity asa vital agentin makingthis strat- sector should not be hésitant to daim landscape,by providing for thé uni- culture to others. In this model, funda- egy successful. its due share of it. fied protection of thé cultural, aes- mentally,thé individualcréâtes and ac- However this tourist market is con- thetic, ecological, économieand so- cesses his/her own culture but also THE SIGNIFICANCE 0F stantly evolving and thé need to un- cial interests of thé territory con- shares it with others who share thé TOURISM MARKET TODAY derstand and cater for thé changing de- cerned. » same sensé of «ownership». Let us first remind ourselves of thé mands, as well as for thé traditional mar- Article l of thé Council of Europe's significanceof thé tourismmarket. kets, makes for an extremely complex Recommendations, defining «land- Tourism is now'set to become thé but tremendously powerful industry scape»,reads like aportion of théManx MARKETING TO THE world'slargest industry. Bigger than oil, and we needexpert évaluation to help National Héritageorganizational mis- CULTURAL TOURIST biggerthan motor-car production. us understand it to our own best ad- sion-statement: Clearly there are some tensions exist- Thé fastest growing sector of thé vantage. Tour- of thé local and thé universal - collabo- * there still seem to be those who want «Landscapeis takento hâvea three- ing between thé cultural sector's con- tourism industry is «Cultural THE TOURISM MARKET ration is thé way this messagecan be to préservethé elitist mystery fold cultural dimension, considering cept of marketing and thé over-eager ism». AS IT AFFECTS portrayedmost strongly. * How do we define that «public»? that: aims of some of our friends in thé pure Thé impact of this industry on thé - CULTURAL VENUES Wemust leam to work in partnerships . Does thé «cultural message» about . it is defined and characterised by thé tourist sector whose jobs may dépend cultural sector is massive sometimes which may not be with organisations your territory hâveto end as soonas way in which a giventerritory is per- upon thé rise or fall ofthis year's tourist for good and sometimesfor bad. l see l am sure you hâve noticed as you amval figures. asourjob to managethis transfusion hâve travelled yourselves as tourists, from our normal sphère- emphasising thé visitor steps outside a spécial ceived by an individual or commu- it action and lasting outcomes, based building designed to house (or con- nity. For some,this underiying fear and ofenergyand enthusiasm for «culture» that there is an increasing similarity of thé reliance on short-term «fixes» hâve across nations our advantage. international tourism destinations. This upon a synergyof purposeand agreed trol) it? . it testifies to thé past and présent re- thé to makes thé service that we in thé cul- benefits. . Can other aspects of thé community ladonshipsbetween individuals and resultedin somerather badly judged l regret that l only hâveBritish fig- life be classed and developed as cul- their environment public statements.For example,thé Di- ures easily to hand, but l think they tural sector can offer a very important tural assets? . it helpsto mould local cultures,sen- rector of thé Northumbria Tourist reïïect a généraltrend in Europe and and patent agent for creating a distinc- tive «SENSE PLACE». That to THE DEFINITION 0F * Can a new synergyof «networked» sitivities,practices, beliefs and tradi- Board,a richly historiéarea dividing will thereforeprovide a usefulillustra- 0F is THE CULTURAL SPACE buildings, spacesand messagesen- dons. »* Englandand Scotland, was quoted in a tion. say,an image ofenvu-onmental,cultural But does thé définition of thé «cul- hance thé core cultural mission major English newspaperas saying, Britain is now thé fifth largest world and historical identity which funda- Sucha conceptof régionalinterpre- earner from international tourism. affects a tour- tural space»always equateto thé po- which we ail professto believein? with almostreligious fervour: mentally thé décisionof tation, basedupon thé naturalinterac- lidcal areaunder considération?Clearly, «Peopleare looking to tourism. ..as tion of a communitywith ilslandscape, when consideringmatters culture, Thé perceptionsof thé makers,thé a major help towardssalvation in this of is thé essenceof thé Isle ofMan «Storj this is seldom thé case. suppliers and thé users of cultural région... This is still a backward tour- of Mann» project. This contribution will examine thé spacesis to me oneof thé mostimpor- ism areabut we hâvestarted attracting In methodologicalterms, thé desig- needto redefine «cultural space»and tant éléments of any discussion about a différenttype of visiter.We hâve to nation of this «cultural territory» does «publicspace». l think we shouldbe cultural spaces. seetounsts as walking walletsor hand- notmean that you hâve to bean island examining more closely thé various op- . who is it for? bags.»(DailyTelegraph,13/4/88) to succeed!Elsewhere in Europe,thé portunitiesavailable to culturalprofes- . what is its rôle? A curiousmixture of thémissionary defined cultural territory may or may sionals to create more dynamic links . how is it relevant to thé community andthemercenary! not coincidewith political areasor for- with other sectors of thé community which is paying for it and which it It goeswithout saying that however malisedgeographical boundaries. Thé andwith existingpublic infrastmcture. should be serving? energeticallythey may wish to pursue this thème,local or nationalTourist . How «public»do we really want thé It is thé way Manx National Héritage * (Council of Europe «Recommendations Boardscannot «create» culture or deli- cultural spaceto be? has based its work upon thé concept No. R (95) 9 - 1995)

19 18 International Journal of Island Atïairs yond thé «pay boundary» thé for- ist to chooseto visit your location. growth of young, upwardly mobile APPROPRIATE TOU RISM Thereare four main areaswhich are communitywhether it consistsof tour- of ists or local résidents. That is to say, mally administered cultural héritage This identity can be interpretedat wealth and that by thé year 2000 one in Théterm «appropriate tourism» was crucial in establishingsuch an INTER- your public profile must be right. This sites. Thé other éléments in thé com- eithera city, régional,or nationallevel. four people in western Europe will be coinedbyGabriel CheremofMichigatPRETIVE PLAN FORCULTURE In other words, IT'S OUR DIFFER- aged55 or aver. University,who defines it as: wnHINTHECOMMUNTT^. can be partly achievedthrough public- munity, including thé people, are thé ity but mustalso be thé subjectof con- essential atmospheric backcloth to thé ENCES THAT MAKE THE DIFFER- Now this kind ofjargonistic descrip- «...based on and perpetuating îh^ ^he Tourism Market tinuing évaluationas to what thé com- core cultural attractions. It follows ENCE tion of «targeted marketing» can be a héritageidentityof an area, expresse, ^ ^ ^ ^^ ^_ ^^ . ^ ^ therefore that cultural organisations There is a real and undeniable power total tum-offfor many muséum people through thé co-ordinated interpréta- munitywants. «local culture» affect thé visitor's who see as an unnecessary pressure There is absolutelyno needfor pro- musthâve an extremelyclose relation- of to it tionofsitehistory,culturalhistory anc attractionssector:- what isthere ^^ fessionals sector be- on integrity their endeavour in history.> in thé cultural to ship with their local planning depart- perceptionof thé territory he or sheis thé of natural for thé visitor to see? corne nervous at this sort of talk. A ments, in order to protect thé integrity visiting. Intuitively, we ail know this, thé muséum world. However APPRO- If wedevelop our unique assets ap. accommodationsector:- where ^^ good, co-ordinatedinterpretive plan, and «setting» of thé interpretive pres- but we in thé cultural sector hâve never PRIATE spécial interest tourism can in propriately,involving and providinE -^ ^^^ ^, soundly marketed, another entation. madethis argumentproperly to those fact be an important spur to thé nurtur- (which is visiblebenefits forthé local resideni^^ ^^. _^^ ^ ^_ ^^^ way of saying «explainyour case to There is an essential interdepend- who seek to define a clear international ing of local culture and environment, andeducational communities at eact there? thé public») can be a tremendous ence which govems thé high quality image for their location. and provide a greater incentive to pay stage,thé assets develop long-tem^^^^^^^_^-^^^^ sdmulus to académieexcellence and im- tourism product, and a product based viabilityand thé héritage process (as ^y ^ travelagents) provedresources as well as improved upon«cultural héritage» must also pay opposedtothé héritage rn^fry) be. ^^^^^^^ organisers:-where do interprétation. attention to this wider context. cornesself-sustaining in terms of a .^^ ^ ^^ information?(eg. passed-onsensé of valuesworth main- ^,, ^, However, to those who are still suspicious of Tourism Directors tainingby future générations of thî ^^^ organisationsmustliaise l would say you're probably right modemworld. ^^ ^ ^^ ^^^ ^^ to be wary. In this âge short «Appropriatetourism» can help te of protectresources, spread thé tradi.2 TheAdmuustrativeControl term contracts and demands for tionalseason, and provide a sourceol This includes your own organisation's immédiate reversais of thé décline J e increasedspending per head, ail olability to putthé interpretive plan into of traditional markets, they are ^» action. This demands that thé cultural which arekey goalsin a tourism more under pressure than we are keting strategy. officer is involved at thé highest level tojustify their daily bread. of planning a tourism product based However, if you are pursiung on an increasedvisiter perceptionof thé potential,vigorously, and on CO-ORDINATION historié identity. It also demands that your own terms, l think you will WITHIN THE LOCAL ail thoseinvolved appreciatethé cru- find that they will be more than COMMUNITY cial dimension of thé ENVIRONMENT happyto supportyou andto con- However,in orderto develop m anycohesive plan. centrale their own efforts on wider marketingpotential and on strengthenedforce for culturalpreser 3 Thelnvolvementof improving thé numberand qual- vation,promotion and présentation, ^ théLocal Community. ity of bed-spaces. toavoidsomeofthéharmful aspects olp^p^ ^^^ ^^ ^ ^^ ^ culturaltourism, cultural organisations ^ter howculturally rich your area is, INVOLVING MANX NATIONAL needto be much more aware of théna. ^^ing impressionfor thévisitor ^ THE COMMUNITY HERITAGE CASE STUDY Thé unique contribution which can attention to thé breadth of thé cultural tureof théco-ordinated interpretatioi willbedeterminedbythevisitor'sper- It is therefore offundamental impor- So far l hâve tried to explain what l be madeby muséumsand relatedor- landscape of thé interpreted place. productinternis of thé combined cul.cepdon ofthé ordinary member ofthé tance that ail thé other sectors involved see to be thé three main principles of a ganisationsto thé créationofthis sensé That is, providing thé potential for ex- taraiassets ofa community andthé ad community's ownopinion and respect in thé tourismproduct understand what successful cultural héritage strategy: of place is seenby many peopleas a tending rather than diminishing thé mmistrativeinfrastmcture which fomii foi. ^^ culture. you are trying to do, how you are try- patent marketingagent in thé light of cultural asset. thésupportive foundation. This re Therefore,it could be said that any ing to do it, and how they can benefit . thé increasingly developing politi- thé dramaticincrease in récentyears of In thé modem worid where almost quiresmuséums tobecome more heav interpretive plan for tourism must first by your endeavoursand by their own cal agenda of culture withm Europe SPECIAL INTEREST HOLIDAYS, a anyone travelling anywhere for any ily involvedin théprocess of commu identify thé support of thélocal com- interprétationof your chosenthème. . thé importance of thé culturaltour- trend which is of surpassinginterest purpose is classed as «a tourist» not nityplanning for culture, munityas a primary target market for Culture's marketing initiatives must ism industry to we who work with culture in its vari- least, people like ourselves at this con- influenceand supportof thé co- COMMUNITY PLANNING be enabling rather than restrictive, pro- . thé importance of thé local commu- ous fonns. ference today, Manx National Héritage ordinatedplan. A supportiveenthusi- FOR CULTURE viding for thé crucial and patent ele- nity's perception ofand involvement has not been slow to recognise thé psy- asticlocal community is an essential mentof communityinvolvement l em- m thé cultural héritage oftheir own SPECIAL INTERESTTOURISM chological as well as financial benefits If thiswider view of marketingand patent marketing tool. area Or, as it is sometimes otherwise that tourism can bring to thé suste- «sensé of place» is to be taken, it r phasised earlier. known, «Yuppie tourism» and «wrin- nance of héritage assetsfor a conunu- essentialtoformulate anINTERPRE 4_Marketing Interpretive community planning is a Let me now see can provide some kly tourism».Thèse ternis remind us of nity. But thé emphasisis on appropri- TFVEPLAN foruse byyourselfandb) Thisrequires ailyour hard work tobe therefore co-operativeventure and is if l thé prédictions for thé continuing ate tourism. pthers. aPPliedin tenus of yourentire visitor vitally concemedwith thé héritagebe- spécifie examples of each of thèse as-

21 20 International Journal of Island Affairs pects from thé direct expérience of This co-ordinatedstrategy dépends Some of them are doing this becausf In order to provide this service,we Manx National Héritage. for its success on an approach which they shareour detailedknowledge an< hâvehad to closely analysethé nature Thé first task in any situation is to transcends traditional administrative, love of thé Manx héritage. But a lot e of thé communitywe are serving.We define what is thé nature of thé experi- curatorial and subject boundaries. them do not hâve this motive. Rathe think thereare four maingroups to pro- ence which your resourcebase is ca- Above ail, it is not stricken with what l they hâvebeen presented with a stra vide for: pable of supporting and what is thé call «thé curse of institutional egy which they can understand, t . thé communityof résidents,reflect- «uniquemarketable quality» that it is departmentalism. » Thé organisation which they can contribute, and whict ing théimportant fact revealedby thé capableof sustaining.Secondly, from works as one cohesive unit pursuing a clearly defines thé advantagesthé latest censusfigures that Manx-bom our particular cultural point of view, policy which bas well defined goals themselvescan expect to receive b peopleare now in a slight minority in does history, culture, and environment and a positive perception of thé serv- contributing to thé overall communi their own land. combine (or can it be made to combine) ice which can be provided. In addition, effort. . thé community of visitors, reflect- in a way which can be presentedas Manx National Héritage is working This strategyhas been captioned f ing thé changing nature and so- that unique quality. closely with organisations which, five public consumptionas «Thé Story phistication of thé modem tourist Thé Isle of Man, like very many of yearsago, would not hâveconsidered Mann». society. Britain's traditional sea-side resorts is our work relevant to their own. . thé educationalcommunity, as a spe- desperatelystruggling to identify its Thé interpretive strategy obviously cific targetmarket, whether originat- new tourist community as thé old mar- involves close liaison with thé planning THE ELEMENTS ing from within or from outside thé ket's death-throes create a very unset- authority (though this has not pre- AND PRINCIPLES 0F Island, at primary or higher educa- tled time. Thé problemsand opportu- vented M. N.H. appearing at several «THE STORY 0F MANN) tional levels. nities we are facing in thé context of récent planning appeals and public en- A fundamental base for this strate^ . thé future community to whom we this changing market hâve, l would quiries, winning thé case on each oc- is thé récognitionby ail M.N.H. stai are passingon our pride, our Herit- suggest,more than an insular signifi- casion!). But thé national téléphone that their work should be central, n âge, and therefore our community cance. company,thé post office, thé main ship- peripheralto thé territory's economi values. Thé last twenty five yearshâve seen ping and air carriers, car-hire compa- social and, therefore, cultural well- a deep-rootedstructural change in thé nies, leading banks and accountancy ing. This is particularly tme at a tin To accomplish this has required thé traditional tourist market and in a chang- firms, hôteliers and local taxi-drivers are when thé Island is seeking alternativ developmentof three important areas ing market,a vicious spiral of décline ail supporting thé strategy, either to thé «bucket and spade brigadei of professional control: canquickly develop. Low demandleads physically,financially or promotionally. which relied for its holiday pleasure sea, sand and sunshine and which cannot be clearly seento be to thé com- . a high level of professionalmanage- to low priéeswhich lead to low stand- formed thé foundation of thé Island's munity's advantage. ment which bas promoted a culture ards. As thé market dwindles, visitors traditional tourist economy aver thé While ail thé tax-payers of thé Isle of of trust, based on thé keeping of are offered thé incitement ofeven lower last hundredyears. Man would no doubt be happy to pay promises to thé various private and pnces in a vain attempt to attract cus- As youmay be aware, Manx National lip-service to thé rétention of and in- public sectors of thé community tom for what is increasingly hard to sell. Héritagehas recently won theBritish vestment in thèse marvellous riches, which are persuadedto participate Thé inévitable result is business failure. Muséum of thé Year Award. In fact we thé harsh world of financial competi- in thé overallplan andto provide for However, while a traditional economy hâvewon it twicein thélast five years. tion within thé community means that its funding. m tunnoilis nota parûcularly pretty sight, No organisationhas ever won it twice being «a good thing» is not enough. . a high level of académie study, in- it can be a very fertile groundfor thé before! One of thé reasonsfor this is Thé fact that we hâve attracted thèse cluding thé formai création ofa «Cen- development of a sound and stable théco-ordinated integrity of whatwe people, and peuple from thé very dif- tre for Manx Studies» in partnership strand of new touhsm economy based aredeveloping and thé radically differ- ferent world of business, we regard as with Liverpool University and thé Is- on more fundamental assets. eutviewwe hâve taken regarding our a very revealing indicator of thé suc- land's Department of Education. Thé vital ingrédient in this succès s rôlewithin thé community compared cess of our overall mission. But they . a carefullydevelopedmarketing strat- is thé way thé work of Manx National to mostother cultural organisations. do this for commercial reasons not nec- egywhich, while complyingwith thé Héritagehas specifically involved thé Havingfocused from thé start on thé essarily for our reasons. They see sup- long-tenn préservation requirements local communityin a strategyfor com- importanceofour local community's in- port for thé work of Manx National of thé Manx héritage,also appeals, munity, educational and commercial volvement,we provided ourselves with Héritage as one of thé best ways of on a continuing basis, to ail sectors benefit which will provide for thé long- a philosophywhich did not condone showing thé général community that of thé defined community. term protection and rétention of thé Is- théhabitation of «ivorytowers». If we they are part of that community, that land's cultural and natural assets. In- weregoing to attractthé support of aU they wish to support it, and that they It would perhaps be useful hère to deed, thé involvement of thé local com- sectorsof thécommunity (and this we value what it values. Ifthat has become provide a very quick review of thé ex- munity is so fundamentalto thé con- feltwas cmcial) we had to recognise a perceived standard of community tent of thèse rich assets and thé new ceptofthis work thatit formsa spécifie théreality of socialand économie life. value which pénétrâtes and can be un- strategy we proposed to maximise their section of thé Manx National Héritage Werecognise that we hâve no divine derstood even in thé hard world ofhigh potentialfor thé communityand for thé officiai policy statement. rightto moral or fmancial support which finance, we are definitely winning. economy.

22 International Journal of Island Affairs 23 REVIEW 0F MNH ASSETS situation where thé native-born native breed of loghtan sheep and to eachof thé previouslycompleted el- rogance.of«old style» information, par- thé mouth of thé harbour, and where Thé staff of Manx National Héritage Manx people are new an ethnie mi- enjoysa closeworking relationship ements. ticularly in thé area of archaeological we had undertakenseveral years of feel thatthey aredeveloping thé largest nority in their own land. with théIsland's transport départaient Fundamentally, we hâve been asking and ancientmonument présentation. archaeological excavation

«muséum»identity in Britain- some227 This allowed thé muséum organisa- which opérâtesover twenty miles of ourselves thé question: secondlyby fully developingthèmes squaremiles (570 km2) of interpreted tion in our temtory to pioneer thé de- thé original nineteenthcentury steam «can thé developmentof muséum TWO CASE STUDIES ofManx culturalidentity which could landscape.Thé conséquent diversity of velopmentofa new récognitionofreal and electric railway System. space,new or existing,keep abreast of in thé short time available, two sam- not be fully developedin thé formai responsibilities is remarkable and a as sets. Thé questionthen was, can thèse as- thé paceof attitudechange within thé pies of our attempts at such new pres- muséum context Multi-disciplinary professional ap- . Thé Manx Muséum in Douglas is thé sets combine, indoor and outdoor, to communityand thé modem economy?» entations will suffice. thèse were thé thèmes of how a na- proachis essential.This itself is notas headquartersofManx NationalHer- providea unified community focus and This bas forced us at Manx National . hère we were concemedto develop tive Celtic culture was fused with a easyto arrangeas it maysound for there itage.It is thé Island'sNational Mu- personality? Héritageto look very hardat thé social thé 227 squaremile muséum concept later Viking culture and a pervading aremany entrenched attitudes still evi- seum and providesthé initial inter- In thé isle of man, we felt this is best rôle ofour organisation. Perhapsharder by fonning spécifie interpretive links maritime culture, to create what we dentin thé professionalworid of cul- pretive displayof thé Story of Mann done by linking thé muséumservice than some similar organisations else- between our two castle sites and thé consider to be Manxness tural administration which restrict peo- througha dramatic,large-format film into thé community at as many levels where for whom thé concept of thé major thèmesof médiévalhistory as there were also other issues linked pie workingtogether across thé whole présentation and a séries of rede- aspossible in a waywhich has an ho- «social rôle» oftheir muséum or herit- they are evidenced in various loca- to thé potentialfor suchhéritage por- areaof potentialcommunity benefit -1 signed galleries. Thé Manx Muséum listic effect for communitybenefit and âgeservice slips glibly off thélongue, tions around thé Island trayais to act as regenerative cata- hâve no time for such dinosaurs! is also thé home of thé Island's na- considerably widens thé power base often as an élément of self-defence, but lysts for a strugglinglocal economy tional archives which form thé basis of our organisationto competefor rc- is equally often difficult to find sub- CASTLE RUSHEN in a way which would protect and of ail académie and public research. sources. stantial évidence for on thé ground. . hère there was a reversai of thé norm. enhancethé local héritageassetsfor * There are two médiéval castles - one We asked ourselves, can natural We looked hard at two main areas: . rather than putting thé real abjects thé future in &e south of thé Island, thé other, at sites, cultural sites and monuments, . thé définition of space in a case and trying to dress thé case it was clear that to fully and excit- Peel, a small fishing village on thé site muséums and thé community be . thé définition of public to give Aem some context, thé real ingly develop this portrayal within West coast of thé Island has recently madeto interact in a way which pro- Thé first you might say is easy, be- abject was thé case. thé castleitself would be to impair been thé subject of a major new inter- vides a new and unique «sensé of ing an Island. But how many muséums . thé questionwas, how could we put thé original asset for thé saké of its b?^*-'£^ pretiveexercise, specifically mvolvmg place» which can subsequentlypro- would take on thé responsibility of an thé people back into thé picture and interprétation - this is not thé game thé three thèmes ofthis article - «Cul- vide social and commercial benefit. interpretive space potential which ex- how could we link its significance to we are in turc, Tourism and Local Community». We then asked thé community what tends aver 227 square miles (570 km2) thé rest of thé Island'shistory a new building was created,making t . Cregneashis a preservednineteenth they thought of thèseassets and what of countryside? . we felt we couldn't do this without its own contribution to thé concept century crofting village comprising they thoughtof our careand presenta- Thé conséquentstrategy was based exploring thé human context of what of thé architecturalhéritage in thé thatched cottages in their original don ofthem. Particularly important at a upon a belief that there is a unifying it was like to live in such a place. area settingsurrounded by aver300 acres time when - thé census reveals that thé historiéstory which is fundamentalto . our visiter research showed that ofpreserved countryside. As well as Manx are now an ethnieminority and any communityand this historié story therewas no public perceptionof thé thé period buildings, visitors can see thé pattemoftourism is changingdras- is thé essentialdefining factor in as- humanreality of this building You will seewhy when you look at thé opérationof a nineteenthcentury dcally. sessing thé parameters of thé rôle . we quickly came to thé conclusion what we hâve to administer as part of farmstead and walk through thé re- Wethen presented govemment witl) which thé communitymuséum should that thé old reluctance to fully thé héritage of our territory. stored and interpreted original field a unified héritage strategy concept - be serving. présent thé results of detailed re- To developAis strategywe hâvehad Systems,observing traditional crops co-ordinated marketing which de- Inevitably,this takes us far beyond search, on thé grounds that it might to substantiallyredefine and expand and livestock. pendedon thé fusionof ail thèseele- thé confinesof a particularmuséum «interfère» with thé public's «free- thé old conceptsof «muséumspace» . a small nautical muséum includes a ments into an understandable whok building,although it alsodoes involve dom of imagination» was, in this in- and thé users of that space. uniquely preserved eighteenth cen- which could then be co-ordinated bott thécréation and remodelling of mu- stance, nonsense.Thé public had First of ail we undertook an audit of tury armedyacht. in termsof its interprétationand its corn-seumbuildings and spaces. nothing (other than Hollywood) on our héritage assets: . thé Gréât LaxeyWheelandassociated mercial marketing. It dépendsupon a willingnessto which to basetheir imagination.

