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Cloud Rats in the Philippines — Preliminary Report on Distribution

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Cloud Rats in the Philippines — Preliminary Report on Distribution ORYX VOL 27 NO 1 JANUARY 1993 Cloud rats in the Philippines - preliminary report on distribution and status W. L. R. Oliver, C. R. Cox, P. C. Gonzales and L. R. Heaney This paper describes a preliminary field survey of bushy-tailed cloud rats Crateromys spp. and slender-tailed cloud rats Phloeomys in the Philippines in April and May 1990. Brief visits were made to all islands/locations known to support these animals and also to neighbouring areas considered likely to do so. Comparing the results with information from previous surveys suggests that both genera, particularly Crateromys, are more widely distributed than formerly believed, but that some forms are threatened. Three of the four known species of Crateromys are known only from their holotype specimens, one of which awaits description. Another is extinct in its type locality on Ilin Island but may survive on neighbouring Mindoro. These preliminary findings indicate that thorough surveys are required to establish the status of certain species, to investigate the possibility that new species remain undiscovered and to develop conservation plans to reduce the likelihood of further extinctions occurring. The discovery of the Panay species means Introduction that the genus Crateromys is now known from widely separated locations in each of the four There are at least 22 genera and 52 species of principal faunal regions or late Pleistocene murid rodents in the Philippines, of which 16 islands (Luzon, Mindoron, Mindanoan and genera and 44 species are endemic (Heaney et Negros) as defined by Heaney (1986) on the al., 1987). Among the endemic genera are basis of the 120 m bathymetric line (Figure 1). Phloeomys and Crateromys, the Philippine It is therefore quite possible that additional cloud rats, which are among the most spectacu- populations or taxa of these animals could be lar and attractive rodents in the world. They discovered anywhere within this larger ocean- present particular conservation problems in ic region (i.e. excluding Palawan and associat- that they have restricted and, in the case of ed islands) of the Philippines. Crateromys spp., disjunct ranges, and there is a Apart from their large size, cloud rats are high probability of new taxa being discovered. externally distinguished from all other murid Both genera are known only from the east- rodents by their densely furred tails, which in ern part of the Philippine archipelago (Figure Crateromys spp. are long-haired and bushy. All 1). Two species of Phloeomys are recognized: species in both genera also have relatively the slender-tailed cloud rats, P. pallidus and P. long, dense body pelage, which is spectacular- cumingi on Luzon (the latter including the ly coloured and patterned in some species neighbouring islands of Catanduanes and (e.g. C. australis) and highly variable in others Marinduque) (Heaney et al., 1991). Three (e.g. C. schadenbergi and P. pallidus). species of bushy-tailed cloud rats Crateromys The ecology and behaviour of these animals spp. have been described to date, while anoth- remains extremely poorly known, although er, from Panay, awaits description. The three available information suggests that both named species are C. schadenbergi from Luzon, species of Phloeomys are highly adaptable and C. paulus from Ilin Island off Mindoro and C. able to persist in some seriously degraded australis from Dinagat off north Mindanao. habitats, including predominantly agricultural 41 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.202.226, on 01 Oct 2021 at 05:32:59, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605300023942 W. L. R. OLIVER ET AL. and pasture land, as long as sufficient cover Panay), to directed hunts with trained dogs or remains. By comparison, Crateromys spp. snares placed at the entrances to their holes in appear to be far less tolerant of human- trees or the ground. The number of animals induced changes in their forest habitats, this killed by these means is impossible to esti- being almost certainly due to their more arbo- mate, but interviews with local people in 54 real life-style. locations in Luzon in 1990 indicate that cloud Cloud rats live alone, in pairs, or in pairs rats of all three species on that island (but par- with one or two dependent young, which are ticularly P. pallidus and C. schadenbergi) are the born in tree-holes or hollows well above most commonly hunted animals in many ground level (Crateromys spp.), or in the hol- areas and hundreds are taken annually (Oliver low boles of standing or fallen trees or in holes and Cox, 1990). in the ground (Phloeomys spp.). With the possi- These and other data on the distribution ble exception of