FAUNA SURVEY REPORT FOR MUNICIPALITY

September 2006

Prepared for:

PALAWAN COUNCIL FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Center for Sustainable Development Sta. Monica Heights, City, Palawan, 5300 Email: [email protected] Tel.: (63-48) 434-4235, Fax: 434-4234

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JAPAN BANK FOR INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION

Prepared by:

PACIFIC CONSULTANTS INTERNATIONAL in association with ALMEC Corporation CERTEZA Information Systems, Inc. DARUMA Technologies Inc. Geo-Surveys & Mapping, Inc.

Photo Credits:

All photos by SEMP-NP ECAN Zoning Component Project Management Office

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Suggested Citation:

PCSDS. 2006. Fauna Survey Report for Culion Municipality Palawan Council for Sustainable Development, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page

List of Tables iv List of Figures v List of Appendix Tables vi List of Appendix Figures vii Glossary of Terms viii

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ix

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1

2.0 METHODOLOGY 1 2.1 Establishment of Transects and Recording Data 1 2.2 Collection and Processing of Specimens 2 2.3 Measurement of Diversity 3 2.4 Mapping of Core Zones 3

3.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 4 3.1 Location of Transects 4 3.2 Habitat Characterization 5 3.3 Fauna Inventory 8 3.4 Structure of Feeding Guilds 9 3.5 Altitudinal Distribution 10 3.6 Transect Diversity Indices 10 3.7 Value of Wildlife to Local Residents 11 3.8 Occurrence of Protected Species 12 3.9 Indicative Fauna Core Zones 13

4.0 RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ISSUES 14

5.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 15

REFERENCES 16

APPENDICES 18

______iii

LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Title Page

1 Listing of Northern Palawan Wild Vertebrates and Tally of 8 encounter of Culion species

2 Percent Occurrence of Species by Feeding Habits of recorded 9 Terrestrial Fauna

3 Computation of Indices for all the Transects traversed in the 11 municipalities of Culion

4 Occurrence of Significant Protected Species in various 13 transects in Culion

______iv

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Title Page

1 Map of the Municipality of Culion showing Locations of 4 Fauna Transects (SPOT 5 Multispectral Satellite Image, 5- m resolution)

2 Mt. Sinangkan Peak at endpoint of BD2. 5

3 View of Mt. Susong Dalaga in Halsey (LHI) 7

4 A View of Barangay Lumber Camp along Transect LCI 7

5 Proposed Location of a Fauna Core Zone (yellow outline) 14 covering Barangay Halsey and Barangay Lumber Camp

______v

LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES

Appendix Table No. Title Page

1 Checklist of Terrestrial Fauna in Northern Palawan 18 Province Indicating Records from Culion survey and their Feeding Guilds

2 Transect and Reference Points with Calculated Elevations 41 on Culion survey areas

3 List of Terrestrial Fauna Observed per Transect in the 42 municipality of Culion

______vi

List of Appendix Figures

Appendix Figure No. Title Page

Appendix Photographs of some Encountered Wildlife Species in 70 Figures A Culion

Appendix Scanned Photographs of Possible New Records of Wildlife 78 Figures B Species occurring in Culion, Palawan

______vii GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Biogeographic Zone - delineated area where peculiar vegetation/wildlife species are found or distributed.

Ecotone - convergence of two or more types of habitats.

Edge Effect - ability to support larger and varied wildlife population along edges or boundaries where one kind of land use starts and another stops, than either adjoining community.

Endangered species - taxa in danger of extinction and whose survival is unlikely if the causal factors continue operating.

Indeterminate - taxa known to be endangered, vulnerable or rare but where there is not enough information to say which of the three categories is appropriate.

Rare species - taxa that is usually localized within restricted range or habitats and presently not endangered, vulnerable but at risk.

Vulnerable species - taxa in danger of extinction and whose survival is unlikely to move into the endangered category in the near future if the causal factors continue operating.

Species dominance - condition in communities in which one or more species have considerable influence upon the existence of associated species.

______viii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This fauna survey in the municipality of Culion is part of the Research and Survey Component under ECAN Zoning of the Sustainable Environmental Management Project for Northern Palawan. The primary goal is towards the attainment of sustainable development in the area through appropriate use of land and coastal waters, natural resources, protection, conservation and rehabilitation of the natural environment.

Specifically, this survey was designed to: 1) ascertain the occurrence and distribution of fauna resources in the area; 2) characterize the fauna resources; 3) provide inputs in the mapping of core zones; 4) provide recommendations to protect the rare, threatened and endangered species.

A baseline fauna inventory was conducted in the municipality of Culion during the month of May 2003. The survey covered a total of 10 two-km transects from four barangay. Habitat types included primary and secondary forests, brushland and areas, ricefields, bamboo stands, plantations and barren lands. Interviews with the local people provided additional information regarding the existence of wildlife within the survey sites particularly, the presence of threatened and other protected species.

The survey revealed 80 species of fauna of which 66 are , 5 and 9 are herps (amphibians and ). This represents 22.1 % of northern Palawan’s recorded wildlife species. Thirty-one respondents were interviewed during the survey.. High indices of fauna diversity were evident in the following order of importance of habitat types: brushland-forest, agroforest-forest and forest-grassland. Altitudinal distribution of species did not show a clear pattern, however, in both study areas, the endangered Blue-naped and vulnerable Racquet-tail Parrots were found practically in all elevations. Insectivores and carnivores dominated among the listed fauna which could be interpreted as more prey species being available within the area. However, pollinators were least represented, suggesting that pollen resources are either limited or seasonal. Only one core zone was identified for Culion which was the entire barangay of Halsey. But this may expanded to include the whole lower peninsula.

Destructive practices through kaingin and indiscriminate cutting of trees were major factors that contributed to the threatened status of a number of wildlife species including their respective habitats. Similarly, hunting by some local residents for food, pet and trading had brought about wildlife decimations.

______EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ix 1.0 INTRODUCTION

The municipality of Culion is part of the Calamianes Islands and Cuyo- Groups. Culion has a municipal water covering about 750 sq km or almost 75,000 hectares. It has a land area of 45,600 has and is second largest of the Calamianes Group of Islands in northern Palawan. There are patches of open canopy broadleaf lowland forest which are found along ridges and on flat areas. Culion is listed as one of the key conservation sites in the Philippines (Collar, et. al., 1999).

Culion’s wildlife shares with Busuanga and Coron with most of the threatened and restricted-range birds (Mallari, et al., 2001), namely:

• Palawan Peacock Pheasant (Polyplectron emphanum) • Blue-headed Racquet-tail (Prioniturus platenae) • Palawan ( marchei) • Philippine Cockatoo (Cacatua haematurophygia) • Yellow-throated Leafbird (Chloropsis palawanensis) • White-vented Shama (Copsychus niger) • Palawan Blue-flycatcher (Cyornis lemprieri) • Blue-paradise-flycatcher (Tersiphone cyanescens) • Palawan ( plateni)

Also included as important wildlife in Culion are the endangered Calamian Hog- deer (Cervus calamianensis) and the Bearded Pig (Sus barbatus). Found off Culion waters are populations of the Bottle-nosed Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). The endemic and rare Philippine Discoglossid Frog () is likewise recorded in the island.

The need for alternative livelihood had brought local residents and migrants from poaching and encroachment of the island’s natural habitats. These had brought serious threats to its wildlife resources. Gathering of timber and other forest products had caused extensive deforestation. It paved the way for more areas that are rapidly converted to kaingin farms.

Culion is listed as one of the second priority sites of the ECAN project. Core zone establishment is hoped to provide full protection of its wildlife and its habitat. The fauna inventory report is expected to generate data for this purpose.

2.0 METHODOLOGY

2.1 Establishment of Transects and Recording of Data

A baseline survey was conducted in the municipality of Culion. Following the Technical Fauna Survey and Technical Manual, standard procedures and methods were followed in the field. Representative habitat types (transects are located) were covered as ______INTRODUCTION 1 shown in the land cover map of Culion. A listing of all the wild terrestrial vertebrate fauna encountered within two-km transect lines was made. Secondary data on occurrence of other wildlife species within the study area were also gathered.

Baseline survey included the recording of the (actual sighting, hearing) and indirect (foot prints, nests, etc.) evidences of presence. Observations were gathered within located two-km transects and from outside transects whenever there were opportunities. Trapping and netting were conducted during daytime and nighttime along or near transects to assess the presence of small species.

A vegetative cover map (SPOT 5 Multi-spectral Satellite Image, 5-m resolution, January 2003) was used to determine the number of transects in the field. Tabulated land cover area of the entire municipalities of Palawan was referred to in order to find approximate area of each habitat. A 0.1%-sampling intensity was used. Different habitat types were covered, namely: primary and secondary forest, brushland and grassland areas, paddy fields, and plantations. Ten transects were delineated for Culion.

Local residents were interviewed following a standard questionnaire. Photos/illustrations from field reference guides were presented to the respondents as an aid for them in identifying the species they encountered.

Photo-documentation was done whenever there were opportunities. Five to 10 minutes were devoted to observe herp specimens on every river and creek crossed by the survey crew. Captured herps were photo-documented, after which they were promptly released. Unidentified species were collected as specimens. Species encountered beyond transects were also listed in the data form with proper notation. Listing of species in the data form followed an order as they are observed along transect lines.

2.2 Collection and Processing of Specimens

Elusive mammals were sampled using mist nets or live traps. Frogs and small reptiles were caught by hands. Netting and setting of traps were done around the vicinity of base camps encompassing at least 50-m radius. Mist nets were usually set-up across trails, creeks and vicinities of fruiting trees and crops in the area. Traps were set within farm lots, directly on dried rivers/creeks, rock crevices, bushes, bamboo thickets, under fruit-bearing trees and other places suspected to be actively used by wildlife. Night surveys were also performed especially when the camping sites were near rivers or creeks for the collection of frogs, toads, , and other nocturnal species. Following identification, specimens were released right away. Weak, dead or unidentified specimens were kept for preservation, with standard protocols being observed.

Procedures in preservation as indicated in the technical manual were followed. Birds and were prepared as study skins while the herps were pickled in denatured alcohol. Attached to each specimen was a label indicating the date and place of collection, species name, name of collector and other information such as sex and body measurements. A caliper was used in taking body measurements. All the specimens collected are now temporarily deposited at the Old PCSDS office in Irawan, Puerto ______METHODOLOGY 2 Princesa City. Identification of species were referred to the following references: Alcasid (1970), Alviola III (19988), Alcala (1986), Dickinson, et al. (1991), Gonzales (1997), Heaney, et al. (1987), Ingle and Heaney (1992), Kennedy, et al. (2000) and Mahagnoy (1996).

Categories regarding the species ecological status or status of conservation as being rare, endangered, threatened, vulnerable and other criteria were adopted from the Wildlife Society of the Philippines’ Philippine Red Data Book (1997).

2.3 Measurements of Species Diversity

Indices of dominance and diversity were measured for each transect. The following equations were used:

Simpson’s Index of Dominance (Simpson, 1949):

D = 1 - ∑ni (ni – 1) N(N-1)

Shannon-Weaver’s Index of Diversity (Perkins, 1982):

H’ = (N logN - ∑ni log ni)/N

where: s = number of species n = individuals in the ith species N = number of individuals

2.4 Mapping of Core Zones

All the species recorded within transects established in the municipality of Culion were tallied taking note of the occurrence of protected species. Transects having high species diversity and where one or more protected species detected would be criteria to indicate core zones. Initially, these core zones were marked carefully on the map (scale of 1:20,000) to include coverage of each zone. Proposed core zones included the identified transects where a particular protected species was encountered or from outside of transect or from secondary data.

Coverage of probable habitat of identified protected species was delineated directly on the map in reference to the principle of edge effect. This principle was discussed by Leopold (1933) where wildlife tended to be more abundant, where vegetation types were numerous and well interspersed, providing many “edges” between vegetation types. Edges provide more access to two or more vegetation types. Animals are most diverse in composition whenever there are ecotones or habitat transitions. In addition, topography, extent of vegetation type and plantations, river formation and human settlements were likewise considered in delineating core zones.

______METHODOLOGY 3 3.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

3.1 Location of Transects

Figure 1 shows the map of Culion with locations of fauna transects. Ten transects were located in four ( 4 ) barangays of the municipality which includes Baldat, Malaking Patag, Halsey and Lumber Camp..

Figure 1. Map of the Municipality of Culion showing Locations of Fauna Transects. (SPOT 5 Multispectral Satellite Image, 5-m resolution)

______RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 4 3.2 Habitat Characterization

Ten transects were delineated in Culion covering Bgy(s) Baldat, Malaking Patag, Halsey and Lumbercamp. Due to bad weather condition brought by typhoon Chedeng, several barangays were aborted including Burabod, and Binudac.

Barangay Baldat

Barangay Baldat is nearest to Culion town proper. Three transects were covered in the area, all of them within the vicinity of Mt. Sinangkan Watershed .