We first related thé rôle of our mu- mining complex- thé largesthistonc Aboveail, it wasa conceptnot stricket makebold statements in display ternis . most visitors, before our re-presen- seum spacesto thé two most critical industnal water-wheel in thé world. with thé curseofdepartmentalism! whichwill providea qualityof visit tation, thought that ail thé rooms were éléments of socio-economic life in thé . a small Victorian mansion house with This conceptwe namedThé Story whichwill sustainamomentum ofvisi- dungeons! isleofman: associatedfarm complex. Mann. tor movementand inter-action in thé . in fact, they were some of thé finest . firstly thé déclineoftraditional tour- . over 100 ancientmonument sites rang- It is a multi-disciplinary, multi sitelandscape. rooms in thé kingdom a new thought processalso had to ism-decayof industry ing from megalithicchambered tombs development of a museum/heritagc Aboveail, it is a strategywhich at- be developedin termsof spaceallo- . secondly,thé changingnature of thé to carved Celtic and Viking crosses identity compnsing over 570 squaretemptsto recreate thé links between thé HOUSE 0F cation within thé «muséum» space, social structure -thé new financial and thirteenth century chapels. kilomètres of historié landscape. pnmacyof théabject, its original con- MANANNAN, PEEL recognising that this was an exercise marketsbringing new famiUes to live . two and a half thousand acres of for- Like a giantjig-sawpuzzle, thé coni-text,and that most dynamic of linksbe- . hère we wanted to advance thé inter- in interprétation and présentation of in thé island with no background mally preserved natural landscape. pietépicture émerges slowly but eacli tweenthé PEUPLE - then and now. pretivestrategy in a numberofways théories,many of which introduce knowledgeof its life and traditions, . Manx Nadonal Héritage also opérâtes pièceof thé picture is carefully planned Itis an attitude and strategy forpres- . firstlyby référenceto thémajor monu- that anathemato muséumdisplays, resulting in an éducationgap and a a bird obseryatory, two Hocks of thé andproduces a synergyof addedvalu? entationwhich entirely rejects thé ar- ment site of Peel Castle which sits at émotion.

24 International Journal of Island Affairs 25 we hadto identify a formatfor pres- offce muséum buildings who could im- modem maritime situations. entation which could convey thé prove our ideasand présentation;art- - for thélater periods, within thémari- debate. rather than thé facts, while ists, scriptwriters, film-makers, compu- time portrayal,ail thé soundportray- still making thé fullest useof high- ter engmeers etc. aïs are spokenby local peopleusing level académie research and tech- thé collected record ofreal expérience nology to introducecontext and - but also we leamt how, in this world, . a major part of thé brief was that ail people. it was very easy to get screwed! aspectsof thé présentationshould aboveail, thé new présentationhad, . full-scale récréations of archaeologi- be «seamless»- ie. neither thé work of thé architect, thé curator, thé set as a primary objective,thé brief to cal excavations are provided wher- s stimulate visits to thé real héritage ever possible and thèse are linked, designer,thé film-makeror thé com- sites in thé countryside. through thé narrative and through puter programmershould be sepa-

rately visible within thé concept- it's thé Story that counts ^ . that story is told by real people - peoplerespond best to people . althoughthé averagevisit is around three hours, thé prime indicator of success is theincreased visitor num- bers to Peel Castle, thé increased lev- els ofunderstandingon this complex site, and thé increased movement of visitors around thé historié land- scapeto monumentsites which were previously relatively undiscovered . l would like to think that we hâve THE CHANGED AGENDA Professional virtues are now recog- begunto démocratisethé landscape Thereis now a completelychanged nisedas being transférable directly into in a way which will hâve gréât sig-perceptionof thé significance,educa- public benefit in a totally non-elitist nificance for thé future. tionally, nationally,socially and eco- way, and in a way which bastangible, . obviously, visitors who are newl) nomically,of héritagesites within thé direct benefits, both educationally and Island. inspiredto explorethé héritage back- commercially. cloth need additional help Consequently,there is aconsiderably We now hâve a «Story of Mann Part- . we hâve provided a liked and enhancedperception of thé need for ners»scheme operating involving ho- cated road signage System resources to sustain thé infrastructure teUers. tourism carriers, taxi-drivers, uni- and to rcsearch its truth. . we are experimentingwith variouî versities, local héritage groups - this Thénew présentations are fundamen- PRESENTATION thé back-up publications, directly to forms ofremote information technol- grouping has an amazing power to tallybased upon académieintegrity TECHNIQUES thé original sites in thé country-side. ogy to fully démocratisethé accès? thé lobby for our professionalresources in of théportrayal - that is to saythere is a thé comdorsofpower andalso contrib- This part ofour over-allstrategy con- a mix of documentary/drama style to information - it's no good beN firmed anotherguiding principle ofour filming techniques, carefully and stimulatedto accessthé real sitesif. newtmst between thé professionals and utedirectly to ourfunding requu-ements. community,based upon a per- approachto héritage interprétation - professionallyscripted, are thé main when you get there,thé informatiorthé new ception relevance participation THE NEED FOR LINKAGES WITH means of information transmission - is back in thé muséum - thé greatesi of and which resultsin a releaseof new re- OTtffiRPROFESSIONALS. there is no «curator-speak» and no library in thé world is no goodto yor sources,thereby offering a muchfirmer Gone are thé days when a muséum graphiepanels - dramaticfilm narra- when you're wanting to appreciaK baseto supportthé core work. curator could daim to be a master of ail tives draw out, in this case «Thé thé significance of a megalithK Wehâve changea thé perception, and aspects of thé muséum requirement. Stories in thé Stones». monument on thé hillside changeathé héritage agenda in a way Such arrogancewould hâve no cred- a narrator provides thé landscape which,hopefully, due to thé careful way ibility in thé modemworld of inter-re- context for each display and engages Thé development of remote, wehâve brought thé public with us, can- lated interpretivetechniques and mes- visitors in an interactive dialogue for able, family-friendly information notnow revert to théold groundmies sagedelivery to thé modemvisitor. information discovery. nology with layeredaccess to infonna théprofessional stmggle. For our partwe recognisedthat while even thé underwater landscape is tion. will be one of thé crucia of An indicatorof this is thé commu- thé curatorial expertsneeded to be in accessible- as befits an island presentationaldevelopments for tbl nity supportfor thé investmentof We hâve tried to show continuity of futureto fully réalisethé accessibilit: ^ chargeof thé facts presentedand thé c£lmillionto produce anew 5-volume overall thematic treatments, there were environment and cultural influence - of thé whole community to thé nations «HistoryoftheIOM» manycréative people beyond thé walls for exampleform théVikings to more héritage assets.

27 26 International Journal of Island Affairs ^ THE RESULTS

«Culture, Tourism and Local Community» are con- sional staff has been enhanced, major new capital cepts which, perhaps in thé récent past, may hâve developments hâve taken place, and our académie

been considered to be mutually exclusive catego- output has radically increased - to such an extent ries for thé work of many cultural organisations. that we hâve raised a previously un-dreamt of level For Manx National Héritage however, thé combi- of finance to research and publish a new five-vol- nation of thèse éléments hâve proved to be crucial urne History of thé Isle of Man to greet thé new in developing what has so far proved to be a very Millennium. We hâve formai links with a number of successful strategy for overall cultural management Universitiesand, for thé firsttime in our history,Manx and promotion. students can gain formai University qualifications It is a strategy which, although not yet fully imple- in Manx history in a Centre for Manx Studies based mented, has resulted in Manx National Héritage win- on thé Island. ning thé British Muséum of thé Year Award twice in Thé vital quality in this success is thé way Manx

thé last four years - no organisation has ever won it National Héritage is managing thé development twice before! oi thé Story of Mann strategy ta specifically in- We hâve also received a spécial award in thé Eu- volve thé local community in a long-term plan for ropean Muséum of thé Year compétition for our in- community, educational and commercial benefit. . by SERGECOLLET* novative, all-embracing approach to cultural man- Thefundamental community support we hâve en- . ore than fifteen yearsago when l startedmy field researchon thé agement. gendered, changing thé previous perception of maritimecommunides of thé Calabriancoast (Southern - Italy) l metan old fisher- l hope those of you who regard working with Tour- what «thé muséum» was and what it could contrib- man heir of an ancient tradition, a way of life, together with an unshakable sensé ism Departments as collaboration with thé enemy ute, will provide for thé long-term protection and of ethics. Francesco Polistina deceased on April 1997 at thé âge of 93 years, will forgive us for also having received our own Tourist rétention of thé Island's cultural and natural assets. honored with thé respect of ail fisher- Department's Award for Excellence, and a further It will do this because thé community has a new man of thé strait of Messina. award as thé nation's International Ambassadors of pride in its cultural achievement and a firm under- Reputedsword-fish harpooner and thé Year. standing that, if it is not corrupted for short-term skipper sitting on thé seashoreof Scilla, Perhaps more sig- gain, it will provide lasting and tangible benefits for hepatiently taught me his language,his nificantly, representa- ail sectors of thé community. art, his vision of life, his world and its tives from fourteen Thé message is that thé rôle of culture perme- secrets. other European coun- ates at ail levels of thé community and thé Once, in one of our long and tries hâve visited or economy. It is an holistic agency of care and re- marvelousconversations he recognized consulted us in thé spect for thé past as a dynamic and useful quality thathe leamed himself ail his knowledge, last two years when for thé future. In other words, 'rf thé community l théart of thé«Halieutical Res (things of making their own con- thinks it's worthwhile and can see personal ben- fishes)»from his grandfather bearing thé sideration as to how efit in its rétention, they'll help you protect and sameChristian name: Prancesco.A re- best to organise their develop it. spectedsea man indeed in his times that own cultural strate- If we provide a service of recognised value for many called thé «architect of thé sea» gies for thé future. thé various communities we serve, local and tour- becauseout of hisgreat expérience he A typical example of ist, those communities will unité to provide a sus- wasappointed by thécommunity to rule '. '.' . this European level of tainable, reciprocal agenda which, in turn, will per- uponthé use of thédifférent tools, gears influence and contact has been thé inclusion of thé manently sustain our core assets and our new andtechnics atthé appropriate times of Isle of Man in a major promotional «Cultural Routes initiatives and, maybe, our jobs! yearand to wiselysalve as an undisputedjudge, thé alwayspossible con- of Europe» publication by thé Council of Europe, as It is a very attractive, prestigious and effective iing at thé assignmentoffishing areasbefore thé startingof thé actual one of thé 50 best places in thé world to visit Viking strategy for both politicians, cultural profession- swordfish catching season. héritage sites. aïs, and, above ail, for thé local community. «faareCiccio» as familiarly but respectfullywas called my FrancescoPolistina * Serge Collet anthropologist, mem- For those of you who still hâve fears about this kind In my view, if it is applied «appropriately» in other carriedon in théearly eighties when l happenedto meet him, thé principles and ber of thé based UPR 191 .CNRS, is of cross-community collaboration, l can tell you that, areas of Europe, it will help ta give a new and tasksembodied byhis grandfather according to which «le cose del mare» thé also associated researcher of thé in our expérience, thé efforts we hâve made to ex- dynamic portrayal of cultural assets throughout thésea, for whichthé fisherman is longing,are not free but mustbe ethnology Institute of thé University plain thé relevance of our work to other areas of thé Europe,building on our unique local culture and ruledto thé advantage ofail. of Hamburg, where he heads thé pro- community, rather than perverting our mission, has providingthé économiebase which we ail need ice, seems gramme: Ethical, Law and Social As- led to a much firmer understanding and support of it to endow culture in our communities with unques- morefulfilled, more successfully organized asthé sword fish hunting in théstrait pects of Fisheries Management in within thé areas of community influence. Our profes- tioned viability for thé future. of Messina. Europe (ELSAF) FAIR.CT 98.3821.

28 International Journal of Island Affairs 29 This last one constitutesa good testing ground of thé idea expressedby E. Hèrethose who watchfrom thé higt This innovationhowever, did not ba- antsof thé hunting adventure.Such as amongthé watcherson thé promontories Ostrom (1992, 313) according to which «ifpeople hâve lived in a close relation- promontories are not monstersbut sini. sicallychange thé traditional organiza- and thé hunters on their boats. ship with a relatively small commonpool resourceSystem, they hâveprobably pie human beings, scanning thé bri]. don of thé sword-fishtracking system «SU SU PALEI»! shouts thé lookout man of Palmi on thé north of thé strait, evolved someprocédure to limit and regulateuse pattems». liant sea when thé periodical appear. basedon thé existenceof an ecologi- with a loud voice, separatingcarefully thé syllables,waving feverishly a white No doubtthat behindthé local expression«thé seaof Scilla» therewas for me ance of thé dark bulk of thé sword-fist cal détermination:thé présencein cer- flag in orderto signalthé directiontaken by thé swordfish. (Someof thé signais thé promiseto discovera sort of architectureof thé sea,a lessoncontributing to strains thé surface. tain seasonsof thé year of thé sword used are still given in a cormpted Greek wording). understandthé underiying of a regulatedmodality of appropriationof nature's A mantherefore, thé watcher signais. fish, comingup to thé surfacein a par- Thé keenness,thé acuity of his looking exploresfrom thé shorethé aqueous gifts, possibly reproducedfrom its Phoeniciansdawn during more than three following Polybius, thé emergin^ticular area. surfacemarking out, cutting out portions of thé marine surface,sea slices so to thousand years (Collet 1995). sword-fish to thé hunters,waiting foi On thé Calabrian coast, an appropri- speak,each of themprovisionally attributed to a huntingboat. This is thé duty of Thisis thé truevalue of théhéritage that l cameto explore:thé wayby which in appropriate remote spots, aboard ateadaptation of thé capturegears and thé watcher.A complexand skilled opérationperformed without polarizing sun a Hunters-FishermenCommunity has exploited its nature-bomresources trough small two oared boats, each of then some social arrangementsmled thé glasses, and more barder, through hours, long hours under a merciless sun. A millennia without bringing them to exhaustion. with a crew oftwo. One drives thé boat, whole hunting process.In thé tradi- watcherfrom Scilla whateverhis âge,is consideredold whenhis visual capacity A wisdomfullsensé of ecologicalresponsibility? Perhaps, it is moreproper thé other standingupon thé prow. tional System watchers served thé is worn out. hèreto seethé positive effect which results from théconcaténation of limiting Once thé Halieutical gameis spot- huntersdistributed by pairs. Thé Greek Suchterritorial organizationsof thé fishing spaceare not unique.Other fisher- procéduresgoveming thé hunting process. ted, men start to hunt thé prey. Thé historian and traveler does not provide men cultures, as one in thé north-west Pacifie hâve adoptedsimilar patterns capture is carried out with a harpooi us with more informations about thé that Polybius describes equally witt spécifierules to beadopted during thé précise détails: a small iron point, huntingopérations. For instance,what- barbedlike a hook solidly fixed at thé to-do if a fish is pursued by a boat, but spear. killedby anotherone coming doser. He

When close enough, thé harpoon i< believedalso that there was only one thrown into thé fish's body. Thé iron watching post serving thé hunters. point tied up to a long ropeis detached In fact in thé oldest archives dated with a swift gestureof thé harpoonei 1559 I was able to consult, thé pres-

from ils wooden spear and leaved te enceof five watchingposts, along thé

ease off with thé desperateréaction ol coastis already mentioned. Thèse were thé wounded fish. Thé spearpropei in fact thé object of a «Jus guardiae

made,partly of heavyoak and partly ol piscium-spatorum» (sword fish watch- lighter pine wood, floats in a vertical ing rights) on which thé Calabrian feu- position on thé surface and is recov- dal lord, thé Prince-Count Paolo Ruffo ered by thé crew. chargeaa rentin money.(Collet 1985)

What Polybius describes about thî sword-fish hunting art bas kept un- THE SWORD-FISH changea till thé late sixties of our cen- HUNTING TERRITORY: Harpooning thé swordfish from thé «Domenica. tury when thé Sicilian fishermen in- AN ORGANIZED Swordfish on board of thé Luntri. Near to thé right eye it can be seen thé scratch mode with thé cardata da cruci vented thé «Passerella» a strongl) SEA TENURE In any casea kind of responsibility,advocated by thé Code of conduct for poweredmotorized boat provided witt Fromashore thé seaappears as an (Collet 1991). In passing, it is interesting to note that such territorial uses of thé responsiblefisheries. (PAO 1955)(1). Any howthé Sea Architecture invented by a metallic rostmm extendingfor about undifferentiated,undivided surface. marinespace are generally related to a singlefish species,periodically abundant. thé swordfish huntersto mie their local Halieuticalcommon, might for sureshare 30 metersfrom thé boat'sprow allow- Butwhen a highlymobile wild re- Cultural déterminants before strict socio-economic ones seem to contribute, in

its paradigmaticalvalue also with other fishermen,hunting other preysin other ing thé harpoonerto practicallyhit thé sourcesshows up during its mating eachcase to socialcohésion, considered by Ae communityas more important as seas. fish underhis feet from a verticalposi- season,then men organize themselves mère cost-benefits reasons. tion. for its capture.Thé visible rise of thé

FROM MYTH TO REALITY: PREYING ON THE SEA On thé other side thé Passerella is fishtakes place on a reducedsea sur- «MAKING BLOOD»: Skylla,thé fish andman devouring six headed monster, hidden in its rockylair equippedby an incrossedsteel-tubes face,a fewmiles along thé Messina FROM WILD FEROCITY TO SOCIAL COHESION

catchesfrom theredolphins, seadogs and bigger whalesscanning thé unsondable mast of about 25 metershigh, at thî straitin betweenthé rocky coast of Thé marine and female monster Skylla that thé myth locates in thé same area of abyssof thé «Howling Amphytrite»(Odyssey XII-92/98). summitof which standsa watcherand Calabriaand thé sandy shores of Sic- our sword-fishhunters provides in symbolic tenns mankind with an important

It is preciselyhère, where Ulysses escaped from Skylla loosing thé last six of thé helmsman having direct accesste ily.Seasonality, geographical peculiari- insight.Without socialcohésion and a citizenlike coopérativebehavior only wild his bestcrew, Aat thé Homericmyth, in its prodigioussymbolic way locatesthé thé engine's control and to thé boati tiesand thé sword-fish behavior hâve ferocity would be left: Skylla's bitchinessstripping offundistinguished pièces of connectionof earth,sea and killing. Théarchétype of théappropriation by vio- steenng. conditionedsince bronze âges thé ad- humanor fish flesh. An unmatchedatrocity for thé archaicGreek imaginary. A lenceof what thé seabrings by. A consistenttechnological innova aptationof thé appropriatefishing wildnessthat only thé «Polis»thé city and its organizedbehavior can contrast. What thé myth givesto think of, in thé allegoricalform of a pure marinewild- tion in otherwords, including mobilit) gears,together with thé organization In mythshowever as well asin reality, ambiguityis sinceever présent. ness,Polybius, in thé II Cent. B.C. brings it to earth, describingin détails thé and a relative easiness facilitating ofthé hunting territory within thé col- Thé mythical bloody appropriationof a resourceindicates us after ail that thé remarkablefeatures of thé sword-fishhunt alongthé mythical Skylla's shores. actual sword-fishhunting. lectivecoopération amongail thé ten- top of thé halieuticalbestiary thé «Fish»by excellencealmost a God, thesword

30 International Journal of Island Affairs 31 fish can only be taken by killing and graphicalconstraintsandofcourse with Thé aboveSystem and thé ingen- called«arranti» stray-dogs so to speak,allowed to wait for their own turn, fishing spreading its blood. Whatever is its thétechnology adopted for its capture,^ousness of its arrangementsprovides farther out. clevemess as expressed in metaphoric with wisdoman architectureallowing Temporaryexclusion simply meanshère that thé more fructuous hunting is form in thé usual language. «Thé sword ON THE SICILIAN primarilya guaranteeofequity. How- delayed makingbetter conditions for ail thoseparticipating in thé fishing opera- fish shirks, dérides, deceives thé abil- SHORES: A ROBUST BUT everthé spatialand social boundaries dons, changingdaily thé order of their positions. ity ofmen». Perhapseven it may try to FLEXIBLE FISHERY broughtforward limiting thé access to More comprehensively,Calabrese and Sicilian huntersrefrain from operating kill with it's sword when it's female is ARRANGEMENT huntingrights, are also related to acul- ail at onceon they respectiveterritories defined by thé north-southfish seasonal threatened. From very scatteredarchives l could tural déterminant,kinship and to a fi- migration of thé sword fish and by thé secondsouth-north later on. To chase thé sword fish in thé strait consult, it seemsthat a first new sys- nancialone : thé capacityfor invest- Both fishennancommunities agreed in 1920to setup rulesfor exchange: ofMessina is said to «make blood» not tem, ancestor of thé modem mentin fishing gears.They constitute 4 Sicilianscould participate in thé earlysummer Calabrese campaign, whereas 4 to hunt or to fish. In thé myth it is first Passerellas,came into being on thé Si- sinequa non condition for membership Calabresecould participatein thé subséquentSicilian campaignthus instating what doesSkylla dartingher six necks cilian coasts in 1543. in thé corporatecommunity of sword thé principle of accessto one's anotherterritory and resources,regulated by and dog headsarmed of files of sharp- This was thé introductionof heavy, fish hunters.(2) reciprocity. edged teeth ail around her rock. Padre Ciccio decked feluccas (sailing boats used for Thèse conditions are however not Such form of coordinatedactions, «self-governing Arrangements» were fre- Fish or human flesh-the ancient tradewith Naples,Venice, Genoa) with as exclusiveand restrictedas it may quentin fishing and sailorscommunities since old times from Japanto Europe watchers scanned perhaps also for a single 25-metersmast, used as float- seemat a first glanée. suchas for thé FrenchMediterranean «Pmd'homies» (Tempier, 1986). vessels passing by, another seasonal This logic of taking possessionin- ing observatoriesalong thé low, sandy In 1777,there were 26 huntingunits Coopérationbetween «Each and ail» are not relateddirectly to thé hunting or prey for skilled pirates... cluding thé old notion of «visual Sicilian shores.Thèse feluccas to- on thé Siciliancoast composed of 2 fishing techniquesbut arerelated mostly to thé respectof acceptedrules avoid- This mythical bloody appropriation range»has continuedup to our times. gether with their respective hunting feluccasand 2 huntingboats per posi- ing conflicts among equal partners. keepsits full ambiguityofmeanings,is Till thé eightiesof our centurythé fish- boats (Luntre) were postedeach on a tion for a temtory of 7 Km long and From thé XV century thé judges choosen within thé French Mediterranean thé wildnessof blood spreadingwith manger who first looked out thé return spécifie portion of thé seadelineated less than l Km across. In 1936 they Prud'homiesamong thé mostexperienced fisherman were elected on Christmas- teethes iron, bronze or compatible with of théfishing boats took thé best part by sea-marksin a simple architecture were88 covering a temtoryslightly less eve, and guidedin their action by a single, unwritten rule : thé duty to act in a «politeness» in its original Greek sensé of thé harvest.From scanning to en- combining a séries of ingénions mies: than 14 Km in length. spirit of equity.In thé straitof Messina similar mies wereenacted through centu- oforganizedcitizen behavior?An open tering in possessionit is alwaysofcap- . thé désignation of those individuals Thus thé territory was extended and ries. On 1881 and again in 1959,thé succeedinggovernments acknowledged question since ever, very close to our ture that it is about.A logic which has who are allowed to access thé sword so to speakdemocratized. We test hère wisely thé arrangementsbrought forward by thé traditional sword fish hunting présent times..! ruled thé relations between thé fish and fish hunting grounds.In 1543 any thé historical évidence that thé terri- parties,giving themforce oflaw, allowing to rule thé alwayspossible conflicts to To organizethé accessto marinere- thé harpooners,between men them- harpooner-skipper owning one fe- tory is less thé outcome ofnatural con- a «sword fish court» constitutedby harpoonerschosen from among thé most sources with appropriate restrictions selves. luccaand a luntre type huntingboat- straintsthan of social pressuresand experiencedmen available. Thé partiesin conflict couldthus résume their activity seems in our case a élever cultural de- Let's howeverproceed further with (a 10 member hunting unit) needs. and their place in thé community without delay. .d vice aiming at reducing thé blood our analysis.Cristy (1982) considers . thé partition of thé hunting territory Thereare no doubtobjective lim- spreadingwildness to a socially rec- that thé attributes of thé resources, for thé period from late June to mid ils to thé numberof hunting boats Reinventing thé paradigm of thé architect of thé sea ognized need. spacial,temporal or social limitations September when thé sword fish is thateach position of thé temtory Thé prodigiouslong enduringof thé swordfish-hundng in thé straitofMessina In thé courseof history, thé blend- together with available technology, seen again migrating, this time from cansupport without destroyingthé don't seem to hâve other reason as that one of thé resource conservation's effect ing ofmythical discourseand carefully cultural factors and product distribu- south to north, along thé Sicilian efficiencyof théhunting opérations. induced by this arrangement, this architecture. observationof thé natural biological tion patterns are thé variables at thé Coast. A measureofflexibility is however This old relation between men and a part of a marine ecosystem and geographical conditions hâve origin of thé establishment of «territo- . thé organizationof a lottery among imbeddedin théSystem. which has not broken with démographie pressure and thé technical made thé rock Scilla and its sur- of of rial use rights on a Halieutical re- ail participants two weeks before thé Thélottery method introduces change introduced in 1964 by thé diffu- sion oî tbe passarella,is thé rounding a unique capturedéviée. source». opening of thé hunting season,in in factthé principle of a tempo- outcome of a very sélective fishing's tech- nie, a very «environmentally From Piracy to sword fish hunting It needs therefore more than a dense order to détermine thé initial location raryexclusion ofsome fisherman soundtechnology». Atechnology imple- mented in thé fi-amework of sea thèse appropriation forms hâve pro- and predictable resource for thé de- of every one on thé territory. from thé optimal hunting territories, strictly delimitated by spe- cial boundaries, and of which ceededfrom a sameoperatory scheme: velopmentof a stablegeographically . thé provision that if thé numberof grounds.Thèse hunters are thé number of co- appropriators, pro- vided of thé samenormatively to pear into thé marine space and take determined territorial System. We huniers entitled exceed thé number ruled fishing equipment are limited, too. from it what natureand men bring by. shouldmoreover keep in mind that thé of huntingareas available (thèse po- icilic"1 fishermen Thé régulation of thé pressure on thé resource, of thé This is thé logic of thé site which sword fish while highly mobile, does sitions are any way changeadaily compétition for its appropriation, as that one of thé techni- permeates people's way of life and its not movein shoals,unlike otherpelagic by rotation), those who are exclud cal externalities, are as much positive effects of sea- whole cultural structure. species such as tuna and mackerels. from a position with thé first lot must tenure'smodus operandi, temporarily common Towards 1760 thé Prince Ruffo scan- It seems therefore that thé territorial wait at sea,before returning to take property of acor- ning thé marine spacefrom thé top of Systemadopted on thé Calabrian coast their turn in thé rotation. his castle on Scilla's Rock decreed: during thé first annual north-south mi- . thé adoptionof préciseand conci «that thé sea that men hâve known to gration of thé sword fish (early April- mies regulating thé relations betwee occupythanks to their art is undermy end of June) is consistent in its fixed neighboringterritories (such as th dominion asfor as thé sight is ableto patterns,with thévanable density of thé right to pursuea mating sword extend». sword fish appearance,with thé geo- couple(Parigghia).

