Suan CnnNrvoRE CoNSERVATToN

The Newsletterand Journalof the IUCN/SSC CarnivoreSpecialist Group IUCN

Number30 April2004

AdLttfemote Wolvenne Gu,o gu o. no4h eov lrnro4d Pharc:lefl aot.

Theproduction and distribution of thisissue has been sponsored by "MarwellPreservation Trust Ltd", Colden Common, UK "RoyalZoological Society of Antwerp",Antwerp, Belgium "ColumbusZoo", Powell, Ohio, USA and "WildlifeConservation Societv/Central Park Wildlife Centef', NewYork, NY, USA

ColumbusZOO Sunn CnnNrvoRE CoNSERVATToN The Newsletterand Joumal of the IUCN/SSC CarnivoreSpecialist Group

Editor-in-chief: HarryVan Rompaey, Edegem, Belgium

Associateeditor: William Duckworth.Bdstol. UK

Editorial board: AngelaGlatston, Rotterdam, Netherlands MichaclRiffel. Heidelberg.Germany Arnd Schreiber,Heidelberg, Germany RolandWirth. Miinchen, Germany

'I his Dumber was also sponsoredbJ: Wp**ffim X E@ 7$O

The views expressedin this publicationffe thoie ofthe aulhori,rnd do not ncccssarilyretlect those ofthe IUCN. ror the IUCN/SSC CarnivoreSf'ccialiu Group.

The ain ofthis publicatioois to otler rhe nrembehr)fthe ILICN/SSC Crmilorc SG. and thosewho areconcernedwith nrustelids, r iverrids.od tro.yonids. b.icfprpcrs. ncws itens. abstr:cts,and !itles ol recentlilerature. All rerdersare irvited tu serd maierial to:

Small CarnivoreConservation c/o Dr. H. Van Rompaey Jan Yerbertlei,15 2650 Edegem- Belgium Harry.VanRompaey@ tijd.com

http://iucn.org/themes/ssc/s gs/mvpsg/

Prlntedon rccycledpaper ISSI 1019-5011 Editorial

Dcar Specialisl Group membe^ ard Small Carnilofe As r nextsiep,we agrecdiD wc.dingout inactivenembcrs. Conserlalior rcrder!. acceplingsomc Dew proposals. and ltcri vc ly scckingnew members, in ordcr ro achievea good taxonomic .LndgeoSfaphic colcrrgc. As nran! ol you aheady kno\l, in Dec 2003 I ha\,c bccn YoLrf suggcslionswill be welcomed. rfpo'ntod bythe SSCChair, T)a!id tsfackett aschairofourgroup. we also nccd bcttcr links wiih other groups dcaling with My inlerc( iD inallcanivore conscrvrtion.asitiS thecasc multelids. vi!errids, hcryestids.ard procyorids. Lrkingadvanrage ti[ nany ol us.stcnrs notonlyliommy linriteduofk onthe ecology ol each othcr's rdlrncenrenh and achiclcmcDts.and possibly xnd behariour oI a law mongoosespecles. but cspeciallyfiom a scrtingup jorrt proiecls.All this .equirestare more work than I .hild passion.Thc in!iLationto sene aschair was.quite oblionsly, forecast.and probrbl] in the long ruo nrore than I can aftbrd r greathonour for lne. Your hclp i! rherefofecrucial lbr the luro.c o he group. I rhink our gmup neededsonrc rcstruciufing. and I slrrrcd Relevart lasks include: $rlh hrpro!nr: intemal connDunicrrionby neans oi a dcdicared . prodtcingpopularpapersmaterial.prc\srelease!andstatencnrs. nl.tiling Ust.open to all membcr\ rs well as to non-membch. It is bothon k)ng standingissues (e.g. prcdrlnrr. huntin-!and trapping r grear pleisurc to see the llsr gainiDg monrentum. slaning invasivespecics,impoftance of surveys.etc. ) rnd on hot- issues interestingdiscussi{'rs borh dre internal li1c of rhe group and on (e.9.the SARS/civct one) and helpirg distriburingi1 to appropriate llx)rc gcncral rhemesrelated 10 conservation. . trnicipating to conlcrcnccsand svnposia rs delcgarcsof rhe I ackno$lcdgc thr! not all group mcnrberscan be relirbly group. and norc gcnerally Linkingwith olhcr grouts. keeping reachedby e nail. rnd we agreedlhnr yrnc ofus will acr as links our SG inlirmrcd aboui their rcriliries rnd opprtunities fbr Io those. otien ertrcmch valuable.who.rrc nn)redifficuh ro re.rch. . nrDrgnU the web site: (hei: is little pinr in having a sire.ifir At thesame dme. lhanks t()IUCN fof web hosring,andto my rs nol ut 1odatet now lhat the sitc is set ut. it i! *rsy to upddc ('wn iirm for other comptrtingresources.I wrore a wcb sirefor the it wirh new inlbrmation lroup. As a licld /oologist. I do nol ha!e the skills neccssarlrli)r . managingour membershipdatabasc. cnsuring rhecoffectness ot t.ct{ n8 fancy layouls. hut I hope you ll iind ir useful.Arnong nrfonnatior :rnd linkmg it with the central IUCN dllrbrse othef things. our Action Plansard ielcrrl trl'ers of interen arc ' last but not lcasL.we need financial supporr, both fof basic treelyaviihblc liomthe web site.I considcrlh is asa success,rn rhar activities (including dre Ne!sletter. probabl) rhc 1in!le nrost ir sre{ily improvesour visibility to the outsidc world. regulart,r- importrnt achievenent ol thc rrcut) and lbr proiecrs.In ou. .rllrrcling visitors:severaloflhcnr subscibe ro rhen iling lis!and/ prescnt litu,rtion. even sm.]ll donrtions sould greatl) hclp tn send 'ne interestingmggertions and propos.rls. rccping the group ali!e. I am readyto endorseand supporrgood easand projccrs. and I ask tor ro do yorrbcsl r.risingintefest Fullhermore,alicr dueconsultation and discussion through Ihe mailhg lisL,wc agreedh cha ging Lhcname ofthe group: rhc .hange urs rcccndy acceptedb] rhc SSC. rhii choice hris ils Looking lbrwardto furihercollaborale\irh )ou. I wish vou nr commgs. corocllv pioted oLrt by !)me nrembers.bur I a fruitil period.both in y(Nrprofassionalactivities rnd cspecixlly h.liere Small Car ilorc will be far easier to understandand lts 'ncnrbersofrhe Small C,rmilorc SpecixlistCiroup. r.mcnrber.and as such will hch making the group better known The Cretan Stone Marten Martes foinn bunites BoTis K.RYSTUFEK

In thcIUCN Conscrvat()nActi()n Plan forthe Conservati{nr rnd $,ith indilidualaninral! labelled as: ncrr Crncr (= Hania), oiMullelids ard Viveffids. Schreibere/ dl. (1989)listed the Stone Canea.Malara neaf Canea.and Kath,uo. Miller (1912) feports M]r'rcn ittdtes bntu hunirer (Batc. I9(16)ln)m thc Islandol Crclc localilies for the lame serics as Kontopab nc.tr Krnia. Kanc!. as being possiblythfeateDed on one handand ven little known on Katharo. and Kontopalo. while elaborating natefial collected the other. This quesdonwas lurther discussedin a issueof S,,a// during the Balkan researchexpedilior in 1942. ZinnDermann Cdmioft Cons?natiot by Schreiber(1999). D ring ny rccent (19521had at his disposala s.tnplc lion Nlda highland\ and also lisir ro (lete (Ap.il 26'" to Mxy 2'!.2003). I collected lunher repo(ed -weisse Berge (= Levka Ori) N another place of infonnation on the CretanMarten whi.h. tr)getherwith a comti o.curence. Niethammer& Niedrannncr(1967) repon skins lx o,, or publrhed di.r ind e\Jrnrnflronot U.eu,r\pe(,,ne F. pholographedio I 966 al the m.Tketin Sitia. Newer recordsare bv allo$s a mofe syntheticreview of the Stone Nlar|en population Carsadorakis(1991) for Saniri:r National P,uk and by SchLeiber liring h isohrion on Lhclargcst Acgcan ishnd. ( 1999)for easternCrere.

Distribution So Iar. the SroneManen hasbee| recordedlion at least2l localities which iue widely scatteredacrcss thc island. Sincc thc Inft)mntirrr conccrnir! thc distribuii(rr of carnivores in mrjority ofrcco s arc r)rd casualLics,one shouldnot elpecr lhe creecew:rs very scantyunril the mid-1980swhen Prof. J. Marsakis scattertofeflect the acrualdistfibution of the !pecie\. being rather "A initi.rtedthe project Surveyof the Faunaof Greece . Anyhow, an altefactof the network of fasl rcad! (( i .tlsoSchreib€r. I 999). thc distribulion ol Inuslclids on Grcck ishnds rcmrins largclr Because ol lhis and considering the conclusion by Schreiber undocnmented(Catladorak is l,/ dl.. I 999). The Atlas of Buropean (1999) that the Sirme Mrnen irhrbits rn cxlcnsive \arict) ol Mammalsthus nrappedthe Stone Marten. as well as some olhel habitattyF!. it is safeto concludethrt thc spc.i.s is widcstrcrd crrnivores under the fresunrption as heing widespreadon Crete in Crclc. (Mirchcll Joncserdl.,1999). Similarly Sfikas(2002) statcs rhat thc ipecie!is ...pr.rendl/or,.,rrr.lr/dd.althoughheprovftesno Historical distribution clidcncc in mpport ol lhi\. Archaeologicalevidence.which isaburddntirCf eIe.strongly Actual knowledgeon the distributionalsratus ol rhe Stone suggestsrharrhe Srone Manen hadnot reachedthe islaodbeforc the Martenor Creteis summarisedh Fig. L Althoughlhe specieswas EarlyNeolirhic.Nanlely. the earliest irdispuiable finds ?relionr the listedlor the islard alreadyby Raulin ( lE69) and later by Barelt Eady Neolithic II (Jannan.lil96). While maftenremains havc rlso Hamilton(1899).nocxlct k)calilywrsknown bythcendof thc 19r' hccn collectcd in four calcs $,hich producedPleistuccne launn centNy.During her four anda halfmonth!isi! !o theisland in the (GeraniIT.Mavft,nouri I.tnd VII. andLito). GcfuniIlalsoproduced crrlier parrof I 9(),1,Miss Dororhy Bare ( Bate. I 905) collcctedlive in the upper layers Neolithic archaeologicalnuierial and sone skin!. nos storcdin TheNaturalHistoryMuseuln I-ondon (BMNH) Holocenenranrnrals (S"'. Rattu:t.OndoLtsu\).ln Liko c!vc. the

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ma(en comesliom theupper layeA, which alsoprodu.cd Holocene .rlpinebelts well o\'er 1.500m abo\c scltlclcl. S{ikrs (2002) lists species(alri./Orpra, Rat,/Jr StccDsma& Reele. 1996). ir lbr thc mountainous/one that stretchesbetween 800.rnd.a. 1.800m above sealevel. Crete is ao ancientisland. which hasnol bccnconnc.td n) the maioland sioce the Earl) Plioccnc.5 \'r,"-rBP (DennitTakis. Threats 1990).and musr hrlc allaincd its prcscnrfom at the end of the l'ljocene (Sondaar.r al.. lt)96). lls PleistoccncfrnDa is The red dala book ol threatcncd ve(cbrrlcs of Cfeece nrpovefi!hed.unbalarced and aboundsuirh cndcmics.Anc.srors (Karandutos,I 99 I ) docsnot nrcludc thc Crctan St{)ne\'lat1en. As of the Plerstocenespecics thus most likcllr reachedCrete bl the entioncd rhorc. Catladomkis (1991) foLmd the speciesro be \$cct'\take muie vhen it was alrcadt an islind. Therc i\ Do conmon in dreSinlana N arbnal park.and Slik.rs ( 2002 ) statesthat "... ' elidence that any nranen was rrnongst rhcnr. Endenric iauna th. poruldbn of l|]t SloneMatenl dr ir.i?r../.jr?n ah Lrecameerlinct in thc crrly Holoccnc. with man'! adral or the in thc gorgc of S{maria. lt is not eviderr. however. or which r\iand(So daar"rdl..199O. All rcccnttcrrcsri{l manrmals, $ith groundsSiikas' .onclushn hasbeen achieved (iylalso Schreiber. rlreexceprion of the endentic stuer Ctucidutd.inn 1999).Keeping in mind thc (rtcmcnt by Batc (1905Jthrt ... r/r rrtroducedto Crete by humans.For thc StoncMa cn, Sordaar .i BredrMaften ir onnon in thc isltind,both in k'lo\grou dutll ,1. (199O bcliclc it is unlikcly that the anin l reachedrhe island ii nrc hiLlf'. a corclusion car be drawr thar the specie\ wrs by swimnringor raiting, hur wrs rrthcr brcughl thefe bv lnan. co mon on Crcte throughoLrtthe entire 20'i century, althongh possibletrends ffe i malrerol speculatnrn. So|rdaar.rd/. (1996)queslioned whelhcr thcrcwa r single invasion of the Slone Marlen lbllowed b! thc cvolutior of the As lir rs onc c{n spccuhle fr)nr R)rd .rsualtie\. the Store .ndenric r,rce.of whetherthe processofrdapt.uion rnd cndcmism Marten is nnrch nore corrmon on Crctc than thc Eurrsian BrdSer \rs ohlcured by nuliiple irvasions.Diflerenl interncdiatc (rgcs M./.,r rs1.r orthe Leasl WeasclrltrJr.la ,ira1i '. Nanrcl). during betweenrhe nrainlrnd lbrms rnd thc rcccnt endemic i)pe of the ory l00l sur\c] I counredl8 mafens but olrly threebadgers (easr Crctrn Stone Mtuter speak in iavonr ol rhc iltrcr hyl'orheli! ofRethymno; Kissanos.K.tlidonirr rnd lcrrl'cln) andmerel) two (Sondaar3r d1..1996). Besides. introductions were possiblyelen wcasels(nenr Agios Nikolaos and ar Martha). intcmixcd b) locnl exlinctions. Thus. Jarman (1996) lbund rhc Stonc ilf{rten in the Early Neolithic layers in Knos$s, bul thc The eotire Mediterirnear ecosynen sullercd 0cmcndous \pccics wrs abscnltiom the Middle rnd l-ate Neolilhic laterial. changcsin the l$t seleral nrillenria, and Crete was no erceplior rnd the rcappc.trcdin thc Minorn pcriod. inrhisrcspcct(Gtr)ve&Rackham,200l)Sfikas (2001)conclusion "... rhlr the gruter txht ol Cftte s.likns \,?ft nill urt.ut hctj Sleens a & Rc{j\c(1996) believe thar'... nearl\ ull th! drrint th( V.,t(tian occtlpothn (1246.1669)" is likely lo bc ,rd./nll Lfronl Gefani. M:rvromouri and Liko calcsl hel.nlt! tt) \onewhat of a nai\'e oversnDplilic.rtion.Much morc prohlhle i"diri.rkal\ \'hich uft ittennaliute in.lbm b?tu.ei thc Re..D seemsto be Bottena s (1996) ;nu \r1"... dn enornous inNd ol rul."ti( \pe(i?! oJCkte l;... N1.ll bunitcsldr./ d?.t N.ar tastt rr ttl,nkin.l.n th? v8etuti.ri.y'Cl.r.. IJottcn fuflhcf sug!eststhat /?/dii.r. hrstern Mediterraneancoas(s, ralher lhan lhc Brlkr. rnthrcl)ogenicactiviiy sranedas efflv as at {he beginningol rhc Ire i sula,wcrc thuslhc most p()bable sourceofihe StoneManen 6'inrillcnniunr 8.C., whilethe Minoan cultufe (tlonl.d. 3000B.C. roloni\ation oi Crete. onwn.ds)nlust have changedrhe legetarion fundanrentally.Ir is thusplausiblclocoDcludc thaL tlre Sk re Martcn didmotface much Habitat hrhitat deterioratjonduring receni centuries.bui rather rhriled successiullyin a degradedMedilenarear lrndscapelbr se!errl Store Maften seeningly live on Crele i r brord lrict) oi millcnnia. whilethe SroneMafeo s nicheis squeezedh nlainland hrbiLats.$4rich wcrc rll cxposedro a millentrial human impacr. Europeby lhc compctitivccxclusion $,ilh rhc Pinc M{rten Mdr6 nrainh degradation.lt wis obserredequlrll) wcllaloru shongrass M,"rn,r (Delibes. 1983).rI is likely ro be relaxedon Crere in thc p.r(ures wilh spots of barren land (Schrcibcr. 1999). in dense absenceofthecorgeneric compelilor. As a matterol lacl. thc Sl(mc p,rtchcsof evergreenwoodland, nr i subnrbanenlironnrcnr. in M.rrten usesa bfoad ar|av of habitatson the isl.rnd(see above). Drquis,bothdcnsernddegradedtophryagara,inoliveplantrlions.Habilal dcgradationis thus rn unlikely sourc€of inrmediatethfeat .r.. My obserlation\ accofd with those by Schreibcr (1999), li)r Lhcfunher sunival ofthe (letan Store Maten. Includingtfieconclusion thatthe marter iscommonin oycrbr)wscd thrlrganr. which is the donrinrnt vegetationtype on the island. Sfikrs (20021strtcs that nrst sfccics on Crctc a.e cxpsed to ruthlesihuoring. Schreiber d/d1. (1989) further report lhrt all rhc Clatsadoraki\(1994) rcpolrsthc Sl(nrcM.rllen fof all of his nustelids or Greek islandsare consideredvermin and poisonous !.osrrthic/regetational entitjesof Sanaria National P.rrk.i.e. ibr bait\ wcr{: nill in ule againslthe Cfetan badgefh 1980s.Even frxquis (Pirrzrr;r lentinus, C(ratotie \iliquia. Jutipenls fuo?nl. rvorse.an esti ated 1.500badgcrs .rrc killcd annuall] in Crcace. td. M\trhus rcnnunis, Quertus to':'.:iJ?rd.Oleu eutqtued, Etna dcspilc thc frcl thlr dre specie!has beencompletely protected all . . i, tf.,L r//,r,,,, trlD r-a ! ttt'tt \t.t.t..\ttn. Th,nau, ,.tltt,ttt,. ovcrthccounirysin.e 1985 (Gfiffitlrs & lhom{s.lilg3) Altbough ( i'i!' ri11,s!r, qhtbiu t(unlholvnn.i). woodla d (P,ris I havc no dNtr on thc cuncnt hunting tressurc and the {nnual bag l.tutiu Cryrcsets senp.rircns, Lzr dri?rrallr). alpine xnd aslaf asSrone Mffren is co cerned,bolh nrsthave a iong hislorr-N. {rbalpxre belts (g.asscs,I^r.,?sdllr spp..A.dnth.li,Lon cchitut. Jafnan (1996). lor example.states lh:u ... /r. ,rat?, nar uril " Uul)lris I rttt a.lunbcrur {r-n.?dnlr), andfof gorses.He fouod it ftL entlr e\phitel rcsuktr h /o/ lrr .. . I Iunling ol Sr(mc M.rrlcnt l(r be relatilely morc comrnonrnd nx)rc widcspreadthan any othef is documenredby Bate ( 1905) lor the lery beginoingof rhe 20" rnrmDrl corcrcd by his !ur!e), includiig the rat Rrt.,s /d/.,r. centurlr "l/1is lt11edi, irrt. nurfi.r.t l)\ the p.astnt.t. ||h. hing the skinsro the ld g.r port t.\ r.t th.,or t.odn. ||lEne th?) Although the altitldinal rarge is poorly docu rented.the uft e\rurte,l .hiefl\ to lriest.. How ir brcL thc huDtiDgis rrlrlerr e!idenlly gocs lionr thc scrshorc into the subalpineand (ferch ing its roois is a nranerof specLrlatioo.I t is well documenled lhat thebadger srs cxploitedon Creteas food sourcesince the latc Dermitzrkis. M.l) 1L)90.Pilcogcography. Seodynontc proce!\es Bx'n^ Agel.a. 1100B.C.)atthelarest(Snyder& Klippcl. I996). and evenr \lraligrNph) during the Lalc Cenozoic of the (An: Clonsideringthc licr rhatChafles (2000) rcports clear evidenccol Aegeanarer. Arrl CdtrieSri Lia<.i Ndt.Lnt.) 85:263 the butcheryof a PiDcMfften in Me$lithic BriLtin.logetheruith t88. H.l. & Thonus,D.H. 199:1.Thc (!lus of the badSerMeles sinril.tre\iderce for r brdgcr, it is possiblethrt LhcStolre Maten Griffiths, ,r./i,r (l-.. 1758)(Cimilora- Mu\relidac)in EuroPc MaD,, \as extloited in r silnilar nsnner on Crctc. ne!.. 2l:1758. Crole, A.T & Rackhlm. O. 2001. The natu. of M.tl ttrdr.tlh suggcsrcdby Delibes & Amorcs (1986).unsultainlblc As Eutur. ln ?tolotnd h^rdfr. New Haver:Yalc Univehily hunting for fur was thc mosl probablecause ol cxlirpatjon ofthe wrs SroneManen oD thc Balearic illand ol lbiza. The species tlellander.P. & (lli!cr. l. 2002. a/.rc. MclbournerI-onelI Phnct prcsunably still conrnnn thcre around 1930 but unished bv Publicarions. rround 1970.Hunt;nS thus crn posessefious thrcllto a snall and JaNln, M R 1996. Hunun inlue.ce in thc dcvelop ent of the isolaled nraften potuhlion. Crctan madmrlian fama. In t'l.I\tttne dnd lblo.en. ldunu aJ Crete avt tt\ lit\t sentets.MonaltnLrht in vr'otut Sclxeiber(I 999)paid altertion to roadcasualtiesas a possiblc .,1r.rd.r1o.qr,No.2ll,.d. D. S. Reese,2llzl9. Madisoni sigrific,rnLsource of Cretar mancnmortalily. He countcdlive dead PrchistoryPres\. n.rnensrlong 800kln ofroad!. Bccruseofthe rapid(loc('nrposition Karandinos.M. 1992.Itu red latu book of threattnIl r.rl.btutes of cafcasses undcr sunnner condiiions of LheMediteranean clnn!le. al CtL.t:. Hcllenic Zoologic!l Society HellcDic (hnilhological he believesall thc lirc manenshdd bccDkillcd at most a lew dtls So.iety. nr the Balkans lnall .rilrilorcs belbre ther'.werc iound. All the |oad casualtteswere along thc K]yitufcl, B 2000. Nlustclids if lhc [urcter. biodivcfsil] hol+por. In Must.lids in 4 nodernisedna )mln'rdN 90(oughlyhtll of hissuner') andnonc no.lt,1 rrtltl. Mdras.tno an.l canseN4tot a\)..ls tt were tburd on sidc mads lhat were windy. nanow and somelrmcs \nruU .tnirote: h@Ln int.tu.titrrt- ed. H. L Griifilhs. bunrpy.This lvould give r.r. ort narten killed per lmk everyfew 281-29.1.l-eidcn: Brckhuys Pnblishcrs. I countedeighteen dcrd nnnens along 1.800kn ofroads. A! dnls. Millcr. G. S. 1912.CdtdluFue of tlt. ttu"nnals .J tv.st.tn Eurq)e viclinrs oi lhe leasrthrcc marteoswere found lieshly kllled. thus (Euturt .r.lusi. Ru\\nt)nt lhe.oll.ttbn ol ttu Btitish prc!bus nightlratlic. This wouldgi!e anestinateofoncki1lper600 Mrr.rr,. l.ondonr British Mu!eunr (Natull llislor)). klilof r)ad I'crnighl. Howevef.sincc a signiticartt,rrl of mr-tnvel Mjtchcll-Jones.A.. Anod. C.- Bogdanowicz.w., Kryiuitk. B. wrs on sideroads.the numbcrispossibl,!even highcr'. A !cr) crude Rcijnder\, P. J. H.. Spilzcfberger.F.. Slubbc,M.. Thissen. e\lr{polation suggesisannualmorlalily ofaI leaslonc SloneM len J. B. N{..Vohtulik. V. & Zir\ -1. 1999.t h. Atla! ol Earapean pertwo krlonetrcsof road.Considering that there afe.d.600 km of ndn,,dls. Lotrdon: Poyser Nrtural Hi\lory main roadson Crete (estimatededuccd tronl Hellander& oliver. Niclhamncr-G & NiclhNmmer,J. 1967.Zur Variahilitit dcr 2001)...r.300mdcns mightbe killedon ftcnl annually.This would KehLTei.hDUngbcim Stei.nrardef.Mdt \ /,i,d (Exlcben. give.d. 3.6 mrncDsper 100knl thc surlrcearea of Creteis 8,:ll5 1111t. Z. Siturt !i. rk.. 32:It\5- 1 81. Lnrr).Conpnred to rhc annualbag in Sk)lcnia (irea 20.251km:), Rrulin. M. V 1a69.D?kription I'h\\ique de l11r Crd( Ptttis shich rmounlcdlo 775 StoneMulcDs on average(i.e. 3.8 pcr 100 Schreiber.A. 1999 On the slatLr ol M,,rzr./btd ,rrit i Bate. (:utniratt ftrJ./f.. 20:10 21. knrr: Krl'iLulek,2000) betwecn 1987and 1990.tfic tr)adnortility \905 Srtu1ll Schrcib.r. A. Wiflh, R., Ritlcl. M. & Van Rompae}.H. l{)8(l ofCretanSlolreMrrtcn appeafs to be high.In additiortounrcgulatcd Weasel!.d*ts, nfurlu..set.Iitl thcir t?ldtires.Ai uuiol huntirg. Lhchunran-caused mofl.rlny night poi€ r threat Io the rtt1, lot the can!(rrtlnh oJ mlt.lkl\ dhd tiretrrls. Gtard: IUCN. Sfika\, G. 200?.,l/dr ar./ tnanndls .J (:,?k Alhens:Llitllhiadis Relcrences Baret HlDrillon. C. 1899.\ol. on lhe BeechMan.n Srydcr, L. M. & Klippcl. w. F.. 1996.Thc Crctat b ger (M.l.r of Crete.Irr. ,Vd!. Ndr. Hlir.. 7:lli3-3E.1. ,r.tur) 6 a lood resoufcctl l.aLeBfonz./8ffly ltun Age A!le. D M. A. 1905.O the manrmtlsof Crele P,r. Kr\ousi-Kasiro.h Pleisto@k ond HoLocenefuuN ol O.1e Ldrlo, 1905:ll53:1. ud ns Jit\t :!1lt^. Monosrdphsin w.tL1 Archaeobs\ No Bortcna, S 1996. Norcs ur lhe Holocenc vcgcldlioi hisrory ol 28. ed. D.S. Reese.183 291. Madi{trr P'th$tor} Pre\s, 1996. The Crcte.tn Pl.istu\?n. and Hato..ne f.uotr 4 Crtl. t ld its Sondaaf.P.Y.. De.tritzakis.M.D. & de Vos. .1. settkr\. Man.gtulphsin w,flz1 Ar.rd.d/r8r' \o 18, pale.geograph)lnd iaunal evolutiol oi $e land nilDnnals .lirst (:r.te ed.D. S. Rese. 5l59 I!tadi!)n:Prehisro.y Pr.ss. of Crere.ln P/zir/...r. dn.l Hol.c?re fuurn .f aNl Car\rdorakis.G. 199.1.l he renebratcrnimals of Satra.iaN.tnrn!l ns ln! s.ttl.r\. lVdogr.Qht in \v.tld Ar.ha.olot!\ Na Prfk (Crere. G.eecel. RioloStu Galla h.Lkrica 22:9'22 28. ed D. S Rcese,61 67. Madison:PrehistoN Pre$ Ii Carsrdorrkis.C. Helvenen ton. O & Vohralft, V. 1999.Creece Srcensma.K. J. & Rccse,D. S. 1996. lhe rustelidsof Crcte. li TheA a: of Lw\r\tt tuatr,rd1r,eds A. Mitchcll Jone\ Pleirtat.n.t a,d tblo..tu lLund of Ct(k' tnLt its Jirst (1 d1..l:, 11.I-ondon:Polscr Nalu.al Hlstofy. stttl.r\. ll,t.nogtuphstr lv.'U ircrd(or)3-r No lE. ed. s. Prcss. r | 'rlc, F rin' Prel ,ur( muJrlJ e\tlJ..rriun:'n '\-i\F". D. Rees.. 159 106 Mrdison: Prehistory In Mrstelidt it1 t nt.detn )torl.l. Mtnut.htent and Zinncnnrnn. K 1951.Dic Camilora lon Ktet! Z Siiugetierk, tontttt4lior asp.d\ ol sndll trtnirot?: hutndr 17:58 65. irtendian\. ed. H. L CriliLhs. 127 1,10.Leidcn: Brckhnls