Transect BD1

This transect started a few meters from the highway and ended along the Sinangkan River. Vegetation observed were mostly agroforestry crops. Kaingin areas (upland rice and cassava) were seen along the river. Primary forests were noted as it moved upwards to Mt. Sinangkan Peak. Patches of bamboo stands were found along the river. Steep slopes, gullies, and cliffs were common. Both sides of rivers were very steep and not passable.

Transect BD2

The transect started along Sinangkan River and ended near the peak of Mt. Sinangkan (Fig. 2). Observed at both sides of the river is a closed canopy primary forest. In some portions of the transect were thick bamboo stands. The terrain is mostly steep.

Figure 2. Mt. Sinangkan Peak at endpoint of BD2

______RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 5 Transect BD3

This transect is located from San Pedro mountain peak downward. Vegetations observed at the top are grassland with patches of trees on the side of the mountain. Stunted trees dominated the steep sides of the mountain and bamboo stands at the foothill.

Barangay Malaking Patag

Four transects were covered in this barangay. Two of these are located in Mount Cabangaan, one in Sitio Cabulihan and the 4rt is within the barangay proper.

Transect MP1

Vegetation is mostly agroforestry areas and ricefields. were found especially on foothills and ricefield edges.

Transect MP2

This transect started from the highway and ended on a trail towards Cabangaan Mountain range. Brushland areas dominated with bamboo stands were observed culminating into a pure lowland primary forest. The area was a small valley surrounded with mountains and hills. Agroforestry crops included mango plantation with cassava crops in - between.

Transect MP3

This transect was located along a tributary of Cabangaan Falls. The vegetation type is a primary forest. Huge rocks and steep cliffs were found along the Cabangaan River.

Transect MP4

Transect MP4 was delineated at Sitio Cabulihan on the southern part of Barangay Malaking Patag. Pure bamboo stands and some portion of grasslands adjacent to the Cabulihan river were observed. Numerous patches of ricefields were located near forest edges. Wide new kaingin areas were also observed along mountain slopes.

Barangay Halsey

Transect HL1

Only one transect was made in Barangay Halsey due to bad weather condition. Vegetation was dominated by grasslands with patches of trees growing along the foothills and mountains. Next to it was a combination of forest tree species mixed with bamboo stands. Pure forest areas were noted along the Susong Dalaga Mountain where Halsey Falls is located. See Fig.3.

______RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 6

Figure 3. View of Mt. Susong Dalaga in barangay Halsey (LH1).

Barangay Lumber Camp (not yet formally declared)

Two transects were laid in Bgy. Lumber Camp. One is located in Sitio Coring (western part of the barangay) while the other one was in Sitio Batakalan (eastern part). Dominant vegetation observed in these transects were primary forests, agroforestry areas, bamboo stands, and grasslands. Figure 4 shows a portion of the habitat where one of the transects was located.

Figure 4. A view of Barangay Lumbercamp, along transect LC1.

Transect LC1

This transect started from Sitio Coring proper and ended in the barangay proper. The dominant vegetation on the upper part is a secondary forest with stands on

______RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 7 low lying areas. Grasslands were prominent within the valley with forest areas along foothills of mountains.

Transect LC2

This transect is located on the eastern part of the barangay along the coastline. Bamboo stands mixed with second growth forest can be found along the area. Agroforestry areas were observed especially along the coast planted with cashew and other agricultural crops.

3.3 Fauna Inventory

Wildlife survey in Culion was undertaken from May 22-28, 2003. Station camps were established in representative barangays. As a requirement, courtesy calls were made to the barangay captains on every barangay visited. Itinerary of travel was given to the District Management Office Head for recording and monitoring purposes.

Out of 14 transects planned, only 10 were actually covered in the municipality of Culion. It is distributed in four barangays namely: Baldat, Malaking Patag, Halsey, and Lumber Camp. The team was unable to access Binudac and Burabod because of the bad weather. Surveys in Culion were mostly done through interviews.

Appendix Table 1 shows 361 species from 26 orders and 91 families of wild terrestrial vertebrates that may be expected from the Culion fauna survey. Based from the survey, a total of 80 species were tallied with 30.3% of birds being represented in the sample. Table 1 summarizes data for northern Palawan species and from the survey: Samples of encountered wildlife species taken from actual photographs are found in Appendix Figures A.

Table 1. Listing of Northern Palawan Wild Vertebrates and Tally of encounter of Culion species.

Wild Northern Conducted Percent Observations Vertebrate Palawan Transect Encounter Outside Groups Records Survey Transect Birds 218 66 30.3 38 Mammals 58 5 8.6 7 Reptiles 64 6 9.4 3 Amphibians 21 3 14.2 0 Total 361 80 22.1 48.0

Forty-eight species were encountered from outside transects based on actual observation and from interviews of the local residents. Only three specimens were collected which include the ( sp.), -faced (Cynopterus brachyotis), and Palawan Flycatcher (Ficedula platenae).

______RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 8 Eleven species were suspected as new records for Culion (see Appendix Figures B) although further verification would need to be done. They include:

• Amethyst Brown Dove – Phapitreron amethystine* • Grey-hooded – primigenius* • Orange-bellied Flowerpecker – trigonostigma* • Philippine Eagle Owl – Bubo philippensis* • Philippine Hawk Eagle – Spizaetus philippensis* • Philippine Scops Owl – Otus megalotis*+ • Small Buttonquail – Turnix sylvatica* • White-throated Kingfisher – Halcyon smyrnensis gularis* • Slender-digit Narrow Mouth Frog – Kaloula picta* • Freshwater Turtle – Heosemys leytensis* • Philippine Pit Viper - Trimeresurus flavomaculatus* ______*based on interview; + animal call heard

3.4 Structure of Feeding Guilds

A summary of the identified feeding guilds and percentage occurrence among the listed species is found in Table 2.

Table 2. Percent Occurrence of Species by Feeding Habits of recorded Terrestrial Fauna.

Percent Classification No. of Species Occurrence

Insectivore 168 46.5 Carnivore 94 26.0 Omnivore 57 15.8 Frugivore 15 4.2 Piscivore/Insectivore 6 1.7 Nectarivore 7 1.9 Pollen feeder 5 1.4 Seedeater 4 1.1 Herbivore 3 0.8 Omnivore/seedeater 1 0.3 Frugivore/nectarivore 1 0.3 Total 361 100.0

Representative species were dominated by the insectivores (46.5%) and carnivores (26.0%). Insectivores are the cuckoos, nightjar, woodpeckers, most of the , pangolin, lizards and frogs. The carnivores (feeding on fish, frogs, insects and other ) comprised of the herons, egrets, stork, shore birds, eagles and hawks, owls, ______RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 9 monitor lizards and snakes. Also indicated in the survey were the omnivores (15.8%) where ducks, megapode, certain dove species, pittas, crows, , bearcat and civet cats belongs. Most of the frugivores (4.2%) were the pigeons and parrots. Known piscivores or fish eaters (1.7%) were the terns, grebe and kingfishers. Strict nectarivores were the while pollen feeders were the . Palawan Hornbill was classified into seed eater/frugivore and Chestnut Munia as a strictly seedeater. Generally, the existence of large species like the eagles, hawks and hornbill can be good “indicator species” since they are assumed to be easily affected groups whenever there are disturbances occurring in their habitats. Their presence or absence may indicate the prevailing quality of environment.

It was apparent that predatory insectivores and carnivores appeared to be dominating all other feeding habits. This can be interpreted as there exists a diverse choice of available prey to support these predators. It could therefore be stated that communities of organisms found in Culion are still in balanced state where an assumed flow of energy is running smoothly. The omnivores followed after these predator group and they are assumed to be the more generalized of the animal species and easily able to find alternative food sources. Least represented were the specialists like the pollen and seed eaters. Such condition may indicate low abundance of flowering vegetation.

3.5 Altitudinal Distribution

Appendix Table 2 records the transect reference points with the calculated elevations for each start and end points. The highest elevation observed in Barangay Baldat is at 370 m.a.s.l . The Blue-headed Racquet-tail was distributed in all elevations, although the Blue-naped Parrot was more confined in the upper elevation (80 masl.). Palawan Flycatcher appeared to be more confined on lower elevations while the , Hill Myna, Blue-winged Pitta, monkey, Palawan Tree Shrew and Monitor Lizard were mostly observed on higher elevations.

3.6 Transect Diversity Indices

Listing of species encountered in all transects established in the two municipalities indicating their frequencies is presented in Appendix Tables 3. Calculations of diversity indices are presented on Table 3.

______RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 10 Table 3. Computation of Indices for all Transects traversed in the Municipality of Culion Index of Index of Barangay Transect Habitat Type* Dominance Diversity D H’ Baldat BD1 agroforest/forest 0.96 1.26 BD2 forest 0.77 0.81 BD3 forest/grassland 0.69 0.77 Malaking Patag MP1 brushland/ 0.76 0.79 agroforest MP2 brushland/forest 0.89 1.00 MP3 forest 0.93 1.07 MP4 forest/agroforest 0.95 1.09 Halsey HL1 brushland/forest 0.97 1.49 Lumber Camp LC1 forest/agroforest 0.92 1.02 LC2 forest/agroforest 0.97 0.94

Indices of dominance (D) ranged from a low value of 0.69 (transects BD3 on forest-grassland habitats) and a high 0.97 (transects HL1- brushland/forest and LC2- forest/agroforest). However, indices of diversity (H’) ranged from 0.77 (transect BD3, forest-grassland habitat) to a high 1.49 (transect HL1, brushland/forest habitat). Thus, high species dominance and diversity are evident in brushland-forest. Thus, the following habitat types in Culion may be established according to importance:

1. Brushland-forest 2. Agroforest-forest 3. Forest-grassland

3.7 Value of Wildlife to the Local Residents

Local interview within the municipality yielded 37 respondents with 22 males and 15 females. Various uses of wildlife had been indicated as traded animals, food, kept as pets and as a house décor. Among the traded species indicated were deer (sold at 100 pesos per kilo), parrots (500-1,500 pesos per head), Talking Mynah (500-1,000 pesos per head), wild pig, wild duck, civet cat, egret and pangolin. Eaten were wild ducks, oriole, jungle fowl, fruit doves, rock doves, drongo, monitor lizard, monkey, squirrel and ricefield rats. Animals kept as pets were monitor lizard, quail and hornbill while the skin of the pangolin was used to decorate the house. Respondents also revealed that pangolin skins can command a market value of 1000-2000 pesos.

______RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 11 Hunting of wildlife was through locally made snares, use of air guns, sling shots, pig bomb, glue and pit traps. Some have to climb trees and hand collect nestlings of parrots and mynah . Only nine respondents (24.3%) expressed their awareness about the “protected species” and apparent government regulations with regards to use of wild animals.

3.8 Occurrence of Protected Species

Twenty species were specified as rare species, six as endangered, three as vulnerable and one designated as threatened or with indeterminate status. Occurrence in various transects of species with some of these categories is found in Table 4. Among the rare species listed were an egret, stork and tern, Philippine Cockatoo, Chest-winged Cuckoo, Black-nest , Blue-winged Pitta, four species of flycatchers, Palawan Tree Shrew, Lesser Bamboo bat, Bearded Pig, two species of pond turtles, Griffin’s Skink, White-striped , Philippine Discoglossid Frog and Palawan Toad.

Categorized as endangered were the following species:

• Palawan Peacock Pheasant (Polyplectron emphanum)* • Blue-naped Parrot (Tanygnathus lucionensis salvadorii)** • Palawan Flycatcher (Ficedula platenae) • Asiatic Pangolin (Manis javanica)* • Calamian Deer (Cervus porcinus calamianensis) • Phillippine Freshwater Crocodile (Crocodylus mindorensis) • Saltwater Crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) • Palawan Soft-furred Mountain Rat (Palawanomys furvus)**?

Identified in the vulnerable category were:

• Palawan Bearcat (Arctictis ) • Hill Myna (Gracula religiosa)** • Blue-headed Racquet-tail (Prioniturus platenae)** • Palawan Hornbill (Anthracoceros marchei)**

Tagged as threatened was:

• Monitor Lizard (Varanus salvator) ______*observed outside transect ? needs verification **observed within or along transect

______RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 12 Table 4. Occurrence of Significant Protected Species in various Transects in Culion

Barangay Transect Species Status

Baldat BD1 BD2 Blue-headed Racquet-tail Vulnerable Blue-winged Pitta Rare BD3 Blue-headed Racquet-tail Malaking MP1 Patag MP2 Blue-headed Racquet-tail Vulnerable Palawan Hornbill Vulnerable MP3 Blue-headed Racquet-tail Vulnerable Blue-naped Parrot Endangered Palawan Tree Shrew Rare MP4 Blue-headed Racquet-tail Vulnerable Blue-naped Parrot Endangered Halsey HL1 Blue-headed Racquet-tail Vulnerable Blue-naped Parrot Endangered Hill Myna Vulnerable Lumber LC1 Blue-headed Racquet-tail Vulnerable Camp LC2 Blue-winged Pitta Rare

The vulnerable Blue-headed Racquet-tail and endangered Blue-naped Parrots were particularly recorded in transects MP3, MP4 and HL1. The Raquet-tail was encountered in at least seven transects from out of 10. Transects MP3 and HL1 have three each of protected species.