32 International Journal of Island Affairs in Mediterraneanand consequently lent and contentious context, thé to damagethé localized swordfish-hunt- swordfish-huntingcould be objectively ing.During this uncertain and hard pe- revitalizedifit hadnot to faceas many riod thé swordfish-hunters hâve sur- others at risk coastal fishers communi- vived thanks to thé possibility to ac- tiesin thé EuropeanCommon pond, thé cèdeto other employmentson local ferry grievouseventuality of thé abolishing boats,which were allocatedthrough few on 2002 of thé twelve miles coastal zone transparentpatronizing procédures. (Council Régulation 3760/92). Aregu- A récent passerella Fortunately, thé priée of thé sword- lation aiming to free thé access to thé fish on thé médium and large urban lo- becauseit waspreviously appropriated European Union Waters for ail thé semi cal market is remained high due to thé generally to be given as a mark ofgrati- industrial fleets (CoUet,1997). However, existenceof a kind of spontaneouseco- tude. such an eventuality contradicts thé labellingpracticised by thé consumers Thé récent management measures précaution principle, an approach in respect of a product captured by introduced in thé Mediterranean by thé imbeddedin United Nations Regula- means of thé haqioon technic which Général Commission, particularly thé tions as well as in thé Maastricht does not alduterate thé quality of thé régulation 1239/98 which prohibits ail Treaty. flesh. togetherdriftnetting for swordfishers Thé tme value ofthis halieutical her- Yet today thé most savoury part oft from 2002 onwards, cornes to induce a itage is that one of an algorithm which he swordfish eg. Thé nape (ciuffu or crisis with high socialcosts for thé drift potentially could be transferred and scuzzetta) is paid for a golden priée, net fishing'communities, with poor al- empowered in similar coastal Mediter- andmay not appearon thé market place ternatives for otherjobs. In this turbu- ranean cultural, social and ecological

Hunting from thé boat in thé fifties

porate fishers- hunters community, se- oscilling in 1992 between 165 cm and those«burocratically» in chargeof thé cured by thé State. Embedded in cul- 174 cm against 120 cm for thé sword- fishing management. Thèse noble tural représentations and values which fishescaptured by meansoflongliners. swordfisher's wamors, modem Myrmi- organized thé concrète working proc- It represents an exceptionally effi- dons (Collet, 1993), and their crazy ess, thé swordfish, thé so called re- cient use in thé conservation of thé re- boats outcome of a long endogenous sourcehas been first of ail a partnerfor source but more in thé sustainability technicaladaptation, are thé discover- thé men, handled with respect. of thé marine ecosystem, and thus a ers of what it is possible to call an With other éléments as by example lesson of history and modesty for halieutical algorythm. Indeed, in a to throw back thé eggs to thé sea and similarfomi it waspartially reinvented not to kill thé young swordfishes, it (Berkes, 1992) by a coastal fishers com- seems that we hâve hère a configura- munityinAlanya. tion of a sort of «halieu-sophy», a kind Nevertheless it is proper hère to re- ofethic of thé sea(Collet, 1998). mark that thé Skylla's strait is no more More than 2000 years of existence thé unique areaof swordfishexploita- attested by thé sole written documents tion. Prom 1975 thé offshore fîshing in corne to stress thé effectiveness of this Mediterraneanis performed by Sicilian, architecture, which has concurred to Italian,Japanese and many other long thé objectives resilience of an liners fleets with too long and helieudcal appropriation's mode. insufficientlybsélective driftnets (3). For Yet in 1980, it ruled thé extraction of morethan twenty years thèse compet' 150 tons of swordfish captured by 30 ing productivisttechnologies subsi- passerelle for thé whole area of thé dizedby thé States hâve contnbuted to strait of Messina with a médium size weakenthé whole stock of swordfisbe^

34 International Journal of Island Affairs Références context, it is thereforehardly to think Berkes, F. (1992) Success and fail- Collet, S (1997) Thé that so consonant with thé recommen- ure in marine coastal fisheries in communitarisation of coastal re- dations of thé PAO to take in account turkey, pp. 161-182 IND. Bromley sources in Europe: Thé future for théresponsible artisanal forms offish- (Ed.), Marking thé common work, coastal fishing societies in 2002, eries, it would be doomed to disap- theory, practice and policy. San pp.165-174. In: Property rights and pear. Francisco, International Centerfor reguiatory Systems in fisheries, D. l think on thé contrary,that starting Governance. Symes (Ed.), Oxford. Blackwell frommany other évidences in thé worid, Collet, S. (1985) Le tiers Science. Fishing New Books. thé time has corne to reevaluatethé del'espadon: un mode féodal Collet, S. (1998) From sustainable halieudcalcommunity-based manage- d'appropriation de la ressource use to governance of thé ecosys- ment'sforms and to registerthem in a halieutique. Anthropologie mari- tems: function and rôle of thé ethic new kind of worid héritage,in orderto time, 2.41-53. of thé sea, pp. 117-126. In: Alter- préserve thé folk management Collet, S (1991) Guerre et pêche : native management Systems for knowledgesof which are bearerthèse quelle place pour les sociétés des fisheries. D. Symes (Ed.) Blekwell fragments of thé social diversity. pêcheurs dans la modèle des Science. Fishing new books. Sailing boat tossed by wind and waves against a chasseurs cueilleurs. Information Christy,F. (1982) Territorial use rights rocky coast. Early XVI century. Madonna in fisheries. Définitions and condi- sur les Sciences Sociales (SAGE, dell'Arco Sanctuary (Naples). Londres, New York et New Delhi) lions. Technical paper 227. Roma 30, 3, : 483-522. FAO. Collet, S (1993) Uomini e Pesce. La Ostrom, E. (1992) Thé rudiments of caccia ai pesée spada tra Scilla e atheoryoftheorigins, survivaland Note of thé Editer by PlER GIOVANNI D'AYALA Cariddi. Catania. Giuseppe performance of common property- 1 In respect of thé coastal artisanal Maimone Editore. institutions, pp. 293-318. In D. fisheries this document is funda- Collet, S (1995) Halieutica Phoenicia Bromley (Ed.) Marking thé com- mental. XIX century ship 2 Thé Sicilian shore we are consid- l. Contribution à l'étude de la place mon work. Theory, practice and model. Notre Dame des activités halieutiques dans la policy. San Francisco. Interna- ering hère belonged in thé XVIth du Laghet Sanctuary, culture phénicienne: point de vue tional Center for selfe governance. Century to thé city of Messina, do- Nice (France). d'un non archéologue. Information Tempier, E. (1986) Prud'homie et main of thé Crown, exempted from sur Sciences Sociales (SAGE, régulation de l'effort de pêche. feudal rights, which was not thé ^Why to ask a sailor thé reasons for his journey? nothing distinguishes a Londres, Thousand Oaks et New Economie méridionale, 33-134: case in Calabria. Thé situation marinerfrom other manfolk, neverthelessonly he says:«let's go, let's sail away Delhi) 34,1: 107-173 41-50. favored thé Sicilians allowing thé from hèreto thé Fortunateislands beyond thé horizon, fishermen corporations to set up let us reach their precious stones and thé fresh foun- W. C l. their rules, to innovate and to or- tainoflife...» J-

Fishmongers ganize betterthe distribution of thé Thèse are poet's words, no sailor would ever address harvest towards a close important them to another sailor. They know about thé immensity city-market Messina. It is interest- of Ocean'sfury, how thé shipsare small and aboutthé ing ta note that thé agreements needto thrustin God whenconfronted with thé hurling among Sicilian and Calabrian wave. -- iUl' Fishermen for thé access on thé Such knowledge is implicit in mariners culture; thé respective territories are ail intro- culture of ail seamen, fishermen or sailors. Their ritual duced after 1860 when Italy and behaviours, their beliefs are since ever moulded by deep Sicily were brought together in an religious feelings, not easy to uncover by outsiders. '^ unified Nation made free from feu- Thé author had thé chance to spend some of his dal constraints. youngeryears as a professionalsailor, before entering 3 On this very contentious issue, thé as an anthropologist into thé académie worid. From '*-^ author has worked many years in this expérience he offers hère to share with thé reader thé calabrian driftnetting commu- someof his insightson a peculiaraspect of thé seamen Thé soûls of purgatory left emergingfrom thé sea. Votive nities. Thé results were transmit- religious behaviour, namely thé votive offer of objects such as ship models, offering from thé Madonna dell'Arco Sanctuary ted to thé European Commission sparesof a ship or paintingsrelated to a dangerthat thé ship orits crew had (Naplës). Late XIX century. and are in course of publication overcome, to a représentative of thé divine power: a gôd or goddess, thé holy by Blackwell Science underthe ed- virgin or a Saint in more récent Christian times. Thèse abjects are generally dis- iting by D. Symes. played in a sanctuary,church or temple where thé divine charactersare venerated.

36 International Journal of Island Affairs 37 WHAT IS A VOTIVE OFFER ? an ex-votohanging on thé walls of thé Madonnadell'Arco sanctuary, nearby Naples.(fig. l). representsthé collision betweenthé cargo vesselStockholm A votiveoffer might be consideredas a contractualagreement among two It and thé Italian liner Andréa Doria. Thé accidenttaking place in thé Atlantic, partners,théhuman one and thé powerful divine being. Thé first at need, offers to resultedin théloss of théItalian ship. Thé liner is placedfrom right to left in thé thésecond agift as a récognition ofhis power, if and when thé requested help and frameand takes up 3Aof théhorizontal space. Thé Stockholm lying obliquely,is supporttohis présent needs isprovided. Thé display ina public sanctuary ofan touching thé liner with its stem. Thé cargo listing to starboardseems to be in abjectwitnessing thédivine intervention increases obviously théreasons forthé difficulties. It is strangethat thé scèneshould show circumstancesof thé acci- worshipof théconcerned God or Saint. Votive offer - Madonna di Trapani Sanctuary. Schooner in a thunderstorm. Late XIX century. dentdiffering from those,which officially causedthé wreck.Does this meanthat Thédeal seems to be forboth parties afair one, if weconsider that thé votive Madona délia Madia Sanctuary, Early XIX century. Northern African pirates thé painterwas not sufficiently well informed ? It seemsdifficult to think so, for practiceisknown and performed since thousand ofyears. Gods hâve of course Monopoly (southern Italy) attack a Sicilian vessel (Pitre muséum,Palermo) thé sailor,who gave thé painting thésanctuary would certainly hâve pointed changeain thé course oftime, not so apparently man's religious behaviour. to classicalRome. Her festival in March kept its inscriptions and carved draw- outthé discrepancy to théartist. More probably thé survivor wished to represent Beforeentering more indepth inour subject let's clarify ithowever with a couple ofexamples,thé apparent started thé favourable sailing season. ings but whosevotive paintingshâve a particular instant in his adventure; An instant, thé duration of which cannot be similarityoftwo religious It is not impossiblethat thé origin of beendestroyed by time. measured in hours or minutes ; that of his total distress, his fear of death at thé practices,sacrifice and thé votivepainting to be hungon thé However, although diaehronic evi- climax of which he turnedto his lastresort : he imploresthé direct interventionof wove: Agamemnon walls of her sanctuaries was thé mari- dence ensures us that those mariners thé Virgin, and it is for this reason that he has himself shown in thé centre of thé sacrified his own daugh- time form of thé worshipoflsis; for this votive paintings represent ancient scène,in a longboatwith his face and armsheld up to thé sky. ter Iphigenia in order to religion camefrom Egypt, a countryin prâctices,it doesnot enableus tQ go It is this instant which has remainedimprinted in obtainfrom thé godsa fa- which thé graphiereprésentations of very far in understandingthé reasons his memory,like a flash.It is quitepossible that vourable wind for thé thé wondersworked by thé gods was why this peculiarform of worshipwas thé relative position of thé two ships,at least Grcek fleet bound to Troy. known from thé most ancient times. adopted and is still in use. It is thus thé relationship oftheir massesto each Hèrethé partnersof thé A récentarchaeological discovery in through thé analysisof contemporary other, transaction are not on thé thé «Queen's cave», near Palermo, paintings,mainly from south-Italy,that was * same level. Agamemnon seems to confirm our hypothesis. we shall try to answer to thé can only hope to obtain Amongthé many inscriptions carved iconological and psychologicalques- rions, which are imbedded in such a then as favourablewinds, given on thé cave's walls, there is thé draw- théimportance of thé sac- ing of a ship, provisionally dated complex act offaith. shownon thé painting. rifice offered aforehand. around thé first century BC.,together In passing we hâve underlined Sanctuaryof Madonnala Vecchia,Seiano (Naples). Early XIX century. Thé votive action, with a néo- punieinscription that can Thévessel has capsized. Thécrew tries to climb unto thé emerging border, ^gygpp ^g Sldeto an- beroughly translated by : «forwardwith THREE KEYS thé relation be- Tkesoûls ofPurgatory av. helpful . hands from thé sea. ^^ ^ ^ ^ ^^ ^_ Isis». It is interestingto note that thé TO UNDERSTAND. tween thé painter présentname of thé cavecorresponds If, for thé time being,we leaveaside and thé devout person. We can Silver sardines offered by fishermen. XIX century. strainingcontractual nature. Thé two partners are, so to speak, on thé same level. Madonna del Carminé Sanctuarv. to thé term used by Apuleius in his thé heavenlyintercessors to whom thé now follow their respectivepaths Théfirst promises something to deliver to thésecond only after thé latter has Termini Imerese (Sicily). : votive painting is offered we are con- at thé iconographicaland psychologi- fulfilled his wove. «Métamorphoses»«Isis Queen». Thé cavenearby thé Sicilian shore was thus fronted with three interrelatedactors, cal levels,that are thingsconsidered, divergent. For thé sailorevery thing Asreported by Herodotus,théphoenician architect who built thé bridge aver ail a popularsanctuary Isis, suchas thé dévotesailor, thé painter and last beginswith thé time of thé extrêmepéril, which is overcomethrough thé useof a théHellespont, allowing théPersian army toinvade Greece (5thcentury, bc.),vowed of those. which must hâve been common but not least thé social community to culturalmodel salvationconsisting followingchronological séquence : in- tothé powerful goddess Arthemis apainting of thébridge that was hang on thé of of in thé ancient Mediterranean. It has which thé sailorbelongs. Let's observe walls of hersanctuary in Ephesos after his successful endeavour. vocation,vow, and once safely on landwith théorder of a paintingand then thé offer. For thé painterthé séquenceis quite Madonnadel CarminéSanctuary, Terranova di Sicilia (Gela). WorldWar II. An Italianwarship is hit by a submarinetorpédo (194 f). différent.Although it startswith thé order Schoonerrunning before wind and sea.Early XX century. Madonna dell'Arco Sanctuary (Naples). VOTIVE PAINTINGS, andends with thé delivery of thé painting, AN OLD TRADITION thé iconographiemodels used are thé prod- Apparentlyto offer votive paintings "^nt ^ uctof a culturaltradition largely surpass- ing thé geographical and historical context is anold tradition, especially for sailors. in which thé artist works. Manyancient authors such as Cicero, Thé Byzantine tradition or thé Italian ren- in his «de natura deorum» states:«.. dont aissance,when depicting thé Saintsmira- yourecognise from ail thèsepainted ta- des at sea,are ah-eady familiar with théstere- blés how many escaped,troughs their vows, from thé stomis strength?»,and otype of representingthé ship in dangerat thé centre of thé frame while thé holv inter- Juvenal does not daim that thé painters cessor seems to descent from heaven in areenrichedbylsis? ' one uppercorners. In thèse authors thé référence is to of thé Thé composition thé painting we are «IsisNavigium», Isis of théships, thé of examiningis in this respectconventional : worshipof whomwas widespread in

39 38 International Journal of Island Atfairs Thé painting, and hère we answer to One can easily graspthé arabiguity thé ship in distress,thé Virgin in- for communicatingon and about thé thé first part of our question,is thus of thé messagewith regardto thé fa- vokedappears in thé sky with a interactionsbetween thé offererand his intended to be looked at by thé whole tal outcome, always possible, in a haloand thé person invoking her socialgroup mediated by théreligious s mariners community. Thé second part, community where thé risk of life is is shown in thé centre of thé faith. why? Can now be taken in considera- part of thé daily existence. paintingwhich is completedby a Thé painting by its essenceis m- by tion if we look into thé content of thé We believe in fact that thé salva- dedication: -V.F.G.A.-équivalent tended to be looked at, why and message together with thé context tioncultural mode) that we tried briefly to «vow made,grâce received», whom is thé légitime questionthat we within it is delivered. to describe,exerts a mediatingfunc- followed by thé nameof thé shalltry to answerhère. For this pur- From thé formai point ofview we are tion between two equally possible donator and thé date of thé dis- posewe should go back to théfield, , 1?^- generally confrontedwith a pictorial issuesof thépéril at sea,between life aster-thé 26/7/1956. namelyto a Siciliansanctuary dedi- catedto our Lady of Carmewhere a stéréotypéwhose dramatic élémentsare anddeath. Within sucha model, sal- strongly accentuated. gives évidence crucifix supposedto workmiracles is It vation is essentiallyan onshore- re- that a ship and its crew, in most cases TOOLS FOR SOCIAL venerated.Nearby hangs a pictureof latedproposition based on socially identifiablehâve incurredin a deadly COMMUNICATION a schoonerwhich is running before recognised virtues to be practised danger and their rescue was due to thé mainly within thé family or on thé Let's now adopt another thé wind and seaand seemsto be sub- direct divine intervention, obtained church's square. hermeneutickey to explore mergedby théfoaming waves. High through a précise act of dévotion - thé more in depth some of thé in a dirty sky.Christ appearson thé Thé sailors' black crucifix. Spiridion, Corf'û (Greece). vow. Napoleanian wars. Early XIX centurv. cross,with a maroonline hastilydrawn complexitiesrelated to thé Madonnadel CarminéSanctuary, Gela (Sicily) Silver plates and ship models. Early XX century. Two British vesselschose a French frégate. Thé accentgiven to thé dramaticele- use of votive paintmgs. underneath.Below, written in what is Notre Dame du Laghet Sanctuary, Nice (France) a «V.F.G. - Captain mentsof thé représentéeevent stresses thé fact that thé dangerwas Thèse abjects represent in meantto be carefulhand, are thé words: A. Roecodi Bartolo, suchthat only a miracle, a spécialdivine grâcecould work out thé fact thé outcome of a so- ofthé sailing ship Salvatore Padre of Porto Empedocle. On29 August 1915, in exceptionalrescue. Thé latterin its turn, refersto thé protagonist's cial andcultural praxis,their W.N.W.gale, thé ship was doomed. Thé captain and ail his crew asked thé Saint particular dévotioninducing thé direct divine intervention.We reach tangiblesign, in otherwords. Crucifixfor mercy and were saved». Then cornes another date: «Terranova di hère a capital point in our attemptto understand. As materialproducts of culture,their Sicilia,29 August I916». Thelast date tells us that thé painting was offered In fact, we areconfronted with a messageconveying in images a tangibilityhowever does not reduce exactlyone year later, day by dayfrom thé terrifying event. statementsuch as: «thé danger was such that only a miracle(in thé them to an univocal meaning that we Inthé sanctuary's annals, called also: «thé book of miracles», atthé above date fullest senséof thé word) could save us - this miracle has indeed taken generallyattribute to thé notionof wecan read a shortreport of thédanger incurred by thécrew of théSalvatore ^ Padre.Thé offer of thétable is notedtogether with thé sum of 50Lires for thé place,hère is théévidence. It workedout because we aregood Chris- sign,but we shall find theminstead tians and our dévotion is faultless. Thé causal chain becomes thus célébration a solemnthanksgiving mass and a simplemass, every year, for chargeawith severallayers of signifi- of explicit: deadlydanger, exceptional . dévotion miraculous salvation. cation. AU thé more so for a paintmg threeyears at thé same date in behalfof thésoûls of pi^rgatory.Thé document Weare facing hère a séquencewhich implicitly brings about a dis- which cansynthesise and commumcate bearsthé captain'sand his crew's signature. another possible question recalled junction with always alarge amount information.We may Anold retired priest that thé author could duringhis field work, of Sailing ship in a gale. 1899. thatin suchcircumstances there was thé use for théconcemed crcw to goto thé proposition (concerning those per- speakin ourcase a privilegedtool Madonna dei Martiri Sanctu- of ishedat sea):deadly danger insufficient sanctuaryfor assistingto a solemn ary, Barletta (Southern Italy). dévotion celestialintervention, ship Highwavesandthé appearance ofa huge swordfish. 1864. Madonna diTrapani Sanctuary (Sicily). mass,forming a sortof procession,bare- no foot. uncoveredhead and dressingthé and lives are lost. 'clothsthey wearied at thétime of their Thé votive act, trough its figurative adventure.Thé captainheaded thé cor- messagedelivers so to speakto thé rcs- tegekeeping exposed on his chestthé cueda sort of vouchof conformityto a painting(ordered to a professionalof cultural model of social perfection, this kind of drawings).Thé group,in a whose stereotypedéléments are his- penitent'sattitude, crossed thé village torically embedded in thé seamen tra- followedby theirfamilles, and by thé dition. other sailors with their relatives. «thé Thé cérémonialsolemnity adopted in scènewas definitely moving and fol- performingthé thanksgivingaction, by lowedby ail thé community». Thé words its redondant character, stresses once of thé old priestconfirm thé manysinu- morethé socialscope ofthis collective lar cases,thé author could record. What transaction. Thé latter aims to attribute is sure is that thé maritime votive offer to thé protagonistsnot only thé rôle of was never an isolated individual action, rescuedfrom an extrêmedanger, but involving instead,given thé solemnity alsoa rôle enhancingthé community's of théritual adopted,thé whole commu- self-esteem,thé oneofbeing thé tangi- mty. blé vehicle of a divine intervention.