Delibcs.M. 1983.lnl.$pcciiic comtetition rnd lhe habilatof thc Srone l\'larten Mdrtes faino (Etxlcbcn 17771ii Etrropc Scienceand ResearchCentre Attu 7001. renn.. 111:2292ll. of th€ Republic of SloveniaKoper, Nlancn nrrdi?.t I)elihes.M. & A fts. F. 1986.lhe Stoie l,tL, Garibaldijera 18.Sl-6000 Koper. Slolenia. (Erxlebcn. 1777) (l\la.rmali!. Canrjrofu) fron lbi/a (PiLiusi.,Balcrric lthnd\). Mir. ZDl.. l0:.115:145. boris,[email protected] First recent record of the Small-toothed Palm Civet Arctogaliilia triairgtta from Vietnam

Alex V BORISSENKO'. Natalia V IVANOVATand Gert POLETs

Severalnramnral surlcr-s rnrdefakenin Cat Tien NrLion{l areacoveredwith more rrLLrrcfttreslk)cated inthe vicinitvol lhc Park (e.9.Ling. 2000i Murph). 2001: Mrrph) & PhanDuy thLre. park r hcadqu,rrteN lo0l) hale resulrednr {inding mod of tlre comnronIndo Chincs.' \pecies ol lirgc rnd nrediu'n sized mammals. yct r ntrmber of Annnalswcrcobservedduring nighttime sur!ets condu.rcd .unconf-rflned "possiblc \Fcies .rresrill bcirg listedrs or . based aiongroads passirs thrcugh thepark. us ing a bicycle.Mrrnn l clc on extmpohtion ol thcS.ncraldisn ibutioor:rnge orrcforLs of k).al shinewrs delectedwilh rLED headlanrpt!ubsequentiy .r powcrlirl lFofie (PhamNhar ./ d1.,2001). lhe Small-toothedPalm Ci\cl hrbgen spollighl $as uscd t() observe the animals. Whe elcr )rtinguli.ltut tt^itsdte lcrnr-. l8ll). however \ras omitLcdfrom possible.obseryrtions *cfc confirmed by nakirg rechnicxl Lhcs.listsuntil200l (reponedb) Polct & I-ing.irl)r.$). $heniour pholographswith Mioolla AF canrcraswilh the aid of Minoha \rghringsolthis specieswerenudealak'crlir] notcovefed during Progrrm TTI- controlledllash. trc!()us !!Nev eflbns. Reccntl) Lhcsl]ccies has been recorded 'lhe lrom Cambodia(Wrlston & Dtrckworth.2001) rvhile Duck$orrh llrstsightirg war madcon:ll Janurr)2003 at ca.5:30 (19971rcports thc spccics to be widely recorded in vNLh and a.m.One anlmnl\!rs obscrvcdandphotographed sitringonI snal1 lreeca. l5 mabovelhegroundncrrthcrcad (seebrckcolerl ftdnt nd appearto be feednrg,and no fiuiL or floweh were observedo All sighlingstook plice in thc sourhcmsecbr ofCrt Tien rhar htc or in nearby canopies. Alier bcing spotlighred rnd \rtional Park (Nam Cat Tien, Don: Nai Provincelin rhc !i.inil) photographedthc anin l.linrhed down a thin liara rnd i:iri:arcd ol a rrpid nr LhcDong Nai Riler (11"27 N. 107'26 11)ca. 2 knr inlo rhe li)rcst a{ry fr)nr the dirr road. uthu cst of I)a Co forest gurrd narion (Fig. I ). The observ:rtion sitcis {lowland.coveredb} nltturc scnri c\ crgreen /irg.irrr,?u id The seco|rdsightmg $,rs ondc on thc folk)wing elening do'nrnrlcdsersDallytlooded lbrelt. This arc! is paftofa ca.20 kml (l Fcbruafy20i)3).Tsocivets(assunedroberalcandatemale) p.llcholmofc or lessirtactrilenne loresLsu.munded by various\ were lirtrnd on lhe same lree irreractlng and enriLting loud di\turbed secondar)gr)wth nmratnnrs ard adiacenllo anorhcr charucteristic\ocalizations. however. no matjn! w:rs obser\cd.

LEGEND

fI:lifi commune

-.-.- odrt borc€ihe

,..::l r'j

'-....

Mat .l (it li.t Nrtn,,tl Prt* I'il.ru\ From two subsequentobscrvations made within r l0 ntinute two fanril,"-groups ol rhe Yellow cheekcd Cibbon Nru.rr./.r inlcr!al ( l9:30 and20:00) illppcared thal thepairrelnained on thc sdhti?llue \\ete heard lrorn tht road. sametree thrcughoul this period:howeler. they *crc gone b-rthe rine of the third pass(cr. 20:30).While exa'niningthc sanrcplace Until re.cDtly there appear to hc \cr] le$ records of ncxlmorning it wa\ noted.thltone ofdrebrancheson lhe smalltrcc Arr.,{d/idrainVietnrm(Da gHuyHuynh.ldl.. 199.1).andrecent wlrsbroken. \uglesting thrt lhe a lnals rnay hrve rctuncd lhere recordsare unknown ro exisr ibr Vietnam. this nral be dLreto the dLrrin:thenighl. Thc aninxrlsdid nor sho$,rn] signsol discontort. scarcityof mrtulc lbrestsslritable for nigh(ime transectsuNeys. despite tbal thc) wcrc spollighted for sclcral minutes and tsut the spcics has been widely recordcclin Laos (Duckwonh, phorographedrlith a powcrlul llash dnring eachpass. Duckwonh 1997) in secondar) lorc\t\. Coolirenlenl ol thc Snall-tootbed ( 1997)in Laos also nolcd that lhe anintrls ob1encd dcmonstrated Paln Ci\el Lo highcr \tories of the canofy expliins $hy photo ,.'l.r.,rrr.o rlretre.err. ,r "t..^e-. rhen.r.< !j..rit,,n\i,r' rrappingeftors deploycdin Crl Tien \ationrl Park did nol reveal thcir rpproach, spotlighling rnd pholographing. this specieseadier. walsLon & Duckrvofh (200:l)discuss h more derail hos the sl'ccici ocrurnal and slricl arboreal llfestyle Thethirdsighting was mideon 23 Aprill00:l tt 2::.17 ea. hanrper its dclcctiur in nninstream hn)dilclsily surveys.which fie roail in the s,rmeli)rcsl, quite idiacenl to the phcc ol-1hcllrsr h ve been conducrcdin ClatTien Natn)nrl Prrk as well (l'olet & two sighrings.One indilidual wasiirling in thecanop) ofatall trce I-ing. tr prerr). Also Duckwoflh (1997) note\ tlrat thc species ca.50 m.rboverhe grourd.Il wasidcnrillcd bycharactefr\ircbrown apperrs to often go undctcctcd becaLrie ol lack of people pelage,rnddrrkrail. Due toconsiderabledislaDcc, however. n was sptlighring ltnd looking into the crDopy al oi-!ht. rlther tlun rnpos\ible to obscrle what it was doing ii thc cr op),. belrus. ol lack of suitablehabitat.

The founh lighting Nrs madeon 29 April 200:l ncarbvlhe Acknowledgements rwo previous k)calilics.One indilidual $,asobscncd at tbe same We thank the Vichanese-RLrslinnTropical Ceore ldr spor *ithin two conrecLrtiletnnc intcrrals (ci. 0:10 to 0:-15rnd suppoiol our \ork andCai Tien Natn)nrl Park for pennissionto subsequently0:15 ro l{12 r.m.)l lr was sittmg on a trec, .rndlhen conductresearch and help in our \1 dies.Dr. Will Duckworths descendednrto r lhickel. where il slrflcd grooning and ihen encoufagemenL{nd usclulcomments on an carlierdraft afe highly cortirued molins slowly ihrough the branchcs.allo\ring the obserler !r) rtp()!ch \ithinca.5 6 nr and takc phoLographsot the Relerences (.dbcr.c.B & llill.J E tr)r).1 tr. rmnn,trls ot tht h,t.,idlurr1 R.tt.r: Date! ofthcsc observitionsfil well with clrlicr obsenation d \rr9rr,. rdt.L. I on{t,tr'& (Xtufd. LrK: Nrltr l Hi(.ri- NlrNcum ir Laos bctwccn mid Febnrar) and Junc *hich coincideswith the PublrQlr.tr\ & (xbrd tnireAir\ tres Phnn Tnri! Anh & IIod! mnin loud-calling serson (Duckworlh. 19971. Drne Hrt llut$. Dro vrn Tiri. ca. \.i Sun!. I)"linhKlrien l9r).1 ahttll^114 "t1dunls rt Vilntu ,. Han.i: PublrnriDg llou\e Srien.c & Tcchtrrci. 163 pf Severalotheratlcmpls \ere nude ir Atril 2001lo obscrve Duckr.dh. J\\ 1991. SDall .arn vore\ irr I-ros: r nxtus rerres sih nore\ lhe Snrall toothe.lPalni Ci!et at the sxmelocrlitl (on clcnrngs ot o. c.olo-!-v. behrvi,,ur rnJ cons.rr.tio!. 5),nll t't.]1irr! Co"\(tr April2.1.5.9.11,10.22.21.25 rnd 28,2003), however, they were qlld iiammals. Cxr Tier \trforJ unsuccessful.Thc olcrall spotlightingtime aL this sile could be Lnr.!. S. 2000 A \ur!rr- ot .atrle an{l rrh€r Pd Vielnrnr L.h,i,z/ Af/i.n i\. 11b \\'F Crt li., i\otn nl (ore g per.l hours).I his i! nore or lcss cstimrlcd as I 5 hours !ightnr PrtL c.n|rtdttr,t ,!41,t. vr.t'xn' compdrablcwith fie 7-8 hours fbr one sighringcsrirnrted in Laos N1trrth)_.D I 2001 lllnnnxl lh\erur.ns in Crl Tien \xrn,ml Pafk (Duckwo(h. 1997) where fbot surveys (rs opposcd to trsrng a Vi.traDr. 1000llr0l r?thnnrl Rlwn N. ]5 Cut Ti?,t i\u|i.r.l bicfcle) wcrc hcld in cornparablehrbitat (scmi elergreen lorcst PtrL (bnt.^.fu" P,,i?.r. vNnarn \lur0h'. D I & Phd Drr_ lhuc l00l \lxnnnrl obscndior in Crr Ti.i \alofr Pxr[. Victrrh.2002 T..hai..l ttP.n N. 4a L, \r\\'r (n1 Ii?n n"di,tr! Prtl aorr.ndto, P,.r1./. vternin. All observedindi!iduals possessedconspicuous pnrkish- Phnnr\hrl. \guten xuad Dar! & Polel C l(nL hrll Rtnl. tu th. l:^ rtrrl white markiDgson the ears. characleristicof the tbrm lcacdrls rtul tt,i.t6.l Ctt Ti!, NdlnMl llti \\wF ( ar licn Nxrn,n.l P.trk (Corhct& Hill. 1992).brown dorsunrwilh threedark longitudinal C,in\crrfoi Pr..cr xnd Flotu nnd Frntrx L enrlionnl lido.hiia cilr- Publi$in! Hou\e. v,ctiarr sripes. lighrcr coloredbe]]y, anddafk rril rl(nrg Inosrot' its lengih. Pn,gnnni. Han.ii llo Chi lulnh Polel. G & l-nr! S rll prcs!): Pdechng Nir'nmal Dive^iry: otloiudilcs except fof thc basrl part. The characrerislicwhilc nripe on ihe rnd .oriminrs lor Lrr)grnrric!otrs.rvxriotr nrrnrecmenr nr Cxt ftrrr nruzzlc wls not very pro,ninent.Ou. obscrlitions of ibe Smrll Ndonx! Prrk rnd {'i.undine iore{\ h VL.hxm O'}r L(DthedPalm Civet nra.lc in Crt Tien National l'rrk .orr\)bonte Wr {on. I l- & Du.ksonh.I $ 1001 Th. nAr ,ecoRl tf S',rll botlr.d Lhoscmade by Walslon & Duck$,orth(2003) in Cambodia. Pslm Civ.r .A,rtulr/ild tfi'iryar, irom Crn'bodi{ sirh notes on !r!d)rn! niis spc.ies.Snnll Cn)Mt. a.rr.r'. lN'll l:l Due Io the extensi!econ\cr!rlioo measuresundenakcn in rZoological Cat lien N{tional Plrk. the arei wherethe sightingsofthe Snall Museumof MoscowState University, roothedl'alm alilct wcrc rnadehas not sufferedfron loggirg fof at Ul. BolshayaNikitskaya, 6, leasttwo decrdcs.In lhis pirticularpaftoflhcPuk. therealsoseenrs 103009Moscow, Russia to ha\c been little or no huntirg prcssurelor consider{blctinc. 'EngelhardtInstitute of MolecularBiololly, tarticularly on canopyinhabitants. due to reasonabl)effccli\c law enforccnrcnt.I deed.the oblerlatn)n site appeirs to be quite rich RussianAcademy of sciences, in c.rnopr-wildlife. 8.g.. during Lheerenrog counts n dc on I Ul. Vavilova,32, 119991Moscow, Russia Februrr) :00:l llve Common Palm Ci!ers Purnlo.runLs ]WWF-CatTicn htnnphrodnus inytlone Giant Flying Sq'rircl Pcra!, ir/.i sp.wete NationalPark ConservationProject, spotted{long thc cr.I kn segmentofthc rcad passingthrough this RoomG15, 2 PhungKhac Khoan Street,District l, prlch ofrnalLrrelbrestOn thc ncxl morningvocaliTationsofuL lcist Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