3.9 Indicative Fauna Core Zone

Figure 5 shows the proposed location of the fauna core zone. It cover Barangay Halsey and Barangay Lumber Camp which has an estimated area of 9,035.8 has. Barangay Halsey recorded high species diversity value (1.49), with top priority habitat type of brushland-forest and presence of at least three protected species thereby favoring its selection as a core zone site. On almost exactly the same location is the proposed flora core zone. According to the Culion local government, there are no known human inhabitants at present in Barangay Halsey and Barangay Lumber Camp. Their proposed ECAN zone map also matched with proposed as fauna core zone. For practicality, it is thus proposed that the whole southern peninsula be recommended as a fauna core zone.

A natural corridor of almost contiguous vegetation patches is apparent on the eastern and western coasts going up to Barangay Malaking Patag. With the proposed ______RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 13 second core zone of the flora team within this area, the proposed fauna core zone will easily be connected via this corridor.

Figure 5. Proposed Location of a Fauna Core Zone (yellow outline) which covers Barangay Halsey and Barangay Lumber Camp or the entire peninsula.

4.0 RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ISSUES

4.1 Kaingin making and indiscriminate cutting of trees had been practiced in many parts of Culion. Logging is still being practiced extensively in at least two municipalities in spite of the implementation of the Strategic Environmental Plan for Palawan which prohibits any type of logging. Such practices had practically disturbed or

______RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ISSUES 14 destroyed many wildlife habitats. Unfortunately, majority of the local residents had not realized the impact of these practices on wildlife.

4.2 Hunting of wildlife had been part of life of the local people to support their livelihood. Traditional snare traps, pit traps, glue, rifle gun, pig bomb and sling shot had been used. Demand for parrots and talking mynah had encouraged people to raid nests up in the trees. Only 24.3% of the local population knew about protected wildlife species.

5.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Baseline survey for fauna revealed 30.3% of listed northern Palawan bird species; 8.6% of recorded mammals, 9.4% of reptiles, and 14.2% of amphibians.

5.2 Predators abound in Culion probably due to many available prey species. Insectivores were best represented of the feeding habits of the fauna with the carnivores and omnivores trailing. However, the frugivores, nectarivores, pollen eaters and seed eaters were least represented implying perhaps that there was a scarcity of fruit-bearing plants and/or tree species in the area. Larger carnivores like the Eagles and Hawks and seed eaters such as the Hornbill may be considered as good “indicator species.”

5.3 The Blue-headed Racquet-tail was recorded in all elevations. High elevation species were the Blue-naped Parrot, Palawan Flowerpecker, Hill Myna, Blue- winged Pitta, Monkey, Palawan Tree Shrew, Monitor Lizard and Palawan Tree Shrew. Palawan Flycatcher appeared to be more confined on lower elevations.

5.4 Based on fauna diversity and dominance indices, the following habitat types in Coron are recognized according to importance: forest, forest-brushland and agroforest-ricefield.

5.5 The vulnerable Blue-headed Racquet-tail and endangered Blue-naped Parrot had been recorded in the majority of transects covered. Occurrence of these protected species was considered a critical factor in the selection of core zones.

5.6 Kaingin and poaching of wildlife had brought about decimations of many wild animals in Culion. It was detected that 24.3% of the community expressed awareness of protected species. This calls for an intensive but effective information and education campaign in the municipality.

5.7 A single core zone is proposed for Culion which covers the entire Barangay Halsey. It has one of the highest in species diversity where top priority habitat type of brushland-forest was located. Occurrence of three protected species further justified its selection. Such core zone may be recommended to be expanded to include the entire lower peninsula.

______CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 15 REFERENCES

Alcasid, G.L. 1970. Checklist of Philippine mammals. Philippine National Museum 51p.

Alcala, A.C. 1986. Guide to the Philippine flora and fauna: amphibians and reptiles. NRMC-UPLB vol. X.

Alcala, A.C. and W.C. Brown. 1998. Philippine amphibians: an illustrated field guide. Makati City: Bookmark, Inc., 113pp.

Alviola III, P.L. 1998. Land vertebrates of , Palawan. Rushing Water Publ. Ltd. (Asia Life Sciences).

Brower, J.E., J.H. Zar and C.N. von Ende. 1990. Field and laboratory methods for general ecology. 3rd. ed. W.C. Brown Publ., 237p.

Collar, N.J., N.A.D. Mallari and B.R. Tabaranza, Jr. 1999. Threatened birds of the Philippines. Bookmark, Makati City. 559p.

Dickinson, E.C., R.S. Kennedy and K.C. Parkes. 1991. The birds of the Philippines: an annotated checklist. UK:British Ornithologist Union.

Giles, R. H., Jr. 1978. Wildlife management. W.H. freeman and Co., San Francisco, USA 416p.

Gonzales, J.T. 1997. A guide to the birds of El Nido, northern Palawan, Philippines. Ten Knots Dev., Corp. 32p.

Heaney, L.R., P.D. Gonzales and A.C. Alcala. 1987. An annotated checklist of the taxonomic and conservation status of land mammals in the Philippines. Silliman J. (Phil.) 34:22-66

Ingle, N.R. and L.R. Heaney. 1992. A key to the bats of the Philippine Islands. Fieldiana:Zoology, new series 69:1-44.

Kennedy, R.S., P.C. Gonzales, E.C. Dickinson, H.C. Miranda, Jr. and T.H. . 2000. A guide to the birds of the Philippines. Oxford Press, Oxford. 369p.

Leopold, A.S. 1933. Game management. Charles Scribner’s Sons., N.Y. 481pp.

Mahagnoy, M.J. 1996. Herpetofauna of Calauit Island. Unpublished M.S. Thesis, UPLB.

Margalef, R. 1957. La teoria de la informacion en ecologia. Mem. R. Acad. Cien. Artes 32:373-449.

______REFERENCES 16 Menhinnick, E.F. 1964. A comparison of some species-individuals diversity indices applied to samples of field insects. Ecology 45:859-861.

Perkins, J.L. 1982. Shannon-Weaver or Shannon-Wiener? J. Water Pollut. Contr. Fed. 54:1049-1050

Simpson, E.H. 1949. Measurement of diversity. Nature 163:688.

Whitemore, T.C. 1990. An introduction to tropical rainforests. Claredon Press, Oxford, New York. 226p.

Wildlife Conservation Society of the Philippines. 1997. Philippine red data book: red list of threatened animals. Makati City:Bookmark 262p.

______REFERENCES 17 APPENDICES

APPENDIX TABLES

Appendix Table 1. Checklist of Terrestrial Fauna in Northern Palawan Province indicating Records from Culion survey and their Feeding Guilds

Ecol. AXA Common Name Status/Endemicity Distribution Coron Feeding Conservation Status Survey Guild CLASS AVES ORDER CICONIIFORMES Family Ardeidae Ardea purpurea manilensis Purple Heron Fairly common, NE Cag., mainl., Urs., SP, Tub. carnivore Ardea sumatrana* Great-billed Heron Uncommon, resident, NE Bus., mainl., EN, SP, Tub. carnivore Bubulcus ibis coromandus Cattle Egret Common, resident-migrant mainl., Bus., Cuyo, SP. Tub. sighted carnivore Butorides striatus carniphilus Little Mangrove Heron Common, resident, NE mainl., Calamianes, Cuyo, EN, SP carnivore Dupetor f. flavicollis Black Bittern Uncommon, resident, NE mainl. carnivore Egretta alba modesta Greater Egret Uncommon, migrant, mainl., EN, Tub. sighted carnivore Egretta eulophotes Chinese Egret Rare, migrant mainl., Tub., Calauit, EN, SP carnivore Egretta garzetta garzetta* Little Egret Common, migrant Cag., mainl., Ursula, SP, Tub. carnivore Egretta intermedia Lesser Egret Uncommon, migrant mainl. Tub. carnivore Egretta s. sacra* Reef Egret Common, resident widespread, EN carnivore Gorsachius goisagi Japanese Night Heron Rare, migrant mainl. carnivore Gorsachius melanolophus kutteri* Malayan Night Heron Uncommon, resident, NE Busuanga carnivore Gorsachius melanolophus rufolineatus* Malay Bittern Endemic mainl., Bus., Cuyo, SP. Tub. carnivore Ixobrychus cinnamomeus Cinnamon Least Bittern Common, resident, NE mainl., Tub., SP sighted carnivore Ixobrychus eurythmus Schrenck's Bittern Rare, migrant mainl. carnivore Ixobrychus s. sinensis Yellow Bittern Uncommon, resident, NE mainl., Cuyo, Tub. carnivore ______APPENDICES 18 Ecol. AXA Common Name Status/Endemicity Distribution Coron Feeding Conservation Status Survey Guild Nycticorax caledonicus manilensis Rufous Night Heron Common, NE mainl. carnivore Nycticorax n. nycticorax Black-crowned Night Heron Uncommon, migrant Busuanga carnivore

Family Scolopacidae Tringa glareola* Wood Sandpiper Common, migrant, NE mainl. carnivore Numenius phaeopus variegatus* Whimbrel Common, migrant mainl. carnivore

Family Charadriidae Pluvialis fulva* Asian Golden Plover Common, migrant mainl. carnivore

Family Sternidae Sterna dougalli bangsi* Roseate Tern Rare, Res., NE minl., Cul. carnivore Anous stolidus pilieatus* Brown Noddy Locally Common, Res., NE mainl. carnivore

Family Podicipedidae Tachybaptus ruficollis philippensis* Little Grebe Uncommon, resident mainl. carnivore

Family Accipitridae Accipiter g. gularis Asiatic Sparrowhawk Uncommon, migrant mainl., EN carnivore Accipiter soloensis Chinese Goshawk Fairly common, migrant mainl. carnivore Accipiter trivirgatus palawanus Crested Goshawk Fairly Ccommon, migrant mainl., Cul., SP, En, Urs., carnivore Aviceda jerdoni magnirostris Crested Lizard Hawk Uncommon, resident, NE mainl. carnivore Butastur indicus Gray-faced Buzzard Fairly common, migrant mainl., Cul., Cuyo, Bal. sighted carnivore Circus s. spilonotus Marsh Harrier Uncommon, migrant mainl. carnivore Elanus caeruleus hypoleucus Black-winged Kite Uncommon, resident, NE Bus. carnivore Haliaeetus leucogaster White-bellied Sea Eagle Uncommon, resident, NE mainl., Cal., Cor., Cul., SP, EN, Urs. sighted carnivore Haliastur indus intermedius Bhraminy Kite Common, resident, NE mainl., Calamianes, Cal., EN carnivore ______APPENDICES 19 Ecol. AXA Common Name Status/Endemicity Distribution Coron Feeding Conservation Status Survey Guild Hieraaetus kienerii formosus Rufous-bellied Eagle Uncommon, resident, NE mainl. carnivore Ichthyophaga ichthyaetus Grey-headed Fish-eagle Rare, resident, NE Calamianes piscivore Milvus migrans lineatus* Black Kite Uncommon, PE race found in Palawan carnivore Pandion h. haliaetus* Osprey Common, migrant mainl. carnivore Pernis ptilorhynchus palawanensis Oriental Honey Buzzard Common, resident, NE Cal. carnivore Spilornis cheela palawanensis Crested Serpent Eagle Common, resident, NE mainl., Bus., SP, EN, Bal. carnivore Spizaetus cirrhatus limnaeetus Changeable Hawk Eagle Uncommon, resident, NE mainl. sighted carnivore Spizaetus philippensis* Philippine Hawk Eagle new record (for verification) carnivore

Family Falconidae Falco peregrinus calidus Peregrine Falcon Uncommon, migrant mainl., Coron carnivore Falco s. severus Oriental Hobby Uncommon, resident, NE mainl., Culion, EN carnivore Falco tinnunculus interstinctus Eaurasian Kestrel Uncommon, migrant mainl., Bus. carnivore

ORDER ANSERIFORMES Family Anatidae Dendrocygna a. arcuata* Wandering Whistling Duck Common, Res., NE mainl., Cuyo omnivore Anas querquedula Garganey Common, migrant, NE mainl. omnivore Aythya fuligula Tufted Duck Uncommon, migrant mainl. omnivore

ORDER GALLIFORMES Family Megapodidae Megapodius c. cumingii* Megapode Locally common, resident, NE mainl., Bus., Cul., EN, Bal., Urs. omnivore

Family Phasianidae Coturnix chinensis lineata* Blue-breasted Quail Common, resident, LE mainl., Cal., Cul. omnivore Gallus gallus philippensis Red Jungle Fowl Common, resident, LE mainl., Bus., Cul., SP sighted omnivore Polyplectron emphanum* Palawan Peacock Pheasant Uncom., res., PE; endangered Palawan mainland omnivore ______APPENDICES 20 Ecol. AXA Common Name Status/Endemicity Distribution Coron Feeding Conservation Status Survey Guild

Family Turnicidae Turnix suscitator haynaldi Barred Buttonquail Common, resident, LE mainl., Bus., Cul. sighted omnivore Turnix sylvatica Small Buttonquail Uncommon new record (for verification) sighted omnivore