4l 40 International Journal of Island Atïairs Thé myth of thé Flying Dutchman and his crew of punishedsoûls reveals cleariy thé fate to be expectedby thosewho werenot ableto adaptthemselves to thé raies of thé gamethat thé seamensociety has chosen and adopted.

Votive paintings are an important but not thé sole dévotion of sailors and mariners. Objects such as vessels spars and anchors and other gears having contributed to a safe outeome from a péril of thé sea, are also traditional évidences offered ta Saints and Gods. Représentations of ships, models, gold or silver plates are often offered, particularly in eastern Mediterranean Chris- tian Orthodox sanctuaries. Howeverconsidering ship models,this gift is not alwaysoffered in recogni- tion of a fulfilled vow. Some times it seems to represent no more than a generic request for protection adressed to thé holy powers by ships owners or crew in view of future sailing. In some cases even, thé boats offered represent models of past historical times, especially at thé occasion of thé annually récurrent festivity of thé ven- erated Saint-Patron.... Many other considérations could be added to this indeed complex matter.

Thé subject perhaps of another paper. Ropes from rescued vessels and heavy candies, équivalent of thé weight by VIADANZDRAVKOVICH - AVACCUM* a m. at Gentile da Fabriano: Thé miracle of St. Nicholas. XV century. of salvaged an, offered thé Madonna dell'Arco sanctuary (Naples). hen, possessedby exaltenesrelated to thé autochtoneand exotic always covered deserted and dis- atmosphèreof thistown, l talk with passionabout that part of théhistory of Bar patched places, putting on them thé Alexis de Tocqueville, reports that during l amfamiliar with, there are very few of mylisteners (and conversationers) which sealof romandemyths and mysticism his sea journey to Sicily, he feared during a wouldnot, with openunbelief and irony, listen to théhistorical-urban genesis of by which thé archaeologicalsiteofOld storm thé extrême péril as soon as thé crew thétown, thé significance that it representedto thé very last moment of its vitality Bar is not an exceptionamong abun- started to collect offers for masses intended for théSerbian and Monténégrin people and especially its veryunique architec- dantnumber ofbroken antiqueand me- to relieve thé soûls of thé purgatory. With- turc style applied to thé shapingof thé residentialbuckets of thé housesand dieval cities in Yugoslavia.Such cus- out entering hère in thé complexities of this palaces, chapels and thé tomary destiny of destroyed towns peculiar cuit, let's just recall that thé soûls rest of thé public build- underBalkan corner of thésky, Bar only of purgatory, appearing on many Mediter- ings. Thé reason is sim- experienced (in thé historié time) re- ranean votive paintings represent for thé pie and quite under- sailors those who hâve perished at sea, standable and, on thé their bodies lost forever. * is reconstructioner of cities from other side, completely Perished before thé natural term, from sea Belgrade.His work is supportedand banal. A mist of abun- î - violence without thé appropriate religious recommended by thé SANU Ser- danceand unknowledge assistance and separated from thé living bian Academy of Sciences and Arts. Thé wreck of thé ANDREA DORIA (26/7/1956). Madonna dell'Arco Sanctuary (Naples) without thé due funerary ceremony, soûls confrontedindeed to an uncertaindestiny. Théappearance of thé townfrom thé south,1877. What is thémost absurd fact about this city is thatit was a From a doctrinal and orthodox point of completelyvital and permanent existing town until 1881. In February ofthat year a lightingstrikes thé ammunition dépôt viewthis cuit is rather disputable. Thé Medi- thatwas installée in thé Sultan Ahmed mosque (former old Cathedral St. George - timpanon and minaret are at far right) terranean Christian sailors hâve choosen anddestroyed entire upper-level parts of thétown, including cloisters and thé cathedral at sucha scalethat only jV. , however to consider their missing com- foundationsare visible today. Thé war reporter that pictured thé town immediatly before Prince Nikola and Monténégrins , M~^M^&^ rades as brothers dwelling in thé waves. attackedBar in 1878probably made this photograph. In exchange of procédures helping them ». f<;t;, < n Pictureshows thé TurkishBar with some of their installationsand altérationssuch as thé tall Clock-towerwith bell or to reach thé eternal rest, thèse unsettled thésteep roof of thé Sultan Ahmed Masque (Cathedral - notice thé circle of thé rosette, closed by thé brick wall) and its soûls might contributeto a safe sea jour- élégantminaret that was built at thé upperhalf of thé old, renaissancebelfry. devotees. ney of their In général,Turks brought with them thé oriental- latercalled Balkan school of Architecturewhich main characteristics Thé terms of thé implicit transaction arethé use of timberin largescale, roofed porches, wooden balconies and water-pipe and sewer System. Although might be resumedas following: «yousuf- turnedinto an oriental provincial town, Turkish Bar shows us a rusticallyand romantic pictoresque view scène and at thé fer under thé waves, l suffer on thé waves, sametime it reveala merelyrenaissance town of théAdriatic Littoral which stayed intégral, beneath thé oriental deep- help me and l will help you.. » shadowed roofs and weak mud-brick walls.

42 International Journal of Island Affairs 43 cently, at thé end of thé XIX century horn Voluica and cape Ratac, by thé thé city of RAGUSA (Dubrovnik), DESTINY Thé linear indicator of thé Morphological and Architectural déterminants during thé Montenegrin-Turkishwars guidelines thé Modem school ofAr- of along thé Bay of DECATERA (Boka DETERMINANTS at thé tentativereconstruction of thé city of Bar in thémiddle of XVI century 1878-82when it wasliberated making chitecture.In that way thé patternand Kotorska), over thé town BUTUA Due to its good lean on to thé Ser- it annexed to Monténégro. It was thé thé stmctures of New Bar were radi- (Budva) down to thé OLCHINIUM and ..''-.. bian-Montenegro inland Bar very !1 ^ . ^.< very first time in thé history of this cally separatedfrom its historical ori- DURAfflON (mcinj andDurazzo) or up early received thé title of «Glorious ;2B-:1;-L:^^' / \ , \ " l -:'- ---"<-- -1 -"'l ,-'t'teH;<, city that it was desertedby most of gin - Old Bar with its suburbs. There- to thé SCODRA (Skadar) and onward town» as it was namedin a charterby '^. ';4. ' '^>J-^ ' ^F^l A. ; . -.' :. Turkish and local inhabitants that ac- fore Old Bar (onceANTIVARI) stayed as VIA IGNATIA, to Thessalonika. thé Serbian king Stephan *. » ^<ÀI.. A ; ^^/ /f '.:^nj:te4> ^^-r--^-r7 . cepted Islam, population that held thé behind thé port seulement,separated From RISINIUM (Risan in Boka Prvovenchani(«Thé Firstcrowned») . é/. « ' ' if W^Siî^ i ^:.^j-'at *: i city since 1571 when thé Venetian com- in that way from thé Sea coast for 4km Kotorska), up to thé north to thé river among ail towns of thé, in those times, ^ mander betrayed thé town to thé without any tmly, organic connections Neretva (Via '^.A'i w^^'?s was led one road direction Serbiancoastal région - Herceg-Novi, ttMasffî^^'s..! n !f,. !^.. Turks. Thé rest of thé inhabitants with life flows in New Bar. Thé river of de Zenta) while towns Kotor, Budva Risan, Perast and Kotor in Boka !-^-r: Bar ^jjÉ:yB^. moved into thé suburbs that devel- tourists that flood this city at thé be- and Bar (ANTIVARI) were connected Kotorska,Budva, Svachand Ulcinj in ^wu^:, J ^ <>.». ^.. ;t^l -. f ^. -(^^ » " SFfFS^sfe,l\ oped aroundthé town, surroundingit ginning of each summer, unused to by thé entire bucket of roads with an- Zêta Littoral and Skadar, Drivost and 15 .,. .r. ^^ /i f : . ' , <. in thé threedirections. In that way thé small discomfbrts, when it visits thé Old cient Duklja (DUCLEA METEON and Danj in Skadarrégion. In a first row ÏFÊ ;@ <... ' l f p» -.'. core of thé city within thé fortifica- Bar, mostly goes to thé other tourist médiévalRibnica near Podgorica,thé Turks submitted thé eastern towns w^ f": ^ . ^.^ Ni>rfhwesfc. tions was left without life and thé places at thé seaside (Budva, Boka- i 'il capital of modem Monténégro). Ulcinj, Skadar,Drivost, Danj, Svac and Ulcinj niiurl» r^f-^f^ memories of thé city's nobility and citi- Kotorska Gulf and Ulcinj), which are Svachand again Bar with Skadarwere which Venice failed to protect, wide . --Jï2J zens,famous craftsman and sculptors more reachableand, from thé point of connected by thé similarrose ofroads. stretched in that moment in defence fcSJ. s^ " were exposed to thé inertia of thé re- view of a spoiled modem, «civilised» A high developednetwork of pedes- for thé trading routesof thé most im- /. Morphological déterminants: 7 Thé customhouse membering as thé in thé similar way man, more equippedfor indulging to trian paths and roads, often just scat- portant islands in thé Mediterranean A Bokli Brook S Thé old entrance tower needs related accommoda- B River Bunar uncultivated végétation covered thé his to thé tered in thé rocs and ruffcarstic terrain basin. Thé Turks took Skadar (1481) 9 Venetiun gâte - «Porta Grande» ruins of theirs palaces and churches. tion, comfortabletransport and simple and establishedby needsand experi- and Ulcinj and destroyedthé city of C River Bunar George, heading North 10 Olive-oil refinement quarter DSteep slopes of D'iidz.arin hill // Bastion tower Gavodolla On thé otherhand, thé first sight that walking. ences of local inhabitancy since Ilirian Svach (Shass)by thé punishmentof E Thé height of Planoc 12 Bishop Palace appears most modem visi- to thé of thé time, as shortcuts, passes and direc- «rasap» - punishment for thé towns F Brbota hill 13 Town Prince Palace tors of Bar is New Bar, built after WW THE TRAFFIC PATTERN tiens forburden cattle, makes this skel- that tried to resist submitting to thé GSpring Kajnak (Bunar - «Well») 14 Church St. Péter II, in thé first placeby transportation- Thé group of«Towns from thé Sea», eton of basic routs more complète. An Turks and meansliterally thé disman- 15 Old south gâte with semiround H Architectural dominants: tower of Queen Helen services structural interventions asthé cities of thé MonténégrinLitto- excellent example of such path is a road its tling of thé town by devastating / Donjon 16 Archbishopric Palaces around nowadays Merchant Port of rai andrégion of Scadarin northernAl- that was stretched from Bar to thé Lake fortification structure and thé rest of 2 Citadel 17 Cathedral St. George Bar.Af ter a devastatingearthquake that bania were determined, are situated in of Scadar. It starts from thé fortified thé buildings in such a scalethat thé 3 Church St. Nikola 18 Town Palace 4 Franciscan Cloister 19 Town Réservoir striked thé Monténégrin Littoral in thé north-easternAdriatic coast, région southern suburb of Bar, beneath thé town never could recover again. Af- 5 Chapelof thé northern gâte ofQueen Helen 20 Thé patrician cemetery 1982,thé recoveringand rebuilding of in which settlementsofvarious signifi- carstic rock which topic mfl'plateau was ter thé fall of thé Herzegovina(state 6 Caravan Inn with quarantine courtyard 21 Dominican Monastery New Bar took placeat thé very coastof cance and sizes were founded since occupied by thé main town's struc- ofHerzog Stevan Vukcich, established thé Bay Bar, which markedby thé prehistoric times, with a more clear Une of is tures, following thé flow of thé river by thé beginning of thé XV century sideVenice, which finally succeededin absolutelysubmitting thé city of Barin of their existence since Bunar upstream(«Well») through its immediatelybefore Turks capturedit 1443.In thatway Bar become a torn-fronttown, exposed to a permanentthreat 5hf î \ cu^iu, ^e time of Ilirians and \ ^ . gorge up to thé north and far into thé in 1465), Bar and other towns of thé by thé Turksand with thé unsafetyof its citizensin hostilesurroundings of massive thé Rumia mountain, reach- ^t^iih Roman conquest of of Coastalgroup (Budva, Kotor, Perast, domesticSerbian tribes ofMrkojevich clan. This tribes, being mostly free and tw^C. Dalmatia. extraor- î, S.'.l.T» Thé ing thé very narrow and hard pass of Risan and Herceg-Novi) found them- UNOIW. liiORA^ shepherdpeasantry after théestablishing of a VenetianGovernment in thé Town, wui- îl &' ji^uÇI ^. h.ar. ù. ïTiih dinary morphologie Bijela Scala( l .00- l .5m in wide) through selves completely eut of thé continent. /;Tl.Nj6, flNKiOld undertookcontinuous attacks on workers in théfields and olive's graves trying swrto RA11CVO isolation of thé coastal which thé road lead down to thé cross- Left withoutimmédiate military protec- \ v i to blockadetown's economy. This was a revengefor theirsexpelling from thé itiL onA. belt on which thèse ways at thé Lake's coast.A good walker don after thé final conquestof thé Ser- Wihu, . Ui. 'NTU^. town territory after thé establishing of a border between Venetian controlled

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Î//DMf/p Smdsaîjm suvjvgfo auijdusfpmsnownf ai/; /oa^aj sfjvdiuw UMOI fo uowodsfu 3i33iVA)Stva^S v 'SuiuiSaqifja^i aiff wojj' 'puziuol'uoQ sifi fq psidn330SVM tvt(i luwd gi/j, "^. s^:^^^^-. \'^':.^ qM qns ujsïfjnos III/M JSMO) asuvjfua iftnos ai/j ^îsiojy uvjsuunjj ai{i puv lapvify qi}M uofuoQ 3ti) fo xajdwo,) Venetian bastion tower Gavodolla thétown's gâtes and Citadel (Donjon), chitectural déterminants: thé rebuilt edge of thé cliff, was enriched with an Asa remarkablepièce of masonry,this bastion stands on thé very SW corner of thétown, ^Ï'f^tf':M which wereundertook by thé Queen semicylinderDonjon with citadel that extraordinary view towards thé Sea flankingwide radial range with its gunports. Within it's beautiful escarpment thereare for ^ï?3^it '':< Helen de Angevin (wife of thé Serbian casematesfor heavy canons and in thévery core of thétower a wholechapel with ifs small occupied thé highest point of thé while thé second palace within it's King UroshDechanski). Queen Helen bell-towerwas used as a communicationchamber. This unknown chapel (St. llarion ?) once town's plateau,immediately below thé corpsof five floors, comprehends a stoodat thérocky mount, probably in frontof théprevious city gâte at thisdirection. Venetians a and was pretty enthusiasticprotector complex of thé FranciscanCloister with chapel.Two other very significantar- usedthis smallorthodox church as a puddlefor massive,tear-shaped escarpment. Bastion supporter of thé Catholic Church in thé thé belonging St. Nicholas church L<;4a*-***"A Gavodollacontrolled thé main approaching bridge aver Bokli brook at left, andils rocky chitectural ensembleswere Franciscan SerbianKingdom, especially to thé postamentwasa littlebit dressed andcurved inpurpose toadjust thé rough rock to a curveof erectedin thé very narrow insula be- cloister with it's church St. Nicholas Franciscans whose cloisters she escarpment.Twopalaces behind thé wall belonged tothé Archbishopric (leftone) and to thé tweenthé inner city wall andthé outer and Dominicanmonastery gathered TownPrince and family of Cmojevic(thé right one). City walls, bastions and thèse palaces are 'îft^";%% foundedor helpedin establishingin one, hardly recognizingupper gâte around thé church of St. Veneranda. wellpreserved today. Thé belfry thébottom thépicture belonged thé church St. Maria at of to Kotor, Skadar,Ulcinj andBar. Hère we that was destroyedunder Turks. (NW gâtewith its protectivechapel), Both of thé monasterieswere erected - ^:... that ^^^. ^. . ':-^%^^1 shouldnot exclude thé possibility cascadedroute of thé inner city wall a ^%^ . -î.'^"-. '. . '' ' -^... ' '^^ . :'"^ ':~r atthé perimeter city walls but in safety ^'%^i& y:''^s'^'^''-'^ . ': : similar enterpriseswere launchedun- down to thé south corner of thé trian- aspectthé Franciscancloister was much So,thé period from IX until thénearly after a strongearthquake that stroke der thé patronageofher mother-in-law gle that was rebuilt in Venetian bastion more exposed to thé eventual attacks QueenAna (Ana Dandolo)and at thé Thé catholic Diokletia-Baran end of thé XII century we considered this régionin 518 andrefugees from and further on, aver thé only remain- of thé enemy ,especially it's church northernDuclea (Diokletia) who with- samemoment that both queenswere Archbishopric,which exist even today, asearly médiéval epoch of Bar;thé time ing semiround tower from thé time of whichsacristy and belfry were incor- drew after their own town was de- sincerelyloved théSerbian people probablywas establishedbetween 1045 from thé end of XIIcent. (1183) until thé by Helende Angevin and thé row ofhigh poratedin théouter escarpment. On thé becausethey taken care aboutthé or- and 1067 and, with short intemiptions, last décadesof XIV century,when thé stroyedby thé Slavictribes. houses up to thé cathedral of St. otherside, a Dominican monastery was So, even today, although thé town thodoxmajority oftheir subjects (Queen wasfinally reestablished in l 199,when city belongedto thé Serbianstate, is George.Defined in this way within thé nestedimmediately above thé complex stmcturehas been permanently rebuilt, Helenbuilt thé amazingorthodox mon- animportant council took place at Bar. related to a Bar's mature Middle-Age oldest part of thé town, thé most im- of théTown's Palace, on thé very edge which is an unavoidable advent dur- asteryGradac thévalley river Ibar, A shorterperiod, from 1166-1183, Byz- while periodof fréquentchanging of in of portant buildings and Institutions were of thé clifftowards thé river Bunar and althoughby adding someéléments antineEmpire retook this land and af- its rulers from thé end of XIV up to thé ingthé évolution of thétown, we could of placed.In thé first placethere were thé thereforethé only dangerwere thé un- notice thé roots thé late-antique ter 1183Serbian Grand Zupan (equally 1571,represent thé time of latemedi- of ofHighGothic), beside their open affec- city's churches and cloisters, thé stablefoundations (it happenedonce toArchduke), Stephan Nemanja finally evaldevelopment of thétown, consid- orthogonalscheme projected in anur- donfor thécatholic Littoral and perma- Town's Palace, thé Town's réservoir thatthé entire cube ofa departmentfell nent relations with Rome's Curia. included Bar and thé rest of thé cities eringthat middle-ages has been main- ban pattern of blocks around thé andseveral of thé mostreprésentatives intothé abyss). Thé différence in plac- church Saint Péter and thé cathedral from Kotor to Skadarand Ulcinj within tainedfor very long not only in Bar re- of Thereby,thé oldestpart of Bar ap- palacesofpatricians and clergy. Natu- ing of thé monasteries is obvious and thé boundaries of thé Serbian state. gionbut also in théentire Monténégrin St.George. Within this streetnetwork pearsto beclearly structurally defined rally, thé most important church was although thé founder of thé cloister Within thé Serbian state Bar and other Littoral, as well. only streetsthat aredirected north to bythé early-Middle Ages city wall with Bar's Bishopriccathedral St. George, wasQueen Helen, a low origin of its coastalcities continually stayedail up south (decumanus)lay approximately renewalgâtes (each secured by two erected in thé second half of thé XII friars and their dévotion to work with to thé 60-ies of thé XIV century when HISTORIC- horizontal, along isoips while streets horse-shooshaped towers) and which century at thé very place of a former, commoners and poors were detennined that are oriented east-west(cardo) over- defended triangularspace with théDynastie family of Balshichover- ARCHITECTURAL thé burned church of St. Theodora. Thé by thé organizationof thé cloister in whelm thé terrain in hard slopes. How- took them. In thé first half of thé GENESIS overbuiltresidential blocks. This space Cathedralof St.George belonged to thé suchnarrow spaces by thé outercity XVcentury Bar changeaits rulers Thé traces of thé oldest settlement ever,merely nothing of théremains of couldbe observed as thé capital recon- Baran-DiocletianArchbishopric while wall. Dominicans, who were recruited thé Bar from thé VI century could be stmctionof thé city of Bar asit would oftenly- fi-om1404Venedans, 1412 Ser- at thétop of théBar's rock are related seats of Baran Archbishops were mostly in nobility, foundedtheir mon- seentoday becausemost houses appearsin thé XVI century(and which bianDespot Stephan Lazarevich, 1427 to thé Proto-Ilirian and Ilirian period, of thé housedin two palacesin front of thé astery only at thé middle of thé XIV were built of timber and thin, hardly Serbian Despot Djuradj Brankovich consideringthat we are ableonly to is adjoinedto thistext), by théfollow- portai of thé Cathedralamong which centuryin thé very core of thé oldest, dressed stone and mud-brick walls. while Venetians, at last, succeeded in assume that thé settlement of this pe- ing of thé dispositionof thé urban-ar- thé southernone, placed at thé very patrician part of thé town. Thé Colle- Even thé romains thé perimeter city takingthé city from HerzogStephan riod occupiedthé mostexposed corner of gialchurch of St.Péter belonged to thé . thé rocky plateauon which, much walls, which must be built pretty sol- ^ ï- Vukcich in 1443.Finally, Bar had suc- of r ^ Général view of thé Barfrom thé south- Franciscan order of «Little Brothers» cumbed to thé Turks in 1571 and they later, thé cathedral of Saint George was idly, vanishedin later periods. west, today. andwas built in thésmall town's square held it until 1878 when Monténégrins erected. In that way this triangular Thé first larger rebuilding and im- for which we assume that it could be liberated thé town, which at last be- spacewas at thé very startextremely provingof thé towntook placeat thé thérelict of thélate-antique forum. Usu- longedto théMonténégro by théreso- well securedon both sides- by thé east- beginingof thémature médiéval period ally thé announcementsofTown Coun- of Bar, after Serbian râler Stephan lutions of Berlin Congressin 1882. ern cliffs ahead thé river Bunar and by cils and addressingthé Town Princes Therefore thé historical life of thé city thé southern side of thé ridge that is Nemanjaretook thé town from Byzan- of Bar is divided in periodsthat arede- almostvertical, while thé approachable tineEmpire. During thé siège thé Serbs Références destroyed fortifications city terminéeby thé characteristicsof thé northwesternfront probablywas forti- thé of thé - Boskovic, Dj. «Old Bar», Fédéral Institutefor thé Protectionof thé populationwhich inhabitedthé city fied by théfosse and thé stockadesor in such a scale that it was wntten, Monuments of Culture.Edition 1962. domainin certaintimes, political-eccle- thé crumbled escarpment.Neverthe- «nothingof Greek'sremain in thé - SerbianAcademy of Sciencesand Arts (SANU),«Serbia and thé siastical situation and architectural- less. thé first urbanization of thé pla- town». For thé fu-streal recovery of neighboringcountries on early maps»,1991. thé town l would rather consider thé urbanicdevelopment of thétown's tis- teauappeared only at thé beginingof - Corovic,S. «YugoslavHistory» sue that was various in shape and thé VI century and was relatedto thé periodof thé gréâtrebuilding of thé Illustrations: town's fortifications in thé secondhalf scale,depending ofwhom has fortified gatheringof théformer résidents of thé - «Tentativereconstruction of thé city of Bar in 1520-1540»,Vladan century, placeof and built thé structures within thé city. antiquesettlement in thé Fieldof Bar of thé XIII in thé first Zdravkovic- AVACCUM,© 1996.Ail rights reserved.