C. australis on Dinagat Island and conservation status of these animals were they are widely, sometimes intensively, hunt- obtained during a preliminary survey in April ed by local people for food. Hunting methods and May 1990. It was based on interviews vary from opportunistic captures while hunt- with approximately 200 tribal hunters and ing for other animals with dogs and guns (e.g. other people in about 80 lo-cations. It included Less than 120 m • current water depth 200 Crateromys schadenbergi Marinduque Mindoro O ateromys paulusx Figure 1. Current known distribution of the cloud rats Phloeomys spp. and Crateromys spp., in relation to the principal faunal regions/late Pleistocene islands of the Philippines, as defined by the 120-m bathymetric line. (Modified after Heaney, 1986.) 42 ORYX VOL 27 NO 1 JANUARY 1993 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.202.226, on 01 Oct 2021 at 05:32:59, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605300023942 PHILIPPINE CLOUD RATS visits to all islands known or believed likely to (Figure 2). It is reported to be locally abundant support these species (Figures 2-6). The prin- in some areas, despite continued, sometimes cipal findings of this survey and from other intense, hunting pressure (Oliver and Cox, recent faunal surveys (Heaney et al., 1991) are 1990). It is evidently highly adaptable, because summarized below. it occurs in a wide variety of habitat types from sea-level to at least 2000 m, and it is reputed to persist in some seriously degraded Slender-tailed cloud rats Phloeomys spp. or virtually denuded areas. There is no evi- dence that it should be considered threatened. The pelage is variable, but typically pre- Phloeomys pallidus northern Luzon slender- dominately white with a distinct black mask tailed cloud rat and collar. Pure white specimens are also This species has the largest range of any cloud known and reported to be locally common in rat, being discontinuously distributed through some places. Igorot hunters reported brown at least 12 provinces of Luzon north of Laguna individuals, apparently of this species, in two Cordillera. Central Bontoc ^Bondoc Peninsular « Bunas Island Figure 2. Confirmed and reported locations for the northern Luzon slender-tailed Monsoon (mostly montane oak/pine) forest cloud rat Phloeomys pallidus and P^ Montane rain forest the southern Luzon slender- [ffl] Lowland rain forest tailed cloud rat P. cumingi. (Forest • Non-forest cover data modified after Forest Management Bureau, 1988; and Phloeomys pallidus: Confirmed location by courtesy of the World • Reported by local people Phloeomys sp: • Reported by local people (grey/black morph) Conservation Monitoring Phloeomys cumingi: • Confirmed location Centre.) • Reported by local people ORYX VOL 27 NO 1 JANUARY 1993 43 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.202.226, on 01 Oct 2021 at 05:32:59, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605300023942 W. L. R. OLIVER ET AL. locations in south Mountain Province and Negrito hunters reported grey-black forms in Phloeomys cumingi southern Luzon slender- the mountains of the Bataan and Zambales Provinces of western Luzon. Neither of these tailed cloud rat forms have been described previously and it This species has a patchy distribution in six would be necessary to acquire specimens to provinces in southern Luzon and the islands ascertain whether they are simply local colour of Catanduanes and Marinduque (Figure 2). It variants or new taxa. Despite their proximity is known or reported to occur in all remaining to Manila, faunal surveys have yet to be con- forested areas in this region and appears able ducted in the Zambales Mountains or Bataan to persist in predominately agricultural areas Peninsula, which are now isolated by urban despite sustained hunting pressure. In the and agricultural land. Most of the few remain- north of its range, in Quezon Province, it was ing forest patches are badly degraded and reported from several locations (mostly most are certain to have been damaged by the coconut plantations) close to sea-level and, in eruption of Mount Pinatubo in 1991. Mt Isarog National Park, from about 150 m (in H] Monsoon (mostly montane oak/pine) forest Figure 3. Confirmed and B Montane rain forest reported locations for the Luzon S Lowland rain forest • Confirmed location giant bushy-tailed cloud rat • Non- forest • Reported by local people Crateromys schadenbergi. 44 ORYX VOL 27 NO 1 JANUARY 1993 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.202.226, on 01 Oct 2021 at 05:32:59, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605300023942 PHILIPPINE CLOUD RATS Lake Naujan Mindoro Strait Korionoff Ranch (abandoned) Mt Iglit-Baco National Park Figure 4. Confirmed and reported locations for Crateromys paulus on Ilin Island and 3 Montane rain forest Crateromys (?) sp.
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