ORDER GRUIFORMES Family Rallidae Amaurornis phoenicurus javanica* White-breasted Swamphen Common, resident, NE mainl., Bus., Culion, SP omnivore Fulica a. atra Eurasian Coot Uncommon, migrant, NE mainl. omnivore Gallicrex cinerea Watercock Fairly Common, resident, NE mainl. omnivore Gallinula chloropus lozanoi Common Moorhen Uncommon, resident, LE mainl., Tub. omnivore Gallirallus s. striatus Slaty-breasted Rail Uncommon, resident, NE mainl., Bus. omnivore Gallirallus t. torquatus Barred Rail Common, resident, NE EN, Urs. omnivore Porzana cinera ocularis White-browed Crake Common, resident, LE mainl. omnivore Porzana f. fusca Ruddy-breasted Crake Uncommon, resident NE Cag. omnivore Porzana p. pusilla Baillon's Crake Uncommon, migrant mainl. omnivore Rallina e. eurizonoides Slaty-legged Crake Uncommon, resident, LE Cag. omnivore Rallina fasciata Red-legged Crake Rare, resident-migrant mainl., Bal., Cul. omnivore

ORDER COLUMBIFORMES Family Columbidae Caloenas n. nicobarica Nicobar Pigeon Rare, res., NE mainl., Bal., EN, Urs. omnivore mainl., Cal., Cag., Cul., Cuyo, EN, Chalcophas indica indica Emerald Dove Common, res., NE Urs. omnivore Columba vitiensis anthracina Metallic Pigeon Uncommon, res., NE mainl., Cal. omnivore Ducula aenea palawanensis Green Imperial Pigeon Fairly common, res. LE mainl., Bus., Cul., SP, EN, Urs. heard frugivore Ducula b. bicolor Pied Imperial Pigeon Loc. Common, res., NE mainl., Bus., Urs., EN heard frugivore Ducula p. pickeringii Grey Imperial Pigeon Common. res., NE Calauit, EN sighted frugivore ______APPENDICES 21 Ecol. AXA Common Name Status/Endemicity Distribution Coron Feeding Conservation Status Survey Guild Geopelia s. striata Zebra Dove Common, res., NE mainl., Cal., Cul., Cuyo, EN, Urs. sighted omnivore Macropygia phasianella tenuirostris Reddish Cuckoo-dove Common, res., LE mainl., Bus., Culion, SP, EN omnivore Ptilinopus l. leclancheri* Black-chinned Fruit Dove Uncommon, res., LE omnivore Ptilinopus leclancheri gironieri Black-chinned Fruit Dove Uncommon, res., LE mainl., Bus., Cul., SP, EN omnivore Ptilinopus melanopsila bangueyensis Black-naped Fruit Dove Common, res., NE mainl., EN, Urs. omnivore Streptopelia bitorquata dusumieri Island Collared Dove Uncommon, res., LE mainl., Ag. Bus.Cag.,Cul., Cuyo, EN sighted omnivore Streptopelia chinensis tigrina Spotted Dove Common, res., NE mainl., Urs. sighted frugivore Treron curvirostra erimacra* Thick-billed Green Pigeon Uncommon, res., NE mainl., Bus., Cul., EN frugivore Treron v. vernans* Pink-necked Green Pigeon Uncommon, res., LE mainl., Bus., Cul., EN frugivore Phapitreron amethystina* Amethyst Brown Dove Endangered new record (for verification) frugivore

ORDER PSITTACIFORMES Family Psittacidae Cacatua haematurophygia Philippine Cockatoo Rare, resident, PE mainl., Bus., EN, Bal. frugivore Prioniturus platenae Blue-headed Racquet-tail Uncom. res., PE; Vulnerable mainl., Bus., Cul., EN, SP sighted frugivore Tanygnathus lucionensis salvadorii Blue-naped Parrot Uncom., res., NE; Endangered mainl., Bus., EN, Bal. sp sighted frugivore

ORDER CUCULIFORMES Family Cuculidae Cacomantis m. merulinus Plaintive Cuckoo Common, resident, NE mainl., EN, SP sighted insectivore Cacomantis sonneratii shclegeli Banded Bay Cuckoo Rare, resident, NE-Palawan mainl. insectivore Cacomantis variiolosus sepulcralis Brush Cuckoo Common, resident, NE mainl., Busuanga, EN, Tub. insectivore Centropus bengalensis javanensis Lesser Coucal Common, resident, NE mainl., Calamianes, EN insectivore Centropus sinensis bubutus Greater Cocual Locally common, res., NE mainl., SP, Bal. sighted insectivore Centropus v. viridis Philippine Coucal Common, resident, PE Cuyo, Cor. insectivore Chrysococcyx x. xanthorhynchus Violet Cuckoo Uncommon, resident, NE mainl. insectivore Clamator coromandus Chestnut-winged Cuckoo Rare, migrant mainl. insectivore ______APPENDICES 22 Ecol. AXA Common Name Status/Endemicity Distribution Coron Feeding Conservation Status Survey Guild Cuculus fugax pectoralis Hodgson's Hawk Cuckoo Uncommon, resident, LE mainl., EN, Cagayancillo insectivore Cuculus s. sparveroides Large Hawk Cuckoo Uncommon, migrant mainl., Bus. insectivore Cuculus saturatus horsfieldi Oriental Cuckoo Uncommon, migrant mainl. insectivore Eudynamis scolopacea mindanensis Common Koel Locally common, res., LE mainl., Cuyo, EN, Cor, Urs. heard insectivore Phaenicophaeus curvirostris Chestnut-breasted Malkoha Fairly common, resident, LE mainl., Bus., Cal., Cul.,SP, Urs. sighted insectivore Surniculus lugubris minimus Drongo Cuckoo Fairly common, resident, LE mainl., Bal., Cal. sighted insectivore

ORDER STRIGIFORMES Family Tytonidae Tyto capensis amauronota* Grass Owl Fairly common, resident, LE mainl. , Calamianes carnivore Family Strigidae Ninox scutulata japonica Brown Hawk-owl Uncommon, migrant Cuyo carnivore Ninox scutulata palawanensis Brown Hawk-owl Uncommon, res., LE-Pal mainl. carnivore Otus fulginosus Palawan Scops Owl Uncommon, res., Pal. End. mainl., SP, Urs. carnivore Otus mantananensis cuyensis Mantanani Scops Owl Fairly common, res., LE-Pal mainl., SP, Urs. carnivore Otus megalotis* Philippine Scops-owl Common, Endemic new record (for verification) heard carnivore Strix seloputo wiepkeni Spotted Wood Owl Uncommon, res., LE-Pal mainl., Bus., SP, EN carnivore Bubo philippensis* Philippine Eagle-owl None recorded in Palawan new record (for verification) carnivore

Family Podargidae Batrachostomus javensis chaseni Javan Frogmouth Uncommon, res., LE-Pal. mainl., Bus., SP, EN sighted insectivore

Family Caprimulgidae Caprimulgus marcrurus johnsoni* Long-tailed Nightjar Fairly common, res., LE-Pal. mainl., Bus., EN, SP insectivore Caprimulgus indus jotaka Grey Nightjar Rare, migrant mainl. insectivore

______APPENDICES 23 Ecol. AXA Common Name Status/Endemicity Distribution Coron Feeding Conservation Status Survey Guild ORDER Family Apodidae Apus p. pacificus Fork-tailed Uncommon, migrant Urs. insectivore Collocalia esculenta bagobo Glossy Swiftlet Common, res., NE mainl., Bus. insectivore Collocalia esculenta marginata Glossy Swiftlet Common, res., NE mainl., Bus., SP, EN insectivore Collocalia fuciphaga germani Edibe-nest Swiftlet Uncommon, res., NE mainl., Cul., Cuyo, SP, EN insectivore Collocalia maxima lowi Black-nest Swiftlet Rare, res.. (vagrant) mainl., EN insectivore Collocalia mearnsi Philippine Swiftlet Common, res., endemic mainl. insectivore Collocalia troglodytes Pygmy Swiftlet Fairly common, res., endemic mainl., Cal.-Cor., SP, EN insectivore Collocalia vanikorensis palawanensis Island Swiftlet Common, res., LE-Pal. mainl., SP, EN insectivore Hirandapus g. giganteus Brown-backed Needletail Uncommon, res., NE mainl., Cul. insectivore

ORDER Family Coraciidae Eurystomus orientalis cyanocollis Dollar Bird Fairly common, res., NE mainl., Bus., Cuyo, Cag., SP insectivore

Family Alcedinidae Alcedo atthis bengalensis Common Kingfisher Common, migrant mainl., Cuyo, Cul., Tub. sighted piscivore/insectivore Alcedo meninting amadoni Blue-eared Kingfisher Uncommon, res., LE-Pal mainl., Bus., Cul., SP, EN piscivore/insectivore Ceyx erithacus rufidorsa Oriental Dwarf Kingfisher Uncommon, res., NE mainl., Bus., Cul., SP, EN insectivore Halcyon capensis gouldi* Stork-billed Kingfisher Uncommon, res., LE mainl., Cal., Cul., SP piscivore/insectivore Halcyon coromanda linae* Ruddy Kingfisher Uncommon, res., LE-Pal mainl., EN piscivore/insectivore Halcyon pileata Black-capped Kingfisher Rare, migrant mainl., EN piscivore/insectivore Halcyon chloris collaris White-collared Kingfisher Common, resident, NE mainl., Calamianes, EN, Cuyo sighted piscivore/insectivore Halcyon smyrnensis gularis* White-throated Kingfisher No record from Palawan new record (for verification) piscivore/insectivore

Family Meropidae Merops viridis americanus* Blue-throated Bee-eater Fairly common, res., LE Cag., Cul., , EN insectivore ______APPENDICES 24 Ecol. AXA Common Name Status/Endemicity Distribution Coron Feeding Conservation Status Survey Guild

ORDER Family Bucerotidae . Uncom.res., endemic; Anthracoceros marchei Palawan Hornbill Vulnerable mainl., Bus., Cul., Coron, SP, EN sighted omnivore/seed-eater

ORDER PICIFORMES Family Picidae Chrysocolaptes lucidus erythrocephalus Greater Flameback Fairly common, res., LE-Pal mainl., Bus., SP, EN sighted insectivore Dinopium javanense everetti Common Flameback Uncommon, res., LE-Pal mainl.., Bus. Cul., SP sighted insectivore Dryocopus javensis hargitti White-bellied Woodpecker Fairly common, res., LE-Pal mainl., SP insectivore Mulleripicus p. pulvurulentus Great Slaty Woodpecker Uncommon, res., NE mainl., SP, Bal. insectivore

ORDER PASSERIFORMES Family Pittidae Pitta erythrogaster propinqua Red-bellied Pitta Fairly common, res., LE-Pal mainl., Bal., SP sighted insectivore Pitta m. moluccensis Blue-winged Pitta Rare, migrant mainl. sighted insectivore Pitta sordida palawanensis* Hooded Pitta Common, res., LE-Pal. mainl., Cal., Cul., SP, EN sighted insectivore

Family Hirundinidae Hirundo daurica striolata Red-rumped Swallow Locally common, res., NE mainl. insectivore Hirundo rustica gutturalis Barn Swallow Common, migrant mainl., Cuyo, EN, Tub. Urs. insectivore Hirundo tahitica javanica Pacific Swallow Common, res., NE mainl., Bus., Cuyo, EN insectivore Riparia riparia ijimae Sand Martin Rare, migrant mainl. insectivore

Family Camphephagidae Coracina striata difficilis Bar-bellied Cuckoo-shrike Common, res., LE-Pal mainl., Bus., Cul., SP. EN, Bal. sighted/heard insectivore Lalage nigra chilensis chilensis Pied Triller Common, Res., LE mainl., Cag., Cal., Cuyo, Urs. EN, SP sighted insectivore ______APPENDICES 25 Ecol. AXA Common Name Status/Endemicity Distribution Coron Feeding Conservation Status Survey Guild Pericrotus cinnamomeus igneus Small Minivet Fairly common, res., NE mainl., Urs., SP sighted insectivore Pericrotus d. divaricatus Ashy Minivet Uncommon, migr., mainl., Bal. insectivore

Family Chloropsidae Chloropsis palawanensis Yellow-throated Leafbird Common, res., endemic mainl., Bus., Cul., Dum., SP, EN sighted insectivore Aegithina tiphia aequanimis Common Iora Common, res., endemic mainl., Dum., SP, EN insectivore

Family Pycnonotidae Pycnonotus a. atriceps Black-headed Bulbul Common, res., NE mainl., Cal., Dum., EN, SP insectivore Pycnonotus plumosus cinereifrons Olive-winged Bulbul Fairly common, res., LE-Pal. mainl., Bus., Cul., SP, EN heard insectivore Criniger bres frater Grey-cheeked Bulbul Common, res. LE-Pal. mainl., Bus., Bal., SP, EN sighted insectivore Hypsipetes palawanensis Sulfur-bellied Bulbul Uncommon, res., endemic mainl., SP, EN sighted/heard insectivore