48 International Journal of Island Affairs 49 to thégathered citizens took place hère, sivewalls, covered with strong and élégant escarpment and adjusted for using of in this claustrophobicallybut therefore thé heavyartillery. But, structuresthat really bringsenormous benefits equally to thé town's prettyacoustical space. Anothertown's ^ square, nearby thé Cathedral St. défenseSystem and to its sculpturalappearance, areround-shaped bastion tow- George, although irregular in shape ersequiped with extremely skew escarpments, among which thé southern tower was much wider and enclosed by sig- reallyshould be considered asa master-piece oflate-medieval masonry and there- nificant buildings. Besidethé already fore,although it is muchsmaller, by its élégantcontours and ellipsoidal, cloak- mantionedArchbichopric palacesand shapedescarpment, could match with well known bastion of Minchetain kl Cathedrals, thé east side of thé square Dubrovnik.Thé most important city gâtein this,Venetian period, was built near wasclosed by théTown's Palace and thé northernbastion tower and, beside of its importancefor thé town itself it meansthé terrible reminder thé torturing that Venetianspracticed within gate's by alarge, excellent constracted Town's of réservoirplaced between thé Palace vaultedpassage - they tortured imprisoned peasants and warriors of thé Mrkojevich and Cathedral. Thé entry to this square clan(and rebelled citizens) by hangingthem to théstrong iron ring anchored in waschanneled through thé narrowcor- thé key-stoneof thé gothic volt. ridor between thé Town's Palace and a Therewere no verdureor gardenswithin thé city. Thécidzenship insisted on there - maximalexploitation of théprecious, protected town land and beside that smallgraveyard a factthat more than ,' anythingelse illustrâtes a noblearro- wereno springs or wells.Before Venetians, ail necessitieswere bring in thécity ganceof this, thé oldestpart of Bar byimporting it fromthé local peasantry thbes and villages and, of course,from wherepatrician families, to avoidinter- thécity demain. During thé Venetian domination thèse exchange of goods were feringwith commoners, used this small extremelyreduced by théprohibition of entryof thépeasants in thé town and area as burial land for their representa- expellingofthem toward thé Turkish territory. So, in that period - especially inthé tives not as it should hâve been thé yearsimmediately before thé town were delivered to théTurks, Venetians main- real cemeterybut in thé secondaryuse, taincity economydevastated by shipmentsof foodand proviant, gears and by SlLVIAPAGGI as sacristy and bone-chambers, or masonrymaterial, even entu-e teams ofcraftsmen and workers. Safety and défense crypts.Other cemeteries were situated of thécity, beside thé immédiate commander of thé city (provided with his com- out of thé city walls except thé one panionof man-at-armsandmercenaries), were at hands of théCaptain of thé M. within thé south suburb. Before thé Adriatic Sea and his fleet of war-galleys. -y expérience in thé world ofwine production in thé Eolian Islands arrivai of Venetians thé best fortified startedwith anold producerof Salinaisland. According to him,thé intem wine part of thé town wasthé castleat thé A severalhard eventsstrikes Bar with full strength- bombardingduring thé marketin thé Eolian islandssuffered from thé compétitionof wine producedout topof théhill, whichDonjon probably siège1878, thé catastrophicaily explosion of théammunition dépôt in 1881 of thé island.This is particularlytrue for Malmsey,for its authentic production has become rare, because it has been rebuilt on in a significant and thé last,thé mosthorrible earthquake in YugosiavLittoral (since 1672) requiresa work. Thoughthé wine also called scaleduring thé time of QueenHelen that devastatedthé entire MonténégrinCoastal belt in 1979. lot of is Lipari Malmseywine, théMalmsey vine only growson deAngevin, and after Venetia has sub- Therefore,although that has beendeveloped at thé crestsof surrounding hillsare still existing and appears as poorand non-lovable oriental type of certain soils of thé islands of Salina and Stromboli. It jected thé Bar, Donjon - Castio was requiresa particularlydry andburnt land. Thé produc- completelyrebuilt. In général,Bar's ram- settlement,thé ruinsof Barwithin fortifications (town walts are in excellent ofMalmsey wasdeveloped during partsreveal in thé large scalethé pov- condition),offers today an impressionof a ghostcity. After crucial research tion wine théXIXth century,especially in Salina.Probably encouraged by erty of thé communebut at thé same expéditionthat was launched by Yugoslav experts leaded by professor Djurdje time this showsthé gréât confidence Boskovicin 1960-62,exploring of théTown was maintained so far by thé local thésuccess ofsweet wines, thé English developed their that citizenshas in naturebarriers and ArcheologistOrner Perocevic, supported by théBar Cultural Center and Di- productionin other placesof thé Mediterranean,such as Madera. inaccessibilityofcity walls, which can rectoryfor thé Planning and Designing ofthé City of Bar.Project of visualizing Thé prosperityduring thé secondhalfofthe last cen- beexperienced in full scaleonly by vis- ofthé history of Baris oureffort to exposedthé results of thé so far exploring islands due agriculture,espe- iting what is nowadaysthé archaeo- andtry to motivatedesperately needed investments forthé further projects of tury in thé Eolian was to logicalsite of théOld Bar.Among ail reconstructionand revitalizationofthis extraordinaryseashell-developed town. cially thé commercialisationof certain products such asCâpres, above period, city frontsthé most vulnérable was thé Thémost urgent projects still are thé infrastructure Systems - electrical, wa- and ail, of wine.During this and until thé after-war, thé islands were cultivated ac- Northwest wall but we could estate as- ter-works and plumbing. suredly that its defensibility, in Thatwould provide thé conditions that are necessary for architecturalrecon- cordingto a Systemof terraceson thé slopesof thé volcanicislands. Thé wine on thèseislands can easily comparasonwith its shapeduring pe- structionof severalblocks around thé city gâte and preservingand repairing reach14/16 degrees, and were usedto eut Italian wines which wouldn't reach a riods ofearly andmature Middle Ages, thé restof thé city.By this way, through this summarized story about Bar, we were extraordinary improved under invitedail of good-wills and those that consider themselves asbeen caught by sufficientdegree. Nevertheless, thé Eoliansdrink their wine everyday during mealsand consider has important health qualities. is often heard that thé Venetians.By leaving thé rout of an thépassion for not just scientific investigations butsimply being at thé very site it It older and for sure weak wall, thé anddiscovering it's GeniusLoci, as welt.Thé Bar Cultural Center would be at réputationof longevity of thé archipelagoinhabitants is due to thé consumption Venetian fortificationer stretehed thé yours disposai. of local wine,especially Malmsey. As thé old Eoliandictum says: «Malmsey AVACCUM, Bar Cultural Center, 85 000 Bar, Yugoslavia purifies,magnifies, cures, gives a sweetdullness and keeps one healthy» regularand independent Une of mas-

50 International Journal of Island Affairs 51 Thé destruction, at thé end of last Thé characteristics of thé traditional In Salina,thé traditional way of im- andless deep than thé lower one,which and thé most harmful, thé sirocco. Thé century, of ail thé European vineyards wine making process, especially dur- planting vineyards is called thé «in is made to contain thé pressedraisin moonis alsothought as having a strong by phylloxéra was one thé reasons thé pressingphase, shows that is squares» vine, which has been aban- of ing it juice. Two crushingphases follow each influenceon thé wineduring this op- of thé économie crisis which touched a very ancient technique that has sur- doned almost everywhere for thé «in other,called, in eoliandialect, a pisata eration, such as on thé vines' size. vived up until today lines» shape,which enablesmechanic (thé crushing) and a sprimuta (thé Ail along thé wine making process, in this région of work. squares»vine a square l Thé «in is pressing).Thé first one,made ofquick attention must not only be paid to thé South Italy. No pattern made ofvine squaresand an of movements, is to trample thé stacks of moon,but alsoto women.Thé nega- équivalenttechnique intertwining paths. thé vine- oflittle In raisinswhich areonly a little squished; tive attitudetowards women's partici- can be found any- grapes yards planted «in squares», thé thé second one, characterisedby a pation to thé wine making process where else. areprotected but arealso very difficult slowrhythm, is to trample more strongly thé beamthen rests against this pile to seems to be founded on thé idea that ItiswithaUttlepro- to eut during thé vintage season. Thé thé raisins alreadypartly pressed. go into thé whole in thé wall. It is indis- thé contact of raisin with a menstru- ducer, thé Natoli fam- grape-pickers thus hâve to slide under pensableto align thé beamon thé pile ated woman can make thé wine tum into ily, that l was able to vines and adopt very particular thé of wood. A mistake in thé alignment vinegar.Such a belief is sharedamong observe thé tradi- positions. Thé traditional vintage is would make thé beam move. when it thé Eolian peasants, and thé interdic- tional Systemof vine effectuated very carefully. To unattach supports thé stone's weight, which tions concerning menstmated women cultureand wine pro- thé bunches of grapes, little billhooks would be dangerousfor thé people are very respected. duction. l also got to are preferably used, as well as knifes stone there. Then, thé must be lifted Thé wine productionis thus a long observe thé particu- and scissors. Each bunch is inspected up so that its weightrests on thé beam, gestation, which is man's work and larly délicate and sig- and ail thé damaged raisins are re- and thereforeon thé pile of wood and makesthé vine give wine. Therefore, moved. thé Eolian archipelagoseveral times. It nificant momentofpassing knowledge on thé marc de faisin «pie».For that, thé créationof wine, suchas any agri- was a destabilising factor, which led to from one génération to thé other. Canizzi is thé name for spécial trellis thé two manuieddi (wooden leavers) are cultural transformation, from thé seed importantmigration. Though thé wine- Like any vine culture, thé traditional used in thé Eolian islands to dry thé driven in thé miuolu wholes. Thé men to thé fruit, is comparable-and com- one in thé Eolian Islands includes dif- sun, used today producing activity started again at thé raisin in thé and is still change wholes each time, in order to pared- to a procréation because it in- century,thanks thé phases Malmsey making. beginningof thé to ferent of activity, which follow during thé traditional A big woodenbeam (travu) is perma- make thé miuolu rôle. As thé miuolu sertsitself in thé naturalprocess of life On each trellis, thé bunches are dis- implantation of American vines, thé oneafter each other. For example,only nently in thé parmientu, where it rôles, thé câble attached to thé stone anddeath. Wine production thus seems économie balance of thé islands re- thé memory of traditional weeding is posed in one layer, and exposed to thé crossedthé superior basin and goes winds aroundit, thus lifting thé stone a moment of masculine procréation mains emigration has left, because thé lack of labour does fragile. In fact, sun ail day long. Therefore,thé raisin into a hole in thé wall behind thé basin. up. Thé co-ordination of thé move- which is opposed, on a cultural level, not enable them to take such care of kept thé island from a real économie looses lots of water while it's sugar In its initial part,thé beam is linked to a ments of thé two agents,during thé thoughimitating it, to thé naturalfemi- recovery and thé répercussion of this thé vineyards. Its function appears concentration raises, thus raising its pulley,attached to thé ceiling, so it can insertion of thé wooden leavers to lift nine procréation. island's was memory eldest,who potential. day, situation on thé agriculture clearlyin thé of thé alcohol At thé end of thé bepulled up or downby usinga rope. thé stoneup, is remarkable.It requires Underthé weight of thé wine making consider it as a more rational form of very important, changing at thé same thé cannizzi covered of raisins are piled When thé beam is up, thé rope is at- a lot strength,and is most of thé time process, thé legs of thé old father of time, in a considérable way, thé envi- exploitation of thé earth in eolian cli- up, in thé same surface. If it is bad tached by a nautical knot. Thé tradi- effectuatedby two ronment's aspect and its socio-eco- matic conditions: thé rain, already rare, weather, rainy or too damp, they must tional parmientu has a hole in thé floor, people. But it can nomic configuration. is not able to penetrate down to thé be sheltered in thé pinnata, a room only situated on a strait line in thé axis of alsobe done by only Progressively,agricultural labour was main and deepest roots. covered on three sides. thé higher basin. In thé whole is thé one man, which was modernised in thé Eolian islands. A A few days after thé end of thé vin- pisa,abig stoneof 5/6 quintal which is thé case in thé wine growing number ofwine producers has tage, they proceed to thé actual wine- usedduring thé pressing.It is attached production of changea thé traditional way of culti- production, which starts with thé cmsh- to a steelcâble. Two ropesattach a big Malmsey l ob- vating vineyards during thèse last ing ofgrapes. Traditional wine produc- rectangle shaped pièce of wood served and filmed in years, in order to be able to use agri- don is long work, thé cmshing starts (miuolu) about a meter long, to thé 1988. After two or cultural machines.Though thé way of well before dawn, around 4 o'clock, in beam,attached to théstone by a chain. three pressings, thé making wine has been modernised, it thé local parmientu designed for wine Two woodensticks (manueiddi),over rest of thé squished still showssigns of a traditionalsavoir- production. That is where thé crush- one meter fifty long, are used as leavers raisins is taken out faire. Wine production thus seemsto ing and thé pressing of thé grapes to make thé miuolu rôle and thus lift of thé lower basin be ablekeep a link betweenthé past,in takes place, sometimes also thé barrel- thé stoneup. and put in thé bar- which it played a central rôle; an un- ling . It is equippedof two adjacent At thé end of thé crushing,thé marc rels. certain présent,marked by thé demands basins,one higher than thé other one: de raisin is resembled in thé centre of After a naturalfermentation period, théNatoli family in Salinahâve become of tourism, and a hypotheticalfuture, parmientu i supra (superior basin) and thé superiorbasin in thé shapeof a thé barrels are closed for several crooked with thé âge. We can link it to where wine would find an important parmientu i sutta (inferior basin). They «pie»and attachedby a rope.A square months before thé decanting.Strong thé crooked leg which embodiesthé place within thé recovery ofagricultural are stone or cément bassins, always boardis transportedand put on thé convictions among thé Eolian inhabit- vine tree, of which he himself taught whitewashed and with a communica- activities which would tend to exploit «pie», with a good balance, so it will ants are linked to this opération.It is me thé saying: thé archipelago'sresources in a more don hole. Thé higher one, where thé not slide. A sériesof piècesof wood said that thé wind most favourable to «Figlio di gamba storta, sei nato al balancedway. raisin is crushed and pressed, is larger (ligna) arethen piled on thé boardand thé embottlement is thé tramontane, frescoe fai parlarel'uomo in tedesco!».

52 International Journal of Island Affairs new initiative is emergingfrom thé southernmost tip of Italy. This co-operativeis going to tackle a particular facet of tourism, «quality tourism»; i. e. thé tourism that places thé emphasis on conserving and en- hancing local resources: thé environment, thé historié and artistic héritage, culture and traditions. he Greek-Orthodox women's monastery oîTj woôo^ovTbfYî), offers an Our proposa/s importanthistorical and sociological testimony about thé island ofAndros, in thé educational tourism in thé cities of art Cycladesarchipelago. byCHRISTINA SASSAYANNIS Stays combined with attending leaming laboratories and participating in ThéCyclades islands form one of théarchipelagos in thé Aegean Sea. It is school/workshopsdevoted to restoring listed buildings will enableus to situatedEast of Athensand on thé otherside of thé EubeaPeninsula. more witness an encounter between traditions and our artistic héritage. preciselyinthé Southwest side of thé Aegean. Asit nameexpresses it,thé Cycla- Craftsman.Modica (Sicily) Photo: Stefania lemmi Décorative techniques,thé restoration of murais, restoration of wood, desare circulariy disposed around Delo's island which was, according to thé mosaics are just some of thé fields addressedby thé study activities, which Ancients,thé cradle of thégods Apollo and Artemide. It is thébiggest archi- will consist of visits to cities of art and cultural programmes. pelagoof théAegean Sea, containing 24 out of thé80 Aegean islands. Apart from loversof art andcrafts, thé proposaiis alsoaimed at vocational Androsis thé northernisland, Southeast of Eubeaand Northwest of Tinos. éducation and training centres,art schools,universities and craftsmen's ThéKavo Doro Strait, well known for its seacurrents séparâtes it from thé first guilds. Spécifievisits can be organised. islandand thé Tinos Strait séparâtes it from thé latter. Its whole length is charac- ^tWperaiiva di giovuiîî donne,e uomin, View of thé island of Andros ^ . perjarc,» re ta pravmcia.ihlei terisedby thé présence of relief that can reach 1000m of altitude,often hit by outdoor sports tourism il pâli e artisttf. f. strong winds. Guided treks and mountain bike tours to discover ail thé différent facets of -n'RiSMOFflR. MAriVO our région: thé harshwild beautyof thé Iblei mountainscenery, thé seaand beachesthat lead us bcrckto thé neighbouringAfrican continent,thé impro- vised and striking ba- roque churches that émerge from romande historié town centres, where nature and archi- lecture seem to merge until you can't see where one ends and thé other begins, and you see ancient testimonies ail around. Young people during a «standard» day dedicated to arts. Furthermore, with this Modica (Sicily) Photo: Stefania lemmi proposai,SICILIANDO

joins a Europeanpromotion circuit - thé MTB EuropeProject - that links five Europeancountries: Italy, France,Germany, Austria andSwitzerland.

SICILIANDO s.c.r.l., that is organising its own réception centre in ''^^^uMl«i'^S.,'!t Modica, currently has offices at via Garofalo, 1 - MODICA ^- Tel. /Fax: 0932 942843 - E-mail: dldsicilia@teamonline. it VheMonasrerv and thé Chapelof us Cemetery

54 International Journal of Island Affairs 55 Thé islandhas an areaof40 squarekilomètres and 18800inhabitants. Most of leronta.Thé lack of masculineprésence may represent arisk for both thé secu- thé populationlives in thé maintown, Chora. This city is characterisedby its rityof thé monastery andthé life of thé nun. It isthé prayer and thé mystery that Venetian architecture and faces thé sea.«Thé wind hère blows makesreligion» a greaterpower than thé men's one». That is wherethé nun through thé alleys, forming an harmoniousmelody along findssecurity and consolation. Thémonastery ofZtuoôo^oi; Hrjyî) is linked to with thé waves of thé sea, that shatter at its feet». Chora thémen's monastery ofAghios Nicolaos. Thanks to thisconnection. thé wom- representsan exampleofcultural andenvironmental protec- en'smonastic world has been able to fosteruntil today. tion, still safefrom masstourism. Therefore, three shipbuild- Théwoman figure of thélerontissa plays thé rôle ofan actor which embodies ers from Chorahâve created a spécialfund, availableto thé thé dramaof théworld and wants to bearwitness of théreal sacrificeof thé city, in order to protectit from any environmentalspecula- Originthrough her life in seclusion.Nevertheless this must not beconsidered don. Thanksto their help, thé town of Chorais able to host asa subjection tothé men's world. Thé monastery. islinked to a man's figure both thé Archaeological Muséum ofAndros and an interest- andpower. Moreover, if we think that Hahabbdsbisabds wasa place sacred for ing Muséum of International Contemporary Arts. men(ils structurereminds of a militaryfortress), thé connection with thémas- Thé monasteryZ&ioôo^ov îïrjYr] f (thé springoflife) is of culineworld is strong. Nonetheless, thénun lives in an own-mled space, where particular interest. It is situated on thé Kapsoraki mount, shefinds herself through thé daily spiritual speech with God. Her vow to thé Northeastof thé island. Thé story of its birth as a sacred monasticlife hasnot been determined by externalfactors that could hâve been Christianplace is told in this legend,which is transmittedby seenas an involuntarychoice. Thé nun'spersonality is thereforenot suffo- thé elderly peopleto their nephews: cated; she lives in loneliness. «A mansuffering from a seriouseye illness, was begging Théféminine figure has never had in historythé power to callnew sisters. on a hill, abandonedby his friends, who were building a Théleronta to whomthé féminine monastery isconnected has always decided templethat hadalready collapsed three times. Tired from his this.Thé factors that hamper thé nun's will arealways économie. Thé nun long walk, thé old man sat on a stone, to take a rest. His thirst herselfconsiderssheis an obstacle for thé town ofGavrio's projects. Moreover wasunbearable. While resting,he heardan animalapproach. théones that could help her, live in thé «silence ofthé traiter». Thé question is He touched it and felt that it had a wet beard. Therefore, he howcould someone désire thé death of a place so rich and full of both history bowed down and found thé source of water where thé animal andreligious tradition, and leave it to théspéculation of whom does not re- had drunk. Suddenly,a woman appearedin front of him, spect it. looking sévèreand wearing a blackdress. She told him: 'What Théconversation and thé daily reality experienced with thé nun, bears wit- areyou looking for?' Thé manexplained his conditionto her, nessof anagreement obtained between two différent realities where thé knowl- and showedhis eyesthat soonwere to plungehim into deep edgeof théother, represents thé knowledge of oneself. darkness. Learningthé life of thélerontissa Evghenia is a continuousapproach not Thé affectedwoman invited thé beggarto soak his eyes onlyto anexternal worid, but also to our internai worid. Thé other is likea mirror

with thé water he hadjust drunk. Thé man followed her ad- in whichthé ethnographer sees himself and discovers himself. Thé Abbess Eugenia. vice, and he recoveredthé sight of light he was about to

View of thé entry of thé temple «Tjiooboypvîlriyr]» loose. Thé woman then revealed she was thé 'Qeotokou', thé View of thé island of Andros from thé top floors of thé Monastery. Lady Motherof God,and told thé mantojoin his friendswhere they werebuilding thé templeand tell them to build it on thé KapsorakiMount.» Thé Legend is basedon a story that witnessesthé passagefrom Paganto Christian cuit temples. At thé time of thé Cuit of Dionusos,instead of gurgling saint, purifying and healingwater, thé spring usedto gurglered wine usedto celebratenever ending partiesin thé honourof God. Thé apparitionof thé Theotokenended this idola- trous Cuit, transformingwine into water. In fact, there are testimoniesin thé monasteryof a previoustemple dating back to thé V centuryBC. Moreover,thé symbol of vines has been continuouslyrepresented in thé following centuries. For example,représentations can be found on thé marmorealdoor framesof thé monastery,which aretoday in thé archaeologicalmuséum.

There are no written testimoniesconceming thé monasterydating before thé XIV th century.Thé monasterywas a sacredplace for menuntil 1928.Thé prob- lems causedby thé war and diseasesled to thé disappearingof thé monks.After a few years,it becameféminine. Today, thé monasticworid in Andros is repre- sentedby one single woman , who lives in this important historical place,that ownsa gréâtpart of-thé richnessin thé religiousworld in Greece.In thé religious cultureof fémininemonasticism, nuns are always followed by thé présenceof thé

56 International Journal of Island Affairs 57 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE WORLD HERITAGE CONVENTION

he90s brought into light newtendencies and means of herit- âgeconservation, especially within thé frameworkof thé 1972World HéritageConvention'. Thé adoptedcriteria for thé inclusionof cul- tarailandscapes in théWorld Héritage List wasin line with thé de- by EMMANUELIADOUSSIS* and ANTONIA ZERVAKI** mandsof théworld community for théprotection of qualitativechar- acteristicsof landscapeswhich are now viewed as thé product of thé interplaybetween socio-cultural and biophysical functions. Thus, thé linksbetween nature and culture were strengthened, enhancing thé conceptofprotecting, preserving and developing not only thé natural élémentsof culturalproperties, but alsothé cultural values and asso- dationsofmany -up to nowclearly defined as- natural sites.

