A Synopsis of the Mammalian Fauna of the Philippine Islands
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UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY AT URBAiMA-CHAMPAIGN BIOLOGY NP 101 # NARROW INSTRUCTIONS TO IBIX BINDER MARGINS 2N !1 ?/-7/ I 590.5 FI BIX N.S. ^BQ-Q8 SI-'RIFS NO S8 >psis of the Mammalian Fauna Philippine Islands rencc R. Heaney soli /Inch ni. manuscripts vv ill Ik lands of the s" immediately iiHp u/ith "Ark til issues / ^''i' tyle of o1 ore detail fls»« Manual of St <x> Press, ar ;rcnces: In •nation of synonymies), authors consistently should follow iteraiure b\ F. A. Stafleu & R. S. Cowan (1976 <.'/ seq.) (1 Servi .sr (1983) published by the fiioSeiences Information index of Author Abbreviation^, Royal Botanic Gardens. Ke ' • i . , I , d n vi I oj I !). ) R. Lt.iYF"), and T. Pennington. 1963. A comparison phj ics. Jot i l : in v J. M J/ >. Yage among the Siona: Cultural patterns rid Stars Mouton P )46. Hie historic tribes ol Ecuador, pp. 785-821. In Sic bar. Statements in figi :• reverse with author's name, lis i. • I inch iould be mounted on hoards in itable for transmission to the pr must I FTELDIANA Zoology NEW SERIES, NO. 88 A Synopsis of the Mammalian Fauna of the Philippine Islands il Lawrence R. Heaney IDepartment of Zoology Field Museum of Natural History \ Roosevelt Road at Lake Shore Drive Chicago, Illinois 60605-2496 USA Danilo S. Balete Myrissa V. Lepiten M. I < nulla Dolar William L. R. Oliver Angel C. Alcala Perry S. Ong Andres T. L. Dans Eric A. Rickart Pedro C. Gonzales Bias R. Tabaranza, Jr. Nina R. Ingle Ruth C. B. Utzurrum ' Note: Remaining authors affiliations and current addresses may he found on page Hi. Accepted August 12, 1997 Published June 30, 1998 Publication 1493 PUBLISHED BY FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY © 1998 Field Museum of Natural History ISSN 0015-0754 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Contributors Lawrence R. Heaney Nina R. Ingle Department of Zoology Department of Natural Resources Field Museum of Natural History and New York Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Roosevelt Road at Lake Shore Drive Research Unit Chicago, Illinois 60605-2496 USA Cornell University Ithaca, New York 14853 USA Danilo S. Balete V. Department of Zoology Myrissa Lepiten Center Conserx'ation Studies Field Museum of Natural History for Tropical Silliman Roosevelt Road at Lake Shore Drive University 6200 Chicago, Illinois 60605-2496 USA Dumaguete City Negros Oriental, Philippines Current address: Haribon Foundation William L. R. Oliver Flora and Fauna International 9A Malingap Street Great Eastern House Teachers Village Tenison Road Diliman 1 1 00 Cambridge CB1 2DT Quezon City, Philippines United Kingdom M. Louella Dolar Perry S. Ong of Biology Department Institute of Biology Silliman University University of the Philippines 6200 Dumaguete City Diliman Negros Oriental, Philippines Quezon City, Philippines Current address: Eric A. Rickart Institute Scripps of Oceanography Utah Museum of Natural History 9500 Gilman Drive University of Utah University of California at San Diego Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 USA San Diego, California 92093-0204 USA Bias R. Tabaranza, Jr. Angel C. Alcala Department of Biology Silliman University Office Iligan Institute of Technology 636 T. M. Kalaw Street Mindanao State University Ermita, Manila, Philippines Iligan City, Lanao del Norte, Philippines Current address: Current address: Commission on Higher Education Birdlife Philippines-Haribon DAP Building 9A Malingap Street Teachers Pasig City, Metro Manila, Philippines Village Diliman 1100 Andres T. L. Dans Quezon City, Philippines Institute of Sciences Biological Ruth C. B. Utzurrum College of Arts and Sciences Center for Tropical Conserx'ation Studies University of the Philippines at Los Banos Silliman University College, Laguna, Philippines 6200 Dumaguete City Pedro C. Gonzales Negros Oriental, Philippines Department of Zoology Current address: Philippine National Museum Department of Marine and Wildlife Resources Rizal Park P.O. Box 3730 Manila, Philippines Pago Pago, American Samoa 96799 in Table of Contents Carnivora 44 Felidae—Cats 44 Mustelidae—Weasels, Otters, and Abstract 1 Badgers 45 Introduction 1 Herpestidae—Mongooses 45 Content of the Synopsis 2 Viverridae—Civets 46 Distributional Patterns of Philippine Artiodactyla 46 Mammals 2 Suidae—Pigs 46 Fossil Mammals 4 Tragulidae—Mouse-deer 47 Procedures Used in This Compiling Syn- Cervidae—Deer 47 4 opsis Bovidae—Cattle 48 Common Name 4 Cetacea 48 Distribution 5 Balaenopteridae— 48 Habitat 6 Rorquals —Ocean 49 Status 7 Delphinidae Dolphins Kogiidae—Dwarf and Pygmy Sperm Official/Legal Status 7 Whales 51 A Note on Authorship 8 — Insectivora 8 Physeteridae Sperm Whales 52 —Beaked Whales 52 Erinaceidae—Hedgehogs and Gymnures .... 