Status of the Narrow-striped Mongoose Mungotictis decemlinestsof Madagascar

LanccWOOLAVERT.:, Rina NICHOLSTr. Williarn FranciscoRAKOTOMBOLOLONAI. Anselme Toro VOLAHYT and JoannaDURBIN

Introduction

Thc Narros,sriped N{ongoo\eM n Xati ti I l.(nl ineu 1u. .! l,,rlrolr in Malrgrs). is a small cami\orc currentiy kno$D Lo ,ifur only ln the dr} dcciduoustoren! of thc l\'lenxberegion ir ..(\rcrn Mrdrgdcar. Mmgotnrit i\ I-lndrngcrcdt)UCN. 200t) .,iltrs rhrcaroncdby the rapid l$solhrbitat tlnough dcfor.st,rtion. t,rc\t l(^s in the fegro (n l\4cnabeoccurrecl rl a rare of-12_q; ..r$een l96l and l99l ils I fesutrol agro indusrial prujccLsaDd . r\h ud'bu.n mai/c culti\':rtxrn(Tidd .r.rl. 2001L and rhis rate hr' \rncenrcr.alcd (J. Pinder.,r /,t. 2001).This anjclc re!iews the !rlrITer srrrus af lttngatitlit L|.r(tli tutr and discussesihe |rr|edirtcthrerts to irs {rni\{1.

R.lxLi!cly little is knosn rl'ou he ecolog) ol thii lpecies. l/r,,f,ti./ir 1sa rocirl anirnalthrt lives in lanril,"-urits. (;roups ol rhr.cto Iire rdultsmn\ hc ohseNedrogerher wiLhjuverriles during rh. dry seison. $hich exrendslionr Junc ro October.During lhe i\.,.r ntixtt tt rfo.n, -vun!.rLcrs tlc.enrlinexrl (rfnrer wct scrson.Novenrber Lr) Nf{y. \olirary nalcs and g|.()ups ,,r one adult with one julcnilc are more collnnonl) ohserved rlet.rtlin.nln andM. d.1rn?atu l'he lirter k onl) knowr tiorr x Rrbeanroadtu. l9S7).Albigoac (1976) obseNed super gufs' !ifglei rnatu.cspecinrer ( Crr). I 8.18) fnD anunspecilicd localrty r,insisiirgof 9 to l:l individuilsind norcd,r seisorallxriaLion in l{adagascar.Althou:h the.rssumttion i\ dut M ./. /nrard is rillr rhesch.gcrgrcupsdi\idinginro!m.rlter'srb $oup! dufing ler) ' arc. perhapsoccuFing in the Toliarr regioDoi south$esrern Lr. \ret selson. Nlale! seek conracr wirh fenales lionr tuly to Madagrscrr,lhefe is no e!idcncc to dateto suppoflrhii (Hawkins l\..crnb.r. A gelrarion pcriod of 90 lo 105 days is geoeralt) .1dl.. 2(X)0).All knowlcdgcofth is speciesisliom M. d d..1,r/i,"dar ,'lloscd hy the birth ol-r !ingle intnnr (Alhignac. 197-t). LhrLcxist\ in ce trrl and louthern Menabein $4 t arebeliered ro R.,ralin n{ntsoa(20031 obscNed mating in Augustrnd ge!rrrion bc two distinct sub populdtions(Ha\kins ?r d|. 2000). ).riod! of 7-1rnJ l06 dar'.!.Mrr8rri.rlr densiliesarc rcpoftedro .Lr\tmm 0.15 ro 2.9 {ninrals per hecrdrc(Rabeanroandro. I997 I Thc currcnt tnown sr:rrusrDd di(riburion of Mrn8olidl Itr/rhdranrDtsoa. 10031.Razalimanrnrsoa (2003) crttufed 20 ls bascdon village surlcrs {nd live,trappingsrudics conducted in .Jull\urd 6 subrdult\in anarea of 90.1hr.Eighi ofthese a imal\ cenrral aflld n)ulhefn llelrabc (S. coodman in 1ift., 20021 \eil permancnllyin the ffea a\ llvo set{|are group\ ol rhreeand Razihnrnanlsoa, 1003i Wun^\et ci al., in yq).Thc mosrfecerr \erndi\idurls.$illrhomerangcsoil2.8rnd l7.8ha,rc\pectively esli rtc ftr central Menrbc wrs herweenca. 2.000 rnd 1,.100 \ h,ldic ( 1976) ft)undthat snlall groupshxd home rxDgcsof 3t) maturerdults in an arer ol 900 knrr (Woola\er et al.. nt pr.p) , a0 hx xnd supergroufs had hone nngcs of l50 to 200 ha. Aninralswirhin Lhisrcgion sefe disributcd rhurghout rhe largen :rreaol connectedlbren in lhc west (Fiq. ll but $'ci: absenlin rhe ittMgotictit ate pimrrily insecdvorous,supplemeoring sm{ller forcst liagrncnLsb the ersi. In sourhcrr Menabe. thc :\.rr dier rith vcnebfates(ltabe.rDroandfo. 1997) i cludirg snall popularionwrs estinrated.rL belween c. 6.,100and 1i.650nature ':.r.nr!ls. reptiles rnd bid! Larger prcy itenrs such as nx)usc adults$lrh an {.ea of 1.871knr:(Woohver et ul.. i't pftp). .iruN Mn,?.r.r,' nray be co opcrarirely hunted b] g(iups Vill:rgen rcplnltedrhe prese cc ol Mungotili\ ir |rosl of the \lhj!nrc. 1976).Specialisatlon on insed l v.re iD soil rnd fiagmenlcd fttrest thfoughoul urrhem \'tenabe (Flg ll. $,ith --,,nrNs'ng wood nny heh Mi,rs.ftris survive during rhe dr) aninralsbeing rarcr in the enaller lbrcsl lirgmcnts in lhe ern. O| ,nm $hen thealailabilir] ofother ibod ilernsi\ limited.Their considcrdbleinterest is a rcpoft that ,r8rlir1i: rnay bc found in -L h(onres nore lrncd in the wer seasoD(Albigrac. 1976). rhc lafesl imnrediatcl.-v)uth ofthe Margokt Rivcr (Wool:rvercl '.,rf,/i, ri' usc !rce cavitieq.np 10 l0 l11above thc g.ound. tbr ,/.. i, p/.d. This representsrhc lirsr eyrdenceofthe elisr.nce of ihr \helters duriig rhc wet seasonand s\itch to buno\ls and M,ir.goli.ra $uLh ol lhe N{angokl, Rilcr. and \uggesrs lh.u '.Lilor.d anLhills in the dry scrsoniAlbigoac. 1976). knowleclgcoi the world d(rribuLion is still not complerc.

\tatus Threats and recommendations 'lhe Mttt{.tictit is li)und ir wesrern Mldrgalcaf within lhc rapidbss {nd fragmentatjoroflbreslhabirrr ii rhemon '\'lcnabe ..; L,nsknown lo the Malagast as centrrl rnd N{cnabe inxnedialc rhrcarblo rhe srr\i\al ol Mutlgotittis. MLr,grlir1d w.rs .J l|nd rcilrred to in ihis text as cenhal rnd $utherr -\'tcnrbc. lound to be rarc or none\istent in i\olarcd liagmenrs of foresr .,rrirl Nlcnrbc extendslioln soulh of the Tsiribihina Ri\er ro throughoutlhc l\fenaberefion lwoolalcr.r a1..irpr."). li borh rrh ol th. Mon)ndlvaRircr $hilc southernMcnrbc cxtends certrnl aDds)uthenr Menabedelirrcst{ti{rr is occurringrl a rapid ,ir \ou(h ol th. Nlorcndavi Rilcrro north ofrbeMangokr Riref mre.and willconrinue to decreaselhc alrcrdy limited fangeofthis ! l) There.ttc two.urrenrly recogDiscdsubspecies. M L .t.,i.. r-on.rr.Jti,ir. :.1i,Jrr,{..Iru I In.ri:.. .,.,,l,riJI\( ellitrts $ilh local vjllages to r€duce the rrtc of shsh and burn IUCN classification .rgriculrurcol thc i:in.rining dry deciduousforesl of the Menabe. ln 2002. the total populationol Mungoti.Jit lel?tnliiteutu Conmercial cLrning.h addirionto modifling thc slrcturc rr!cstimatcd at<10.U)0matureindividuals(It-rCN.2002).Rccent {nd conrpositionol thenatuirl lbrest (Delepone.l d/.. I996). mar- field.cscarchcstimntcd thal rumbers may beaslowrs2.000n luc bc ha!ing an impacton the sunoundingfofcsl thai crtcnds be!oDd indiliduils in central Menabe xnd 6.:100in southem Menabe the ilnlilediaie perid {nd lo.ali1} ol con ercial rcli\'ily. ln (wool:rlef r,/ dl.. itl prct). This $rtport! lhe lUcN estirnite of prfliculir. rhebuilding ofnew roadsincrcascs thc lcvcl ol hunran <10.000 bur rhe esiinate could he rciincd do'! *ard Io <8.500. disrurhrnccand.rccclcrrlcs illegal cuttine within the surfounding The Tccics cxNnt ol occunenceand the qualily ol lhc li)rcsl iD lbrcrt. panicularly bl non-local villugers rcquiring trccs lbr which ir lives conlinue to deciine rapidly. constructionand thc build g ol pirogues.An increasern human rctiril) b.ings \ith it a i creasein activity by .oanringdonrcstic MunBoti.lis l(L(nlin?ah is cufrently clrssificd rs dos\ which rre suspecredto ha!e hada signifi.rnl negativcinrpac{ Endrngcrcd based on criterion Bl+2b. fronr rhc 199.1IUC\ on olher lenestrial endemicsin lhe Mcnabc rcgion. nrcludinglhe gLridelines(lUClN. l9(l'l). 1he nx)st rcccDtresearch estimated a \'rrlagas) Gianl Jumping Rit H!)dgirol,rr drri,,.n.? (Somnrcr.l 1!rger.rrea ol occuprncl and e:(tentof occurrcDccthan had been d1..2002).Doneslicdog\ rcprjlcn t :rpotential sorrce olprcdatjon previouslythoughr (wodr\cr 4 ul.. ii1rftt)). lhe new estmaled on Mutigotidis and an c!,rlurti()n ol their inrpact should be r extentofoccLufencc (ccnt l lucnabe+ soulhernMenabe = 10.253 prlorib. Of turther concern i! a reprt thrl n/&rsdnlir is behg \L . inc .'nLlened lJrrlP JP.lr,. . f. \rr',rol r.c huntedlbr tbod !n southernMenrbc (Goodmrn & R.tschmnani. of occuFncy. habital qualitl,, rnd ntrmberof miture irdivrduals 200:l) $hich wouid increase rhe r{te of dcclinc. In ordcr lbr qualifiestor cnreriooB lb (i.ii.iii.i!)at LhcVulnerable levet usnrg Mmsotidis to survive ii will requirc rrcrs which dc properly the more recenl ILICN luidelincs fron 2001. The population fnnccted tiom conmercial cuting and unrcguhrcd usc by bcal eslinate of c:r. 8.500 nlatu|e indiliduals qualilles lor Cl nt dre rnd non local vill,rgcfs. Morc iDlbnnation is srill required on the siatus of this speciesin southem Mcnrbc. Rcsearchshoold be c:uried out ro Argurhl,"",this suggcslsthat Mlr8olidlr no knrgcr nrcrits detennine nrre tfccisc populalion enimales and trends of rhe cfiterionIll+2b( al the Endargeredlelel. Howc!cr, thc M&,r8ori./ir in the rcm!iring ftncst liagmentrofsouthern Menabe. estinrate!ofextcnt oioccurence and populationsiTe in southcm F.mfhasisshould bc tlaccd on delerrni ing the extenlofthe rhr.at Nlenabcrrc tcnlativcdnd liberil (Wooialer.idI. t?p/.p). ll is !cr) po\ed hy hunling ol M&"grri.1;r lbr tbod. likcly lhat rmorc lbu.ugh studf ofthis pofnhlioD rna,""rcline the speciesextert ofoccurrence!o <5.000knrrtriggering cfiteria B lb The nlstefy stillrenrainsrcg{rding thc full distributior and (i.ii.iii,i!) at the Endangcrcdlc!cl. ln addition, the high rrrc ol trxononricsLalusof Mrngol;r1rr. io paticularwhethet M.,1.litkdta li)rcsl lossir lhe Nlenabe.rhe unknowDimpacl ofhunting on this is a di\1inct t.txonornicunir ard. if so. if it! rangeis s)uth ol thc spccicsin soulhernMenabe.andthe un.ctuiity ol the statusofM. Mrngokl Ri\cr. Il $is populrtloo-subsFcies indeedexists. rncl .i. lrr.drd rre reasors againstany downlisting. The osl recent is lacing pressuressirnilaf to those of M. d de.enltuedto in rhe assesslnentot'Malagasy CrurivofN usmg RAMAS RedI-ist $fiware Nlen:rbe.then it rnay he {t an cvcn grcalerrisl, of extirclion. lt ii rc classifiedMrr8otntir &."n1rr.d,a ai Criri.ally Lndangcrcd consideredcrirical th:rt research becrnicd out to dctcrnrineil such (Dollar.2000). r popLlaron ex'!r\. Thefefofe.rhe authors sLroDgly reconxnelld lhat M4,rgori( lis Itun lit?ukt tetnalnLt L:,ndangcrcdunlil role is known aboutlhc statusofpofulations v)uth ol thc MorondavaandNtangok) Ri\cA. . ANTANANARIVO Acknowledgements Tsiibihiha 20' s Frrnk H.twkins, StevenGoodm{n. Will Duckworth. and provided colnmentsthat conlributed \: Anna Feistner inlbrmalioDand / N significantly to this arLiclc.

u"noo*vf(_-_!l References 7 1 Albignac. R. 1971./.a!,2 de Mutlasustar. Vot. J6. Mdntnikres (-d7rn,.,"r Paris : ORSTONI/CNRS. Albignac. R. 1976.L Jcologiede Mrlrgorndr.tu.cn inedtu dalr-s ToLIARAV^ I Y 200\-1 lcs for€Is ddciduesde I'oucsr de Nladrgascr. .I./," ll.l l0:1,17376. Dclcporte. P.. ltandrianasolo.J. and Rakotonirinr 1996. 25'S Sllliculture in the dry densclircsl ofweslern Mrdrg{scaf. ht E.olosr aid L.anon|t)f d Tropi'dt D^ torcn i,] 50' E ,ttada8dr.df. eds. L U. Ganzhom & J. P. Sorg. ffia.rr.' {./.r1 ;16 1189-116.Goftingen. lig. l. Nlr| ol (nth.rn Urdr!1scnr \lu\rng th. .trr.it kr.qn Dollaf. L. 2000.Alicsling ITJCNclassiflcations ofpoorly knowo dinribnri{rn ol ltrafdt.rtr .l?t?nli,x1td ln ercy. l\nnres ol n\eb {re species:Madrgascar's carnivore! as r crse studl,. sn1./11 ,di.n.d. C.nrxl Nlenrbee{enJ\ lirnr $urh ol rh. linibihlnx Rilcr ro no'1r Cunitoft (t 1v^..2):11 2t). .l rhc Morondr\i River Sourhcm\lcMh. crtr'ndslioD sourhol lhe Cood lan. S. & R.r!elim{nan!. A. 2003. Hunting of wild aninrls NlLtundx\l Rl\er r) noni r rhr vxnloky Rrvcr the qu.lur nrrrr reler n, ri rSerrdpoil\ rl tlr,!.tnIit southol rre Mxfgolt! Rird i, 21)i)2 by Sakahvx of thc Mcnabe region : A ficld rcpon lion rwo.lr\.r./ rl.. ,r t,?l KirinJy Mirc.Z"n"f N.rr 8:4 5.

Crai. J. E. 18.18. l)escription ol a D.w sFcies ol Gal nri' fun cds.S M Goodma& J. Bcnsreld.l157-1360. Chicagol Madagrscrr fi,.. 7t/n. So. Lotllo lAlS:11 )3. Uni!efsilyol (lhicagoPfess. Hrskins. A. F. A.. Hawkins.C. & JcDkinsP I). 2000.,i,/,nL,/idi ' Sommcr.S.. Toto Volahy.A & Scrl.tJ. S.2001.A popularn)nrnd l.rctn !in.dt.1lit rukt (Cttni !om: He rl)estidre ). a nrvstcri(r hahitatvirbilit! issessncntfor th. highlvendangcrcd Nhhg$y nurroose..l,\ar. //lJr. 3.1:305-110. g'anl junrping rar \H\tbscon\.t d,ilm.trdl. rhc hrg.st lLrC\. 199.1./1.'(-N /994 RalLin aliagoi.'t un.lCtn"/i.r. Gland: crtrnt endenrlcrodenl ol Mrdag!!.ar Arim. C.nset\.. ITrcN. 5(.1)::61271. 'Iidd. lL CN l(X)1. /arCN 2Ol)/R.l Lin Cttusati.\ lttl Ctircfiir. Ghnd: S . Pindcr.l.& Ferguson.C. 1001.Deiorestatioo ard habirrr It]CN. lo\\ lor lhe MalagasyIlat lailed tonoire tiom 1961throrgh lL CN. 2001. 2102 /t,'CN Rul List i Tlwntun.l Sr(ies. Gl^11t1: lt)91.Ch(lo"ian a-.,rr"n. Bk)a ,l(l)r59 65. IUCN, Ilb.rnlorndrc. Z. 1997.CoDtrihution i litudc biologiqueet rDurrell Wildlife ConscrvationTrust, acolog'que de Mmsotkrit .l.cttnlinul BP 8511,Antananarivo (l0l), Madagascar, rCrxndidicf. lE69) dans la lblit de Kirindv i N{orondrla. [email protected] \finr)ire pourl obten{londc D.I].A. Llnivenirad'A nr{nana fi\o. Facnlli dcs Sciences.Iladagrsc[. rwildlife PreservationTrust Canada, Rr/!limltnan(tsoa.L. 2(l0l. Mwryotictls leftnlncakt. narrcw- 120King Street,Guelph, Ontario, Canada,N1E \rf'ped nx)ngoose.tnA Nuttnl Hi$ot| of MulurulLttr. 4P8, [email protected]

Throat patch variability on Cretan Beech Martens

Whihton nmtc Lothe norh coast,.rlong Lhc lnainroad lro r Prlcochorr. wesiernCrete. I li)und a freshly killed Bccch Maren l.l,r/.! l;nr.r on the roadsiclc.(Nofth of KanrrnosDcar l,loria on thr 9 of.lune2003).