Cultural landscapes and islands Undoubtedly,thé new developments in thé implementation of thé WoridHéritage Convention are of gréâtinterest to islandsocieties aroundthé worid. Despite thé impressive progress of technology -

télécommunications,transport etc. - islands,being surrounded by a naturalobstacle to communicationremain secluded and independent. Thisfact hasa strongimpact on localsocieties, cultures, économies andnature. Ail thèseéléments evolve according tothé needs and aims

1Thé Conventionconcerning thé protectionof thé WorldCultural and NaturalHéritage was adopted by thé UNESCOGénéral Con- ferencein 1972.Twenty six yearslater, thé Conventionhas been ratifiedby 150State Parties and as such,it constitutesa légal instrumentof universalvalue in thé field of conservation.Estab- lishinga crédibleand universally représentative World Héritage List(WHL) of properties,lie at théheart of théstrategy adopted withinthé framework ofthé WHC aiming at protecting,conserving andmanaging effectively thèse irreplaceable sites, building publie awarenessand mobilizingskills and resourcesfor préventiveand curativeworld héritagework. Today,more than 550 sites of out- standinguniversal value are included in théWorld Héritage List, a gréât number of which relatesto islands. See B. von Droste. M. Rôssler,«Thé World Héritage Convention: Protecting thé Outstand- ing Culturaland NaturalHéritage Islands»,in InternationalJour- of * Doctorin InternationalLaw, University of Athens. nal of IslandsAffairs, 1993/2, pp. 14-16. ** MA European and International Studies.

58 International Journal of Island Affairs of thé local societies,creating unique riod oftime, andwhether it hasthé potentialto maintainit. Thus,thé richnessand requirethé exclusion ofeverything new. combinations of cultural and natural thésignificance of culturaland natural éléments of an island-seen in its organic Modem and traditional élémentsare characteristicsthat form thé profile of totality-makes a nominationunder thé new cultural criteria possible. This could be each island. thécase for examplefor somePacifie and Greek islands. combined,forming thé «continuing» Thé above mentioned characteristics natureof thélandscape, rejecting only discordant éléments from alien cul- are very close to thé concept of cul- What would islands gain from being inscribed in thé tural landscapes,as it appearsin thé World Héritage List? turcs3.Economie development, includ- ing activities and works for thé im- OperationalGuidelines of théWH Con- To beginwith, it wouldbe usefulto stressthé généraladvantages of a site, provement of thé conditions of serv- vention. A couple of questions arise which is includedin thé World HéritageList: ices, agriculture and tourism, is not re- though, concerningthé relation of is- . urgent supportfor monumentsor sitesunder serionsthreat or destruction; jected and doesnot prevent local and landsand cultural landscapesand their . educationalsupport and training of personnelworking in institutionsrelated inclusionin thé World HéritageList: to thé conservation and management of thé area as well as thé content of thé nationalauthorities from implementing aneffective management scheme com- Which islandsmerit world héritage Convention and its implementation; prising thé coopérationof UNESCO status under thé category of cultural . coopérationas far as thé call of professionalexpertise (in thé technicaland andother international organizations, landscapes? scientificfield) andthé realizationofworks areconcerned; théimplementation of a sériesofregu- Of course,islands should fall into one . undertakingoperational actions (apart from adoptinginternational rules) for lations concerningland-use, waste of thé threecatégories ofcultural land- thé protection of thé sites. managementand -public works and scapesdefined in thé criteriaof thé Op- Moreover,in thé caseof islands,thé protectionand préservation processes building- constructionsas well as thé erationalGuidelines for thé implemen- affect thé totality of cultural, natural and économie characteristics and éléments effortof developingdifférent kinds of tation of thé WH Conventionnamely: of thé islandand not a spécifiesite, secluded from thé rest of thé island'sareas, as ***.l. tourism in thé area; visitors who are . «clearly defined landscapes»de- it happenswith purely cultural properties inscribed in théWH List e.g. Paphosin interested for thé islands' natural signed and created intentionally by Cyprus,several sites in Malta, Pythagoreionand Heraion on thé Greekisland of beautybut also for its spiritual and man; Samosetc. Spécialcharacteristics of culturallandscapes préservation go one cultural life. . «organically evolved landscapes» stepfurther from thétraditional protection of islandsgiven thé statusof purely Thé impacts of such an effort would with thé two sub-categories,fossil culturalproperties -e. g.Mont St Michel in France,thé island of Mozambiqueetc.- not be restrictedonly to théparticular landscapesand continuing land- by incorporatingthé following stratégies: island. Greek islands in both thé scapes; . implementationof spécifierégulations for thé conservationand thé sustain- Aegean and thé lonian Sea. can ben- . «associativecultural landscapes» able management of thé area; efit fromthose integrated management relatedto powerful religious, artis- . communicationof inhabitantsand people working for thécultural landscapes : and protection planning. As a result, tic or cultural associations of thé local interests,needs, traditional knowledge should be respectedand sup- thénomination ofPatmos and thé meas- natural élément. ported; uresthat will followmay act as a model Moreover,criteriaofauthenticity and . intégrationof human agentsin thé processof managementwhereas thé in- universal value of thé landscapes volvementof local peopleis required; shouldnot be neglected. What is equally . strengtheningof localeconomy in termsof sustainabledevelopment. Thereis alwaysthé thoughtof re- importanthowever, is théintegrity of thé Thus,thé management of thèseareas offer sustainabledevelopment opportu- Thé Monastery of Patmos defining thé criteria for thé two landscapethroughout a very long pe- nities,respect of thélocal cultures, involvement of thélocal society, flexibility of Greek mixed sites, Mount Athos regulatorymeasures so that needsand Nevertheless,thereis a wide range ofsites in Greece that could fall into every and Meteora, included in thé WH interests of local society should be re- singleone of thécatégories of cultural landscapes. One of themis théisland of List in 1988,sites that do repre- spected. Patmos,in thé Dodecanese archipelagos, situated atthé east south part of thé sent thé "combined works of na- AegeanSea. Apart from thé natural beauty of théisland, thé history and cultural tureand man" -sacred landscapes characteristicsof thé area are of uniquevalue. wasin oneof théislands' caves It with exceptional geological fea- THE CASE 0F PATMOS whereSaint John thé Divine (Theologos) had his révélation, afact that has influ- tures with importantreligious and As far as thé Mediterraneanrégion encedthé island's destiny throughout thécenturies. Thé monastery which com- secularsettlements-, they is concemed, it should be mentioned so that memorateshim, founded in 1088,dominâtes thé island both physically and to a will be included in thé World Herit- that apartfrom few exceptionssuch as considérableextend politically. âge Listas culturallandscapes. thé islandsofTino andTinetto in Italy, Théisland of Patmosis a typicalcase of anorganically evolved landscape - H. Cleere, «Thé Evaluation of Cul- there are not as many nominationsof continuinglandscape- combining some of thé éléments ofassociative landscapes: tural Landscapes: thé rôle of islands as cultural landscapesin thé théislands' cultural, social and économie lifeis related toorthodox religion, while ICOMOS» in B. von Droste, H. WH List as they should be, consider- man's works, natural éléments and intermingle in a unique atmosphère that domi- Plachter,M. Rôssler(eds), Cultural ing theirnatural and cultural variety and nates in thé island. Landscapes of Universal Values. importance. As far as Greece is con- Patmos,being nominated asa cultural landscape, enjoy ail thé above men- will Components a GlobalStrategy, cerned, there are no nominations at ail of tionedprivilèges. What is important though, is that apart from thé combination of New York, UNESCO/Gustav for cultural landscapes2 naturaland cultural éléments, thé protection of culturallandscapes does not FischerVerlag Jena, 1995, p. 58.

60 International Journal of Island Affairs 61 for thé numerousislands and islets in thé area.We must not forget that apartfrom thé naturalbeauty of thèseislands they areail relatedto ancientGreek and Byz- antinetraditions, history andmyths, while mostof them are someof thé tourists' \ . . favorite destinationswithout havingnecessarily an integrateddevelopment plan. .t? \ For a country like Greece,thé awarenessof local communitiesand local and t>u î*sss public authoritiestowards this direction would be asimportant as thé integrated ^ protectionand development ofPatmos itself. Thus,thé rôle of thé World Héritage A List would be extended,without anyfurther interférenceof thé internationalbod- .^ ies, sincethé main principlesand conceptscan be adoptedindirectly throughthé -^i', *.<' applicationof internationalstandards in islands in thé area, applying thé well .^ \ known logo «think globally, act locally».

CONCLUDING REMARKS Towardsthis end though,important Summingup, it would be usefulto stressthat thé adoptionof thé criteria for thé progress must be achieved in national culturallandscapes in thé frameworkof thé 1972World HéritageConvention is of andinternational level: World Héritage gréât importance:on thé one hand, cultural landscapescan balancethé differ- nomination should not be regarded by encesof thé traditional criteria for natural and cultural sites and promote thé thé Statesas thé end of a long proce- conceptof protecting±e resultsof thé interactionof a wide rangeof cultural and dureaiming at acquiringthé short-term natural éléments4 ; on thé other hand, thé Convention, being ratified by an impor- benefits of thé World Héritagestatus. tant number of State Parties can introduce through its implementation, a more Thereshould be a more systematicap- effective model for integratedsustainable development for cultural landscapes. proach to monitoring, involving both For manyislands around thé world, developmentopportunities are closely nationalexperts and site managers,lo- relatedto their geographicallocation, ecologicalcharacteristics, social and cul- cal andnational authorities, apart from tural éléments.Thé conceptof sustainableuse of thèse«sources» of develop- merely respecting thé Convention's ment was not really in thé minds ofislanders until récent years. Their view of thé obligations.Concluding, it should be world often led themtowards thé maximizationoftheir comparativeadvantages, noted that UNESCO's rôle détermines jeopardizingboth thé island'senvironment quality and its cultural sitesand val- thé success of Ae préservation of Ae by ClPRIANOMARIN* ues.Cultural landscapes,may serveas modelsfor thé adoptionof stratégiesfor WH properties: thus, there is a need integratedsustainable planning and management,apart from protectingparts of for a morecohérent and integrated stra- their cultural and natural héritage5. tegic plan for héritage conservation, especially in thé case ofisland-cultural landscapesthat would compriseboth n November1996 thé city of Salamancawas host an inter- thé global approach to thé spécifie nationalfomm approaching thésearch of newtechnological problemsand thé spécifiesite monitor- solutionsfor thémanagement of thé European Cities' common ing and management processes. héritage.Thé meeting is organizedby théSalamanca Munici- palityand INSULA, in coopérationwith thé Evora and Dublin municipalities,with thésupport of théDirectorate Général for Energyofthé European Commission (Thennie Programme) and UNESCO.

4A. Zervaki, «Thé Concept of Cultural Historiécities, especially those that hâve been declared Worid Landscapes within thé Framework HéritageSites, are an exceptional andliving meeting point, where of thé 1972 UNESCO Convention thépast and thé aspirations of théfuture corne together. Thé for thé Protection of thé World Cul- needto preventthé accumulated cultural héritage of ourhis- tural and Natural Héritage», disser- toriccentres from disappearing should not be incompatible with tation, University of Athens, 1998 theirfunctionality, comfort or ability to become dynamic social, culturaland économie centres. Projecting historié cities into thé (unpublished document) p. 21. Officiai réception of thé 5 E. Doussis, «Instruments for Sus- futureneeds thé support of newtechnolo- historical cities représentatives tainable Island Develpment: gies, a field in UNESCO's action», in Sustainable Development in thé Islands and thé Rote of Research and Higher Edu- cation, Congress, Rhodes 30/4-4, 5/1998 (ta be published). *Secretary of thé Conférence y 62 International Journal of Island Affairs 63 Thé aboveserved as thé point of de- Transnationalprojects such as Jupi- mumcations networks, such as thé case parture for this co-operation initiative ter, Entire, Zeus, Centaur and Belt. cre- presented by Toledo. Ail thèse reali- betweenhistorié cities of Europe,based ated within thé framework of thé ties make for an exceptionalsituation on thé idea launched by Evora, Dublin Thermieprogramme, hâve contributed which one could define as thé giant -»! k v and Salamanca,with décisivesupport magnificentexpériences and opened up stepfrom theory to practice. fromthé Thermie programme ofDGXVD linesof actionin manyhistorié centres, This capitalof expériencesled to two of thé EuropeanCommission. Thé im- thus laying thé groundworkand basic key resultsin Salamanca.Pirstly, thé partance and scope of thé project led to éléments for reflection for new action Salamanca Déclaration, which defines thé participationand active collabora- programmesin thé EuropeanUnion. thépolitical and stratégie framework for don of UNESCO, INSULA andthé World Alongwith thèseprojects, thé spécifie historiécities in thé areasof energy, SolarProgramme (1996-2o5). FoUowing expériencesundertaken in historié cen- transportand telematics.Secondly, a which a new alliance is being forged, entitled "Energy, Transport and intensive work by a committee of experts trèshâve shown that it is in thèsevery goodpractice guide, backed by a group an alliance that can make thèseemblem- Telematicsin historiécentres". Energy drawnfrom variousEuropean counthes, areasin which ail imaginabledifficul- of experts and municipal representa- atic placesinto examplesof harmoni- andtransport are thé major risk factors in November1998 a meedngwas held of ties arise with respectto management tives,which will doubtlessserve to rep- ous co-existence and how thé new pos- affecdngconservation of historié cen- municipal représentatives and project andtechnology implementation that an licate and guide new expériencesin sibilities offeredby new energy,trans- très, and also one of thé barriers im- leaders from aver 40 cities and historié unprecedentedcapacity for créationis other historié cities and centres. Thèse port andcommunications technologies peding functionality and sustainable centres in Europe. generated.Solutions to transportprob- two contributionsare fully in keeping can be efficiently adaptedto thé con- development.For this reason, many lems, such as thé use of zéro or ultra- with thé approachadopted in this Me- text of historié centres. initiatives for rénovation necessarily low émissionvehicles, hybrids and tropolis 2000 congress. Thé currentchallenge is to reconcile focus on thèse areas. Moreover, thé combinedSystems, as seenin Trento, Lastly, we should not overlook thé thé préservationofcultural héritagefor new telematics tools emerging on thé Genoa, Salamanca,Athens, Venice, addedvalue providedby thèseexperi- future générations with, at thé same scène are a new ally enabling services London,Cologne and Rotterdam; trans- ences in our historié cities. Over and should consider that our historic cen- time, thé necessary capacity for reno- to be integratedefficiently andnew de- port planning stratégiessuch as those aboveour collective responsibility to très are among thé most important vation which bas characterised thèse velopment initiatives to be created in implemented in thé historié centres of préserveEurope's cultural héritage, we stagesin thé worid for thèse experi- privileged places down through thé thèse very unique centres. ences,for thé local populationand for âges.Thé recovery and préservation visitors alike, becausetogether they this héritage no way meansthat of in representthé world's biggest tourist cities will be frozen still. Town planning ***** destination. restrictions or thé inclusion of monu- * * ments as listed buildings do not suf- fice alone. Old cities constantlyneed **^* an injection of new lifeblood to nurture THERMIEPROGRAMME thé économie and social fabric. DG XVII - EUROPEAN COMMISSION This is why thé idea of building thé city of thé future on thé foundations of thé past was chosen as thé central thème of thé Salamanca conférence,

It would not be ami ss to say that even M-3 thoughmany of thé individual projects were akeady known, Salamancaproved to be a very pleasant surprise for ail

^;il. }u"t;uica )2 concerned. For thé first time ever, an overall perspective was obtained which Caen,Èvora, Naples, Bristol, Barcelona showed clearly that historié centres andHelsinki; energy efficiency pro- were not merely exceptional candidates grammes, introduction of renewables for thé applicationof new conceptsin and reduced émissions, such as those technologyand managementin thé ar- developedin Frankfurt,Leicester and eas of energy efficiency and clean power- Dublin;design with thé aid of fîllw"; ^ transport, but also that they had already fui telematicsinstruments, as in Flor- lb1';i3l>ili;^>;( .1 commenced on thé road to becoming ence, and thé expériences of thé cities of thé future, with a wealth oftmly Histocitynetwork and projects for mini- admirable expériences. misingthé impactsof energyand com-

64 International Journal of Island Affairs 65 Juliân Lanwrote Sastre Mayor of Salamanca

Participants at thé European Conférence, «Energy, 2 Tofacilitate thé maximumlevel of renewabteenergy sources Transportand Telematicsin HistoriéCities» met in Sala- participation into thé energy supply of historié cities. RESCU1NG RELATIONS manca on November 6th, 1998. WITH THE SEA 3 To wisely adapt energy uses to available energy re- It is consideredthat thé héritageof Europeanhistorié sources, considering energy as a city service. Lhe Tenerifeand thé Sea Programme,sponsored by thé cities is a basic élément to sustainable development and Tenerife initiatives germi- 4 To incorporate energy management into thé instru- IslandCabildo, is oneof those thatare emphasisesits extraordinarysocial dimension. nated and developedwith gréât care, with attentionto détail and. ments of city planning and development. aboveail, with gréâtenthusiasm. One of thé reasonsforthis is that it /( /s recognisedthat thé transferof thé historichéritage 5 To promote action which will incorporate thé criteria of to future générations faces new challenges and risks is a programmethat has managedto capturethé imaginationof sustainable urban mobility in historié centres, empha- which fundamentallydérive from thé présent use of en- everybodythat has been involved inone way or another, in drafting sising solutions based on pedestrianisation and col- ergy and transport. thé programmeor in implementingit. lective transport Systems. It is a carefullyplanned and well thoughtout projectaimed at Takinginto account thé recommendationsestablished 6 To incorporate zéro and ultra-low émission technolo- improvingthé Tenerifecoastline and placingspécial emphasis on by thé various international conventions, such as, thé gies to urban transport, using thé présent possibili- World Héritage Convention,both Cultural and Natural, recoveringail thoselittle spotsalong thé coastthat are deeply ties offered by gas-propelted,hybrid and electric ve- thé Convention on Climatic Change, thé recommenda- rootedin thé heartsof thé peopleand others that shelter irreplace- hicles. lions of Habitat II and European déclarations, such as, ablenatural assets. But, at thésame time, thé projecthas an inno- thé Aalborg Charter on sustainable cities. 7 To use telematic instruments adequately with regard vativeside that is évidentin newactivities like farming and in thé to thé optimisation of energy uses, alternative trans- design of sensitive infrastructure. Beingconscious that historiécities and especiallythose port and planning. Governmentinterventions are basicallyconceived as aimedat which hâve been declared «World Héritage Sites» by restoringthé coastalenvironment and as a meansof enhancing UNESCO, are foci of attention for Europe and thé world. 8 To establish integrated planning Systems in thé de- thécultural function of thé landscape,as a qualityof lifefactor and As such, thèse cities are exceptional mirrors from where sign of communication and electric grids, in order to new initiatives will hâve a multiplying effect. minimise impact on thé built héritage. as a meansoffighting against thé de-humanisationprocess that hasso oftenaccompanied thé urban development of thécoastline Consideringthat thé protectionof cultural and natural 9 To improvetelematic solutions as an essentialtool for in récent years. héritagein historiécentres does not hâveta be in opposi- citizens' participation, for energy and transport man- In short,thé aim is to achieveintégral planning and sustainable tion to their functionality, quality of life and capacity ta turn agement and for cultural and natural héritage protec- developmentfor thé coastal areas of Tenerifeand, at thé same themselves into dynamic centres of society. tion. time, ta create a diversifiedand imaginativeproduct that is well Takinginto account that is préférablefor new initiatives 10To introduce éducation, training and information pro- adaptedto thé fragile coastalenvironment. arising in historiécities be directed towards specialised grammes on renewable energy sources and alterna- Pilar Parejo Bello services, recognising that today thèse cities are, as a tive transports. Councillorfor Tourismand Landscape whole, thé major tourist destinationsin Europe and thé Tenerife Cabildo 11 To develop régulationsas well as local, régional,na- world. tional and E. C. légal frameworkswhich will facilitate Confirming that today's technology is such as to over- thé application of sustainable solutions on energy, corne problems stemming from energy use and urban transport and telematics for historié cities. mobility. 12 To promote co-ordination between various compétent administrations in order to facilitate thé application of Appeal to thé various responsible municipalitiesand existing technological solutions regarding sustainable managersof thé historiécities, ta thé authorities,to thé energy and sustainable transport and to eliminate local, régional,governmental and intergovernmentalinsti- présent barriers which are opposed to its implementa- tutions, as well as ta thé compétent social agents, and ask: tion. 1 To incorporate thé sustainability criteria into energy use: efficiency, saving and diversification. Salamanca, World Héritage City, November 6th, 1998

66 International Journal of Island Affairs :^i

valuable natural and cultural sea-related GENERAL OBJECTIVES théGarden ofHesperides arejust some , m». ïmiito Prînnpn . porteur said that «an islander is an if Ch«'*!»ftt m;*^n grammeis to be implementedin a highly ï3a;~A.,, andsustainable development of coastalareas, thé marineenvironment and apocalypticbeing. This is becausehe

, complicatedspace, in which mostof thé <"I>...<.y. \ their resources. . CwKXU^Af.C.yffw». perçoivesail théthreats. He is lazy,only . y A-.. A/co^rf)»». rî. island's économie activity takes place - }<\&y, A &»«i^ô. <ète^f^ . ^ tt ».- -ÏÇî-^2Ï«S-'n~5 ismsupply and thé création of newtourist products that are adapted ta thé by it. He is, in short,thé inhabitantof a l fragile natureof thé coastalenvironment. paradise or a hell». This is how an is-

F^aSap»» (ntjKinm . Togive priority to a policyof intégralcoastal management, sponsoring con- landerseas thé coastand thé seaand, sensusamong thé différentsectorial policies and socialpartners involved, asthé leading player in histemtory, he withoutgetting bogged down in thé purelyadministrative view of thé area. is thé only one who can turn it into a . To createan intégralprocess for formulatingalternatives and for decision- travellers' respite, a Garden of making. Hesperides or Plato's inferno. Without -n 1996, thé Cabildo (Island Gov- . Promotethé necessary actions in researchand technological development. any intention, this is exactly what thé emment) of thé Island of Tenerife (Ca- . Enhancethé rôle of thé sea's cultural héritage as a basicasset of our territo- différentinterprétations of thé nameof nary Islands) decided to start an ambi- rial model. thé island of Tenerifereflect: once as tious programme based on thé concept . Usepilot and démonstration projects to establisha référence modelcapa- thé island of thé tenerefiz-hellas a of recoveringthé seaand Ae coastline blé of bringingtogether public and private action. Spanishmonk describedit in thé Book for thé peopleof thé island.As hashap- . Makea contributionto thé management and active protection of protected of Knowledge,around 1350, or as penedm many other island régions, dec- natural coastlines. thé island paradise de- adesof developmenthâve brought with scribedby Jacobde it new visions of our relations with thé coastliae that are very distant from thé ABSTRACT 0F THE INTRODUCTION reality of thé island situation. There- TO TENERIFE AND THE SEA fore, being awareofthe importanceof Dreams,expérience and reality blend together in thèseis- this spaceas a basic assetfor thé sus- lands.Thé mère fact that we are talking about thé région of tainabledevelopment of thé island,thé Macaronesia,i.e.beyond thé Pillars of Hercules,in théAtlantic, island govemmenttook thé firm deci- meansthat almost ail thé islands of thérégion are convinced they are sion to start this project, based on two théspécial places that appear in ail mythologies. Thé Elysian Fields, clear premises:to conservethé most ThéIslands of théBlessed, Thé Fortunate Islands, Paradise ofDelights or