Family Dicruridae Dicrurus l. leucophaeus Ashy Drongo Fairly common, res., NE mainl., Bus., Cul., SP, EN, Cor. sighted/heard insectivore Dicrurus hottentotus palawanensis Spangled Drongo Common, res., LE mainl., Bus. Cul., SP, EN, Urs. insectivore Dicrurus hottentotus cuyensis Spangled Drongo Common, res., LE-Pal Cuyo sighted insectivore

Family Oriolidae Oriolus xanthonotus persuasus Dark-throated Oriole Fairly common, res., NE mainl., Cul., SP sighted insectivore mainl., Bus., Cul., Cuyo, EN, Cor., Oriolus c. chinensis* Black-naped Oriole Common, res., LE Urs. insectivore mainl., Bus., Cul., Cuyo, EN, Cor., Irena puella tweeddalei Asian Fairy Bluebird Common, res. LE-Pal. Urs. insectivore

Family Corvidae Corvus enca pusillus Slender-billed Crow Locally common, res., LE mainl., Bus., Cul., SP, EN sighted/heard omnivore Corvus macrorhynchos philippinus Large-billed Crow Common, res., LE mainl., Cuyo, Cag. sighted omnivore

______APPENDICES 26 Ecol. AXA Common Name Status/Endemicity Distribution Coron Feeding Conservation Status Survey Guild Family Paridae Parus amabilis Palawan Titmouse Uncommon, res., endemic mainl., Cal, SP, EN, Bal. heard insectivore

Family Sittidae Sitta frontalis palawana Velvet-fronted Nuthatch Common, res., LE-Pal. mainl., SP, Bal. insectivore

Family Timaliidae Macronus gularis woodi Striped Tit-Babbler Common, res. LE-Pal. mainl., EN, SP insectivore Malacocincla cinereiceps Ashy-headed Ground Babbler Endemic insectivore Malacopteron palawanense Melodius Babbler Uncommon, res., endemic mainl., SP, EN, Bal. insectivore Ptilocichla falcata Falcated Ground Babbler Endemic mainl., SP., Bal. insectivore Trichastoma cinereiceps Ashy-headed Babbler Fairly common, res., endemic mainl., SP insectivore

Family Turdidae Copsychus niger White-vented Shama Common, res., endemic mainl., Bus., Cul., Dumaran, EN sighted/heard insectivore Monticola solitarius philippensis Blue Rock Thrush Common, migrant mainl., EN, Cag., Cul., Agutaya, Cuyo insectivore Zoothera dauma aurea Scaly Ground Thrush Uncommon, migrant mainl. insectivore Turdus obscurus Eyebrowed Thrush Uncommon, migrant mainl., Bus. insectivore

Family Sylviidae Gerygone sulphurea simplex Golden-bellied Flyeater Loc. Common,, res., LE mainland insectivore Cisticola juncidis nigrostriata Zitting Cisticola Common, res., LE-Pal. mainl., Cul. insectivore Fairly Comm., migrant, LE- Locustella ochotensis Middendorff's Warbler Pal. mainl. insectivore Locustella lanceolata Lanceolated Warbler Uncommon, migrant mainl., Tub. insectivore Acrocephalus orientalis Great Reed Warbler Common, res., LE mainl. insectivore Phylloscopus trivirgatus peterseni Mountain Leaf Warbler Common, migrant mainl., Tub. insectivore Phylloscopus borealis kennicotti* Arctic Willow Warbler Common, migrant mainl., Cul., Cuyo, EN, Tub. insectivore

______APPENDICES 27 Ecol. AXA Common Name Status/Endemicity Distribution Coron Feeding Conservation Status Survey Guild Seicercus montis xanthopygius Yellow-breasted Warbler Uncommon, res., LE-Pal mainl. insectivore Fairly common, migrant, LE- Orthotomus cucullatus viridIcollis Mountain Tailorbird Pal. mainl. heard insectivore Orthotomus derbianus* Grey-backed Tailorbird Common, LE mainl. insectivore Orthotomus sericeus sericeus Rufous-tailed Tailorbird Common, res., NE mainl., Bus., Cul., EN, SP insectivore Megalurus palustris forbesi Striated Grassbird Common, res., LE mainl. insectivore

Family Muscicapidae Culcicapa helianthea panayensis Citrine Canary-Flycatcher Common, res., LE mainl. insectivore Cyanoptila c. cyanomelana Blue and White Flycatcher Rare, migrant, mainl., Bal., SP, Tub. insectivore Cyanoptila cyanomelana cumatilis Blue and White Flycatcher Rare, migrant, mainl. insectivore Cyornis lemprieri Palawan Hill Blue Flycatcher Uncom., res., PE, mainl., Bus., Cul., SP, EN insectivore Cyornis rufigastra philippinensis Mangrove Blue Flycatcher Common, res., LE mainl., SP, EN insectivore Ficedula n. narcissina Narcissus Flycatcher Rare, migrant, mainl. insectivore Ficedula platenae Palawan Flycatcher Uncom., endemic, Endangered mainl., EN, SP netted insectivore Ficedula westermani palawanensis Little Pied Flycatcher Fairly common, res., LE-Pal. mainl. insectivore Hypothymis a. azurea Black-naped Monarch Common, res., LE mainl., Bus., Cul., SP, EN heard insectivore d. dauurica Asian Brown Flycatcher Rare, migrant, mainl. insectivore Muscicapa ferruginea Ferruginous Flycatcher Rare, migrant, mainl. insectivore Muscicapa griseisticta Gray-streaked Flycatcher Common, migrant mainl., Bus., Cul, Cag., EN, Tub. insectivore Muscicapa s. sibirica Dark-sided Flycatcher Rare, migrant, mainl., Cul. insectivore Rhipidura javanica nigrotorquis Pied Fantail Common, res., LE mainl., Cal., Cul., Urs., EN sighted insectivore Tersiphone atrocaudata periophthalmica Japanese Paradise Flycatcher Common, , migrant mainl. insectivore Tersiphone cyanescens Blue Paradise Flycacther Uncommon, res., endemic mainl., Bus., Cul., Lin., EN, SP sighted insectivore

Family Pachycephalidae Pachycephala grisola plateni Mangorve Whistler Common, res. LE-Pal. mainl., SP, EN insectivore

______APPENDICES 28 Ecol. AXA Common Name Status/Endemicity Distribution Coron Feeding Conservation Status Survey Guild Family Motacillidae Anthus cervinus Red-throated Pipit Rare, migrant mainl. insectivore Anthus g. gustavi Petchora Pipit Uncommon, migrant mainl., Cag., Tub. insectivore Anthus h. hodgsoni Oriental Tree Pipit Uncommon, migrant mainl., EN insectivore Anthus novaescelandiae lugubris Richard's Pipit Common, res., NE mainl., Bus., Cul., Tub. insectivore Motacilla alba ocularis White-wagtail Rare, migrant mainl., Bal. insectivore Motacilla cinerea robusta Gray Wagtail Common, migrant mainl., Cal., Cul., EN, Tub., Urs. insectivore Motacilla flava simillima Yellow Wagtail Common, migrant mainl., Calamianes, Bal. insectivore Motacilla flava taivana Yellow Wagtail Common, migrant mainl. insectivore

Family Artamidae Artamus leucorynchus* White-breasted Wood-swallow Common, res., NE mainl. insectivore

Family Laniidae Lanius cristatus lucionensis Brown Shrike Common, res., NE mainl., Agu., Cul., Cuyo, EN, Tub. insectivore Lanius schach nasutus Long-tailed Shrike Common, res., LE Cul., Urs. insectivore

Family Sturnidae Aplonis p. panayensis Asian Philippine Glossy Starling Common, res., NE mainl., Agu., Bus., Cul., Cuyo, SP, EN sighted omnivore Sturnus philippensis Chestnut-cheeked Starling Uncommon, migrant mainl., ., Tub. sighted omnivore Uncom., res., LE-Pal., Gracula religiosa palawanensis Hill Myna Vulnerable mainl., Bus., Cul., SP, EN sighted omnivore

Family Nectarniidae Aethopyga s. shelleyi Lovely Sunbird Loc. Common, res., LE-Pal. mainl., Bus., Cul., SP, EN sighted nectarivore Anthreptes malacensis paragua Plain-throated Sunbird Common, res., LE-Pal. mainl., Cal., Cul., EN sighted nectarivore Arachnothera longirostra dilutior Little Spiderhunter Uncommon, res., LE-Pal. mainl., SP, EN sighted nectarivore Nectarinia calcostetha Copper-throated Sunbird Common, res., NE mainl., Cal., EN sighted nectarivore

______APPENDICES 29 Ecol. AXA Common Name Status/Endemicity Distribution Coron Feeding Conservation Status Survey Guild mainl., Bus., Agu., Cul., Cuyo, Dum., Nectarinia jugularis aurora Olive-backed Sunbird Common, res., LE-Pal. EN sighted/heard nectarivore Nectarinia sperata trochilus Purple-throated Sunbird Common, res., NE mainl., Bus., Cul., Urs., EN sighted nectarivore Aethopyga primigenius* Grey-hooded Sunbird species new record (for verification) nectarivore

Family Dicaeidae Dicaeum aeruginosum affine Uncommon, res., endemic mainl., SP, EN sighted pollen-eater Dicaeum pygmaeum palawanorum Pygmy Flwerpecker Common, res., endemic mainl., Cal., Cul., Urs., SP, EN sighted/heard pollen-eater Prionichilus p. plateni Palawan Flowerpecker Common, res., endemic mainl., EN, SP pollen-eater Prionochilus plateni culionensis Palawan Flowerpecker Common, res., endemic Bus., Cal., Cul. sighted/heard pollen-eater Dicaeum trigonostigma* Orange-bellied Flowerpecker None recorded from Palawan new record (for verification) pollen-eater

Family Zosteropidae Zosterops montanus parkesi Mountain White-eye Common, res., LE-Pal. mainl. sighted insectivore Zosterops nigrorum richmondi Yellowish White-eye Common, res., endemic Cag. insectivore

Family Estrildidae Lonchura leucogastra palawana White-bellied Munia Common, res., NE Bus., Cal., Cul., SP seed-eater Lonchura punctulata cabanisi Scaly-breasted Munia Common, res., LE mainl., Cal., EN seed-eater Lonchura malacca jagori Chestnut Munia Common, res., NE mainl., Cal., EN seed-eater

Family Ploceidae Passer montanus nasutus Eurasian Tree Sparrow Common, res., NE mainl., Cal., EN, Tub. omnivore

CLASS MAMMALIA ORDER INSECTIVORA Family Soricidae Crocidura palawanensis Palawan Shrew Palawan, endemic Balabac, SP insectivore ______APPENDICES 30 Ecol. AXA Common Name Status/Endemicity Distribution Coron Feeding Conservation Status Survey Guild

ORDER SCANDENTIA Family Tupaiidae Tupaia palawanensis Palawan Tree Shrew Rare, endemic Bus, Cul., Cuyo, sighted insectivore

ORDER CHIROPTERA Family Pteropidae Acerodon leucotis Palawan Flying Moderately common, endemic mainl., Bus., Bal. frugivore Cynopterus brachyotis Dog-faced Fruit Bat Common, NE mainl., Bus., Bal., Cul., Cuyo netted frugivore Eonycteris spelaea Philippine Dawn Bat Common, NE mainl. frugivore Macroglossus minimus Long-tongued Fruit Bat Common, NE mainl., Bus., Cal. Urs. frugivore/nectarivore Pteropus vampyrus Philippine Flying Fox Common, NE mainl., Cul. frugivore Rousettus amplexicaudatus Geoffroy's Roussette Bat Common, NE mainl., Bus., Bal. frugivore

Family Emballonuridae Taphozous melanopogon Tomb Bat Common, NE mainl. insectivore

Family Megadermatidae Megaderma spasma False Vampire Bat Common, NE mainl., Bus. insectivore

Family Hipposideridae Hipposideros ater Philippine Lef-nosed Bat Unknown insectivore Hipposideros bicolor Leaf-nosed Bat Unknown insectivore Hipposideros diadema Leaf-nosed Bat Common insectivore

Family Rhinolophidae Hipposideris diadema Deadem Roundleaf Bat Common, NE Bus. insectivore Hipposideros bicolor Bicolored Reoundleaf Bat Uncertain mainl. insectivore ______APPENDICES 31 Ecol. AXA Common Name Status/Endemicity Distribution Coron Feeding Conservation Status Survey Guild Rhinolophus acuminatus Horseshoe Bat Uncertain mainl., Bus., Bal. insectivore Rhinolophus virgo Horseshoe Bat Common insectivore