Upor)c\rmnr nnrofrlre:rnnDalI sr\ nn.flised at r]relarsc 'o\or .re of its throat tatch. All three. th. teaN rersid\ ol rh. t,oplhr Cbllin! field guidcs.to lhe mrn nals ol Eufol)e.i icare hrl IIre CrcrrD B.c.h Manen Mattu\ lauu b| n.r. has onl) r .r 1l rhoxt nurking. Var Dcr Brink (19671\r:ues rbrl Bc.ch \Trrlc ! lbund on ( retehite no $hirc frt.h or only i !cr) small ,ie \Lhile Macdonrld & Banett (1993) dcscfibethal poputalioD .,. hr\lrg onlr a snrallgrcyish prtch. ( orbet& O\cDdcni t980) :rukcr similarchim

the specinrenli'und ne r llofia. as rhc phorogruphsho$s. '.d r large.\hiLc trtch sirnilarro rhatdcsc.ibed b) N,lacdonald& Rrtth Mttt.r nr l.tll l.rurl ftn) ft,it. (td. ll,r'rcrr(li)9:l) Ii)rthe continentnlEu11)pc{n lleech Marrenli.c. purc lrre or grtlish lh(){r bib divrded b} a cluk stripe into lelt a cl rhr prrrs) Approri rrtcl) iour kilomerreson ncrr Mesrllia I Refercnces r nd r \ccond deadmancn. Thrt rnimal. obvrousl! smallcr rhrn Corbet.G & Ovendcn,D. 1980 I he ltlonnuls t, Btit in & t topr . liAt. .rlsoh.td x hrge \rhite bib L(,ndon: Colhrs. yacdofllrld.D.W.&B{rret\.P. lt)93.QIIitt! FieIdCuidc: t\lt unuIs Hencc. contnrv tu rlut is i dicrLcd hr'the lield guidcs, .t Brnain & Eurot)e.London: Hary.r Collrn!. .\, obscr!anonssu:ge\r lhal Bccch Mrrlen! on Crelc ha\c r Schrcibcr.A. 1999.On the ditus of Marl.r &h.r ,r,;r.r Barc. ,,ier)ol rhrorLprtlems.Schreiber(1999)confinn\thrs.descrihmg )905. Sttdl! (:l"itirott C.,?irn..20:10 21. .,rirbilitr as rhe x\l conspicuousdi\tinguishmg fc{tine of M.,/l Van I)en Brink,F H. 1967.A l i. ld (; uid. tu th( Mu rtl\.f lt itunt ',rr.t. In addirion. anotlrerlr.irrir is lbr lhis ra.e of liven a &r./ t,!l,!. Londonr Collin\ ,- !r(lrr(dh.Jr. r$,,{ |relJrdrl.r rfJ. Derek LORD Schrelbcr(1999) {l!o \iries rhatrbc rhr)rt tarch sizeol lhc i rrranBccchMaftcnhadlyelerreachcsrhccxreniobse^edhlbc The Old Farmhouse, . 'n rnare ftcc. Mdlr.r &tr.r/i/irrr. This suggcstsrh!r rhespecirlrens Pentireglaze,St, Nlinver, ,,!rd rear Floria$ere notablvunusual. Cornwall PL27 6QY, UK Some information on Tr6s Marias Islands RaccoonPtoa1on insulais, with a description of tracks

Vladimir DINETS

Trd! N{adrs Islinds RaccooD lrnded on a hcrch. rnd spent,rdr) and a njghr thcrc. hikirg alorg Pfo.r.l'r nrrrld/;' Nlerriam. thc wcslern co sl and trp into the nrounlarns 1898is conlinedIo a gr(nrtol iouf Iarge aDd raor lmnll Autumn is thc ncning se.r\onnn OLle Ridley [-rztl,.r!/\r islandsrpptr)xin rcl) 100knr olnr( ca. a small \ea tutlc lhrt breedsrloDg lhe coastffom Sinrloa f.onr the.o.n ol Nayafit. lo Costa Rica lts nc(s are relativelr"shnllos and rttr{cl rrry Nlexico. This archhelago hds preditoA. Another species.th. Lcatherback lufllc D?trto.h.lt\ two moreendcmic species rnd r rfi(.drl al\o ncstsrl lhat time. but rrs eslsare tu) dccp lor firost r lt$ endemic suhsNcieq of predarorsto dig up. During a l(f km hike ab g lhe isl nd belchcs. raccoontf:rck. and z ltraldog Fi! I Ttr\ Mdi6 rltln/\ Rutrri rmnals (No\ak. l9c)9). rs 2 ridlcylr.rcks. I leathcftacktmck. I PnL\.i 'i\uLar( l'li.r,: \: Dnt!t\. wcll as numerousendcnrc mck\ werc cou ted. During {:0 kn salk along sintlar beachcs speciesdnd sub\pecies of birds. nearYolcanC.borucoonthemanrland.6ridle)lfucks6common fettilcs.and i,errebrrtes.rDd someof lhe beltdi\ing sires on thc Rrccoon (P lltdr) lracks. I Whilc nosed Q)rti ll'rrtzDafl.1i) Pacilic co:rsiof Mexico. track. 2 (nay Fox (Lrl1na, , n,./.odr8.rrdrt), and more thrn l{) firal dog tracks$ere counted,and one Cloyorc (Cdnil /lrr./,rr) wrs lhe raccoonorisir.rlly occurredon rhenvo largcqlislands. sccn.This is not nccc\sari1],rn indicntx]Iloi low raccooDclensrty bLrtnow is believedto be cxtincron \,lrfi! Magdrlcna (subspeci.s on Nl:rd:rMadr.. bccausethere is r possibilit) th{t the specre\i! P. i. r'krr!i). lnd ro numbefless thrn 250matwe indi\iduals on largcl) co tlred to thc li)nsled mounrri$ of dre intefior. lnd/(t N1adr Madre lP. i. "ttuluti\). lt i! li\Lcd as thfeatenedbl lhe the !i.iniry ol hunun settlcnrcntsoo the casterncoist. Mcxicar governm.nt. and as End,rnlcrcdb) rhe lticN (Zclcloff. (Fig 2003).If thcpopuhtioresrimrlcisconecr,thisspecics rslherareil The Trii Nlrrirs IslandsRaccoon uicks :), found nt carnivorein lhc A rericas. thc intertidal zone ncrr Punta Clanra()nchico.were thc sane slze as the tr&ks of a large ,rdullCornmon Rrccooo (Fig ll.f'utthc Mafia Madrc Islandis volcaDic.I 45 kmr in si/e. t! irh centrai' nncprinr \las noticeahly\ider in shapc:75 mlll long lnd 7:l mm m)unlains risirg to about 600 m. Frcm thc rir. iI seemsto bc lcss \lide. in.ludnrg claw!. FofetriDLsol Conrnur Rrccoon are {bour than 20% tbrested.wilh dr) tropical fi)rcsLco\errng sonreol lhc 15 x 68 mm in Dorrhemfaces (Whitrker. | 996i Dnrers& Rotshild. uphnd areasabole 150 250 m. and humid trcpicrl fbrcsl limiLccl 19971and 55 \ 50 mln in southcmraces (R.id. 1997).The sifide lo r lew ravin.s on the sleepwestcN slopejust below thc sunmnl. wrs slightl] longer: 15.15 c r. as conrpdredto 20 10 cm tur Hufiranseltlcmenls are mostly coDlinedto lhe elslcm coasl.bul a Comrlx) Raccq)n uDdcrsimilaf .ondirions (l)inels & Rorshild R)rd runs long thc cntire length ol Lhcshoreline, excelt lor lwo 199'7). remote berchcsin the norlh. Ardusk.a pairofraccoons(Fi:.I ) w aslocaled and vidcotaped Since lhc carly 20'i century. thc islandsserved rs a penal in ^ lrcc in a small patchoiclense riparian lirest hing acrcck. nerr colony. wiih a hul1nn potulrti{n in lhe low llnusands. In April thc shoreabout half$ay bctweenihe noahernlip ofthe island rnd weilern corsl. The animals :003. lhc Solernment dc.lucd irsplxn Io ckxc thccolo.r'.,turn tlrc a lighrhousein the cenlral prn of ils (to i\landsinto a naturc rcscr\ e. and alk)$ rcsor(developnlent. Howc\ er' seenredto be relatirely lrure. rrd allowcd close alptr)ach accordinglo local residcDts.many ofthc inmaresrefused n) lca\c wirhjr l5 nr lio lheoee.tliLhlheraccoon\bcingabout5 nabolc h..nro r). JnJ'h( lur.rr(nl lheor"r,\_ r. .r ll u'r.rrlil ground). Atler rpprc\nnarell a ninutc of calml) wttchrng the observef.they disrppe.tredin denscthickets bclo{ The aninrals The ishDd\ a.e not well exploredscientifically. mostly due scrc pale-bro$n in color. with n)n]c gray on the rnrdcrpartsand lo acce\sdifficultica. Unlil 2001. thct were servedb) a lveeklr'd goldcnli t on the irils. a d seemedto be solnewhallrrgcr_headed hoat. but the servicerefoncdl) becameirrcguldr in 1003 lh.to Common Raccooris.No rocrlizalions $crc hea during thc

On November l. 200:1.I useda Ru\sian driler's licenscto rcnt r smalLplanc. llcw to the no(hwc\lern pa|t of Mdia Nladfe. Relerences Dinetr.V & Ro(hilLl.F v l99l l/drr,r^,t &^rrrl Nl\.ou /\lll lln

: No\rk R. Nl.ltr99. wrl*tr'\ irluuall 4f t,. lln,ll l'.]r,,. // BiltiNore .-.. rnd Lonilon Tlr. lohn llofln$ LiivcAir) Itc\. a Re{t F A L99l A ti.ltl t;rrl! k) nt lrrnnul\.1 (orntl Ark)ra tnrl S.ltlt.di Mttn. N.s lorl & OrnrN: Oxntrrtll'i'\.rnt! Pre$ \hrrk.r. J. O. lr 1)96.,\rr.rdl A1/1thtu S..to\ Fitltl ()tnl. to ti.nh \ntttd, Mo,n.l\ Ncr York AlUcd A Knrjl)l: Z$cloll. S I li)(r:].,\ oieq ol rlr. raronomrcrid.otrr.^lrn frlu\.\ of dre r.l)r.l '!...ons \D ll ad,1i\rn ('1,,w, :! l0 ll

t rt 2 hrtl\ .l tht I tat tltr?tr FiE 1 Ttuk\ .l th. (i,nrt.l 14215Longridge Rd., Los Gatos'CA 95033,USA l nrnJ\ Rtt r..r ttor)o dsrlxrtr ,(r..r.a ltocvoo l or Ph.b: l. Drn^ [email protected]

l0 Tiophic niche overlap of three camivores in a mountain area north of Varese (Lombardy - Italy)

Carlo M. BIANCARDI' and Laura RINETTII

Abstract rbove all in string ancllate sunllrcr. ar eraging I .,169nxn pcr year (spincdi.lr)91). The dici and rrophic richc overhp ol thlee spccie\ ot' .., r\o'r!. y"t"r the E rasianBidgcr M.[,r n.1c'. rhe Rcd ]ro\ Large broid lcavedu,ood in this srudv:rrer lf.l rDdthe PincN4a(enMdr'l.r/ndrferjwcfe aoarlscdrn an arer $ |er(:urer( 1(Jn. .,r lr./,//,.,,,;,,r' I d\r reft0.cJrh., r,|lr-\ I rhe Ilrlirn Prcalps(Alro Luincse. V esc.I_ombardy). t.Qu.trl h. ll.tun i,ral.i.,,n) rssociarion at!) as I .csult ol' btrman i er\ cntion.Pubcscenr Oaks (0r.,1.!r/rrzr..,r) arcrlso Thc conrposirion dilttrcd. but rhc thfee dicrs werc preserl oDdrierslopcs while Bccches(Fris, ' rtrd/i.a ) prclailon . lrrrrcrerizedby relelanr I tiequency o I occLrrenccof fiu its wh ich coldcr llopes and nore h'nnid laler. The onlyconitcr\ arc prcsent (r\ rlrc 'nain catr\c of the high olertap .tnong rhc Ltrfeetrophic due 1o limited i:rlbrestationactions drring back to rhc 1960s.tnd ri.hes. Howcver, the highef pirnka vrlucs of rhe IIom s and 1970s.whilc the higher legetation rr.a! cors(r oi rneadow\and rn(lrces$cre reachcd betwee bldge|s and i)\es. and Detseen trstures on which shccp bfeeding has now bccn abardoncd. r.\es andnra(en\. The voluIncin knal diel offruils ind veSerabtes decreascd fn):ressitcly chaogingftonr badgcrto tox ind ttrento Thc dict ot' the lhrce speciestrndef obseryrrion h.rs bcen nrll1er. and |he srn)c occuffed li)r the volume in toral dier of cst.rblishedhr theanilysi! of sa rtle! offaeccs{Biancardil,irl.. In\crtcbrates(rnsccr! and errrlrwonnt. Thc fracrion of vefiebraLc 1995iBiancardi& Riretti. 1002i Campanol/i. 200t). euanritarivc or rhe other hrnd. progrcssilely ffeJs. i crc.rsedirorn $e lo$.er (ldumetic fraction\) and qualirarive(fiequcncr-) datr h{!e been \rluc rn badgcrdier to thc higher in rnrnen one. frslirg thrNgh oblaiD.d on lhc larious conrponenrsof the dicr. Voluncn.ic thc intermediatelalue in lbx diet. estim. es ha\c beer oblrnred through the me{hod pfoposed br- K uuk & P.rish ( l9ltll. Thc affiDiryof rhedifnrenr diershas bcen Ket-$ords: M./es,?.1.,J. V rcr rutp(t. Mdt1.\,tun-te,, rened with Speannan\ rank conelarlon cocfficienr.br- gfouping Jiel. Lrophic nichc overlap. ILrly the conrponerrsin nine grearli)od categoncsuled in rhc reftrencc $orks (Biancr i et dl.. 1995. Biancardi& Rinerti, t002r Introduction Caorplnozzi.2001 ) On thc other hand. rhc indices(n rhe rrophi! n'che ove rf of Hor and I,jankr havc beencatcut.ted according Numerous datr conccming rhe djct of rhrec speciesol to Krebs s ( 1989) indicatl(nrs.rirtr r higher lelct of dehils dnd -,'Jrr'\orcslrving ii rhe Alto Luinesearea (the norrhernmostareir trking inlo consideratidrthe dillircnces betseeDrhe componcnts I rrretosn ofl-uino.in thePro!incc ofVaresc. LoDrbardl.ltaly) ol lhc diet lnsidc the lbod crtcgodes. Lh. Red Fox (yr4.,r I rh.r). ihe Eurrsian Badgcr (Met(s nelci .LnLithe Pinc Mafen llllnnet DLDtett hale bccn collecrcd oler Resultsand discussion rorc rh.rnter \crrs ofresearch(tsiancardi ./!1.. t995r tsiancardi \ Rrreri. 2002: Camtrnozzi. t00t). Red Foxes lrre rhc most Tablc I shors rhe frcqLcn.ies and rhc voluInerri. .\ trlet! prcscni camiyorcs in Lombafdy (Vigo.ita ./ d1. 200t1. pcrcentagesof tie various food c cgorie!. The anatlsis of $csc r h..e lhe) live borh oD the thins rnd on hills lnd rnounrainsup hgurc! clearlr showstheimpoftrnceol liuits in all rherhree species , r.{)(X)nr a.s.l.Lurasian Badge* ire al$ ertensi\ct} prese l in considercd.For Eurrsiin BadgcB and Red Foxcs fruft! wcrc the i r regbn rs well asin rherese.n{'h aren ( I iancaf.li& RincLLi.I 99E: most impoirnt categort. both rs licquency ol occurfenceand ! L.arrra.l.r/ pjnc .l00l). Onihe oLhc. hand, Mafens,whichhale !olume. Nhile for Pinc \'Iadensliuir! followed thc most io\n)ranr .r.r locatcdin the norrhcfn part ot lhe Lonbard ter|itory. are in calcgoryof m,rlnnl:rls.Thc Iurasian Badgerdjet urs distjngnjshed : - n.r.rI notirequcnily reportcd belos I .000 nl of aiLjrude( Vigorira by onlr" Inr ted prcd^tionon Vcftebrataand, lice versa b.- a targe ,r.2001). Ho$ever inthe AhoLuinese ircr theyare prcsent co )pone,rr01 A' Lhrcpodalog.drer rvirh tiuits.In rheRcd to\diel. -, rt r lowcr (l]iancardi altifirdc & Ri,retli.2002)Thjs work. on lhc other hrDd Dramnrls .ame sccond in abuDdanceThe '.h rsthercsultof lonsr-carof rescrrch,conp.rrcsthedieraDdditftreDccsberseeD frcquencies and voiumeric pcrcenlagcs,vere uothic niche of thesethrcc carnivoresin ofder to dcfine the \Latisiicalh'significant erc.ft tbr onc crregory.thc ycgerabteoDc, .1rion\hip betwccn rhe usc ol the trophi. resonrccsavailabtc which included (encludiDgfruirs od cereals) gra\sy nrarcrial. 'rlhoul thc r"earand Lheuse oflhe habitarrDd. as a rcstrtr.tbe r rts.seeds, ctc. Alsothe prcdatior on rctrites betlrecnRed Forc\ .r'bulrcr of thcse rhreespccies xr rhc sludy:uca. and Pinc Mafens and ihe one on bifds betwccn Red Foxcs and Eurasirn tsadgcrsdid lot show stat(ricatty significrnr differen \laterial and Methods '1'he "ConrunitiL , lenitory of rhe Montrna Valli dcl I _unrese The higfiestard most nrearingfulutues oflhc Spearman.\ .,{lnriuln ol n nicipaUricsofdre Luinclevales cxlendso\cr rank correlatnnrcoefilcicnr s,ereoblrined by cornprring the dicLs ' I kmr berwcer the can coastof Lake Maggiorc rd lhe Swiss ofErrusian tsadgcr!and Red Foxes.and thosc of Red Fo\ei and rd.f. Luinois themiin rowniD rhis arc{ (.16,,00 N.08,77 8) (n Plne Marrcns.while rhcrewas no corelatior bel*ccn rhediers of - prolincc of Varesc.The altitudcrunge\berwccn 200 and 1.600 Eurasirn Badgersrnd Irine Mirtcns tTable 2). .L\.1. (N{1. l.ema bcing the highestpeak) *ith a sub.oxsr rpe.are (N{cnnella. cii'nate 1967) and a!crage tenrpcrrtures Differe|ces rpteared in a deraited anrtriis ot rhc .:\.en +2 jnluly. 8'C m.lxnuaryrnd+20 9.C Rinrfa| iscopictrrs.compnents of the diet. such rs rheprescn.e of medjunr txrgesjzc

ll Iihle1'I|requen|\.o|o((urr0t.(|0)and.sti1|Llt.d\/|nuf(v)o|!h(|.aodca|.gati.sntheli(toJ