68 International Journal of Island Affairs 69 Edesain thé VII century,that, ac- was thé author of a manuscript d. cording to XIX century French entitled «On thé Art of Building author, F. Nau, refers to Tenerife. and Loving Ships»,published in u In fact, anislander is capableof 1611 and used as thé basic text calmlysitting by andwatching thé book for many years, in thé Se- destructionand occupation ofhis ville School of Seafarers, a train- coastline by strangers, or even of ing school for thé sailors that es- courteouslytaking part in thé out- tablishedthé power of intercon- rage, but, at thé same time, he re- tinental shipping routes. spectfully takes his shoesoff to It is, therefore, advisable to re- board a boat, his other island, alise that Ae Tenerife and thé Sea because his anchored sailor tradition thé idea of a world in which thé horizon Programmehas been designed from an makesit impossiblefor him to conceive unusual perspective.Thé concept is is constantly moving. This is an an- -Ithoughpuberty isan important moment oflife in many parts of thé of thé idea of ownershipof thé sea. based simple ofrecovering cient view of Ae sea, without which it on thé idea world,thé first menstruation overwhelming inmagnificence andsignificance thé Thé islander is, first and foremost, a thé sea and thé shoreline in thé island would be impossible to explain how circumcision,isthé originality ofmatrilineal societies. Thé importance ofwomen man of thé sea that sometimes shows a hundreds of islanders from Tenerife, tradition, conservingthis legacy,as far hèreappears inmany ways but, at this stage oflife, perhaps, it is clear that women tenacityfor travelling that is really sur- without any navigation skills, set sail as possible, for future générations, take precedenceover men. prising.This is thé caseof thé Sunda this century in ancient sail ships to whilst, at thé sametime encouraging Islands,a rosary of small islets in thé reach thé coasts of Cuba and Ven- thé recovery and conservation of an l PUBERTY 0F THE GIRl IndianOcéan, only accessibleby swim- by SOLANGEPETIT-SKINNER ezuela, as witnessed by thé well known extraordinary natural and cultural her- Beforethé célébration however, some rituals must be per- ming or by small boat, that hâve wit- adventure of thé Telemaco. itage that thé multiple vicissitudesof formed.As soon as thé giri developsher breast, she is care- nessedmodem man's -Homo sapiens Thé ambivalence of thé relations be- progress hâve led us to tum our backs fullywatehed byher mother and grandmother toanticipate sapiens- tenacious attempts aver tween thé islander and thé sea can at- on momentarily. It is an idea of recov- théstart of menstruation.In some pacifie Islands, thé ap- 40,000 years to bridge thé Wallacea ering thé sea that is compatible with tainproverbial dimensions at times.For pearanceofthé breast, specially in thécase ofa chiefs daugh- 'i.,. trench to reach thé Sahul shelf and set- thé new trends in favour of sustain- example, we know that our navigation ter,is celebrated bya feast named, as in Fiji, théfeast of thé '^':h tle New Guinea,Australia and,finally, arts were at one time reduced to one able developmentof islands that are twococonuts, by their resemblance to young breasts. When , " . .... ;'*t>' Tasmania.As Michel Orlac reminds us, simple boat's skipper, but we also know emerging ail over thé planet. thémother or grandmotherjudges through some signs be- thé tenacity of islanders is basedon that Tome Cano, a native of Tenerife, C. Marin - A. Luengo yonddoubt that thé time is conùng,thé young giri wasset- tledin a separatehut, built specially for thisoccasion. Today,since this particular hut is no longer made, part of théhouse will bedevoted to her.This place is chosenfar awayfrom thé main door and thé main activity; it isthé most secludedpart. It will beseparated from thé rest of théhouse bypartitions made of mats,or of tapas, abark cloth common tomany Pacifie Islands, at least today, by a paréo. Since this '\ hutis temporary, it is built in avery mdimentary way with coconutbranches, but on thé other hand it is alwaysper- fectlydecorated. Very fine mats are spread on thé floor, thé couchisprepared with piles of them in orderto hâve avery softlayer on which are sprinkle odoriférant leaves to give théhut or thé place of théhouse devoted tothé giri, a very pleasantfragrance. Thé mats reserved for thisspécial occa- sion,are often edged with beautiful feathers, mostly from parrotswhich hâve vivid colors. Thèse feathers are today replacedby fringesof bright coloredwool. Thé scented leavesare changea continuously. Numerous décorations are hungail roundthis secluded place, since women who corne to visitthé giri bringher many gifts. Thèse garlands, head- bands,etc. made of shells,flowers or scented leaves. add to théintensely perfumed atmosphère of thé place. At théfirst tracesofblood, thé motherwillconveythis gréât newsto ail ~ _ _ théfamily according toa précise path followed from ancient f/" traditionalcultures- the secrets ofthé sea were taught to boysthrough old times. - ~ * -----. - peopleexpérience, which merged with theirs own) Polynesian boys playing close to thébig sharksfishedby theirfathersin théOcéan. Photo:Folco Quilicl

70 International Journal of Island Affairs 71 In this retreat,thé grandmother will staypermanently with her granddaughter, thé Pacifie,while Europeanspreferably thé pig is presentedat thé feastand event,obtains always words and music from thé invisible world, thrbugh théhelp teaching her to take care of herself for this new stage. Thé training includes use «stain». Another power of thé co- banquetcelebrating thé marriage, indi- ofancestor's spirits. Comparing thèsesocieties towestern societies, England for § hygienic methodsand explainsalso thé changeof thé body thé gu-1is experienc- conut oil is to protectagainst bad spir- catedclearly thégiri wasvirgin or if example,where puberty is consideredasa coursewhile in théPacifie it is a ing, thé dangersand temptationsshe will hâve to face from this moment.Thé its. That is why thé new born child is not,and this custom is still respected blessing,wemay understand thatother societies arefar away from areplica ofour j virginity is mandatoryin thèsesocieties, then, thé younggirl will hâveto adopt a oiled as soon as he cornes into thé today.A particularityof this feastin own.«In matrilineal societies, célébration ofthé puberty of thégiri overwhelms g différent behavior,more appropriateto her new state.Thé grandmotherwill give world, then numerous times later. reachingpu- honorof théyoung giri usuallythé célébration of thé puberty of a boy»said Marcel Mauss. her ail this éducation,advice and wamings, through speeches but mostly through Thé célébration itselfis an enormous berty,is thatno food and no gift must feast with huge display of food and be takenaway to be broughthome. Il PUBERTY 0F THE BOY gifts, which last severaldays. It is said This customis observedit is still re- î Althoughthé first menstruation hasprecedence among célébrations of Pu- u that this feast overwhelms in grandeur spectedtoday a veryrigorous way, u in berty,thé Circumcision isalso marked with display since it is considered asa new any other célébration. enough mentioned.Usually, at to be birthfor thé boy who enters now thé adulthood. There are séries of eventsand s When thé menstrual blood has L) anymeal celebrating an event of high customs,notnecessarily obvious but full of symbolism, which indicate thé sig- stopped to flow, thé girl is oiled care- or modestimportance, thé food of thé nificance ofCircumcision. g fully, perfumed,dressed and decorated, mealis takenaway by each guest, what- 0 Beforethis ceremony, boys go around totally naked, showing their sex is not then put on a bamboo-raft, upheld by ever his position. againstthérules while after it, young mâles hâve to wear aparéo, it is mandatory. ï somemâles of thé family. They will carry To indicatethé importance of théfu-st Threefactors guide thé time ofCircumcision: âge,season andan important event. her around, holding thé raft on their menstmation,alegend rathera myth, 3 or Boysare usually circumcised when they are 12 or 13,later than that, thé foreskin ~3 shoulders, so everyone can admire thé hasto be reported.It is aboutthé Seven u becomestoothick and difficult toeut. In thèse societies where thé group has young girl who has become a woman. Sister-s, or thé constellation of la precedenceonthé individual, circumcision isnot a «one boy event» asthey say, it This kind of raft is used only for chiefs Pléiade.This myth recounts thé story isa «collectiveritual». A group of 8 to 10boys are usually going through this or high rank persans.That makessali- of a younggirl, when she is supposed opérationtogether Moreover, without any fonnality, thé whole clan must approve ent thé rank of a girl having had her to chooseher husband,pursuing a fu-stmenstmation. must be mentioned thédate Thé importance ofsuch event isshown bythé participation ofthé spirits, / , It handsomeboy while a lesspleasing asin Fiji forexample, where offerings are made at thé time of thé décision toinvite also that thé célébration for thé eldest one was pursing her. This endless mu- théancestors tocame and give their protection. Ailthis affair isnot accomplished girl is a greater feast, even more when tuaipursuit, symbolizing thé course of when«one feels it mustbe done»; «it has to bedone with considération». Thé girl isnow a woman Photo: Vittorio Gianella AIROME FOTO thé girl is thé first born. In many parts thé stars,occurs at thé célébrationof of thé Pacifie, it is at that time that thé théfirst menstruation of thé giri. legendsand myths. Thé symbolismof certainsituations, which may appearout of girl chooses her future husband. She Théimportance given to théwomen reality, will give her a situations, will give her a true training. It includes always a will pick one young mâle among thé in thèsesocieties, shown by thémag- sexualéducation, still found in manyPacifie Islands. In onearchipelago, a small crowd présent at thé célébration, un- nificenceof thiscélébration, appears islet was reservedfor grandmotherand granddaughterat this time of life, was it less thé marriage has been arrangea in manyother cases such as thé asking called by ail thé University of Love. There is no ambiguity,thé éducationpro- alreadybetween two families,which is or marriagebeing thé décisionof thé care body,beauty care, and sexualtraining. vided at this time is of thé fréquent. Thé feast includes a huge girl.Indeed, thé girl's family goes to thé During this seclusion, it is mandatory for thé girl to stay inside and not to go meal, games, music and songs, with, of boy'sfamily asking an outriggerfor .s' out, even for a bath «it will be brought to her». Thé first goal of this confinement course, thé présentation of gifts. Al- theircanoë, thé outrigger being thé boy is to hâvea skin becominglighter andlighter. Thé other goal is to avoid thé eyes though thé gifts are exchangedbetween andthé canoësymbolizing thé girl, of any man.In casethé girl is forcedto go out, shemust hide andcover her face. thé paternal and maternai lines, they thenthé main part. When shestays in a part of thé houseand not in a spécialbut, brothersand other arealways, and must be, presented first Whenwe remember that sovereigns mâles corneeven close secludedplace. are not are not allowed to to her They to thé girl. She is thé center of atten- in thé Pacifiewere often queens and allowed to look at her a even to speakLoudly, they must whisper only. Thé tion. Thé name of this feast means in whenone may witnesstoday thé importance thé word, this case, which must not reach thé girl, just as thé eyes of in local language, thé feast of «shedding prééminenceofwomen in anydécision were not supposedto either, appearsclearly hère since thé word is a kind of of thé blood». There is no ambiguity, concemingthé group,thé positionof sacred thing in thèse societies. Mâles must not look either at thé girl or at thé théblood is thé mainimportance of this women in thèse societies is salient. blood traceson matsor tapas,which will ail beburied later in a secretplace. It will ceremony. say. «Girlis precious»,asthey Childrenfromthé atoll ofUlithi Micronesia be a badomen a mâlehas a look at this blood evenby inadvertence.Blood is of Photo:Vittorio Gianella AIROME FOTO if Thé huge meal servedto ail guests In someislands, a giri'spuberty is utmost importance hère, it has power, it represents life. It took thé place of thé présents some variations according to thé time for tattoos when thé custom Althoughthé boy's âge is déterminantto fix thétime of Circumcision.thé sperm when they did not know thé process of fecundating, thé blood was sup- thé fact that some islands are coral at- réservesthé tattoo to giris, and not to posed give thé new life. Therefore, thé blood has be hidden because its seasonalso has a capitalrôle. Since thé feast includes ahuge meal, requiring to to olls and some are high islands where men,as in Tongafor example.It is also enormousamounts of food,a timeof spécialharvest or particularfishine hâve power may spread out without control, bringing unexpected dangers. taras, yams and tubercles are culti- thé time for thé first dance. called circumcision, abundanceprovides. places where AU thé time confinement, thé gui is mbbed continuously with scented oil impacton thé date of forthé it In of vated. In ail Pacifie islands however, «meke»in Fiji.This dance-, byits crea- théfirst harvest iscelebrated bya large feast, thé circumcision willbe put at thé which has a doublepurpose. Thé scentmay eraseany unpleasantodor and thé thé pig is thé most prestigious part of tion and its performance, indicates sametime. However, aless pragmatic interprétation may be that, in earliertimes. oil protectsmats and tapas from blood traces.Thé word «trace»is usedinstead of thé menu and it is mandatory for any manylinks with thé supematural worid. manwas living in symbolicrelation with his environment, inlhis célébration of «stain»,since it is thé exacttranslation of thé local word in severallanguages of sensationalevent. For example,thé way Thépoet who créâtesthé dancefor this natureand human life, what is celebrated islife. Today thé new year célébration is

72 International Journal of Island Affairs 73 f7~^ thé circumcised hâve to avoid female Thécircumcision itself is practicedoften by one of théboy's eyes,as thé girl hasto avoid mâleeyes. grandfather.However, thé surgeon is always called «grandpa» In both cases thé look of thèse forbid- evenin absenceof kinship which indicates his advanced âge. In den eyes would hâve impact on thé oldendays, thé surgery was effected by a priestspirits, with thé blood, either thé girl's blood flow will supernaturalworid. Thé traditional tool was a bambooblade. In not stop or thé boy's wound will not manyplaces, thé blood coming from thé surgery was offered to heal,bleeding continuously. Some nu- théfather in acoconut cup as was thé first bark cloth impregnated ancesbetween thèse two types of pu- of this preciousblood. It wascalled «sacred blood». As for thé berty cornethrough thé fact that boys giri, ail itemscarrying blood traces were buried afterwards in a are circumcised in group, therefore secretplace, which indicates thé symbolic value ofblood. someparticular customs are observed. It is interestingthat no medicineis givento reducethé pain At thé time of their confinement, young althoughsuch medicine exists. Thé only concern hère is to pre- boys are taken for a bath, considered vent any unceasingbleeding. Thé bark of taro stemor breadfmit important since it concentrâtes on thé stemis usedto reduceany bleeding.Banana leaves heated, or sexual parts. It symbolizesthé break evena heatedstone, applied on thé sexual parts will preventpo- with childhood,thé pastis washedout, tentialinfection, which is théother danger although not capital. wiped away with this bath, a new life Anotherconcem about this uncontrollable bleeding is a possible will start. In some islands, there is a érectionwhich, in theirterms, «will provokethé bloodto flow farewell ritual to thé mother and women rapidlyto thépénis and bleeding may follow». Then, there is a of thé family, sinceafter thé circumci- soundprovided by spinning reeds which stops thé érection, reeds sion,boys will belongto men'sworld. whichthé young boy will holdin théhand and will spinwhen he Women's and men's worids are distinct feelsthé érection is coming.Thé pain must not bereduced since from each other. Each has its own laws, théwhole goal of thécircumcision isto able to endure thé pain. In their interaction has to follow a number previoustimes, this opérationwas accomplished in front of thé mâles entire clan. of interdictions which young boys of thé hâve learn. father and clan Thécélébration includes a largebanquet with entertainment, to Thé his Samoanfisherman holding thé harpooncalled «patia». songs,dances games,even tournaments ancienttimes. is will présentthé boy to thé maternai Une, and in It Photo: Folco Quilici thé boy wearing a long trail in bark comparableto thé girl's célébration. In thé same way, thé young circumcised are This «sacredblood» which must be re- cloth. At this time, thé father takes off drcssedwith exceptional care, wearing many adomments, «they look like hero», moved imperiously from anyone's thé cloth and offers it to thé mother to andthey also are settled at thé place of honorfor théwhole ceremony. glanée,is théroad will takeany magie around a admired chose a show that a period hasended. Mother Althoughthey are not carried on raft to be andto to hâvean actionon a certainperson, and other women shed tears, thé partner,they are praised, through speeches given by fathersat thé beginning of to hâve power on this persan.In this young mâle is no longer a child. Thé théceremony, fortheir courage and endurance which make them, now, real mem- way, pubertyis accessto power. boy will now share thé responsibili- bersof thécommunity. Thé banquet is called«thé feast ofrenewal» which makes A moment of thé initiation ceremony in thé Eolabboga village (New Guinea). Boys pass from thé clearthat is a newbirth. In someislands, thé boys even change their names unworried âge of play to thé working âge, by crossingthé open mouth of a mythic sea monster; they ties of men. During their retreat, boys it are symbolicallyeaten to be bom again as men. Photo:Folco Quilici are thé center of attention. Many times througharitual extremely rigorous. Thé name they had before was n, "". " ,., Thénet: it is spreadout by thé women of Ranghiroa,South-Pacific, to seclusion starts with a picnic and 3-namewhile they get now a name from their ancestors. Thé recollectfishes harpooned byfishermen ina'fishpond'" "p^o: Fo"ico'Quii^ often chosen to effect thé circumcision since thé end ofchildhood coincides with gamesto give thèse children full of atmosphèreofthé célébration is«pride and rejoicing» as they phrase thé end of thé year,thé symbol of a new birth is évident. vitality, an outlet for their energy. it. Boysare proud to hâve been circumcised and Ae village is proud Other factors which influence thé time of circumcision are connected to thé Then, during ail thé confinement, of them.«We sing, we joke, we dance»,it leavesobviously an communitylife. When a chiefs sonreaches puberty, it is fréquentto hâveother elders will concentrate to stimulate indeliblememory. Gifts are often exchanged between thé two fami- boys receivesurgery on thé sameday to display respecttowards thé chief. Thé some qualifies considered mandatory liesto intertwinethé two parental Unes of whichthé boy is thé death of a chief is another controlling factor, as in Fiji, since it is mandatory there «initiative, courage and endurance» convergence.A new life startstotally différentfrom before,new for a group of young boys to be circumcisedto pay honor to thé departedchief. hey will relate to them thé history of name,pain only a man can endure, new responsibilities to face, real Thé sheddingof blood representsthé respectshown to thé deceasedchief. It their clan and describe wars and alli- positionin thécommunity with dutiesto accomplish. recallsan ancientcustom where boys had to bring a victim defeatedin a battle,as ances,thé qualifies and merits ofeach Théboy will beable to provide food and to protect thé group, as a sacrifice to honor ancestors.Thé importanceof blood appearsclearly, it is clan. By giving them thé account of thégiri will beable to procreate and, by long successions ofbirths, emblematic oflife and power. thé deeds of their ancestors, elders insurethé perennity of thégroup. Beforethé surgery,thé boysgo to staytogether in a secludedplace, a smallbut transmit traditional values which are Circumcision,seen often as a funeraryritual may see also as a erectedon thé outskirtsof thé village, asthé girl during her first menstmation.In thé cément of any society. This retreat ritualof life,death and life beingso close in manyways. thé same way, boys are not allowed to go out, even to bathe, during thé wound is thé préparation for manhood and Théname of «sacredblood» is givento anyblood coming from has not healed. They hâve only thé company of men and only men can corne to that does not escape thé mind of thé thésexual parts, during thé first menstmation,thé circumcision and visit them. Meals brought by women, are deposed on thé threshold. Thé boys to young boys. thé delivery.In bothrituals, blood is whathas to be celebrated.

74 International Journal of Island Affairs 75 SAMOS -1998 GREECE

TheTELEINSULA InternationalMeeting was held in Karlovassi, on thé Greek island of Samos. During thé first evening démonstrations,on telematicsectors applicable on Samosand ail thé other islandsof thé TeleINSULA project hâve been carried out: . Téléconférencebetween thé Archipelagos of thé Aegean(Greece), Eolie (Italy),Eboland (Finland) UNESCO's décision to make its small Member Statesmore prominent within thé Organization has brought thé countries andBalearics (Spain). of thé non-Spanishspeaking Caribbean into focùs on 10 October1998. Thé initiative wasmeant to provide thé framework . Teleraatic communications on telemedicine sec- for ongoing dialogue between UNESCO and thé countries of thé Caribbean sub-region. Thèse are thé fourteen Member tor betweenSamos Heart Laboratoryand thé StatesofAntigua andBarbuda, Thé Bahamas,Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Grenada Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica,St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and thé Grenadines, Suriname and Trinidad and Tobago, as well as three associatedmembers: CardiologicalClinic of théUniversity ofAthens (Ippocration Hospital). Aruba, thé British Virgin Islands and thé Nederlands Antilles. Tele-educationprograms within Samosand between Samian and European schools. Régionalpréparations began with a meetingofCaribbean experts in St. Kitts from 6 to 8 April 1998.Thé meeting identified Teleconsultationbetween a doctor andan elderly patientin a NursingHome (Girokomeion)of Samos. », as key to ail significanthuman development activities in thé Caribbeanfive components,namely: youth empowerment, communityparticipation thé managementof diversity,thé fosteringof creativity andthé fosteringof democracyand peace. Thé aforementionedformed thé basisfor thé programs,projects and follow-up action plan that thé specially appointed t t régional secrétariat put together during its sitting in St. Kitts and Nevis, from 31 August to 4 September. Thé thème"Caribbean people: Tapestry of thé Past,Fabric for thé Future" wasintended to indicatethé intricate weaveof thé naturaland cultural landscapeof thé Caribbeanand need to utilize pastvalues, traditions and achievements in fashion- ing thé future. . l Within thé tapestryof thé history of this unique part of thé world can be found imagesand rétentionsof myriad of cultures. Thé encounter ofAfrican, Asian, Euro- pean and Middle-Eastern cultures with thé in- digenous cultures of thé Americas bas resulted in a peopleand culture characterized by creativ- ity, vibrancy and strength. But thé Caribbean, as a physical and cultural space,is now threatened by forcesoriginating from insideand outside thé Gibellina, Baglio délie Case di Stefano (Sicily) - 1988 région, giving rise to complex societal issues re- INSULA - Provincia Régionale di Trapani - Fondazione Orestiadi quiring urgent attention. Focus on thé Caribbean timely provided thé forum for thé countries of More thanthkty internationalexperts sideringthé physicalcharacteristics of and integrated managementof local thé région to articulatethèse issues as they per- met in Gibellina to discussand bring thé islandof Sicily togetherwith envi- économies and resources. Ail that ceive themto be. solutions to thé difficult task of thé in- ronmental, cultural and natural should lead to upgradethé quality of Insula was invited to this meeting by thé tegrated managementof natural re- resources(specifically thé territory life andenvironment through a careful UNESCO'sDirector-General Mr FedericoMayor serves on islands. of Trapani), can lead to an économie définition of strategyaimed to link sci- Zaragoza.Insulâ's Vice-Presidentfor Europe, Thé deep value, both cultural and autonomyand to a farseeingsafeguard entific research (protection and up- Hon. JoanHuguet i Rotger,Président of thé Bal- environmental of islands leads to an strategy. grading of thé environment), interna- earic Islands Parliament, explained thé basic in- overall reflection on thé problemsof Aim of this workshop is to define a tional exchange(tourism) and employ- ter-islandUnes of co-operationpromoted by In- UNESCO-SDirector-General, MrFederico Mayor Zaragow, talking with thé Insula repre- thèse territories. That is thé starting numberofprojects conceming thé pro- ment. sula,making spécialréférence to those actions sentatives(Joan Huguet - Vice-Presidentand Cipriano Marin - ViceSecretary-General) points for a safeguardplan that, con- motion, thé fruition and a sustainable carriedout in thé Caribbeanarea. durm8a meetingbreak.