Family tylopus Thick-thumbed Pipistrelle Unknown, NE mainl. insectivore Kerivoula hardwickii Painted Bat Common, NE mainl. insectivore Kerivoula pellucida Clear-winged Wooly Bat Unknown, NE mainl. insectivore Kerivoula whiteheadi Whitehead's Wooly Bat Unknown, NE mainl. insectivore Myotis rufopictus Orange-fingered Myotis Uncommon, endemic mainl. insectivore Myotis horsfieldii Asiatic Myotis Common, NE mainl. insectivore Myotis macrotarsus Phil. Large-footed Myotis Uncommon, NE mainl. insectivore Myotis muricola Whiskered Myotis Common, NE Bus., Cul. insectivore javanicus JavanPipistrelle Bat Common, NE mainl. insectivore kuhlii Lesser Asian House Bat Common, NE mainl., Cuyo insectivore pachypus Lesser Bamboo Bat Rare, NE mainl., Cal., Cul. insectivore Tylonycteris robustula Greater Bamboo Bat Unknown, NE insectivore

Family Mollosidae Cheiromeles torquatus Philippine Naked bat Unknow, NE mainl. insectivore Mops sarasinorum Sulawesi Mastiff Bat Unknown, NE insectivore

ORDER PRIMATES Family Cercopithecidae

Macaca fascicularis Philippine Long-tailed Macaque Common, NE mainl., Bus., Cul., Taytay sighted omnivore

______APPENDICES 32 Ecol. AXA Common Name Status/Endemicity Distribution Coron Feeding Conservation Status Survey Guild ORDER PHOLIDOTA Family Manidae Manis javanica* Asiatic/Malayan Pangolin Uncommon/Endangered, NE Bus., Cul. insectivore

ORDER RODENTIA Family Sciuridae Hylopetes nigripes Palawan Flying Squirrel Moderately Common, endemic Bus., Cul. omnivore Sundasciurus hoogstraali Busuanga Tree Squirrel Moderately Common, endemic Bus.Cal. omnivore Sundasciurus juvencus Northern Palawan Tree Squirrel Locally Common, endemic mainl. omnivore Sundsciurus mollendorffi Culion Tree Squirrel Locally Common, endemic Cul., Linapacan sighted omnivore Sundasciurus rabori Palawan Montane Tree Squirrel Moderately Common, endemic mainl. omnivore

Family Chiropodomys calamianensis Pencil-tailed Tree Mouse Unknown, Endemic mainl., Bus. omnivore Haeromys sp. Palawan Pygmy Tree Mouse Unknown, Endemic mainl., Cal. omnivore Maxomys panglima Palawan Spiny Rat Common, Endemic mainl., Bus., Cul. omnivore Rattus sp. Ricefield Rat Common, NE mainl. live trapped omnivore Rattus exulans Polynesian Rat Common, NE mainl., Bus., Cul. Bal. omnivore Rattus rattus Balck Rat Endemic/Abundant mainl. omnivore Rattus tiomanicus Malayan Field Rat Endemic/Abundant mainl., Bus. omnivore muelleri Great Sunda Rat Common, LE-Pal. mainl., Bus. Cul. omnivore Rattus tanezumi Oriental House Rat Common, NE mainl., Cal. omnivore Palawanomys furvus Palawan Soft-furred Mountain Rat Endemic/Endangered, Pal. omnivore

Family Hystiricidae Hystrix pumila* Palawan Porcupine Common/Endemic mainl., Bus., EN omnivore

______APPENDICES 33 Ecol. AXA Common Name Status/Endemicity Distribution Coron Feeding Conservation Status Survey Guild ORDER Family bengalensis Small Leopard Cat Uncommon, NE Bus., carnivore

Family Mustellidae Amblonyx cinereus Oriental Small-clawed Uncommon, NE Roxas, SP omnivore Mydaus marchei* Palawan Stink Mod. Common., Endemic Bus., Aborlan omnivore

Family Herpestidae brachyurus Short-tailed Moderately Common, NE Bus., Roxas carnivore

Family Arctictis binturong* Palawan Cat Uncommon, NE; Vulnerable mainl., Calauit, SP omnivore hermaphroditus Palm Civet Common, NE mainl., Bus., Cul., SP omnivore tangalunga* Malay civet cat Moderately Common, NE Bus., Cul., Taytay, Roxas omnivore

ORDER ARTIODACTYLA Famuily Suidae Sus barbatus ahoenobarbus* Bearded Pig Rare, NE Bus., Cul., Roxas, omnivore

Family Cervidae Cervus porcinus calamianensis* Calamian Deer Uncommon, Endemic Busuanga, Cal., Cul. graminivore

CLASS REPTILIA ORDER TESTUDINATA Family Emydidae Cuora amboinensis Malayan Freshwater Turtle NE; Rare mainland herbivore Cyclemys dentata Serrate-shelled Leaf Turtle LE; Rare SP herbivore ______APPENDICES 34 Ecol. AXA Common Name Status/Endemicity Distribution Coron Feeding Conservation Status Survey Guild Heosemys leytensis* Leyte Freshwater Turtle Recorded only on Leyte new record (for verification) herbivore

ORDER CROCODILIA Family Crocodilidae Crocodylus porosus Estuarine Crocodile Rare/Endangered, LE Balabac, Bus. Malampaya carnivore Crocodylus mindorensis* Philippine Crocodile Endangered, NE Bus. carnivore

Family Cosymbotus platyurus Flat-bodied House Common, NE mainland insectivore Cyrtodactylus annulatus Small Bent-toed Gecko Endemic/Common, LE mainland insectivore Cyrtodactylus redimiculus Palawan Bent-toed Gecko Rare, PE Thumb's Peak insectivore mutilata Tender-skinned House Gecko Common, NE mainland insectivore Gekko gekko Philippine Tukko Common, NE mainland insectivore Variable-backed Narrow-disked Gekko monarchus Gecko Common, LE mainland insectivore Smooth-scaled Narrow-disked Gekko athymus Gecko PE/Rare Thumb's Peak insectivore Gekko palawanensis Palawan Narrow-disked Gecko PE/Rare mainland insectivore frenatus Common, NE mainland insectivore Luperosaurus palawanensis Palawan Flap-legged Gecko PE/Rare Cor. Thumb's Peak insectivore Unidentified species of Gecko sighted insectivore

Family Agamidae Calotes cristatellus Indonesian Calotes Common, NE SP, mainland insectivore Gonyocephalus semperi White-spotted Anglehead Rare, LE Calamianes insectivore Unidentified species of lizard Tree Lizard insectivore

Family Scincidae Dasia griffini Griffin's Keel-scaled Tree Skink PE/Rare mainland insectivore ______APPENDICES 35 Ecol. AXA Common Name Status/Endemicity Distribution Coron Feeding Conservation Status Survey Guild Emoia atrocostata Gray Swamp Skink Endemic/Rare mainland insectivore Lamprolepis smaragdina Spotted Green Tree Skink common, NE mainland sighted insectivore Lipinia quadrivitatum Black-striped Slender Tree Skink Common, NE mainland insectivore Lygosoma quadrupes Oriental Slender Skink Rare, NE Cuyo insectivore Mabuya multicarinata Two-Striped Mabouya Common, NE mainland sighted insectivore Mabuya multifasciata Common Mabouya Common, NE mainland sighted insectivore Sphenomorphus palawanensis Palawan Earless Sphenomorphus PE/Rare Victoria-Anapalan Range insectivore Sphenomorphus wrighti Wright's Sphenomorphus PE/Rare mainland insectivore

Family Dibamidae Dibamus leucurus Malay Blind-earless Skink NE, Rare mainland insectivore

Family Varanidae Varanus salvator Variable Monitor Lizard LE, Common/Threatened Cor., mainl., Malampaya, SP, Urs. sighted carnivore

ORDER SERPENTES Family Typhlopidae Rampotyplops braminus Brahminy Blind Snake NE, common mainland insectivore

Family Xenopeltidae Xenopeltis unicolor Sunbeam Burrowing Snake LE/Rare mainland insectivore

Family Boidae Python reticulatus* Reticulated Phyton NE, locally common mainland carnivore

Family Acrochordidae Acrochordus granulatus Small Warty Snake NE, locally common mainland carnivore Sibynophis bivittatus White-striped Snake Rare, Endemic mainl., Cul. sighted carnivore ______APPENDICES 36 Ecol. AXA Common Name Status/Endemicity Distribution Coron Feeding Conservation Status Survey Guild

Family Colubridae Ahaetulla p. prasina Philippine Vine Snake NE, Common mainland carnivore Aplopeltura boa Snail-eating Snake NE, Rare Balabc, mainland carnivore Boiga angulata Philippine Blunt-headed Snake LE, Rare SP carnivore Large Blunt-headed Tree Snake NE, Common mainland carnivore Boiga dendrophila multicincta Mangrove Blunt-headed Tree Snake LE, Common Balabac, SP carnivore Boiga schultzei Schultz's lunt-headed Tree Snake NE, uncommon SP carnivore Calamaria gervaisi Gervais' Worm Snake LE/Common mainland carnivore Calamaria palawanensis Palawan Worm Snake PE/Rare mainland carnivore Calamaria virgulata Southern Worm Snake NE, Rare mainland carnivore Cerberus rynchops Dog-faced Water Snake NE, common mainland carnivore Chrysopelea paradisi Paradise Snake NE, Common mainland carnivore Dendrolaphis caudolineatus Lined Slender Arboreal Snake NE, Common mainland, Urs. carnivore Dendrolaphis pictus Common Bronze-backed Snake NE, Common mainland, Urs. carnivore Dryocalamus philippinus Philippine Dryocalamus Common Balabac, mainland carnivore Dryophiops rubescens Malay Keel-bellied Whip Snake NE, Rare Cor. carnivore Elaphe erythrura philippina Common Rat Snake NE, Common Balabac, Bus., mainland carnivore Gonyosoma oxycephalum Arboreal Rat Snake LE, fairly common mainland carnivore Liopeltis philippina Philippine Liopeltine Snake PE, unknown Bus., mainland carnivore Liopeltis tricolor Indonesian Liopeltine Snake NE, Rare mainland carnivore Lycodon aulicus Common Wolf Snake NE, Common mainland carnivore Lycodon subcinctus seali Southern Wolf Snake NE, Rare mainland carnivore Oligodon perkensi Perkin's Short-headed Snae PE, Rare Cul. carnivore Oligodon vertebralis Southern Short-headed Snake NE, Rare Balabac, Bus., mainland carnivore Ophisthotropis typica Palawan Mountain-stream Snake PE, Rare mainland carnivore Psammodynastes pulverrulentus Dark-spotted Mock-viper NE, Common mainland carnivore Rhabdophis chrysarga Southern Water Snake PE, Rare SP carnivore ______APPENDICES 37 Ecol. AXA Common Name Status/Endemicity Distribution Coron Feeding Conservation Status Survey Guild Sibynophis bivittatus White-striped Snake PE/Rare Cul., Thumbs Peak carnivore Tropidonophis denrophiops Spotted Water Snake LE, Common mainland carnivore Zaocys carinatus Keel-scaled Mountain Rat Snake NE,Rare mainland carnivore Unidentified species Brown Snake carnivore

Family Elaphidae Maticora intestinalis bilineata Striped Coral Snake NE, Rare Bus., mainland carnivore Naja sumatrana Malay Common Cobra NE, Common mainland carnivore Ophiophagus hannah King Cobra* NE, Rare mainland carnivore

Family Viperidae Trimeresurus wagleri Wagler's Pit Viper NE, common mainl carnivore Trimeresurus shcultzei Schultzei's Pit Viper Rare mainland carnivore None ever recorded in Trimeresurus flavomaculatus* Philippine Pit Viper Palawan new record (for verification) carnivore

CLASS AMPHIBIA ORDER GYMNOPHIONA Family Ichthyopiidae Ichthyopis weberi Philippine Caecilian LE, Rare mainland insectivore

ORDER SALIENTA Family Discoglossidae Barbourula busuangensis Philippine Discoglossid Frog PE/Rare Bus., Cul., mainland insectivore

Family Pelobatidae Leptobrachium hasselti Hasselt's Pelobatid Frog NE, Uncommon mainland insectivore Megophrys montana Horned Pelobatid Frog NE, Common mainland insectivore

______APPENDICES 38 Ecol. AXA Common Name Status/Endemicity Distribution Coron Feeding Conservation Status Survey Guild

Family Bufonidae Bufo marinus Giant South American Toad NE, Common mainland insectivore/carnivore Bufo biporcatus philippinicus Philippine Toad LE, Uncommon Pal.; Bus.; Cul. heard insectivore Pelophyrne albataeniata Palawan Toadlet PE/Rare Thumbs Peak, Mt. Balabag insectivore

Family Ranidae Micrixalus mariae Mary's Frog PE/Rare Mt. Balabag insectivore Occidozyga laevis Puddle Frog NE, Common SP, Balabac, Bus., Cul., mainland insectivore Rana c. cancrivora Brackish Water Frog Common insectivore Rana magna acanthi Philippine Woodland Frog LE/Common SP insectivore Rana microdisca palawanensis Small Disk Frog NE, Common mainland insectivore Rana signata moellendorffi Variable-backed Frog NE, Common Bus., Cul., mainland sighted insectivore Rana n. nicobariensis Nicobar Frog NE, Common mainland insectivore Rana sanguinea Southeast Asian Wood Frog NE, Uncommon Balabac, Bus., Cul., mainland insectivore Rana woodworthi Woodworth's Frog insectivore Staurois notator Rock Frog NE, Common Bus., mainland sighted insectivore