EurusianBadger Rr,l F"r

F{.Jt/. FON v1; FO7. v7a '72.2 Fruirs 95.0 6'1.1 51.9 58.8 21.0 I c€reals 3.i) .18.l ]].5 ,11.1 ] OtherVegetables 56.1 5.I Arrhropods 8t.6 27.8 IJ.5 t9.2 3.7 24.1 8.9 0.7 Nlammals 5.1 12.1 21.1 53.11 Rirds 10.6 9.1 t.1 ,19.1 1.t.2 Reptiles 5.0 0.7 Other tbod 2.1 2.O 0.5 8.11 l.l

mam )als (ungulates)only in Rcd Foi clier or fie absenceof there is litllc o\crhp benleen the l'lumsirDBrdger and the Pire eanhwomx in PineN{anen diet. Ho*e\ cr. Lhcrcwere also interes ng Mafen (Tablel). Acrurlly. this resultpoints Lo astr of-gradieni' analo!ics.Foracoreclirterpretationofthedrtrcollcclcd. weneed betweer a diet bascdo! vcgetablesand lnverlchrata,wilh a smnll to toint out lhat. togetherwitha seasonalpresence ol chenies,tigi. mte ofveftcbruta (Eut.asianBadgerl. andoDc m which lhe ratesof grape!and cumDa. chcslnnts$ere alwayspre!enl liom thc Fruils' vegetablesand InlertchfuLr are reducedand the Vcrtcbrrla rale crtcgoq,.as aresource inthe dielof thcscthrcc specres oicarmvores. increases(Rcd Foxesl up to a djet wiLh litlle conlribution of This feflect! thea!aihbiliry olrhisflxii neaflyallyerr round.since !egetablesand tnreftehrrtr {nd a larger fate of Vetuhrrla (Pine it can be preserled in lhc litlcr. lt is sorth rernenrbeing lhat \'Iartcnc),as shown in fig.l. rlLhoughchestruts contain r grcatqurntily ofglucides in the f(trm ol sr.rrch.they hale a high .ontcnt in prolei s ard lipids. whi.h This mid positiooofilre RedFox sccntsnot to be univeNal: conier a high energ.ti. c(mtribulion.ln the Eumsian Badgerdrct. in sonreregions, lor erampl.. Rcd Foies led alnrostexclusrvcl! on 'r' .h.JnLrr,.qhr.l uek fret'Ir r1r.rrFh.{rr.1( \eJr e\.epl lmrllmanrnrals. Ligonoryha and birds.Ii lhesecases Red Foxei Aulud. wai thirmain trophicresoufce \vilh ,rnannulllrcqucncy of can appeafless gencralisttha Mdfk'J sp. (Go!^rynski, l9lt6). occuncDcc FO = 76.2%( ts i:rncardi .idl. . 1995 ). chesinutsappeafed Conparcd with thc urlability ofthe rangc ol the ropbic riche of in the Red Fox diet especiallyin the winler rnd spring months RedFoxes (Cantini. 199 I l. Pine Martensgen.rd ll present a more (:ronualI-O = 20.5'.1.spring Fo = 3lt.:17) (Canrpano/ri,2{)01). tixed and typically camilorc onentedfood lpectrum (Dc Mrrinis Finally. cheshuts wcrt liequendy ealen by Pinc Mrrtcns i the & Masseti. lil95r Marthcsi & Nleflnod 1989). cold monrhs(annual FO = I | 5%, wintcr FO = 33.3c.) (Biancxrdi "\peciali^d" & RincIi.2{)02). Therefore.cheslnuts rcpresenl a reliableand good Alsolhc EnrasianBadge.diercaDbcconle lnorc qualit] trol'hic rc$urce lbrEurasian U.LdgcN.Rcd Fores andPrne in someafeasr in thcsccases lhe staplefq)dconsists ofeirthworms Martcns in the Alto I-uinese arca. thanks to their unbr)ken or. in somc cises, of cefeals(Krunk. 19139).Sone situaii{)n1can availability thughout the year. thereforeo.cur nr $bich EurasianBadgers rnd Rcd Foxespresent very litile olcrhp ol trophic nrchesN thcy arc concentratedon Thc niche olerlap indices,$4rich took inro consideration d iffercnl lrophic rcsources(Canova & Rosr. I 993: Kauhala?1 dl. .iLsorhe ditter.n.cs ibidc the nine ibod cateSori.s. showcd a 1998)or. vice lersd. thcrc crD bc siluationsofhigh lrophic niche felelant o\cr hp bd\een the Eurasianlladgcrand lhe Red Fox and oveflat in whi.h. r\in thisreseirchwofk. bothsp.ares show a more belweenthe Red fox rnd thc Pine Nlartentrophic nichcs. while generalislpropension (Cilmpalini & Lolafi, 1985).

Tahle 2. Sttdmn rank..rreldnn Llellitie lIt,) for th. r.lati.,lshb hetreen th( Frcq!?,.i.s ol OLtrrrtlt. I t0) dnd nk e$nidkd 't Vahlnts lv) oJ th. did of Lunsian BalKr. R.l f or dn,l Pi"e ruD1o. (p = 5isnili<'n,.. tevt, = \4nilitlrtt vtues)

FO

FlurasianDadger vs. Pine mart€n 0..11 0.27:l 0.51 0.t9lt EurasianBadg€r vs. RedFox 0.80 0.0r0* 0.61 0.079 Rrd Fox vs.Pine marten 0.70 0.052 0.16 0.02E*

Tahle 3.Ttor tlc Nich. Oretldr: Harn s I ddm.|Pianka Ind?t

Hom's EurasianBadgcr vs. Pin€ marten 0.53 0.:r2 Eurasiantladger vs.R€d Fox 0.80 0.76 RedFo\ vs.Pine mart€n o 1t) 0.67

t2 f i\ 1.Va|nnep?rc.ntige oJ vgetuhLe!, inr?nebtut.satul vfi.bftn?s Musrelidae). Arli So.. it. S(i. rdt. Musco.n. Slot- nut. I tttdl dk of Lmsirl| Budser Red 1:.\ nnd Pin( Mui?n. tttilxtto 139:51-61. tsiincardi. C. M. & Rineti. L.2001. Atrnenrazioncdella Manofa Mdrt.r nxn.s (L.,115E)lManrn1|li.r.Musrclidae) nell Alto Luinese(lialia settentrionalct.Atti So.. it. S.i. t!. Museo .ir. Stor. nxt. Miluno 112:165172. Canrpanozzi.F. 2001. Nilchii troJi.a ltlLu Vohk totsd (vLQct tube\ L., 1758,ttltl,maliu. Cdntulu?)nell Aka L nR'\?. Thesis. Uriversiti degli Studi. Milano. Canola. L. & Rosa.l' 1993.BadgerMe/"r n.1cs andfox y/llp.r r!4,.i iood in agriculrurrl land in rhc western Po pliin (luly). H1r/fi:rf,.r.l 5:7378. Cantnri.M. l99l Alimentazioledclh \olpc (y&t.' r,r./p.rlxr arcc bo\crte delle Alfi Orobie. lJ$/ri:r /n.r.l l:81 89. Cianpalnti. B. & l-ovarj. S 1985 Food h.rbitsrnd ifothic niche overlap of rhc Brdgcr (Mclcr nrl.r L.) and the Red li)x lyulry\ t,ultks L.) in r Mediterranean coastal area. ( Haling coDsidcredall this, we can concludc that. in ouf Z.S a u s ti. rk..5O :226 )34 De Marinis, A. M. & Masseri. .1udr rrca, Eurrsian Badgers.Red Foxesand Pmc Mafens sharc M. 1995.Feeding habirs ol-rhc Pine Mnl.n Man(\ .Lkn ol lix)d resources.which rhe) howclcr usein differenl says. nttu:L..1758 hEuropc:arclicw.Hr f//ll '.) 7:l:ll 150. Ihe originrlaspcct of!his trophic behaviouris rcprcsentedby the tr. 'Fruits" Goszczyski.J. I986.Die!of FoxesandMfftensinCenrralPoland. r\rcnsivc cxl'bitation of tlre crLcgory. $hich is not Act.t Theriol.. 3 l:19 | 5t)6. j.refally associatcdin Llerature with an Alprne and Prc alpine Kathrla. K.. I-aukkanen. rr\ironnleDt. lhis choice is ccrrrinl) 10be reiatedto the peculi.rr P. & liige, L !. 199U.Sunnner food . r\ ironmenraland rnLh()pic corditjors of the'lnsubrica Region '. cornposuio l]nd liDd nicheove ap of ihe raccoondog. rcd ln Iict. thc mild climate due ro the presenccol Lrke Ma-sgior€. lox rnd bldgcr in finlanrl.Eogruph\.21:151 463. - .'hich nitigatcs its defree ot' continenlalit).rDd favouA nrild Krebs.C. J. 1989.r.r,hsi..// ,r{,r/rololog_r. HarperCollins. Kruuk. .\,frers and liesh sumnrcrs enahlei the growrh ol fruir rrtcs. H. 1989.Zl" S,.i.?18d2ls?/. Oxfofd Universitr Press. Kruuk. H \lofeover. lhe descrlion of the typically tradition.rl agicultur.rl & Parish.T. I 98 L Fccdmgspccialiatxrn ofthe European badgerM"lsgic1.r in ,.n\ities ('1r nrcunlairregion andthe ongoingdcpopul.rtion have Scotland. J. Ar. tcdl..5():77:l 788. M.rrchesi.l'. .realedan opportunit) far the exploitntionofthis rcs(,urcc.which & Mermod. C. l9lt9. Raginrealimentaire de li martre I-.) (Mammrlia: ..rsil! auilahle both h cheslnnt woods and in fornrefly tilled \Martes,urtct dans le Jura suisse .nrJrs wcll as in \nnll tilled pitche\ of land near hanllets. MusLclidae). R. Suis\eZrol., 96:121-116. Me ncllr. C. 1967. Il clirkt l ltelia n?11?sue urdtt.riii(hr \cknowledgments rtri?td e qudl. fattore drrrni(r,..L/ /)d.rdSSio. Nrplcs: EI)ART (Edizioni,\nigirnc). Wc lvould like to think Dr. E. Banli (Dirccr)r) and the Spinedi.F. 1991.Slaro mcLcorologico 1991. RoU.Sac. Tit. SLi. .Ji.ntific ltaffofthe Civic MtrsctrmolNatunl History of Mila ; Natur., Lkgdno 80:11-80. )r S.Frcrnri (Prcsident) ardDr. S.OnetoofrhcComunitirMortana Vigorita. V.. Prigioni, C. CrDtini. M.. Zilio. A. & Ronrgnoli. L. \.rllid.l l-uinesetDf.F.ClanpaozzirDr.S.Kfoenrkef lbrhelpnrg (eds.) 2fi)1. Atldnte tlci Mdhtirilati d.llo Lombafthd. , irh thc Lnglish lersio|: specialthrnks ro Dr. L. Cagnolarolbr his Regione Lorrbardir. .,rn'ncnts rnd suggeltionson the iirll dirft of this work.

Refercnces I CentroStudi FaunisticaVertebrati Soci6ta lJrrncardi.C. M.. Ptrlesi M. & Rincrli. I-. 1995 Analisi dellr 'Alto Italianadi ScienzeNaturali, rlinronla/ionedel fasso.M!tur ,ic1es(L.). ncl | Luirese (ProvinciadiVarese.It.tlial(Mrmm{lia.Musielidae). -Ar; C.soVenezia 55, I-20121Milano, Italy So(.it- S(i. ndt. M6eo.ir. Sror.rdt. tttikl o 131:).65280. cmbianca@ tin.it ,lr.lrcardi. C. M. & Rineti. L. 1998.DistribuTiore dei sisreni di I Collaboratorof the Civic Museumof Natural tanadi 1rs$ lM.l.\ n.]?s L.. 1758)ncll'Alro Luinese (Pro!incir di V{rese. I-ombardi?.llali.r) (Mdmnralia. History of Milan

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I-l Observations on wild Wolverines GuIo gulo gulo in north east Finland

JelI CAIN

The wolverine cxld gxld is generallya solitrry speciesand Wollcrincsccnr mlrkc.lpinc sapUngs.tree slulnps and logs. smau is n('Lorxru\l) diiicult to observe. parlicularly at close range. focks and exposedealth nrund! uiing lcnral scencmarkingand Consequently there have been few documcDtcd rccounLs ol- uriDrrion. Brit sircs were marked ooly after ihe food had been sol\crinc qocial and parenlalbehavioLrr fionl the ground. renroved. lhe male rcF{tcdly trrgctcd one ilat rock lbr venrral nirking. Despiteheavy fainrdll, the swcct nruskyodour $as still In nr Scprcnber1ryJ3. I spenta rotal of 107houn oler a cleady detecrableon the fock s surfacc.Vcnlrrl nl.trkiig poslure 9 day periodinside an observarionhide (2. I x I m) locrred in old $ a! .hlractcfiscdwith r raisecllril rnd lheloweriog ofihe abdonrinal growrh boreal lbrest in the Kuhmo HuklajaNi fegion on lhe regionin clDjuncln)nwirh a mbbing nxnion thal lastedoo alerage Finrish/Ruisi,rn bordcr. Thc rcgbn supponed an esri rated 15 6secoods.Sceotedafe.rswereillw yssnillcdrtprn)rtolca\ing.The Wollcrincs lion a 1o1.tlFnrnish populatioo estimated at ooly 125 nrle defecatedon t$o occasioninca. thc c pry bait sites.Scats indi!iduah. htinland. wd!erines rrc listcdas\ ulncrrf'1cand arc $crc rlso liuid ltlolrgberrtriils. llr open nra|ihlandrnd ann)ngsl lir11)protected under the wildlife actof 1982. 1fie hide overlooked Lhehouldcr sk)pcs. Wolvcrines did nol usedelinedlatfine sjtes. and a snrxlllakerhit wasilanked on one sidewithhigh gfaoitebouldef scaiswere left uncovcrcd.Frcsh scrts wcrcpalegrey. odourless and slopes. Day and nighi temFfatures rvemged 25'Cl and l'C. conLrincdsplintcrcd bonelragmenls. One scat was full of undigested respectively.To attractwohefine\ b the hide {rer, f(r)d baiLs(tig otrLcr\kins rDd sccdsol crowbenieslhat had stlined the s.rt d{rk lat/]'onc) wcij randornlyconcealed under deep moss aod eafh. blue. weathefed \c.rtswcrc powdcr uhilc.tnd brnrle. \lcdged anrongstrocks amdsecul€d to trees. Thefollowxrgeveningll8:09 h) I obscrlcdrn adultlcrlralc After a 61 houf wait I obscrvcdrn adulLWolvcrinc chfins Wol\erine diggmg oul a bait andhastily carrying it uf 1ow{fd\ thc thenight (0.1:10 h). To n)llo$,theWol!crinc's mo\cmcnLs I used slopcs.Shorlly rller$,ards thelennle reapFrfed wilh lwo largckils : Ir1r:,rcun.rr\ul.| |l'rrn In.|$.,'.,ldr!(r.'l( l,Ll nrl'(dup (abourselen monthsold. nrxleand ftmalc). Thc iemrle wrs \ery !tcct'r)ck irccs. rrn lcrossnaro$ logsand throughfbreslclearlngs vigilant andrespordedinnncdiricl) t{)an} noisesuch rs bird alarnr \! ith speedand confidence. 11 was ,rtprrcDt thrL wol!crincs possess cails.The Woh erine sherring wasrcute. A n rlcr psturc iDcludcd excellenrnighl visnrn. Thc Wol\'enne lvar constanlly alefi and a r.iised head. ears foNdrd, tail lo$ {nd an rnrenrestare in the otien rearedup on hind leg! tu test dif.urenrs rnd !isurlly scan dirccti(nrol-thc disrorbince. At l8:15h. thewoherines suddcnly thesurroundirgs. lt waslery vocalnnd loften relocrtedit! position \rnishcdovcr r ridgc..\l 18:16h an adultnrale wollerine was due to the loud throatr_coughs it near continually nrade.lt rapidly obscrlcd ftmging oD lhc rnarsh.The male nrovedwith extreme tbund the hidden haits using rn cxccptnrul scnscof sncll. To c.tu(io and circled the hide. urinatinSon four occr! ns. bcforc rccu.rlel) pinpoint lhc li'od cdchcthe Woheri e moved its head approachingthe nee bair. The Wol\crinc reacled ro a noise I Lrpand down. and !niffed the nif wirh irs mourhcl$cd. Exca!ated inadvertendr-mrde with.r r spinr inarl. clrs lla(cnccl. a terr baiLs\crc cither consumedon sire or canied Io the forest. The grimacetand i! rctrc{Lcduith r prononncedstiff leged 8ait. The

Atlth Dr1l. \).1\.r,x Gr\) lrlti Ph.tu .ltll adnl Atxh 1.t,.!. \r.1\'.hr. Cr)o -!rt. t'h.tu .trll cditl td rrt/L:,nr Gtrlo !tr[] Pl!tt .hlt anr M.l. lh Wrh?tirt O0 o gulo ,\,/. /r! !,,r! /,tr \ t'hot.: J.ll ( lit

.i.r incd Wolverinesloppcd within60nr andsio$ l) rerurredro the nolcd that the femaleleli rhc kiL\ r!ith a decisiveand dnccLline of ..Lrr.Arlhc nulc ftd. thefenraleind Lrfokit\ wefeobser!cdiDrentl! nrvel. The bouldcr hahitat providedrncxccllcnl !rtefofrtreIeoralc ,.n.hm! the nale-s nrolemcnLs.The fenaie leli rhc kits on rhe Io lea\c Lhckits. lhe slopesollcrcd a prnne lookout posiriur rnd .. r.c rnd rrn down Io thc latc edge,rndserrchcd li). bxi!scoming h.rdnumcrous fer'ule roLrte! such as rock crcvices,olerhangs lnd .rrhin.l m of the nrale.Borh kits were tolally lbcuscdon the nalure lrcc\. Ihe kits stayedon fic bigh grun.l qhen rhe linrrlc .,|lie s.rclilitics.Ihe behrliourol lhcfcnrale ucar ure nr c wrs wxs auay and wcrc gcnerallvnaclive. .r\. xnd warl tsr'.contran Lhc male appearedindiffcfent and ,lrtlnued ieeding. The adult Wolycrincs displated a murLral Vocalisalbn\ bctt!eenthe Woherines u crc hcardon !e!eral rrance despitelhe closc pfoxinity of lix)d. No obvious occ.tsx)ns.I)ufing one obserrrrion the adult fenale \\'a\ li)raring th!!i{)ural or voc,rlinLcra.tion! occuned Thc prir had probabtt .rloncncar the hide and thc mrlc kit restedon ihe rocL scrcc. the \'.n In cont:rcrpre!r)usly and rhe m:rle rnosl likclt \ii€d rhe kns lc'nalc urteredthree hrd. shon gNils. The kil instanrll ran down rotrblv, the kits had simihr peh nrarkingslo rhc Drale). rojoil lhc tenrale.The piir nro!cd into the fd.est with lhc fcmrl. leadinglhe lrril. lhc lbllowioge!ening lhc adulrfenrale rushed Thc juvenile WoheriDcs pl{yfully interactd oD a tls over a ridgc in ..sfonse io a ruccessil)nol shoft rapid coughsbl, ...rsions. The kit\ also amusedthenrscl\'cs, and I observedthc onc (n both ofthe unscrnki1s. The fenale Lrsedthe carncbouncinr r.rlckit llinr on itsback kicking up clunrpsof mosswirh its hind g it lhit thc tduk nralehad Lrred$,hcn suddcnl) {laflned nearthe ..1$sWh.n thefemalebroughr i(xrdIl)ihe kirs.lhe nrlc kitenritted hide. .,\l .oughs rnd Fsrured aggrc\sivelywith ar ele!arcd tril. hack i, r.risedrndrulhedturuard The lcnnl. leftthetoodudcrlmly I had thc opponunit! to oblerle a Wohcilc s rcxctionn) .rlk.d xwav. The lernalc did not actireh' dclcnd ! food source a sounclrmitating a distressedtudcnt call. Ihe mrle kit was o lhc fnr thekit! evenwhcnltcdmg Ihenulekir Nrs lrrgerandmore rock slopc aboul.100lrl fionr thc hidc and feadedto rhenoise wirh ,,trustlhan both hi! siblingand the adulLl.male. ThreeWol\crnres an alelt poslure.Thc WolleriDe st:n1edto sralkcarclirllr- dow$ill 'rmrle ard ki1\l rcmainedir drehide arc! li)r a fudrer thrcc d,tls wiLh an rlnlosl lelioc.rppcarrnce,keepins irs bod) ind hcld k)r nJnight\. Thcadultfemale andlhcmale kitwereclosecomtanion! to the gronnd rnd using {ll avxil:rblecover ro conccrl irself. lhe rJ thc tair often played. groomed nnd tbraged tog.thef kit dis:rppearcdanr)ngst the ruggedlenain. but I hca(l movenrenr L,l\erincs grcctedwi{h a touchol noscs.Ihe lelnaleinitirlcd all rt theback ofrhc hidc. Sh(r1lyrfteN ardsI obser\edrb. mrle bxck r fe.t movemenls.choose the fouteard led lhc trai| . fhe temnle kit oD thc slofes. The predatorytcchnique rhat this young Wd\erinc ,r\ ditlicL t Io obs.rlc rnd renrainedon the rock slopesavoiding displaycd indicated that wolrcrinc\ could have rhe abilir\ ro l)en.r.eas. Thc fenale kit lennal marked on ore occasion.The secufelj\e prer' rir r \Lcalthapproach. f.Llekitsonreli cs m.de shor solitaryibr.ils lnd regularlyscenr rrrrlcci l(D! objects aod !egctation wirh ventral rubbirg {nd Acknowledgments 'natron. Ihe nrale kil rnarkcd the same sires thar ha.l heen I cxtress my srrcerethanks to natuf. fhotographerAntli r.\'ously usedby theadult rnalc. Thc kit alsosce t rnlrkcdinthe Leinoncn fof !11his etlorl\ in ge(ing mc iDtoWol!efine counlr). resenceol lhc adult nrdle.When the mrlc kir ti)rrged alone.lhc His toral dedicaliu rnd Ino$tedge of ihe fbrell rnd ils tlildlife Jult ttnale mo ilorcd its mo\ements and adjusre.lhef posrrion shinesthfough his so.k. Kiit(^ Anti. , mainlain yinul conhct.