8 Ziphiidae Soricidae—Shrews 9 Phocoenidae—Porpoises 52 Scandentia 11 Sirenia 53 Tupaiidae—Tree Shrews 11 Dugongidae—Dugongs and Sea Cows 53 Dermoptera 12 Discussion and Conclusion 53 Cynocephalidae—Flying Lemurs 12 Acknowledgments 54 Chiroptera 12 Literature Cited 55 Pteropodidae—Fruit Bats 12 Emballonuridae—Sheath-tailed Bats 20 Megadermatidae—False Vampire and Ghost Bats 21 List of Illustrations Rhinolophidae—Horseshoe and Roundleaf Bats 21 Vespertilionidae—Vesper and Evening Bats 25 1 . of Islands 3 Molossidae—Free-tailed Bats 29 Map Philippine 2. of Luzon boundaries of Primates 30 Map showing 5 Loridae—Lorises and Coucangs 30 provinces 3. of Mindanao boundaries of Tarsiidae—Tarsiers 30 Map showing 6 Cercopithecidae—Monkeys 30 provinces Pholidota 31 4. Heads of representative mammals from Mindanao 10 Manidae—Pangolins 31 Rodentia 31 5. Heads of representative Philippine bats ... 13 rodents Sciuridae—Squirrels 31 6. Heads of representative murid Muridae—Mice and Rats 33 from Luzon 33 Hystricidae—Porcupines 44 7. The leopard cat, Prionailurus bengalensis .. 45 A Synopsis of the Mammalian Fauna of the Philippine Islands Lawrence R. Heaney and Collaborators Abstract The mammalian fauna of the Philippine Islands is now known to include 201 species: 22 are marine mammals, 172 are native terrestrial mammals, and 7 are introduced, non-native species that occur in the wild. With 1 1 1 (64%) of the terrestrial native species as endemics, the archipelago has one of the highest per-area levels of endemism in the world, on the basis of both absolute numbers and percentage. Since the last checklist was published, in 1987, 16 new species have been discovered—currently one of the highest rates of discovery in the world (Morell, 1996); 14 of the species listed here are not yet formally described. For each species, we provide the citation for the original description (except when the species has yet to be formally described), the English common name, the documented distribution, a summary of habitat data, and an assessment of conservation status. At least 52 native species are threatened (many seriously endangered) as a result of destruction of forest habitats, over-hunting, and destruction of cave and marine ecosystems. Further basic research and implementation of ef- fective habitat protection programs, especially for the forests, are essential to protect this re- markably diverse and endangered fauna. Introduction species richness of any country on a per-unit-area basis. These species include some of the most spec- The mammalian fauna of the Philippine Islands tacular radiations of mammals. The murid rodent is remarkably diverse and species rich. As docu- fauna of Luzon has long been considered to be mented in this study, the terrestrial fauna is now one of the most remarkable assemblages of mam- known to include 172 native species (plus 7 in- mals (Thomas, 1898). To name only a few, there troduced species, most of which are widespread exist giant arboreal animals with long, lush coats in the country), which is one of the highest levels of shiny black fur (Oliver et al., 1993); excep- of diversity on a per-area basis in the world. An tionally long-snouted, hopping rodents that feed additional 22 species of marine mammals have principally on earthworms in mossy forest (Rick- also been recorded. Moreover, most of the species art et al., 1991); tiny brown mice that dig through are found nowhere else: of the 172 terrestrial spe- leaf litter in their search for insects (Rickart et al., cies, 1 1 1 (64%) are endemic. As noted Cole by 1991); and beautiful mice with large dark eyes, et al. (1994) in their review of of global patterns pure white bellies, and auburn heads and backs mammalian has a diversity, only Madagascar that scamper along forest floor and through tree- of However, It sur- higher percentage unique species. tops (Balete & Heaney, in press). is not about 80 of the 100 mammal on only species prising that these creatures have generated great Madagascar are endemic, and Madagascar has interest over the century since biologists first twice the land area of the Philippines (Heaney, learned of their existence from the native peoples 1993). Although no comprehensive analysis has of the Central Cordillera of Luzon. yet been done, we believe that the Philippines The Philippines also are exceptional in a sec- field work have the highest level of endemic mammalian ond sense. As we report here, recent FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, N.S., NO. 88, JUNE 30, 1998, PP. 1-61 has revealed the presence of 16 new species of publications that have appeared since the last mammals in the last 10 years, since the last check- checklist (Heaney et al., 1987), along with critical list was published (Heaney et al., 1987). This rate earlier references. For additional earlier publica- of discovery is matched in only a few other coun- tions, readers should consult that publication tries (Brazil and Peru), and those are more than (Heaney et al., 1987) and the annotated bibliog- ten times as large as the Philippines (Morell, raphy of Balete et al. (1992). 1996; Wilson & Reeder, 1993). Because all of Distributional Patterns of Philippine Mam- are the these newly discovered species endemic, mals—In describing the distributions of species, estimate of the rate of endemism for the Philip- we often refer to the zoogeographic regions of the will continue to rise.