76 International Journal of Island Affairs 77 Budapest, Htuiçary 26 Jume l Jul}- 1999

.V ^ -: ^y WE, THE PEUPLES 0F THE CARIBBEAN: e note that aswe approachthé third millennium,fundamen- tal developmentsare taking place at thé global level, par- e ticulariyin thééconomie and technological sphères, are pre- senting spécial challenges for us as small States; ^ further note that positioningour citizensto operatein this new environment,requires concerted, committed and sustainedeffort on our part to ensurethé total well-beingof ourcommumties; ^ recognise . that thé peoplesof thé Caribbeanare descendedfrom al- most ail thé peoples of thé world; . that our communitiesof indigenouspeuples exist together Budapest,26 June - 1 July 1999 with thé other groups that hâve grown out of slavery, indentureand migration; Scienceis a powerful means un- . that within thé tapestryof thé history of thé Caribbean of nature.Thèse can only be solvedif thé thèse expectations and to thé chal- derstandingthé world whichwe live, can be found imagesand rétentionsof thèsemyriad cul- in scientific community, governments, lengesposed by humanand social de- tures; andis alsocapable of yieldingenor- businessand thé général public are able velopment. mous returns that directly enhance déclare to reach, through debate,a common socio-economicdevelopment and thé ground on sciencewith respectto thé STAKEHOLDERS . that thé SpécialProject «Focus on thé Caribbean:Human quality ofourlives. Scientific advances serviceit is to provideto society,and a Thé Conférence will address and in- Developmentfor SustainableLiving» will notonly help to ' thédevelopment of mechanisms for enablingthé Car- overthé last yearshâve led to revo- fifty newcommitment to sciencein théyears volve national govemmentsand insti- strengthenthé fabric of Caribbeansociety, but will also ibbeanPeople to understandand put in place disas- changes health, nutrition lutionary in to corne. tutions, educational and research es- ensurethé perpétuationof thé rich tapestryof its cultural ter preparednessmeasures that will lead to a reduc- and communication; moreover, thé rôle Thé United Nations Educational, Sci- tablishments, members of thé scientific and naturalhéritage; tion in their vulnerability to naturaldisasters and to sciencepromises of to beyet greater in entific and Cultural Organization community, thé industrial sector, inter- . that with a view to realisingthèse objectives, we request thé impact of thé hazardswhen they occur; this is théfuture because of ever-more-rapid(UNESCO) and thé International Coun- and UNESCO's assistanceand submit a draft résolution to govemmentalorganizations (IGOs) will especially important in light of thé récent havoc scientific progress. cil for Science(ICSU), in co-operation non-governmental organizations thé thirtieth session of thé Général Conférence; wreakedby HurricaneGeorges; Meanwhile,humanity is beingcon- with otherpartners, are providing a (NGOs), as well as thé média and thé . that we wish to recordour appréciationto UNESCOfor " théstrengthening of tertiarylevel éducation institu- frontedby problemson a globalscale, uniqueforum for suchdebate through généralpublic. Ail stakeholderswith a thé«Focus on théCaribbean» initiative and for on-going tions and networks as proposed by thé Heads of many- suchas environmental degra- thé conveningof a World Conférence vested interest in science and its rôle support; Govemmentof thé Caribbean Community and adopted dation,pollution and climatic change -on Sciencefor théTwenty-First Cen- in societaldevelopment are welcome . thatwe reiterate our support for théideals of Ae Organi- asan urgentproject by thé UNESCOsupported Sub- provokedby thé mismanagementof tury: a New Commitment to be held from as active participants in thé Conférence sation; RégionalConsultation on Higher Educationheld in natural ressources or unsustainable 26June to l July1999 in Budapest,Hun- process,although participation in thé SaintLuciainJulyl998; productionand consumption pattems. gary. Conférenceitself will beby invitation urge 111thé initiation of preparatorywork for thé establish- Even thé technologyimplicated in if only.A spécialrôle is to be playedby . that UNESCOincorporâtes Phase l of thé SpécialProject ment/expansionofcommunity informationcentres; thèse problems can be said to hâve CONFERENCE OBJECTIVES théfinancial institutions and special- «Focuson thé Caribbean:Human Development for Sus- Iv théeducating of thésub-region and thé world about stemmedfrom science, we cannot hope ThéConférence will analysewhere ized agenciesof thé United Nations tainable Living» in thé Programmeand Budget for thé thé rich Caribbeanhéritage, by thé mountingof thé to résolve them without thé correct and thé naturalsciences stand today and System,and those governmentaland biennium2000-2001 and other phasesin subséquent travelling exhibition «CaribbeanPeople: Tapestry of timely use of science in thé future. wherethey areheading, what their so- biennia; non-govemmentalbodies directly con- thé Past,Fabric for thé Future»,to be displayedat And yet, in spiteof thé opportuni- cial impacthas been and what society cemedwith théscientific enterprise. . that in orderto catalysethé SpécialProject, UNESCO as- CARIFESTAVIIin August1999, thé UNESCO Gen- ties offers us ail, science itselfis fac- it expertsfrom them.Finally, it will estab- Thé Conférence will be an event at sistsin thé year l 999in thé implementationof thé follow- eral Conférence in November 1999, and thereafter to ing difficulties of confidence and in- lish what efforts should be invested to which policy-makers, scientists and ing spécifieprojects; travel ail around thé Caribbean. vestment, as well as those ofan ethical makescience advance in responseto représentativesof society in général

78 International Journal of Island Affairs 79 can together discuss thé above issues makers and représentatives of thé pub- faces, and thé ample opportunities and arrive at a means of increasing thé lie will be able to make an important that science offers for problem-solv- commitment to, and from, science. input to thé Conférenceeven if not at- ing in thé years to corne; tendingthé centralevent. 2 Fomm II will examine thé manyinter- PREPARATIONS faces between science and society Thé World Conférence on Science is PROGRAMME at large a

PACIFIC societies are cultural cross- is a vast area covering one third of thé ment of MemberStates of thé Pacifie, roadswith an extraordinary capacity for earth'ssurface. This can lead to prob- particularly thé small island states,and changeand adaptation.With their in- lemsand hardships that are unique to présentsa majorchallenge to UNESCO, tenseand diverse cultural history and théPacifie islands. Distances are gréât whichhas a spécialrôle to play in help- uniquegeo-political affiliations they are and often difficult to cover, a fact that ing them to becomeintegrated as full thé very embodimentof a rich, world is exacerbatedby a lack of adéquate members of thé international commu- héritage.This culturaldiversity and transport, inadéquate infrastructure nity. In particular those Pacifie States richness is seen in thé no less than and poor communication facilities. Is- that hâvejoined UNESCOonly re- 1,200 languagesand many more dia- lands can feel eut off and remote from cently would benefit from its assistance lects spokenin thé Pacific-Oceanre- thé rest of thé world, particularly in m promoting their sustainable socio- gion, representingabout a quarter of times of natural cataclysms.They are économie development.» thé world's languages,with an aver- often poor in natural resourcesand find With aninitial meetingof théNational âgeof 5,000 speakersper language. it difficult to meet their own needs in Commissionsof thé Pacifierégion in Human settlements are sometimes so tenus offood and other basic commodi- Tongafrom 18 to 22August of thisyear, ancient that they can be traced back to ties. If it weren't for tourism and ex- a process of consultation was launched pre-history or to earliesthistorical times. tended,intemationally-recognised fish- in which Pacifie Member States could On thé other hand, islands that had no ing rights, many of themwould hâve a air theu-opinions and give shape to thé indigenouspopulation hâve been set- hard time surviving economically.On désiresthey would like to seeformal- tledrelatively recently. Between thèse thé other hand large influxes of tour- isedat thé main meeting,on l Novem- WHAT THE CULTURE encourage éducation peace, hu- two extrêmes there has been an unend- for ists can tax already séant water re- ber 1997,during thé twenty-ninth ses- 0F PEAGE? man rights and democracy, tolérance ing flow of immigrantsthrough thé sources,which is, alongwith increased sion ofUNESCO's Général Conférence Thé Culture of Peace is ail thé val- and internationalunderstanding; âges. Thèse heterogeneous small waste disposai, part of thé négative at UNESCO'sHeadquarters in Paris. ues, attitudes and forms of behaviour f protect and respect ail human rights, Statesare biological, cultural and ra- sideto Ae tourist industry,not to men- Théultimate aim ofthis meeting will that reflect respect human without exception, and combat ail natu- for life, for cialcrucibles which explains their tion thé inhérent threat to thé island's be to setpriorities for a concrèteplan forms of discrimination; beingsand their dignity andfor ail hu- rai tendencyto peacefulco-habitation. uniqueculture that thèsetourists bring of actionto enablethé peoples of thé man rights, thé rejection of violence in promote démocratie principles at ail Whatcan seem a paradisefor tour- with them. Otherhuman-related prob- Pacifieto elaboratetheir own agenda ail its fonnsand commitment to théprin- levels of society; ists is not always so for inhabitants. lems include pollution of coastalwa- for peace and development within Thé SouthPacifie is often thé scèneof ciples of freedom, justice, solidarity, live in tolérance and solidarity; ters and of water resources as a result UNESCO'sfields of compétence.It will tolérance and understanding among combat poverty and ensureendog- nature'sworst excesses: typhoons, cy- ofdeforestationin upland area, unregu- accordinglyseek to identify thé prior- peoples and between groups and indi- enous and sustainable development clonic storms, rising sea-levels, lated use of herbicides and thé use of ity needs of thé Member States con- viduals. for thé good of ail, capableof pro- droughts,earthquakes, erupting volca- rivers and sbreamsfor wastedisposai. cemedin thé areasof capacity-build- noes, tropical storms, tsunamis and To enableourselves and future gen- viding everyone with thé quality of «Sincewars begin in thé minds ofmen, «Thé current trend towards ever-in- ingand environment-friendly develop- other, often man-related disasters,such erations to reap thé rewards of this cul- life that is consistent with human dig- it is in thé minds of men that thé de- creasing globalization, » writes ment and to ascertainways in which as due deforestation. turc ofpeace, we can act hère and now. nity; fencesofpeace must be constructed...» soil érosion to UNESCO'sDirector-General, «

80 International Journal of Island Affairs 81 « . oc orti i paleddi. progressof thé Muslim navigationon participant and, indeed, as «director» There exists much research on ritual atching thé a maritime spacethat thé Portuguese of some of thé proceedings. Thé ritu- healing and its effectiveness. Thé fol- swordfish in thé sailors startedsoon to exploit for thé aïs involves «cleansing» of thé house low-up interviews,though limited, are Strait of essina» De la Conquête arabe à own profit. by thé Native American healer, and valuable in this respect. Still, we would Reason and subject /'époque almohade Christophe Picard has a PHd in His- lengthy and repeated divination by thé like them to be more extended and re- byCHRISTOPHE PICARD tory and literature and teaches Medi- santera. Both in this case and in that of peatedand thé patient'schangea situ- Thé image of Sicily and Calabria is eval History at thé University of Tou- thé young man, evil magie, due to an- ations described more fully. This could often connected with stories about If thé middle âgesMuslims did not louse-Le Mirail ger andjealously, by persansin Haiti, be done by supplementing thé vidéo Mafia, 'Ndrangheta, unemployment. across thé Atlantic they sailed on it are presented as thé causesof thé trou- accountswith written reports.Also, we By this documentary, thé sicilian di- alonga largemaritime stretch for eight blés and readily accepted by thé pa- must ask what is culturally-specific isks associated rector, Gianfranco Serraino intends to centuries. Audacious sea-readers tak- ith thé construc- dents. Undoing rituals are carried out: about thèse rituals and what is more value some aspectsof thé huge cul- ing risks for good booty ? It's only a e.g., tearing of clothing, tying thé ag- generally characteristicofritual (as well tion of a nuclear tural héritageof this land. secondary aspect hiding a much merican gressors by knotting thé torn cloth; as perhapsbiomédical) healing. We power plant in Thé documentary, goes through thé deeper movements started with thé anthropologist follow-up instructions are provided. know nothing of thé religious belief, kuyu, Turkey salientmoments issued from thé analy- conquestof thé Hyberic andnorth-Af- September, 1998 Singer's innovations, which hâve no practiceor knowledgeof thé patients, (Athens, 1998) sis of thé Uterature as well as from memo- rican coats early VIII century A.D. byËRfCA BoURGUfGNON models in Haitian voodoo, santeria or nor about their personalhistoriés, in- ries of old fishermen. Behind thé vision of thé «gloomy Ohi'o State University NativeAmerican practices, are of inter- cluding thé story of their migration to A 20 pagespamphlet edited by thé Séquencesplaced in différent centu- océan» as it was called by thé Arab b/A/lARY/-/OWARD est: Making thé patient speak, and as thé U.S. They are Haitians and thé as- Hellenic Ministry of thé Aegean,deal- ries let thé atmosphère of thé past live. writers anotherreality setsforth : thé Ohfb Wes/eyanUniversity far as she is able, verbalize her prob- sumptionis that they hâve had some threat Eastern Mediter- Real fishermen dressed with costums ing with thé to appearanceof Muslim military fleets lems; a bread-breaking ritual involving contact with voodoo, and with more ancient times make thé ritual fish- ranean constituted by thé intention of of of and merchant vessels. Thé Haitians, Thé Healers, and thé thé woman, thé children and thé hus- generally widespread Haitian belief in Turkey construct a nuclear power to ing alive on boardof a luntre 200years Before thé Christians thé Muslims set Anthropologist. Two Case Studies, band, etc. A follow-up some months thé possibility of harmful magical at- Geodynamics plantin SouthemTurkey. old. Moreover, thé voice of a poet up a seasonalnavigation permitting thé 1997,l :40mm, color. A vidéoby Philip later shows thé patient verbal and ac- tacksat a distance.Nothing specifically and seismicityof thé EastemMediter- evokes sealegends while a wizard takes Andalous and thé Berbersto ship thé Singer. For more information contact tive. She is leaming English, works in a Haitian is udlized or assumed in thé ritu- ranean sea are analysed, as as thé away. well thé bad luck products from Saharaand thé crops TraditionalHealing Productions, Philip factory and hopes to become a healer aïs nor are thé healersexpected to be risks regardingthé accidentairelease Séquencesand technical aspects from thé rich Atlantic plains of thé Singer, Ph. D., 17280 Madison, herself. Thé second, shorter case, in- knowledgeableabout Haitian matters. of radioactivity from thé Akkuyu nu- stand beside thé folkloristical ones. Maghreb exchanging them with thé Oil Southfield, MI 48076. E. Mail: volves a young man who cannotwalk Thé Native American healer uses an ea- plant. clear Ethnologistsof internationalrenown, ofAliarafe or thé artisanal goods of thé [email protected]. or stand due to «hot» or burning feet. gle feather in cleansing thé house-both It also recalls thé United Nations en- archeological remains and ancient Andalous cities, sailing also through Philip Singer has been active for This is defined by thé santera again as cleansing and eagle feathers are as- meeting held in 1996in Santorini where, gravings bear witness to this former thé Mediterranean from North-Africa many years in both visual and médical due to evil from Haiti and he confesses sumedto beeffective, regardless ofcul- thé framework Barcelona Con- in ofAe way of fishing. andSpain till Alexandria. anthropology,emphasizing ritual heal- readily to having made promises to sev- tural context. Thé Puerto Rican santera vention, représentativesfrom ail Medi- This documentaryfor its historical It is not a hazard if thé first impor- ing and cross-cultural communication. eral women, whom he had then left be- does not invoke spirits-whetherHai- terranean countries endorsed a decla- and traditional content as well as for tant Omeyyade ship-yard of Al- Thèseinterests are clearly shown in thé hind. He too is healed, works at a res- tian, or more generally Afro-CaAolic. ration ealling,amongothers, for a nu- its treatment can reach every possible Andalous was built soon after thé first materialsreviewed hère. Thé patients taurant and plays soccer. This docu- Thé rituals appearto be ail purpose, clear free Mediterranean. target. Viking raid on Seville almost one cen- are two Haitians in Lansing, Michigan, mentary is rich in content and raises a cultural composites,including thé an- tury before thé establishment of for whom Singer arranged(separate) gréât variety of questions, ail of which thropologist's innovations. Almeria; nor was it a hazard if thé healing rituals, at thé requestof a so- would make excellent subjectsfor class Thé efficacy of thé ntuals then is not Almohades built their capitalson thé cial workerof théLansmg Refugee Serv- discussions and debates. One group tied to spécifie cultural elements-includ- Atlantic side on their empire: RISkS ASâOCIATED ices (Catholic Social Services). In both concerns thé nature and efficacy of ing thé patient's or thé healer's knowl- WITH THE CONSTRUCTION Marrakech, Rabat and Seville. cases,thé symptomsappeared psycho- ritual healing;also, thé rôle of «native» edgeof suchéléments. Rather, other fac- 0F A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT Thé study of Arab and Christian génie and biomédical interventions had or «traditional» healers in American tors appearto be a work: Thé proof given N AKKUYU, TURKEY TechnicalDato sources, together with Ae contribution Produrt : historical documentary failed.Thé first, longercase study, con- society.(Hère we refer to their relevance to thé patient of gréât and significant Length : 26' of Archeologicalresearch sheds light cems a woman in her 30s, mother of to various immigrant and ethnie groups, social support,including much touch- Filmed wilh : Kodak super 16, color on a maritimeworld largeby unknown ten children,thé seconda young man. rather than to «New Agers».) Another ing and expressionofconcem; thé iden- Troupe dll récent,discovering complex politi- Thé woman-who had received drug set of questions asks about thé role(s) and verbalization pa- Director Gianfranco Serraino tification of thé cal, économie and social structures Executive producer: Emilia De Paola therapy-is shown exhibiting various of thé anthropologist, and yet another tient's(probable) fears of magieattacks; Editor: Gianm Zocchi bringing together sailors and mer- symptoms (mute, rocking compul- deals with thé place of visual record- or, more generally,an extra-punitive ori- Location chants. sively, trembling, tearful, etc.). Thé ritual ing in ethnographieresearch and of entation: «What is happening to you Aeolian isles, Ctilabrian and Sirilian coast Wealthy families owned land and «team» included a translater, a Puerto Nuova Média Productionspic. Soc. Coop. visual (or multi-media)présentation of isn't your fault and we canhelp-take it Di produvoni cinematografiche a.r.l. capital controlling polirical power in Rican santera and a Native American ethnographie information. Finally, we away;» and thé affirmation, by multiple MESS1NAVia La Farina is. 2fr78 98122 Seville, Ceuta or Silves. healer, as well as thé social worker and must ask;how well preparedmust thé authonty figures (healers, anthropolo- tel 090 662812fax 090 667243p. lVA Thé Spanishconquest of thé Atlan- Singer, who acted as one of two instructor be to utilize such materials gist, videographer, translator, etc.), that 01960832 tic Andalous put on end to thé videographers. He is seen as an active effectively. things will change «ifyou obey us».

82 International Journal of Island Affairs 83 (Thé rôle of thé translater is of par- Alliata - 1948), «La pesca del tonno» Thé last tonnara in Sicily will prob- ticular importance:it seemedto us that (F. Alliata, Quintino di Napoli and Pietro ably end forever due to disputes be- translation occurred in a limited, abbre- Moncada -1954) and «Tempo di tonni» tween thé Région, thé concessorand viated manner and that not everything (VittorioSala-1955). thé owner and thé biggest tuna are now said by healer or anthropologist was This filmography, enriched by thé fished by Japaneesewho are invading likely to be understood by thé patient). gréât contribution of Philip Singer, an thé océan with their ships. Overall, many élémentsof suggestion American visual anthropolog («63 In Sicily thé 63 «tonnaroti»are wor- were used, supported by authority. Tonnaroti, 22 giomi: l'ultima tonnara- ried about their uncertain future. Thé Question remain : what kind of further mattanza?»),is thé évidence of thé pos- 100 days of «tonnara» are an impor- he InternationalScientific Council for IslandDevel- < , thé InternationalJournal of IslandAf- support was available to thé patients sible renewal of an etnographic docu- tant source of work and tourism. opment(INSULA) was formally created in November 1989 as an fairs,is publishedbythé International Scientific Council for Is- between thé time of thé rituals and thé mentarywith analready well-exploited Emigrationwould be thé only alter- internationalnon-govemmental organisation whose aim is to con- landsDevelopment. Théaim of théjournal is to createa world- follow-up interviews? subjet. native to thé end of «tonnara». tributeto shapeisland awareness anddevelop islands' common wideforum for ail those who consider islands asan important part Thé anthropologist plays multiple Thé innovative realistic style of thèse Thé central and most intensive mo- future,supporting necessary co-operation andinformation actions of mankind'shéritage deserving major attention, Contributors can rôles: as mediator between thé social documentaries has contribuated to ment of this «culture of thé sea» is thé in théscientific and technological fields. usethé Journalto sharenews and views about thé islandsof thé worker and thé healers as an organizer eliminate thé discussion upon thé con- final «mattanza», when ships form a Théaims of INSULAare to contributeto thééconomie, social worldfrom a varietyof perspectives,including thé following: of thé healing sessions;as innovator ceptof thé oppositedualism documen- squarearound thé «roomof thé death», culhiralprogress islands throughout pro- and authority figure in thé rituals; as a tary/fiction. thé last one of thé seven submarine and of théworld, as to thé tection islandenvironment andthé sustainable development of . Environmentalmanagement videographerand éditer of thé tapes. Documentaries differ from fiction not gâtes' rooms adopted to catch thé tuna. of s . Natural resources conservation Thèse rôles are available to an anthro- in their construction as texts, but in thé Thé fishermen start to pick up thé gâte theirresources. Within such a context,INSULA co-operates with z . Water pologist in his home society, less so in représentations they produce. and thé tuna corneup from thé water UNESCOand other international organisations, aswell as institu- Q 06 * Liquid andsolid wastemanagement that of thé patient. Shouldthé anthro- Thédocumentary realism in not only trying to escape. But their destiny is tionsat thé national or régionallevel sharing thé same goals and > . Prévention of natural hazards pologist be more than an observer, but a style,but also a professionalethic, a already signed by thé blooded used by interests.Through itsinternational andmultidisciplinary network of z also an active participant and indeed concept that has been applied to fishermen. expertsand rcsearchers, INSULA contributes towards balanced, . Démographie trends innovator? How différent is this from etnographic field. A very emotional and strong scène sustainabledevelopment initiatives undertaken byisland authorities. z . Health other f omis of applied anthropology? ThéPhiUp Singer's vidéo is anexemple which must be seen and understood ô * Human geography, human resources Thèse vidéos are effective: witness ofhow, by thé meansof a mobile caméra by consideringthé spécifierelationship Throughits initiatives,INSULA seeks to facilitateor favour: l * Educationand training thé questionthey hâve raised for us. with an incorporeted directional between man and sea in thé traditional . Technicalco-operation in ail fields relating to sustainable . Culture Theywill raiseother questions for other mycrophone, he is able to reduce thé culture of thé fishermen. island developmentwith a spécialinterest in island cul- viewers. Ideally, thé instructor should impact caused by thé introduction of tures and humanresources development. . Traditionalknowledge 63 Tonnaroti, 22 giorni: l'ultima tonnara- know somethingof ritual healing and technological instmments used to film. . Thé exchangeof information and expériencethrough thé mattanw? di Philip Singer, VHS, Tradi- . Général économies ofAfro-Caribbeanreligious as well as Thé «tonnaroti» can move, talk and tional Healing Film, Rochester (Michi- publicationand diffusion ofperiodicaljournals,books and * Tourism and Transports about thé situation of immigrants to be filmed in a relatively informai way gan), 5 h e 40' (versione intégrale), l h e reports, using thé international and multidisciplinary net- U. S. urban centers. during thé différent contextsof their 50' (versione ridotta). Vincitore del work representedby INSULA members. ïïz . Agriculture and aquaculture Premio Internazionale di Studi caui * Fishing and océan resources daily life. Their movements, their ob- . Inter-island agreements directed towards thé defence of demoetnoantropologici «Giuseppe Pitre <2 servations and interviews thé islands' common interests in thé framework of sustainable z^ . Bio-technologies during - Salvatore Salomone - Città di Palermo», anno 1997. §§ . Industry and mining 22 days of préparation and réalisation development,at level of governmentsand public adminis- .h:ui

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ITER Institule at Tectmology and Flenewable Energies - , c/o MAB - UNESCO: l, rue Mioiïis, 75732Paris cedex15, France. Poligono Industrial de Granadilla E-38594 Tenerife - Canary Islands - Spain Tel:+34 922 230 688 Tel:(331) 45 68 40 56, Fax: (331) 45 68 58 04; émail: insula@insula. org Fax:+34 922 200 951 E-mail: [email protected]

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86 International Journal of Island Affairs Published by INSUÏ. A - thé International Scientifîc Council for Island Development with thé support of UNESCO