Thc Wolverines $ere auractcdro the sight a d \ouD.l of 39 Carlton Crescent i,^cn! aolrrr.r/d.r and thc cor\id! were ako iDrcrcsLcdin North Cheam,Surrey SNI39TS, UK .\o1\eriic rctivities.On o c occrsion1 satcbed lwo ciciL.d [email protected] |lens lbllowing r Wolrerine rralelling rhrmlh rhetoresl.I oiien

l5

Ecology and conservation of the Palawan Stink Badger Myilaus marchei Huet, 1887

PeterWIDMANN and Indira WIDMANN

Introduction 'lhe genus r t/rnrr onlr- comprises tuo spccic\ and i\ i:strictcd to StrDdrhnd. Thc M{hy StinkB dger,l,/r ddr \jat\r e sis i\ rccordedf.onr Sumatra.Ja!a. Uoreo aod the Nrrun lslands (Nowrk. I9'l I i l)avne./ .r/..1985) Oneoftheworld sleastk o$n brdgcr stccic! is thc I'rhwrn Stink Brd3er Mr!/.rai ,ndf.r.i. tt i! ender)ic Lo LhcPrlx\rD islaDdgrouf. $hi.h js sitluted henleen Bo.nco nd oceanicl'hilippiDes (Heaney./ d/.. 19913).Poluicrlly. Pala\la isaftorinccwithftLhcPhilinrnrcs.Howc!erinbiogeogm phic:rlterms.the island group lorns rpafl ol thcSundric Subrcgn)n \\i1h cksc.r1linilics to Bornco.Thc hn hndconnection io Bomeo s . Ji.,rlr,J :rh... t,iinnn r.rr. rg.. du

Taxonomy Ecology

itl\lus ntuft h?i tl;ll:ctsl:tom M.t^dx.rilr by smallefears. Litllc i\ knosn rhout the .colog." ol LhcPrh$an Stink a \lnnrcr t{il and hfger teeth (Nowak. l99l). lloth specieshave Badgcf. 11occurs in , wi(le lrfietr'nof hrhitac. l1 was obserled in c\cD f'ccn scfrrated on generic lelel. rhe fbrner being ramed lo\l{nd pfimrry and secondafyfofest. in shruh and grusslands. Suillota\us ,nr.h.i lLrwrence. l9l()). A diiler€nt taxon. .4t. frcshrlrter !w{mf foresr rnd even qithin \cul.menls. ln l$ahi! r.lar.,b.rxii, $rs dcscribcdn). thc Crhmirn isllnd gnmp nofth Pe|al Colon). Pueflo Prnrcesa.a sri k brdger could be obserrcd oftrrlawrn. Now u is conrideredas a \ynonl li)rM,natu h.i(Lonf :rt the landwird edgeof angro\e. & Killinglc). 198} Wo/cncrnlt. l99l). Hosever. Cobett & Hill Thcauthors $crc luck)todi!co!crrdcn withir onl) twcnly ( l9q2)faiseddoubtswhetherseparallonon spccics lc\cl isjustilicd. mererslionr the gnesrhousear lhe c rpus ofthe SrarePolyiechnic corsideringthc v$irbility of M. idrdn.Bit. yoffhometric CollcgcolPrhwatrin Ab(nlan.whcrconc bidgcrcould rcrdill bc neasurenena ol bolh \pccics o\cflap rnd rccof.ling t() l-ong & obser\cd and phologkphcd (Fig. 1). Thc den tra\ \ilurtcd in r Killiogle] (1983). rhe only errernal characrcrto distinguishboth drainagepipe n lhe nrlmedirle !iciniry ofr rlrely trequerrteddust li)rmsi\notcon!istcnt:thewhitedorsalsripeusuallv reachesthe rord. lt s.cmcdro bc inhrhitedby onll onc indilidurl. $hi.h r'lnmpin M /rrrr,"niir. whcrc{s il doc\ so r{fel),-'in M. "x1tch.i. usual1)lcli its \hcltcrbcrwccn 18:15 rDd 18:35hours. sccmmgl) Thc,""state thatM.J.rf.rxzfi is usuall) darkerthanits relatlveliom undiltu$ed by people.tfaffic. ard eren bfight flashlight. KNuk (1000)obseNed one aninral digging an iDnrntdcn in thedaln Sevendifierenl indiliduals obser\ed in tbe $ild. ho$c\cr. sepamtingtwo prddr- ilelds. Atter about lLle minLrtesol diggrrg app*rred Io be blick or \cr) dlltk btuwDin thc light (t r lhshlight the de| \\as deep enoughthal the animrl was compielely oul o1' orrhe headlighli ofa car.The dorsalcrearn col(rcd fur patchcsol vghr. fi\e of these indiriduals (iwo could orny be seen trom behind) Dogs or crts do nol usu{lly sc.nr 10 bolhcr,l.t. ,krr.rcl, cltcndc.l lionr lhc top oi thc hcad down rlmost to the shoulders. prcsum{bl}bccrus.ol it\potcntirltocxcrtteinausealingchcnricrl similaf to the live animal sho{'r in Fig I None of the ob\erlcd froln its anal glxnds which is repolled eleD to s!,netinresmake rniInalshrdt{tchcscx!.ndingbeyondlhe!bouldefs.OnespecilnenhumanslrinL (I-ong & Killinglc). 198:ll.StinL bldgcrs irportcdly tfoln Busuangalslaod rD the National Nluscu Manih shows do oot usetheirchemical defense fegul.rrl). but occa\ionalll feign roughl! the sa c cxtcnl ol tho prtch. but lcs\ dislinct. Anolher dealh a d lhen lr) to escaper a inpposedlr_unexpected moment. specinen \\'ilhout locationhas oDl) a snrll rD.l indistirct cn)wD Local people se!eral lines rnisedour artentiof to distincr odors fatch on rhe head (Fig. 2). which reportedl! orig'nxredlionr l]xntots. Bolh \t.cics seem1o differ in behx\'lofandhabitatselecrion. Likc in oLhcrbldgcb. rhc main dicl ol lhe Pala\rn Srink The l\4alayStink tsadgerrepofedly lbfarer in lroups of I$o or Brdger consisls of $ornrs and n)il dLh()pds. Krtruk (l(100) Ilrree (Yastrma. 1c,)9:lJand inhabits nrntanc areas.often higher recordediicshwaler crabs.and severalinrecls. amorg rhem mole than2.100 nl (Long& Killingleyil9ll3: Whilten !/ r1..1996).Thc $ickets and small beetle\which aredug out in tiLs, usullt I 6 cm Palisan Slrrl Badger \a.rsso lhr onl) obscrlcd t() roanr xround iieep. We tourd leedrrg placeswith supeficirllr disrurhedsoil \ol(aril,r. FLrrthe.rnoreis it connnc'nii lhe lowhDds up to rt lclst coverng up to o.5nr'eachalonr snrallrivulets. Kruuk (1000) 100 m allitude. Howeler. no infbnnarionis presentl)i!.tilable on describedsinrilrr feedin8 tlrces in ricc paddicscovcring I 2 m2,

rl.h he tbund sinilar t1) Lhoseof BeardedPig Sus barbatus Although the l,al{warr Stink Badger probably has not srli c.cdliom coDveNionofprinraq rosccondrry lin estof shrubland. v. ,mr.r.i pretersarcrs with soft loil forforaging. This i! ihe fiulher alleration Lo graslland or peinanent rgricuhrrc ma! '. .xsc in nmsrhabititswith prc\ riling uoody vegetalion.bul not l]oseathreat 1{rthe sni!alof the ipecies. Kruuk (2000)rcpofted furc gra!\lands where cxtcnsiverxJt svsremsnrakcs digling the speciesii prddyli.ld! in Aborlan rnuricipaiir,"-which are rli.ult. l)uring thedr) scasonthe badgefwas obserlcd patrclling inrbeddedin shrubhnd {nd treeplantations. We liiled t() spotlighr Ds s'nall ltreanN where the soil rcnLined danp. KJuuk (2000) thespecies in more extensivc arcls underrice culilation wirh only -f,trd.d the speciesIo tbragc in trddy fields. tew hedgerows lcli in thc neighborjngnlunicipilit) ol Nrra. Besidesworns ,rnd athropods fruit\ .irc rtlo corsuned Thc increaseof cartraftic duringnight lime may negrtilely )\.rripc mangoesand tnits ol ,Vdr.Lrl ofirrrdlir uere rakcn affectthe speciesducloiLs irdiffefence tothiskind ol lhrtrr. Rodd h.n experinrenlall]-erposcd nc the den.Figs Fi.,r sp.,rs well kills were obscr\cd betweenl)uerio Pnncesa Ciry andNarr{. Also . rso speciesof uild mlngosleen G.trriniu benthani ^nt G. other wildlilt likc rhe llalawar Pangolltl Manis elion?nris, the i,, i/i'rra were reiecrcd.In one occasior.a churncd arcr ofcr. 3 Palauin Porcufine H\.\trL punilus. Corn ron Monit(,. I-i7ad rrundefmass fmitng G,i,.? /r/.uolr.// ' uas fbLrnd.Howcvc.. it t/.,/d,,r ral,rtof. rDd scvcrrl speciesof soake. r n!'red unclear.iflhe badgcrwrs after the lruits orrlrclikcwise lI i\ nor known in how far stink badgersrre llltcrcd by .u da 1 nrsccts(mainly beetles). disc.$esof domesticanimals. Rrbic! is p,rdicularly widesprc.rd Onlv iirDileddataon the repfoductile biology area!ailable. and conrmon in Palaw n. pidicularll arnong\hry dogs. \ tu\ enile was colleciedon Novenrberl0 and a young on March ^ rLong& Killinsley.198-l). Acknowledgements we qr\r' ro th.n[ Rollnd ltclisch (W\\F G.rmai)] md Rollnd Conservation wnth (Zoologi.aLSocidy J.r lhe Consen.lron 01Specie\ and PoN arl.i\. (ieirnxnr) ld useinlconnncris on carlierve6ions ol thenranus.rlft \\c !re grnleltrllo all lhc qlio slpporledourrcsclrch in Pala$dn.lnpafiicll.. Thc P,rhwanStinktsadgerislisted as Vulnerable'by IUUN J).otl. Dr T Sllvr. Dr. F..C.srillo rnd J Nrrdrco\lrom SrlrcIrolytechnic Collegc llr0l) brsed on the crilcrir 'Extent ofoccunence cstimarcdto be of Pil.(.n. SregliedII Dia/ md Dcborahl) Vlllaluene liom Philft nc .,\ rh.rn20.000 km' or rrea of occupancl-les\ rhan2.000 kmr. and C..karoo Corser\nltunProgram and th. Kuchtr linril_" ..ril).rlcs indiclling a severelyiirgnenrcd [pt'ularion] or know ,.\i\t rt Do nroe dur len loc.rliursrDd a continueddecline, References ,r.red. obscrlcd of projecredin arel. exlcDt rnd/or qualu) of C.rbe(ll.C. B. & Ilill. J li 1991 7hr "nnnnt\ otnt( hnntnatdrat R.qn,t .,hirt (IUCN. 2002). Howeler. M. nd'.l"i is not restrictedto d rrr!,,"rt /.ftlr O\fod: O{lbrd Lrdilersitr Pre$. ':rn r\ f(tred!, an ecosystc ) \hi.h is declinirg very l.lst in Gnhwood. L l9?4,.Th. Palaqannirl brdler. O^.r llr :97 '.,lrwan. He&c!. L R l9il6 Biog.ographJ of hrmmrl \ D SE A\ia: cstlnratcs It scc is Lhatrelatrvely high popul.rlion densitiescar ol ralet of colotriT.rio.erdnrtionandspccixrnmrbl -/ t.tnn.Sor.za:121 ..uf in sccondarylbfests and shrublands.and the badgeris even 'no$n 1othrjve in cultivaledxrcrs (Cdmwood. i976). Thcrclint Ileanc\.1R. B!lcre,D. S.-Dol[.N{ L.. Alcala.,\ C..Datrs. A. r'..(;!.zrtc\. ...oncur with lcuul (2(J00)thrt M. ,otr.t does not qnalify P.(r.lDgl..N R -Lepilen,M. V..Olivcr.$ L..ODC.liS,Rickd, nrlcr thc category 'Vulnernble'. B R. Tablranzr ll. R .rr & I jrluftn. R C. 1998A \r-nopsisolth. ma'nn'aliadlxun! 01 rhe Philiptirc inrnds ri./rln,rr Thc \pccies is usually not hunrcd br- a l{gbanua erhnlc 2,,/. Ne$ .,lDnrunrLyrn southern Palawan.bccrusc of it! pungent smell IUCN 2002 2rr2lti(,\n ./lit&till.dkrrdt)..r?1 II:CN w$s.redhl.org lr.err.r & widmann. 1999). Hosever, sone menrbersol the Kmk. H l0{r0.Nore on thenxLus and rbns nS.f thcPanror or l,al.$ nnninli l'Jll \rin elhnic pcoplc regulafly sralk it wnh dogs and know ro badger.,! /"r rdr.l.i tthdl (itDtilrr. (:ons.D.22:lI 12 .rno\c thc anal glands to allo\l hu )rn consumptioo as lbod I-!..,n!.J.D D & widnrann.P. 1999Bn n.rsiryurlll/itioirnnrrgbanua comNr0iry. \\ idonnn. unpubl. data). Yer, this seens nor k) be a significrnr sourhernPllxwrn. Phillptircs Pro..cdliEsol the lncniatioDal(rdrf.rence on Appliel Tropicrl Ecology.Sct 8 10. :,rin of thepopulalior. | 99|J.Varlas SrrreCoilcgc olAerlculturt. Blyha!. I el1e.Phrlippnres: llredatnnrb) or co )pctiLi(m$ilh doDresticiredanirnals i:6.1 ...nrs nol io play a signilicrnt r)lc in the populariondynrrrrics ol- Larrence.B. I919 Nramnriislt\( t,l1rttionsfi. th. PltilOtnE Inn,A.s1s. i)rlrwan Stink Badgcrs.Howeler. Long & Kilinglc) (1983) state T Blfhour-1r. La$ren.e & J. L. Peter\,2a-13.Br ll nht\ Lon! lool. lj6(2):15llN. hr|natile civets and crts' Ic.d on stink badgers. L!.g. C. A. & Killifgl.y. C A 19u3.Thebutlryrc ol t11.\.a, /rl. StriDgficld- USA] Chrl.s C ThonB Nosir. R. M 1ir9l. Wa^et jtunn l\ t)l tk ta'lrl vo! IL Filth.tl llllliniore ud London:The JohnH.fklh Uriv.rsi! Pre$. Prr-ne.J.lrancit. C. Nl & lihillitpr. K. l')8j.1ildrride tu)nL t".,r,t1\ ,,/8..,... Koln Knrxbx[L]Thc SrbahSocicly $lth wwFMrlxrrin. WhificD.1.,Soenrah rn.R.E. &,\nfl S A t 996 t h( rt olorr ol lt\ d dd Adli. Singaforc Pcf pLus. Wo/cncrdti.W C. I 9.r1.Order Cdn\ orx. lir rtld"undl s|"na t)l tln r d Ll. cdt D. !. wrLo.&D V. Rccdc..179 :1.18$ldritretoraddLondon: smth\onrar ld(ilulion Pre$. Yxnnnr S. I 991 Dirvit ion lo drcounnrxls ol Ebr KrlinranrdnPxifttlr 'p..tu! hlbliuh&\ No :1.Slnrxrindr. lndonetra

Katala Foundation, P.O.Box 390, I li /r,, v,/ Li.f ol lltldflut Stilk Bul,(!t tith.kt laanu aj tlt.liltnrtut PuertoPrincesa City 5300,Palawan, Philippines I t*x,t jtrtt tht \nall .rtl trt!teikt tn\n t,t nI h..t1. l,lDn, t)urh [email protected]

n Hose'sCivet, Diplogalehosci

H. VAN ROMPAEYTand Mohd.AZLAN J.

HosesCivetrDl,sdl./,,r"i(Thon s. l89l)mr) \cllbe. lo.s.1hcrw ith Lo$ e ! Olter Ci\ el Cr nogr l. rar.i andthe Malabaf ( lr.r i/nr,r? , n ./t),. oneol Asia s lersl kno$ n vi\err'ds (Fig. I ). From a specimencollected in l89l by C. Ho\e on Mt. Dulil in N. llomeo.Thonus (1891) crcltcd r ncw spccics.gi\ing a shorl ae*r.tror.l.'l,uelrrlp 'r ,r )/'r,Ito'h'h\. r..rJ.\rr, i\( dercriptioJracconrfanied b,""r colour plrt. ol Lhc rnimal and d.a\!ingsol dresknll.