Family Rhacophoridae Nyctixalus pictus Peter's Tree Frog NE, Rare mainland insectivore Philautus longicrus Rough-skinned Tree Frog NE, Rare Balabac, mainland insectivore Polypedates leucomystar Common Tree Frog NE, Common SP insectivore Polypedates macrotis Tree Frog NE/Common Balabac, Bus., Cal., mainland insectivore Rhacophorus p. pardalis Gliding Tree Frog Common insectivore Rhacophorus e. everetti Palawan Tree Frog NE, Unknown Cal., mainland insectivore

______APPENDICES 39 Ecol. AXA Common Name Status/Endemicity Distribution Coron Feeding Conservation Status Survey Guild

Family Microhylidae Chaperina fusca Spotted-belly Narrow-mouthed Frog NE/Common mainland insectivore Smooth-fingered Narrow-mouthed Kaloula b. baleata Frog NE, Common mainland insectivore None ever recorded in Kaloula picta Slender-digit Narrow-mouthed Frog Palawan new record (for verification) insectivore

Legend: * = observed outside transect/on interview EN = El Nido; Pal = Palawan Cal = Calauit; res = resident S = sighted SP = Saint Paul; Cul = Culion NE = non-endemic Agu=Agutaya H = heard Urs = Ursuala; Tub = Tubbataha LE = local endemic Cag.=Cagayancillo D = dropping Bus = Busuanga PE = Palawan endemic Lin=Linapacan O = odor

______APPENDICES 40

Appendix Table 2. Transect and Reference Points with Calculated Elevations on Culion survey areas

TRANSECT COORDINATES START END DEC_LAT BRGY TL DMS_LAT DMS_LONG (Y) DEC_LONG(X) ~ Elev DMS_LAT DMS_LONG DEC_LAT(Y) DEC_LONG(X) ~ Elev 1. Baldat 11 53 11 52 119 59 BD1 0.330 119 59 0.832 11.883425 119.9835644 70 0.689 0.651 11.86685806 119.9835142 70 11 52 11 52 120 00 BD2 0.538 119 59 0.680 11.86681611 119.9835222 70 0.117 0.156 11.86669917 120.0000433 370 11 52 11 52 119 59 BD3 0.322 120 00 0.105 11.86675611 120.0000292 370 0.635 0.658 11.86684306 119.9835161 70 2. Malaking Patag 11 51 11 50 119 56 MP1 0.924 119 56 0.955 11.85025667 119.9335986 50 0.815 0.720 11.83355972 119.9335333 90 11 50 11 50 119 58 MP2 0.706 119 57 0.098 11.83352944 119.9500272 10 0.526 0.196 11.83347944 119.9667211 80 11 50 11 50 119 59 MP3 0.610 119 58 0.376 11.83350278 119.9667711 80 0.610 0.098 11.83350278 119.9833606 160 11 49 11 50 119 57 MP4 0.201 119 56 0.750 11.8167225 119.9335417 160 0.087 0.098 11.8333575 119.9500272 10 3. Halsey and Lumbercamp 11 46 11 45 119 59 HL1 0.398 120 00 0.016 11.76677722 120.0000044 90 0.531 0.543 11.7501475 119.9834842 100 11 43 11 41 119 59 LC1 0.497 119 58 0.296 11.71680472 119.9667489 30 0.621 0.933 11.68350583 119.9835925 60 11 41 11 42 120 02 LC2 0.542 119 59 0.998 11.68348389 119.9836106 60 0.939 0.085 11.70026083 120.0333569 0

______APPENDICES 41

Appendix Table 3. List of Terrestrial Fauna Observed per Transect in the Municipality of Culion

Municipality of Culion Barangay BALDAT Site/Transect BD1 BD2 Vegetation Agroforestry/Forest Forest No. of Species Coordinates 16 11

A. AVIFAUNA Species Code Avifauna Amethyst Brown Dove* Arctic Warbler* Ashy Drongo Ashy Drongo 2 2 0.60206 Asian Glossy Starling Asian Koel Bar-bellied Cuckoo Shrike Barn Owl* Barred-button Quail Black Kite* Black Chinned Fruit-Dove* Black-naped Monarch Blue Paradise Flycatcher Blue Paradise Flycatcher 2 2 0.60206 Blue-breasted Quail* Blue-eared Kingfisher* Blue-headed Racquet- Blue-headed Racquet-tail tail 2 2 0.60205999 Blue-naped Parrot

______APPENDICES 42 Municipality of Culion Barangay BALDAT Site/Transect BD1 BD2 Vegetation Agroforestry/Forest Forest No. of Species Coordinates 16 11 Blue-throated Bee-eater* Black-naped Oriole** Brown Noddy* Blue-winged Pitta Blue-winged Pitta 1 0 0 Cattle Egret Changeable Hawk Eagle Changeable Hawk Eagle 2 2 0.60206 Chesnut-breasted Malkoha Chesnut-Cheeked Starling Common Flameback Common Flameback Woodpecker woodpecker 3 6 1.431364 Common Kingfisher Copper-throated Sunbird Dark-throated Oriole Grass Owl* Great-billed Heron* Greater Flameback Woodpecker Green Imperial Pigeon Grey Imperial Pigeon Grey-backed Tailorbird* Grey-cheeked Bulbul Grey-hooded Sunbird* Hill Myna Island Collared Dove Jungle Fowl Large-billed Crow ______APPENDICES 43 Municipality of Culion Barangay BALDAT Site/Transect BD1 BD2 Vegetation Agroforestry/Forest Forest No. of Species Coordinates 16 11 Large-tailed Nightjar* Little Egret* Little Grebe* Little Spiderhunter Little Spiderhunter 1 0 0 Lovely Sunbird Malayan Night Heron* Mountain Tailorbird Mountain White-eye Rufous Night Heron* Olive-backed Sunbird Olive-backed Sunbird 1 0 0 Olive-winged Bulbul Orange-bellied Flowerpecker* Osprey* Pacific Golden Plover* Eastern Reef Egret* Painted Stork* Palawan Flowerpecker Palawan Flowerpecker 1 0 0 Palawan Flycatcher Palawan Flycatcher 1 0 0 Palawan Hornbill Palawan Peacock Pheasant* Palawan Scops-owl Palawan Scops-Owl 1 0 0 Palawan Tit Palawan Tit 1 0 0 Philippine Bulbul* Philippin Cockatoo*

______APPENDICES 44 Municipality of Culion Barangay BALDAT Site/Transect BD1 BD2 Vegetation Agroforestry/Forest Forest No. of Species Coordinates 16 11 Philippine Eagle Owl* Philippine Hawk Eagle* Philippine Scops-Owl* Pied Fantail Pied Imperial Pigeon Pied Triller Pink-necked Green Pigeon* Plain-throated Sunbird Plaintive Cuckoo Purple-throated Sunbird Pygmy Flowerpecker 1 0 0 Red-bellied Pitta Roseate Tern* Ruddy kingfisher* Slender-billed Crow Slender-billed Crow 2 2 0.60206 Small Buttonquail Small Minivet Spangled Drongo Spangled Drongo 2 2 0.60206 Spangled Drongo 2 2 0.60205999 Spotted Dove Stork-billed Kingfisher* Striped Flowerpecker Sulphur-bellied Bulbul Sulphur-bellied Bulbul 1 0 0 Tabonscrubfowl* Thick-billed Green Pigeon*

______APPENDICES 45 Municipality of Culion Barangay BALDAT Site/Transect BD1 BD2 Vegetation Agroforestry/Forest Forest No. of Species Coordinates 16 11 Wandering Whistling Duck* Whimbrel* White-bellied Sea Eagle White-breasted wood Swallow* White-breasted Water hen* White-collared White-collared Kingfisher Kingfisher 1 0 0 White-throated Kingfisher* White-vented Shama White-vented Shama 1 0 0 Wood Sandpiper* Yellow-throated Leafbird Zebra Dove Hooded Pitta Hooded Pitta 1 0 0 MAMMALS Bearded Pig* Calamian Deer* Dog-faced Fruit Bat Dog-faced Fruit Bat 5 20 3.49485 Dog-faced Fruit Bat 1 0 0 Lesser Bamboo Bat Lesser Dog-faced Fruit Bat Lesser False Vampire Bat Long-tailed Macaque Long-tounged Fruit Bat Malay civet Cat* Malayan Pangolin* Palawan Bearcat* ______APPENDICES 46 Municipality of Culion Barangay BALDAT Site/Transect BD1 BD2 Vegetation Agroforestry/Forest Forest No. of Species Coordinates 16 11 Palawan Porcupine* Palawan * Palawan Tree Shrew Philippine Civet Cat Philippine Dawn Bat Ricefield Rat Ricefield Rat 1 0 0 Culion Tree Squirrel Culion Tree Squirrel 1 0 0

AMPHIBIANS Asian Brackish Water Frog Brown Striped Tree Frog Common Forest Tree Frog Leyte Freshwater Turtle Nicobar Frog Palawan Tree Frog Palawan Woodland Frog Philippine Discoglossid Frog Philippine Toad Puddle Frog Rock Frog Rock Frog 1 0 0 Rock Frog 11 110 11.4553195 Serrated Fresh Water Turtle Slender-digit Narrow Mouth Frog Variable-backed Frog Woodworth's Frog

______APPENDICES 47 Municipality of Culion Barangay BALDAT Site/Transect BD1 BD2 Vegetation Agroforestry/Forest Forest No. of Species Coordinates 16 11

REPTILES Common Mabouya Common Mabouya 1 0 0 Freshwater Crocodile* Leyte Fresh water Turtle* Gecko Griffin's Keel-scaled Tree Skink King Cobra* Line Slender Arboreal Snake Monitor Lizard Philippine Calotes Philippine Leopeltine Snake Philippine Pet Viper* Reticulated Phyton* Skink Spotted Green Tree Skink Spotted Water Snake Tree Lizard Two-striped Mabouya White-spotted Anglehead White-striped Snake Brown Snake

______APPENDICES 48

Municipality of Culion Barangay BALDAT Site/Transect BD3 Vegetation Forest/Grassland No. of Species Coordinates 13

A. AVIFAUNA Species Code Avifauna Amethyst Brown Dove* Arctic Warbler* Ashy Drongo Ashy drongo 2 2 0.602059991 Asian Glossy Starling Asian Glossy Starling 1 0 0 Asian Koel Bar-bellied Cuckoo Shrike Barn Owl* Barred-button Quail Black Kite* Black Chinned Fruit-Dove* Black-naped Monarch Blue Paradise Flycatcher Blue-breasted Quail* Blue-eared Kingfisher* Blue-headed Racquet-tail Blue-headed Racquet-tail 1 0 0 Blue-naped Parrot Blue-throated Bee-eater* Black-naped Oriole** Brown Noddy* Blue-winged Pitta ______APPENDICES 49 Municipality of Culion Barangay BALDAT Site/Transect BD3 Vegetation Forest/Grassland No. of Species Coordinates 13 Cattle Egret Changeable Hawk Eagle Chesnut-breasted Malkoha Chesnut-Cheeked Starling Common Flameback Woodpecker Common Kingfisher Copper-throated Sunbird Dark-throated Oriole Grass Owl* Great-billed Heron* Greater Flameback Woodpecker Green Imperial Pigeon Grey Imperial Pigeon Grey-backed Tailorbird* Grey-cheeked Bulbul Grey-hooded Sunbird* Hill Myna Island Collared Dove Jungle Fowl Large-billed Crow Large-tailed Nightjar* Little Egret* Little Grebe* Little Spiderhunter

______APPENDICES 50 Municipality of Culion Barangay BALDAT Site/Transect BD3 Vegetation Forest/Grassland No. of Species Coordinates 13 Lovely Sunbird Malayan Night Heron* Mountain Tailorbird Mountain White-eye Rufous Night Heron* Olive-backed Sunbird Olive-winged Bulbul Olive-wing Bulbul 1 0 0 Orange-bellied Flowerpecker* Osprey* Pacific Golden Plover* Eastern Reef Egret* Painted Stork* Palawan Flowerpecker Palawan Flowerpecker 5 20 3.494850022 Palawan Flycatcher Palawan Hornbill Palawan Peacock Pheasant* Palawan Scops-owl Palawan Tit Philippine Bulbul* Philippin Cockatoo* Philippine Eagle Owl* Philippine Hawk Eagle* Philippine Scops-Owl* Pied Fantail

______APPENDICES 51 Municipality of Culion Barangay BALDAT Site/Transect BD3 Vegetation Forest/Grassland No. of Species Coordinates 13 Pied Imperial Pigeon Pied Imperial Pigeon 1 0 0 Pied Triller Pink-necked Green Pigeon* Plain-throated Sunbird Plaintive Cuckoo Purple-throated Sunbird Pygmy Flowerpecker Pygmy Flowerpecker 1 0 0 Red-bellied Pitta Roseate Tern* Ruddy kingfisher* Slender-billed Crow Small Buttonquail Small Button Quail 2 2 0.602059991 Small Minivet Spangled Drongo Spangled drongo 2 2 0.602059991 Spotted Dove Stork-billed Kingfisher* Striped Flowerpecker Sulphur-bellied Bulbul Tabonscrubfowl* Thick-billed Green Pigeon* Wandering Whistling Duck* Whimbrel* White-bellied Sea Eagle White-breasted wood Swallow*