Taxonomy

Fi! I Altl",tlh thr lhrb i r.t t1!.t !l)i\ ^ ti.hrblr Hrr' r ai,. Drnlogrlc Thomas (1892a1dcscribcd lhe neu speciesrs H.rriral., j,t h.\ei thnr) rrrylx\l Iuritl Etrindt \tiltllilt S!nrttut\. ldILd(. /Jd,r.. ,o1.i. changedirto //.,,isdl!' l,'?i bl Trouc\\irt ( llic)l1lll99). Thom:rs(19i2) lburd the diffefent shaF ofthe murlle rnd t{laLc. the double tuoted P . xnd other differcnccsir thc lccth. rs \cll as whiskeA qhite. Chcck b.low clc and a pirch aboveand behind it the csscntial dilltrcnce in tbc prllern of coloLrrationthe chief grizzlcd brownish $hite. Ears lhinlv haired.furc whitc on lhe; feasors lbf distirguiihirr t)ipl.ga|. tiotl\ H",riqd1,r. Chisen innerusNcL, cdgcs ir nrrrkcd contrastto bhck croin. Chin white: ( lq.l0) rcrurncdLhc \I'ccic\ to gcnusfi.,ris,1irr $rthout comment. chcsr.bell). a d rllner sidesof limbs prorimally snmk) Iclb$ish rnd Ellcnra & Ntorriso|-Scoll (1955) deemed/)lplogdl? lrlid gfer'..Rest of the limb! rnd wholc ol tail blicl (Thomas. lU92b). as a suhscnus. Th. gcnus,vt,sdl" $,rs recognizedby Pocock Pocock( l93l)lbund thehinder p t ollhc thr)rL. Lhcbrdrst bothin l9l5 and l9ll. I)alis ( 19581lbund thar thc Kclabir senes aDdbclly \dlms lionrclusk) greyish broun n) clernwh'1.. of specimens .onfimrcd Pocock s vic$ rnd rhaLthe rnorphologicil Brnk\ (1931)rennrled: -lhe shape,Ind siTc rnd pati.ulrrLl diffcr.Dccs bcL$ccr Je,rrrnb ard lror.i, together wiih the rhelo g oeckresembling H.,,i8nlr! d.,r,i?ur1 could u.rke ir pass characteristichigh rhitudc distribution ol ,os"i. indicatedmofe li)r r nrclanismol this specieswefe it not lin lh. qhiLc mlrking\. It ftan rpccitic distinclion. hls thesame \Lhofl oDthe shouldcrsand the sanrebtack ridge dovr Holdype:Nl,rle.skinandlkull.Cxt. No. BMNII 1t192.2.7.1the neckN nr J.r,\?rrxri so rcrrmeswhite hairy ea|\ as offosed to llondorl. Nlt. Dulit. 1.100m a.s 1.,N. I1 Bomco. l0 Sctrcmbcr ihe grey sprhely co\crcd (nrcs.llrc nasalstripe broadening out on I891.Cl. Hose. ihe forehe.d: rhe lesligial cyc stfipc lrnd particulrrh the whiie on thenru771errthcbrscolthc$hiskcAdillerentiateitlrornd.rh\dnus . Local names Drris (1958) lbund in the four Kclabir spccinrcnslirtlc colour vrriation: they rgfeed $ith the cldicr dcscriptn)n\bentg Tani(in Dusun.Srbah, Banks. l93l), Toni(in KadaTan. dark bfo$n. rhcPa Ddli spccinrcnbeing paler than the trto fron Pa Sabah,J. Hanison.196.1) rnd Musanghitam pud,rr(m Mah). ArDur,a d the Bario specinens heing slightly rtrltsccnt. Srhrh.l. Ilari\on,1961). Thc white whislers rre verylorg. reachingh{ck bchindthc crrs(Brnks, l9l I ). The leet ffe pallly sehbed with patchcsoihr; Distribution bcrwce rlrelbolprdslPayne./.r/..1985). K.Phillipps(,r/r.1.).who Hosc'sCilcr has rhuslir o ly beencollec(ed fionr and sa$.afreshlykillcd animrlfunc ol llteanimals discussed in Frrn.is. obscrlcdnr Sabah, Sar.t\ ak. and Brunei. all inN. E.Bomeo (Fig.2). 2002).sLatcd 'it hrs r surprisinglylarge !nou!. somewhatlikc thrL Saruwak,Nlxlaysin: Mt. BatuSong (Hosc. l89l): Mr. Dulu(BI,lNH-0.2.1.7. Ch:rJ(ref H.'.ir)t, \ \ \lir \fur 11t92.2.7l. 99.11.9.11): Bario. Kelabit Platcau (FMNH 7.1275: CSL 9r5'J .1 95.9 9l (j 9i.5 MSKuchnrg-o1It3/19'18):Mt. Kalulong (BM N H 1950.88;51.188);Clll 91 | :l 'r1.1 ql .1 !6 5 P.rAi rr.E of Brrio IFMNH'81j2')Eil)avis. 1 958)r Pa Dali, SE ol ROL :llt I I 1.1..1 I|6 162 Pl\L 50 0 7 16 9 .ll'r .19.6 Bario(l)xvis. 1958). MAX 176 7 tl.r :151 199 Sabah,Nlalaysia: TYt\l L:l9 I 15.0 1| 16l Mt. Srlekan(RI4NH 11568)r Mt. KinabrluIBMNH- CAN L6lt 7 16.0 .10 ll l 9.1.6.82iNMB I 025670): Tcnon. 55 niles Sw of.Crocker Range ROll 21t.1 7 l0 6 19 2 ll.9 (BMr\"H-71.30.17):Rirangisan. Crockef Range (SM NH 26lli toB 11.1 7 ll rJ L60 19.1 12 1l 16.l (un.onfirmcd PAB 2,1.1 7 2J 6 l'rrDcis. 2002)! Mounl KinabalLrNational l'ark Z\G .1,1.9 7 .154 llJ 5 1ll i \igbting,Diners. 2003). uRu .l0.il 6 l0 6 19.3 ll l Bruncir t\lAs 192 1 295 111 10.1 Behk)ngrMarrbok (ZNIBerlin-1.1291): Pondok Busifi BRH 21.11 5 21S 1,1.0 16 I C:rmp.Ulu lenrbu(,rg NarionalPark (unconlirmedsighlmg. N1AL 68.1 i 66 I 60.5 69 i NjAN 11.0 I t' I r5.1 12i li.ancis.20{)2). cNlI 2l.E r ll.1 18.6 l5:l ldentification lir!.tr t. cnttul ,t.dtr.ti.r^ /n,,,,rJ,, Ddo.ealehosei H.tt|p.:.ttrll nt1!r. LIMnll 1ti92.27 | r, ru,nhrt i :r(irn!n\: X. Generrl colour abovcunifornr dtrk srnok),brown or black, CSa. at.. Jfr: LIl ll .h.1|rri\ tnl t.nn\,r\ it1 Smtll th. brscs ol thc bodl hairs shilish. SidesofmuzTle at the rootsot (irrr\.n (.r\.1trtn,t 2I:I2

l8 ''E\ idcnceior thepedumeglinds. sinilarto tho!e de!cfibed r rhenrale,gsnisa1i^ b) nrr-1elfand in fenales by Mivarr. is ro bc \nd iI) lnnc olthc madeup skrns (Pocock.1931:1000). IIB:.172 5,10nrn I: 29E-l35 nrnr HF: 7,178 nnn (Par-ne.t r. 1985::l spccimcn!)Ear: 39 nrln weighr:Ca. 1,500g. Skull ,e,rsuremenlsare gi\cn rn l{ble L

Habitat and status Loser rontancnn)untarns nnd nutul€ mixed diprerccary '.re{. Collcctcd/('bscncdLrelween,150 m (Francis,200:) lnd .700 m (Dnrcrs 2001). lhe lafgest series ol Dil,sdl. c\.r . t)llecledliom onc locrlity consistsoftbuf specime scollccrcdb) I HxffLsonberween 19.15 and 19,19on the Kelabit Plateiu in N. \rrrw.rk. Thi\ cruscd hinr to consider,i/,adl? ro bc connnon ,hole Ll00 m in the Kclabir utlands. pafticul.fl) m nrosstoresr \lcd$ry. 1965).On the otherhand. J.I lrrison (196,1).writing on 'I r! nr{mnralsof Sabah.st cd: knou nothing of rhis anim:rl. \ hich ppearslo be rarc". EilherHosc s Civct is very rareorthe mountarns!srcnrs ol r.ilhern Borneo hi!e nol yct bccn tho()ughly explored.or bolh. ' nrofe lhan a ccnrurl rlier it! discoveryonly ca. 17 spccnncn\ -,rld be tracedin Inrsennr collectionslDd lherc,s flo reeoruor /)//1,(d/., hcing collected .rfter 1981. S*r/erhnd: RNINE Nxnml's. Lc1d.i. Tli. \clh.rlrids. SNI Srbxh N16en. Ethology Korn Ki|rbrlLr. Sabah.NIal.!six: ZNI: Zorl(i:r\.he\ N1u\etrnr.Ber in. aremxtrv Next to nothing is kno$ on the hdbitsan.l libd of Hose s I r\cL.T.Ilarrison (Medway. 1965)fbund ir iargcl] Lcrrcstrialin Rel'erences rrl'r1,butoneof hisspecnne swaslisrcdrs"Injungle (tfeetops) . Brnl\. F l1l.ll. A popular x.coudt ol rh. hrirdiJ\ ol Brnco J Mdld 6r "Snared , )rherlabcls sLrtc: h Jungle" and Single'. /l.rr n\t J,, . gil) l1) 'Ihe (lhi\ed ').10 lorg taciai $hiskcrs and hairs betweenrhe tbopads F N A hrndli:r ol Ntxlxwxtr ramnrxls. ,\q{.di!i. li{,,1 tl'e mrmmrls ol rhe Mrla! pcritrsula. Suniaor. Bo,i.o rtrd L\x. .LLlgesrit ruy speci,rli/cin fongin: fof small amnals in no\\) id(rLLd,n! Lhe Jdjr.ent inxll ilixndt ,r1l. Rrrllt?i ttr\. )5:t 2t9 \)u ldersand srreaus(Pa) nc .r d/.. I 985) andone of thecollccrors Dav,\. D D. 1958 l\lrnnnll\ .f rhe KelabI Plded'. Do(h.rn Siri!.L I Hxrison)noles said: Food:insccts. anrs (Dxvis-1958). l nltnrtu zrrt.. 19:)19 t]7 PayDcet lI1.(l9lJ5) statedir is prcbrbly noctunrl. Both D,ncc. v l00l Rc.or( of lnxll .imivok\ I'ldn Nlornr KidrhrlrL. Silrih. Bomc. S"Lrl C,n,f,,? a.ri.,r. l8:9. . Shtnrgs(Francis. 1002: Diners 200:ll wcrc no.turnal and on rhe Lll$mrd. I R & M.iir!)n Scon. T. C. \955. Strtltniot b (hu\!, t1910) jroLrnd.respecti\cl) rt 22:00hand 03:00h.A spot-lightcdannnal A hnndiiy .f M.tu\\ar1 ,L,,,2/\ l-.nd.i The Tru{ee\ ol rhe irlkcd tarallel to a trail and ipproachcd rhc ohserverto as lirtle Briri\h MLN.uDr. .s 5m (l)inets.200-ll. Frxnci\. C Nl. 1001. n .bs.r!ah.r ol Ho\c \ Cirrr in Brunei S,J"// a.rnn.t. (i,r:.^ . 16:16 UxfisoD. J L 96.1 in utt.lutnrL b tlt. rtt,rr.l\ ./ 5rrrr. J!\nlron .\cknowledgements srhrh so. ery. Wc rre gr,rtefulro the cuiuors ol lhc BNINH. l.ondon: llos..C 189:1l..1 /.adi?rt? drr,un t'fnr nrundlt d tla\u Llndon L. Abbon |\INH. ChicagorMS. Kuchnrg;NNIRII: Bemt RNINH. Leideni -\'lcdra!. Lo.d l96j Vr n,rl\ !r B.rneo. Fjel{l let\ dnl rn annor.r.d ll'eclln. J rua?. Af ]?.,. .4rnt .t.. 16l:l):l l9l Z\1. Berlinfor infofn:rtionabour rhcir collection! ard to Paolo Prlne. J.. Iran.s.( Ni & Phillifln.K l98i.l/nltr!/. bnr.t rrr!! L rlallini liJrhis comnrentson the manuscript. ry' 4.,'!, Krh Kinlhrlu The Srb{h lo.iett $irh Uwl. Nirhy!! Po.ocli. R l. l9lj (h !nne ol rhc e:rernr chrruren !i rhe pilin ci!.r (;azetteer lll(triNuh^ l?rl,rL"nt. (;xr-l lnd itr xllrc\ A,t llliB N.t Hii . lSrla:153 l6l Behlong.llrunei: 0.r'3-l N. 115'09E: Brrio. Kclabit Po.ock. R I l9,rl Thc rrtr !.ncrr of oricnrrl Vircnldre /',,. Zrt. J.. PlrterLr.Sirawrk: 0l'.10'N. l l5'20 f.-iMt. Brru Sorg.Sarawrk: l-rr,/o, l9rl(.1r 969 l0:ri lrr''1.1N. 114'.l9Et Nlt.Dulit. Sararvak:0:l''15'N-. I 1.1'00'Et Mt. Thomn\. O. 1892r (lr sodr. i.$ N1rtu l[ lirn' rhe Exf Jniun Ar.h]I)ehgo. Krtuloog,Srra\\'rkr 03'13'N. I1.1'.10'Bi Mt. Kinabalu.Sabrh: i\nn vac l\at ti'.. i6)1r::50 25.1 116'00N.Il6'3: B:LanjakEntnnau Wildlilt Sancruarv Safawak: Ihorn{\. O. 18q:b On $m. mxNnals liotrj \'tr LruLit.\.Jrh B.n'r. P,,, ,r1"65N. 2../. 5.. L.nlrn lt!92: )21 111 112"28Et Marrbok.Bruneir : l)a Amur.Sirnwak: Thor.x\. O l9ll. rlxhibnion of skin.Dd shdllol a !i\.rrir (rmi\ore k.nr ).r":l:lN- Il5'13 Ei PaDrli. Sarrwrk:0l''11 N. ll5"-l5Ei N{1. Trnkirr) rlr, f,.. /-o.l 5... L.rtlrt \t)b \i \a 'lirof.!t!tr. \rlckrn. Sabxhr i Terom. CrockerRugc. Sabah:05'2:l N. I L l3!8 13q9. adr,!!r ru,nulnn tun I I6.'06'E:RinaDgisan.C(rctefRange.Sabah:05.2.1 N, I I6'01'Er tnstlnut ].dn! / & 2. Ll.rlin lr.dlandcf & Sohi. Llu Tcmhurong.Brunei: 0.1'16 N. 115'168. 'Jan Verbertlei,15, 265{) Edegem, Belgium rAnimal \Iuseurn abbreviations ResourceProgram, Bl\l\H: Thc Nxrurnl lli\ory NlLr.trni. Londod tlK: FMNH: Ficl(l Facultyof ResourceScicnce & Technologl-, \1tr..uh ol \rrLrrl Hi{ort. ( ri.xeo. lL. llSr\: lllS \luliun S!r!srk. UniversitiMalaysia Sararl ak, \ .lrin!. Sa,.wat. \lda)\ir: NnlB Nrrurhinoi\ch.\ \jrtr.udr D.'.. B.rn. 94100Kota Samarahan,Sarawak, Nlalavsia Recent literature

Mustclidae Crooks. K. R. .r al 2003. Ectoprirsites of r thrcttcncd insula endcnricmrrnrrralian carnivoe: rhc Isla d spottedskunk. Abfarno\'. A. V. 2002. Varialion of the brculun struclrtrcol rhe A k'r. Mkltund NutLr.. l5l:15 41. Prlaearcticbadgef (Cori!ora. Mustelidae.M.1.t. R&r../. Dziaiak,Nl.R.&Scrlass.T.L.2{)03.Eftectso1llunrucnilo iishers Th.ri.!.. lll):51 60. Man<^ rcnnunti renr:rinedwith tilclrminezohzepan. Abrann)v.A. V. & Medledev. S. G.2001. Noteson zoogeograph] IYiL . Biol..9.275219. andt{xonom} oflhe bndgers(Clarn i\oft: N{ustc lidrc: rvclt'r ) Gehring.'1.M. & Ssihan. R. K.200.1.Ho'ncra ge .t|d nrovenrents nnd somc of rheir tleas (Siphon.tptcra:Ccr.tlophl,llidae: ol Long-tailed seasels in a landscapefragmentcd hy Pt1 | flc. ftt'). Zoa\'" \tetu i.d .Rorrl.d I 1( 2)1197,102. agriculturc. /.,Uarrnr., 85:79 86. Abfurnov..\. v. & vekhnik. V. P.200:1.Tlxonomic positionofthe G6mez-\,lolirer,B. J. .. dl. 2l)04.PCR R|I-P idcnrilicalion badger(Mu\telidrc. MeleJ) liom lhe Sama|sLar-,rI-uka. In ofmustelidspccics: European nink (Mx'/?/4 /&tr.olri). Na urc r. rene\ i,1Russia: ttint ipl(s, ptohL.n\, rrbtities. Amcricrn ri k (M. firo,l and polecattM. tutoriut) li1. /..6 E.lln Ruslianl by anrlysis oi cicremenlal DNA.. .1. Zo.1.Lanl.. Abrrno\'.A. V.. Salcljc!,A. P.,Sotnikov. v. N. & Sb\Ic!. V. A. 262:l I I :ll6. 2003.Dis$ibutionoftwobldgerspecies(Mustel ae.Mci(il Grahrm.l. M. 2002.I]stn rating wersell.f11 t.ra n;ralir rbuodance nr Europcanpafl ofRussia.In S|i?nLtit !, t)h\hxrr'" n d from tunnel tracking iDdiccsat fluctualinglicld \olc t)dleanknos\ols dllnnt ndl'.cds. ]\. O. Averianov& N. rvi.11trr agl.vl' dcDsit). Iviltll. Bb!..8:219 28'7. 1.,{bmnrson,5 L Sl. Petersburg:Zoologic{l Insiitutc. fIn lsasa. Nl. A. & Ik)soda. T. 2003. A nolc oD the karyotypeofthe Russian.English summar,""l Sable. Md|r.r .ih.llnu hkkh\ura in Hokkaido. Jrpan. Aubry. K. ts. & Lewi!.J. C.2(I):1.Extirprtion andrcnrlrcducLion ol ,'l..td,,x..lrrA 27:83-E6. llshers(Mdr.r p.&rr?.i) in Orcgon: inDlication fof thcir King, C. M.. Da!ii. S. A., Purdey.D. &Lawrcncc. B.200:l.ClaptLrre coDscrvationin thePacific Shtcs. rn . C,,r.n. . l 1.l:7990. probabilily and hctc()gcncit! of aat respnsc in noals Bdmrdski. J. & Nadolskr.M.2003. The densitr rnddistributioD (Mu\r'la .mineai. Wi/zr.R.r.. 10:6ll 619. of badgcr scta i lhe Sudetl Mountains. Pol.rnd.,'l.td Kocffli, K. P. & Walne. R. K. 100:1.Type I markersrre Nnc Ir.,/lo/.. 18:5155:5. infonnatile rh:rn cttochnnc b in phylogenelrc recon Uaryshniko!,G. F., Bininda F.dnxnrds.O. R. P. & Abr:rmo!. A. V slructionof theMu\tclidrc (Mrnlnulia: Crm i!or a)..sfsr.'t. 2001. MorphologicalvafiabiliL), and cvohlion of the 8r1..52:571 591. b,rcuiunr(os pcnis) in MusteLidne(Cami!o,a)../. Md,i,,.. Krusk!. D. C. T. & Sidoro!ich. V. E.2(X)3.Comp.rativealk)nrclric 8.1:673690. skull morphonr.lrics in rink (,\'trv.1a riJon Schreber. Barylhnikov. C. F.. Purache ko. A. Yu. & Abrann^. A. V. 1003. l--- ,,l.r1Jcrn J,rdBel rL. "ri:in New rn{lysis of v.rnability 01 cheek tecth ir Eurasi.tn Mdrri. Ri.l.. 68:241 276. badgers(Clarnivom. Mustclidrc. M"lsr) Rus.J.7tviat.. Lau, Nl.2002. Is th. Ycllow'rhroate{l Mrflcn io Hong Kongl l(l):l:l:l 1,19. Portuti e 26:13. Begg. Cl. M. .r .r/ 2001. sccnl narkiog behavioutof thc honey Ntnrcelli.Nr.. Fusillo. Ii. & tsoit{ni. L. l(X)3. Sexual\egregahon in badger.,1,t.11.nrd .dt,.rr;r (Mustelidr.) iD Lhc $uthern thc.tcli\'lt) partefns01 Europeanpolecais lMrrr.lir Kalahari.Art,r. B. lt.. 66:91'1 929. put otiLtt).J. 1rnl.. 261:2.1q256. Biggnrs.D. E. & Godbey,J. 1..20i)3.ChrlcDges ro reesrablishment Mar(inr,B.E.E../a|.200:1.SARS!irusinfe.ti()noicatslrndterrets. of free ranging ppulallors of black footed ltrcrs. C R. ,!dr"rs 6961:915. Btulogie326 (Sutpl. l)rl0'l-11L Nlichaux. J. R. sr d!. 200,1.ls the wcstem population ol Lhc B|r]incrd,S. M. & ltolstrd. J. 2001. Hrbilrl selectio| by Lufopean Europeanmnrk, (MdJ/.[i hr?old). rdislincl Management pine artensMdlk.r,ttdlr.r in manrgedfbreslsolsouthcrn Lrnitfo| conscrlrtnJn?Biol. (:ons.t1.. ll5:357-367. boreal Scanilinalix. Wildl. Biol.. 8:289 29'7. Moorc. J. A. & Roper. T. J.2001. Tcmperatufernd humiclityin Brzezidski, M. & Ma'cc. M. 2003. The oriSin. disl]cNrl tDd badgcrM.lds n./.s setts.,Vdrrr. R.f.. 33:308 I l l. distributionof the AnrericannrinkMrst?14 firot inPoland. Murakrni. T. 2001. I'ood h.tbits of tlre Japancses.rble ,v.ur.i rtrtzr 7/:err1.,,18:505 51,1. .ibellina bftkll\utu in eastefnHokkaido. Japan.Md,"r' Cegelski.C. C., wairs. L. P. & Ande|son.N. J.200:1.Assessing .11"/f lE:129-l:11. l)ofulati()n(ruclrre and geneflow in MonLrnawohefinei Nichol\on Lord. D. 200,1.Badgcrculling. B/tC Will1it l2(2):26- (G,1.,8r1., using xssignmcDtbased approaches rl'tal. /i,/. . 21. (M?t.s Dttesl t2:29Oi -29l8. Pclricr.D. & Lod6. 1. 2001.Molecular snrlcl ol gcnericdivesity

t0 in the endangeredEuropearl n;Dk Must.ld lut/tolt. C. R. phyk)gcneticaffinities betweengeneis (G.ztd) and the B(tr,si€126 (Suppl. l):'19-53. enignInrlic gcnet like taxa OJr.r''nic,ir, Poianu and :'.6!m. J. .1 dl 2003. The role of intraspccificpredation in rhe Pri.,ndoD lc^nilo'a. v n erridae).Zool. .t /;|ra :l:l:l 17 survilrl ol juvenile wolverines C,1., s lo. WiLll. Biol.. t29. 9:21 28. Guan. Y. e/ dl. 2001. Isolatr)n lnd chrracterizationof linrscs \,ihitaillc.J. Ii. & Cobh.E. W. 2003.lndices lo eslimatctk defotsir relaledto lhe SARS (lronavirui tlotn aninals in sourhern Anreicar manen,t/dresderi.and. tvildl. Biol..9: I I3-I)1. China. S.1.,r..,?r.$ Rerrott.I Pasumd kt^,ata) R,)pef.l. J. & Moore, J. A. I I. 2001.Vertilation ofbadger Me1"r Ha)!. W. S. & Cooant.S. 2003. Malc social activity in the snall ,le le! setrs.ltla,,i. Biol.. 68:211-283. lndian rnongoosc H.rp.tt?\ jata,ticu\. Ackt Th(rioL., l{Lpef. T. J.. Ostler. J. R. & Conradt. 1,. 2001. The proccssof .18:485',19.1. d ispefsalir badgersM"l"r ,ne1e|. M a,L Rer.,33:311.318. Jir Zhiyun. l)u,rn Enkui. Jiang Zhigltng & Wang Zuwang. 2002. Ruerte.S.. Stahl,P. & Albuct. M.200:1.|actoA aftectingtrapping Lffectsof nunrberof homosexualBdncrs oDcopulrtirg date succc$ ofred fox r/r/p?sr,fudr. stoncnartcn Md,1c'fonrd in tenalc c.tpLi!cMrlked palncivets (Pdf"'rd /lrn?rd). rnd irndpine marlenM.,Lr.r.r nr F.ance lyl/d1 Ai.rl.9:11-19. lluctuationof urine estrogendrnng brccding leaior. Actd \.L]'i. H. cr dl 2004. Rhabdonyosarcomain a lcnct (M,r./d ZnL SDt..11\:6la621. (In Chinese,English suinmar]) pukrrius luftr).l. y.r M.d. 5.t., 66(l):95-96. Jia Zhiyun. Duan Enkui. Jiang Zhigang & Wang Zuwang. 2002. \.rro.J. J.. Hosod!. T.. Wrnsan.M. & SuTuki.H. 20(!. Molcculrr Copulatory pluss in Mrskcd prlm civcls: preventioo of phllogcnr of rrctoids (Mamnralia: Carniyorr) wirh iemen leakage.spem sldagc, of chrstity .n hancenrerrll I emphasison ph"vlogenetic.tnd ta{ononic positionsofthe MdD,r..8l:1035'1038. Fenet badgc.srnd Skunks.Zocl S.i., 2l : I I I I I 8. Sh,rrpe.L. L. & Cherry, M. 1 200]. Social play doesnot reduce \r.srrr. P. D. &Macdonald.D. W.2003. Badgcrsrndbadgerfleas: aggrcssn'nn wild meerkats.Arlfl. B?htr.. 66:9a9 991. Strrtcgies and counter,strategies.E/,trlr8r 109:751764. (SutiLdta eci. dtta) l.nakr. H.. Yrmanakr. A. & Endo. K. 2001. SparialdisrribuLion veron.G..Heird Rosenthal,S..Long,B. & Robcfton.S 200.1.The rDd scttuse by the Japanese badger.M? le\ net.s anakurlt. molecularsI(cmrlics rnd conservationof an endangered Mann. Snil.\ 21:15 22. cdrnivore. the Owston s p.rlm ci\cl Chrotog.tl( owstoni lho r. M. D.. Johnson.D. D. & Macdonald.D. W. 200.1.The ('ft o'nas,I 9 I 2) (Crmi!oru. Vileridne. Henisalinae).A"tr. cvolulion dnd mairtennnceof dclalcd inrplantatioDin the Con\e^'..1:1O1 )12. Musrclidac(Manrmalia: Camivora). trrlre,, 58:175 l8:1. vefolr.G..Col_vn, \'1. Dunh.rmA. E.,Ta) k)r.P. & G.rub€d.P. 20t4. \ irgds. E. 2003. Associrlior oi thc plecat Muil.kl putoriu! i\ Molecularsystenradcs nnd origin ofsocialit) in mongooses easlemSpnin wilh monlrne pine iirelts. O^r{ 37:48.1'187. (Herpestidae,Carnivora). Mol. Prrlos"n. l.r?1. l0:5 82 51lll. \\ right.J.200.l.Misnanled. nisidertilied andmostlymissed. /Ja(l Wx*ler, A. l(X):]. Ncucnc Erkennnrisie 7ur Biologie. Haltung WiLdl ifl' 22(2):62-61.( Md rtes pennanti) und Zucht def Fossa(a^ptoprocta leror). Zn!. Gaften \ rnugucl .N.&MacdonnldD W.2(Xl. Tlc burdenofco-o,,-cupancy: 7:l:2963l l. intrasFcific resoufcecompetition rnd spacnrgprners in AnFrica nink, Mtneld ri*,l. J. Mdl,!,r.. 8.1:13'11-1355.Procyonidae \ r'naguchi,N. ./ 01.2003. Ilabilrl tr.feren.es ofteral American Cuff6n,A. D.,Mdincz Morules.M A , McFadden.K.W.. Valenzuela. nrinkin rhcUpFr'lhanes. J. Mru n.. 84:l:156l:17:1. D. & Comppc..M. 8. 200:1.The sutu! ofdwadcamivoreson Cozunei Island. Mexico. Bio.lde,: Conr"n,.. ll:117 3ll. I lerpestidae& Viverridae t.Ndsunn.lsoni, Pn(ron prsndeu!, Potot lldtLt) Mitoba. Y.. Asano.M., Yagi. K. & Asakawa.M. 2003.De(ecrion l lutton Brc.k. l'.. Russell,A. F. & Sharpe.L. L.2001. Meerkat of a raeniid speciesof Zdenn tueniaeJontisttt\\ ^ lcttl helpen do not specializein pffticular a.tir ities.,M//,r. Bl,r., mccoor Pror)t r l.rorrnd iLscpidcnrnnosicrl sign ifi.ance 66:51I 5.10. Mdnn. Studr 2u:151-160. iixubert. P.2001. Slsldnatique et phylogdriedu genrc Genen.rcl 'Cienet-hke Suzuki. T., Aoi, T. & M.tckrwa. K. 2001. Spacrngpatlefn of desdniSmafiques taxa Prionotlon,Pohnd, et intoduced ltmalc ra.coons (P/?.Io, /otol) iD Hokkaiilo. 0'roftldr1 (Clarnivora.Vilenidar): clracririsation de la lapalr.Manm. Srr.l 18:l2l 128. sous 1rlni1lcdcs Viverrinae et €tlde des patronsde di\er Tarin, A. 200.f. fcaturc cuddly hu! greed]'coatis steal snacksin siiicrlion au seindu continentaliicain. Dr.lhesis. MusJum Bruil www.aleftnet.org/thenewVnewsdesk national d histoire naturelle.Paris. trrk. ,.tubcr1,I'. & Veron. G.2003. Exh.tusrilc srmple set among General Viverrldacrc! crl\ thc lisLergrcup offelids:the linsangsas a case of extrcn)c m)rthologicrl conlefgence within Xirng Zuo l-u. l.iang Xing Clai,Huo Shengand Mi Shil-ai. 2(X)4. Irelifornrr. Pro.. R. Sot. Lotulon B )10:2523 251O. Quantilati!candlysis ofhnd mrmnralzoogcograth ical regions 'ruben. P. .r ,/. 200.1.Firsl nolccular c!idcnce tof reassessrng nr Clhinaand rdjacenr rcgions.7it . Sludit'\ 13:)12 160.

ll Index Mustelid & Viverrid Conservation1-5 & Small Camivore Conservation6-30

AUTHORS De \[rnris, A M. 8 1]: 2;l:6 Prllznn.S. 5:]l: 86: 26: I

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I9i 5ll: t:20: 18 ll ll:5:1410:161. lli lTilr 17l(l 18:1.1: Mu!.111ptntiut- 1:6.6:2, 11. 1.1.20i l0i8i ll:8. Jaldil)ln Sanctual (lndir). 20:15 20:l:1819.21:li22:1.li 2-1:9. 15.:l: l0:129.lf:5l7:l5:6il7il0:20:22.lli 2J6. l0: l:6:17.l2:2721. l2:2t:5: -10:ll 22:1.1.1: 23:l5i 2,lili 27:29:2818 )rr 5:l: 319. 9ll: 1l:19:23:17 irl.ltnoru..]).r.i\. 1.1::lt. l.l ll: 'l:13:517. Mtrtzldri6nti,. lr. llr:4:11.t6:1. l?:7:20:15: J*itr.lxr lio,cn Rcn'^. (M.htslil. 29:B nr'x| t2. 16 l't. t8 . !lr.lLr: lozui Chwrkr Bry N{lion!l Prrt lZrnlibrr. 2tlil5i 22 1.1 tlrnllr rti(irltrv. r:6i ,l:11:11:21:l6:1. )i: 'ldzanir).29:1 \,./, ,,/r .Lr,,r, h ll 18,1 l7:l: 2l)l5i 23:7i 26:1. l Ken\x.l2:12: lll:.1:l9 L:l itl.lqa!t nos.hatu.l:6. 6 7: 7: 5: 16:l lat !'lu!.]d 16rr.2:11:3:i..r 14.l6: 5: I l'116i2 Krlinrxnrln.23: 1 l7:ri 2015: 2-l:7 ll: 7:918:l'1i 102. 8. ll: 12:1: ll:15: KasankaNrrionrl Prrk (7rmb,)) 29:15 M!ha!l!pt^.nuu,16:216:6:17:7:15:10:1.1: ls6: l7il0:20:22i22:1.6. LJ:2.1:15: tllri! rii \JLi.,n.'LPJrL tThJlJnJr.2l Ll 16:1.25: lt l: 20:15:23:7 25rl i 26:!. l2 Lr\ 1l:L ll: lJ:10: 16:li 1719: 25t]L2t26t1. M.l.tdl. ou.rrillr. 5:1. l: 6:17 Nlr_anmar(Burmil. 9:l l: 1l:10. 25 :12 Mrr,rr /,fdnl,ri'. 5:l NI.fiNri lslanis. 29:)0 ,Ltrld^ ,L,r.rri, 22 ll: 30:i6 ll.phitit Drkrorrr. 1N Nrhan.! Ndure Re\erle lvidtrrit 2ir:Ll Leopr \ee Pdrtr.z t,,./r ' ltl.thit^ .t,hus. l:8: 8:l.l: 22:L.l:29;l.l Nr"tlitliubnrt.ut.l:J: 2:1:.1:r).l6: 5: 711712: l-f.prrd .at. s.. Pn.rdtlrhrs b.r!.1.nsis Merrro. 1:8r 7:l 1i 2lil lihttiitti\ krhni. l:7: :15. ll: 39. ll: 6:lli Nllnk. \xtror :triped nr)n:oo\c. src rl/rxprnri IIJ I2 An,enclr \.r Mxrfl,J ,iv,, FufuItrai. r.r Mr!./,j /,/,?,/r ,\dnk rdrr"i 14:19: f0:10

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21 .. \r r1{ t Prrt In.lrr 20 r \. L,,rrl P.trl Frh,tr.Llll i ..!.r1 5 , 7:9 8:li).9ll. ll):li). ll 1: lirtr J Afuh Ennrrt.s. l8i li ll a: 1;l:10i15:18i 16:ll: 18:21: l9 l0: Il llr: 25:l2 20lr: 2l:8i 22:15: 23:ll: 24:9i 2? ll: LrSA.,l9. l5i 7.1.lli 10:1.15i 1l:ll: i3:1.1:l,l I t: 28::l _ rlhpher. Re\Ne.Inlir. l3:l Vietnxnr,,l:17i615.l. 10,1. l{. 17.l3 l0: 20: .l : , ,, Kohr \rrtonrt Plrt. t7 t5 Bahlmr. \ec l,,.r,n ndudfdt 23:l:: 25:ll: 30:5 Barbados, i.. P,,.\,, ltr!u,//fni Vru.ga Nat..xl Park. l:.1 Cozumel hlxnd. sce P,r.rr, /^('!.!r vit.ttd.ir.tntu. 2 18:3:19: 5:loi 7 l8: 8 lr: Crrb ea!n!. ne Pro.trn t.nLt^.n^ 9::l:1-1:l:l8:9 .i r' tivn,rl. I .1 (;uadcloulic. s.. Pnr\.n rtinrl In?rru n?lavila r:6: 2:l6i 1l:l: 16li t0 lt Plgnl. \ee l,.da p\!,!d.rJ l'n.r/d rdtt8r.r!t. 2{,:l I (lnr\l'!f rlver. tee Ittrn .anatLnrt Tri\ M!ri!\ I\l{nd!. \ee /'r.-oa ,trlldrn rrrrra tt\alung.. z 1t'. ?:l1l: ll:1. aroe rtr*les. \ce,1,rnr ./vrn1i\ Rromrlrnr Nrtonrl Prrl rNladrgr\ur) ? l3: (.tr,go .latrle\s. \ee ,1,"rr 0nsn1l Vit!tnt .ih!1ha.l:6. l0: 2rl6: ll:16: 16 l.:5 Itrnrp.an. r.. trr? furz Rasr DrdaD Narur. R.scrr. (Javal. 8 15 l7:7:20rl,ll.l6i 2l lli 23:i: 26:l0l ll y no\el. see Lrtft rtnt.ttr n Re\earch.l:ll: 2 l7: 8:16 Ori.nril inrll clxsetl. rtr.fti.r!airdna. l:6: 2:16:5:1.7:18:8:i1: Rndd_v\'lone.or.. scc lltry?tt\ lnnhii l0 l l: lt:1. 11. 16. 19.2l: tl:l: 15 1: 5er. F,irrltu /ro'l Rusr!. 7:10: 12 l1: 219: 22:6 l6:1.25.l0r l7:7rl8:9.16i 20li:21 1,1: n/,r,./,,!d/,, ,,.//./i. I 16: 18 2l 2a.i: 21 ,t \ee Lrt ).Bal. |,. Bpn lka. Srbrh.l6:lt: 2l:lr: 28:9:30:18 r/.,r.?d1,.,"e!id. 16. { 18:8:19. la: 9. 21 16: Sp.ned necked.see Lttti r,lculta!lit Sable.\ee Mdrr.{ :tr.l]tad 22:l,I . r,r, /,rLdd. 16. l0i 2:16:,l:15: l1:16. l9: \alnMtd .anc.lot. 20 lri 22:lr: 28:l wohernre. see Grlo .q,r) l210. 16:i.15: l?:7:l9li: 20:l l5: Srrrsrk 2l:17: l0: l3 Yneosla!1r.7:l6il0l $rr. {:L:l:22:l.21:li.3ll: 6 S.i.h!l Sri.ltrari (lnd,rt 2ll:l5 \!i\ Kimbas Nrr,onrl Park.Sumfua. l2:ll) Afri.an. see ,\'rr.?irtd ,r!t/n S.rin I (Nes Cuinea).7:18 ll.nd.d. sc. //r,zixdr^ /rrrrrtrrr ShimbaHills Narioral Rcscrlc. K.nta. 12 12 Alri.n! nriDed.\ee /1,..il.gdld dlr,r(r, llt.vr, tcc Ptntl.ruh t.11,, Shirealila Narionrl Park (lndiar. 20 l5: 2l 6 Bacfi{tripea.\ee llti.h nri.rA.r SrberutPalm Ciret, seeP. d.tutu: litni.o!., Colonbian.\ee tthtr.la J.ltp.l se. fr,?la\r/!r h.n uphtotlnrt G.ldcn. \ce l,ardl,Juur :.rl.,rdril Sikl,h. Indir l:10. lJ:L{) stc Mrith l(b0lntu Nlr\lod \.. Prgx,rr tu)'{ti sil.dr vrll.) Nlnrml Park (lddiai. 3 lj Lcar. sc. ,[/rt.lr ,,r!rJ O*n.n \. \ee Cr),&g{lf ,\v,,, I-ihr-an{nI)cd. n'c P,..i/i,7n /irr,. Smrll roorhed.\ee ,qr.radldrd tnirfdd An Zonixn ho-! noled. Lon-gl{iled. \€. th^1?ttrJkn.,r see aoltrlrr r.r^r?r"r Nlountrin.\ee t/ri../d dr,i., Conrnonho!'noted. Siberian.see rl''"v.ld rti)t,.d i.d. jcc .A,r,(J /,/!f,r see crr.pdrrr d.Jor.x.rJ Yellor bellled.\ee Vrr./., tdt,ntl Ernern rs no\en. ..,,rn r\ \.t rit l: 16 ;tc a.itrhr ltutnn.nr ."1t,r.t\ htnqtu litr\, I6t 2 l6: 5:l: 8:15: Luropeanmin(. 8 l 9:ll: ll:l61 1l l: lS:.1:16 l. :5: l? r: see C.n.tdtus .aiun u! ( r.\ Small CxmlvoreCA\IP. ,t l 189: 19:15:20:l.l5i 2r:lli 23:l: 2.1:ll: Hood.d. seeM.rrri,,,.zrrr Small Crrnnore CCAP. 9 l Molinas hognos.d. smrll CaflrnoreTAC,EEP. 9:l t,li\trr\ jlhlt)ni.2:18.I 5. l9: ? L8 l0r \..4,r.?dr,\,hi"g{ \?itrsrl! nun, l2:l:19rli ,l: l9 lJ:1. 1630: l8:9. 27.1.t', Pah!.diri h.! ioscd . rl.rt)t\ liqn.lt t. 29.all s.. (in"rutu: hunthrltltii ' ,/,,r,ri 3/.r.,n{. 3 l.l P,-!mr \rotrei. \ee 5jr/osn/. /,rsd,d Sp(cJ. s.c.trirrldl{rr,ta Sdped. see,Uerr^ ,rfrrn Zon lr. see /.r,rr i,lzu ,ppri.s.22:ll: 23:17::10:lc Slovenir.6l0: 8:9: 1l:1,1 SouthAfficx.26i 318:,1:l: lSll: 199:29:l:l rt ul. .lbnukh!. I 1: 2 6: l:16- lli:ll Sprin.l:6: 5:Ll:9: E:25!.26!:28: 1.7.li a.t richa tonr.l:.1: 2:1: I r)i 9 8i 27:19 tpihqal.ptbnrt. l8: 4:15:81r:ll:ll:25:7 Sfi1.rr1. t\p,Lk1t l:4. | : 2l:l Sn LxDkr.I lli 23:11 Luropexn.lee Mrt./" l,rt,r/l Sn)[. lee Jtrv./d .r,t'.d NJrrbled.\ce I'r,,,.1. f/rfglru Srcme. \ec Mr\rc/il .f/frndD,i i\t.1nt^ hittknng 1:10:l:l{):5:l?: ?:9

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t5 Sponsors

Weare gratehtlto theJbllot,'ing Jbr sponsoringthe publicotion of our newsletter:

ZoologischerCarten, Kdln, Cemany ColchesterZoo. Stanway. Essex. UK WoodlandPark Zoological Gardens, Seattle. WA, USA Sl. LouisZoological Park, Saint Louis, MO. USA TheRoyal Melboume Zoological Gardens. Parkville. Victoda, Ausralia ToledoZoological Society, Toledo. OH. USA EdinburghZoo, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK HelsinkiZoo, Helsinki, Finland RiversideZoo, Scottsbluff, NE, USA CopenhagenZoo. Fredcriksbcrg, Denmark Mr. EmmanuelFardoulis, Randwick, NSW, Australia SacramentoZoo Chaptcr, American Association ot'Zoo-keepers, Sacramento. CA, USA

Smu!!ttnthed Pttlm alir.l Arctogalidia trivirgata in Cat Tien Ndtbnu! Purk. ltiet nn. Photo: Ale\ V. llotiss?nko& N dlia V ltnr.

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