______APPENDICES 52 Municipality of Culion Barangay BALDAT Site/Transect BD3 Vegetation Forest/Grassland No. of Species Coordinates 13 White-breasted Water hen* White-collared Kingfisher White-throated Kingfisher* White-vented Shama White-vented Shama 1 0 0 Wood Sandpiper* Yellow-throated Leafbird Zebra Dove Hooded Pitta MAMMALS Bearded Pig* Calamian Deer* Dog-faced Fruit Bat Lesser Bamboo Bat Lesser Dog-faced Fruit Bat Lesser False Vampire Bat Long-tailed Macaque Long-tounged Fruit Bat Malay civet Cat* Malayan Pangolin* Palawan Bearcat* Palawan Porcupine* Palawan Stink Badger* Palawan Tree Shrew Philippine Civet Cat

______APPENDICES 53 Municipality of Culion Barangay BALDAT Site/Transect BD3 Vegetation Forest/Grassland No. of Species Coordinates 13 Philippine Dawn Bat Ricefield Rat Culion Tree Squirrel

AMPHIBIANS Asian Brackish Water Frog Brown Striped Tree Frog Common Forest Tree Frog Leyte Freshwater Turtle Nicobar Frog Palawan Tree Frog Palawan Woodland Frog Philippine Discoglossid Frog Philippine Toad Puddle Frog Rock Frog Rock Frog 25 600 34.94850022 Serrated Fresh Water Turtle Slender-digit Narrow Mouth Frog Variable-backed Frog Variable-back Frog 3 6 1.431363764 Woodworth's Frog

REPTILES Common Mabouya Freshwater Crocodile*

______APPENDICES 54 Municipality of Culion Barangay BALDAT Site/Transect BD3 Vegetation Forest/Grassland No. of Species Coordinates 13 Leyte Fresh water Turtle* Gecko Griffin's Keel-scaled Tree Skink King Cobra* Line Slender Arboreal Snake Monitor Lizard Philippine Calotes Philippine Leopeltine Snake Philippine Pet Viper* Reticulated Phyton* Skink Spotted Green Tree Skink Spotted Water Snake Tree Lizard Two-striped Mabouya Two-striped Mabouya 1 0 0 White-spotted Anglehead White-striped Snake Brown Snake

______APPENDICES 55

Municipality of Culion Barangay MALAKING PATAG MALAKING PATAG Site/Transect MP1 MP2 Vegetation Brushland/Agroforestry Brushland/Forest No. of Species Coordinates 10 13

A. AVIFAUNA Species Code Avifauna Amethyst Brown Dove* Arctic Warbler* Ashy Drongo Ashy Drongo 2 2 0.602059991 Asian Glossy Starling Asian Koel Asian Koel 1 0 0 Asian Koel 1 0 0 Bar-bellied Cuckoo Shrike Barn Owl* Barred-button Quail Barred Button Quail 2 2 0.602059991 Black Kite* Black Chinned Fruit-Dove* Black-naped Monarch Blue Paradise Flycatcher Blue-breasted Quail* Blue-eared Kingfisher* Blue-headed Racquet-tail Blue-headed Racquet-tail 8 56 7.224719896 Blue-naped Parrot Blue-throated Bee-eater* Black-naped Oriole** Brown Noddy* Blue-winged Pitta ______APPENDICES 56 Municipality of Culion Barangay MALAKING PATAG MALAKING PATAG Site/Transect MP1 MP2 Vegetation Brushland/Agroforestry Brushland/Forest No. of Species Coordinates 10 13 Cattle Egret Cattle Egret 15 210 17.64136889 Changeable Hawk Eagle Chesnut-breasted Malkoha Chesnut-Cheeked Starling Common Flameback Woodpecker Common Kingfisher Common Kingfisher 2 2 0.602059991 Copper-throated Sunbird Copper-throated Sunbird 4 12 2.408239965 Dark-throated Oriole Grass Owl* Great-billed Heron* Greater Flameback Woodpecker Green Imperial Pigeon Green Imperial Pigeon 1 0 0 Grey Imperial Pigeon Grey-backed Tailorbird* Grey-cheeked Bulbul Grey-hooded Sunbird* Hill Myna Island Collared Dove Island Collar Dove 1 0 0 Jungle Fowl Large-billed Crow Large-billed Crow 1 0 0 Large-tailed Nightjar* Little Egret* Little Grebe* ______APPENDICES 57 Municipality of Culion Barangay MALAKING PATAG MALAKING PATAG Site/Transect MP1 MP2 Vegetation Brushland/Agroforestry Brushland/Forest No. of Species Coordinates 10 13 Little Spiderhunter Lovely Sunbird Lovely Sunbird 2 2 0.602059991 Malayan Night Heron* Mountain Tailorbird Mountain White-eye Rufous Night Heron* Olive-backed Sunbird Olive-winged Bulbul Olive-wing Bulbul 1 0 0 Orange-bellied Flowerpecker* Osprey* Pacific Golden Plover* Eastern Reef Egret* Painted Stork* Palawan Flowerpecker Palawan Flycatcher Palawan Hornbill Palawan Hornbill 1 0 0 Palawan Peacock Pheasant* Palawan Scops-owl Palawan Tit Philippine Bulbul* Philippin Cockatoo* Philippine Eagle Owl* Philippine Hawk Eagle* Philippine Scops-Owl* ______APPENDICES 58 Municipality of Culion Barangay MALAKING PATAG MALAKING PATAG Site/Transect MP1 MP2 Vegetation Brushland/Agroforestry Brushland/Forest No. of Species Coordinates 10 13 Pied Fantail Pied Imperial Pigeon Pied Triller Pink-necked Green Pigeon* Plain-throated Sunbird Plaintive Cuckoo Plaintive Cuckoo 2 2 0.602059991 Purple-throated Sunbird Purple-throated Sunbird 1 0 0 Pygmy Flowerpecker Red-bellied Pitta Roseate Tern* Ruddy kingfisher* Slender-billed Crow Small Buttonquail Small Minivet Small Minivet 2 2 0.602059991 Spangled Drongo Spangled Drongo 1 0 0 Spotted Dove Spotted Dove 1 0 0 Spotted Dove 3 6 1.431363764 Stork-billed Kingfisher* Striped Flowerpecker Sulphur-bellied Bulbul Sulphur-bellied Bulbul 3 6 1.431363764 Tabonscrubfowl* Thick-billed Green Pigeon* Wandering Whistling Duck* Whimbrel* White-bellied Sea Eagle

______APPENDICES 59 Municipality of Culion Barangay MALAKING PATAG MALAKING PATAG Site/Transect MP1 MP2 Vegetation Brushland/Agroforestry Brushland/Forest No. of Species Coordinates 10 13 White-breasted wood Swallow* White-breasted Water hen* White-collared Kingfisher White-throated Kingfisher* White-vented Shama White-vented Shama 1 0 0 Wood Sandpiper* Yellow-throated Leafbird Yellow-throated Leafbird 1 0 0 Zebra Dove Hooded Pitta MAMMALS Bearded Pig* Calamian Deer* Dog-faced Fruit Bat Lesser Bamboo Bat Lesser Dog-faced Fruit Bat Lesser False Vampire Bat Long-tailed Macaque Long-tounged Fruit Bat Malay civet Cat* Malayan Pangolin* Palawan Bearcat* Palawan Porcupine* Palawan Stink Badger* Palawan Tree Shrew ______APPENDICES 60 Municipality of Culion Barangay MALAKING PATAG MALAKING PATAG Site/Transect MP1 MP2 Vegetation Brushland/Agroforestry Brushland/Forest No. of Species Coordinates 10 13 Philippine Civet Cat Philippine Dawn Bat Ricefield Rat Culion Tree Squirrel

AMPHIBIANS Asian Brackish Water Frog Brown Striped Tree Frog Common Forest Tree Frog Leyte Freshwater Turtle Nicobar Frog Palawan Tree Frog Palawan Woodland Frog Philippine Discoglossid Frog Philippine Toad Puddle Frog Rock Frog Serrated Fresh Water Turtle Slender-digit Narrow Mouth Frog Variable-backed Frog Woodworth's Frog

REPTILES Common Mabouya ______APPENDICES 61 Municipality of Culion Barangay MALAKING PATAG MALAKING PATAG Site/Transect MP1 MP2 Vegetation Brushland/Agroforestry Brushland/Forest No. of Species Coordinates 10 13 Freshwater Crocodile* Leyte Fresh water Turtle* Gecko Griffin's Keel-scaled Tree Skink King Cobra* Line Slender Arboreal Snake Monitor Lizard Philippine Calotes Philippine Leopeltine Snake Philippine Pet Viper* Reticulated Phyton* Skink Spotted Green Tree Skink Spotted Water Snake Tree Lizard Two-striped Mabouya White-spotted Anglehead White-striped Snake Brown Snake

______APPENDICES 62

Barangay MALAKING PATAG MALAKING PATAG Site/Transect MP3 MP4 Vegetation Brushland/Agroforestry No. of Species 13 14 Coordinates

A. AVIFAUNA A. Avifauna

Ashy Drongo Asian Glossy Starling Asian Koel Asian Koel 1 0 0 Bar-bellied Cuckoo Bar-bellied Cuckoo Shrike Shrike 2 2 0.602059991 Barred-button Quail Black-naped Monarch Blue Paradise Flycatcher Blue-headed Racquet- Blue-headed Racquet- Blue-headed Racquet-tail tail 5 20 3.494850022 tail 3 6 1.431363764 Blue-naped Parrot Blue-naped Parrot 2 2 0.602059991 Blue-naped Parrot 1 0 0 Blue-winged Pitta Cattle Egret Changeable Hawk Eagle Chesnut-breasted Chesnut-breasted Malkoha Malkoha 1 0 0 Chesnut-cheeked Chesnut-Cheeked Starling Starling 3 6 1.431363764 Common Flameback Woodpecker Common Kingfisher Copper-throated Sunbird Dark-throated Oriole Dark throated Oriole 3 6 1.431363764 ______APPENDICES 63 Barangay MALAKING PATAG MALAKING PATAG Site/Transect MP3 MP4 Vegetation Brushland/Agroforestry No. of Species 13 14 Coordinates Greater Flameback Woodpecker Green Imperial Pigeon Grey Imperial Pigeon Grey Imperial Pigeon 1 0 0 Grey-cheeked Bulbul Hill Myna Island Collared Dove Island Collar Dove 1 0 0 Jungle Fowl Red Jungle Fowl 3 6 1.431363764 Large-billed Crow Little Spiderhunter Lovely Sunbird Mountain Tailorbird Mountain Tailorbird 1 0 0 Mountain White-eye Olive-backed Sunbird Olive-winged Bulbul Palawan Flowerpecker Palawan Flowerpecker 1 0 0 Palawan Flycatcher Palawan Hornbill Palawan Scops-owl Palawan Tit Pied Fantail Pied Fantail 1 0 0 Pied Imperial Pigeon Pied Imperial Pigeon 1 0 0 Pied Triller Plain-throated Sunbird Plain-throated Sunbird 2 2 0.602059991 Plaintive Cuckoo Purple-throated Sunbird

______APPENDICES 64 Barangay MALAKING PATAG MALAKING PATAG Site/Transect MP3 MP4 Vegetation Brushland/Agroforestry No. of Species 13 14 Coordinates Pygmy Flowerpecker Red-bellied Pitta Red-bellied Pitta 1 0 0 Slender-billed Crow Small Buttonquail Small Minivet Small minivet 1 0 0 Spangled Drongo Spotted Dove Striped Flowerpecker Striped Flowerpecker 1 0 0 Sulphur-bellied Bulbul White-bellied Sea Eagle White-collared Kingfisher White-vented Shama Yellow-throated Yellow-throated Leafbird Leafbird 1 0 0 Zebra Dove Hooded Pitta MAMMALS Bearded Pig Calamian Deer Dog-faced Fruit Bat Lesser Bamboo Bat Lesser Dog-faced Fruit Bat Lesser False Vampire Bat Long-tailed Macaque Long-tounged Fruit Bat Malay civet Cat ______APPENDICES 65 Barangay MALAKING PATAG MALAKING PATAG Site/Transect MP3 MP4 Vegetation Brushland/Agroforestry No. of Species 13 14 Coordinates Malayan Pangolin* Palawan Bearcat Palawan Porcupine Palawan Stink Badger Palawan Tree Shrew Palawan Tree Shrew 2 2 0.602059991 Philippine Civet Cat Philippine Dawn Bat Ricefield Rat Culion Tree Squirrel Culion Tree Squirrel 2 2 0.602059991 AMPHIBIANS Asian Brackish Water Frog Brown Striped Tree Frog Common Forest Tree Frog Leyte Freshwater Turtle Nicobar Frog Palawan Tree Frog Palawan Woodland Frog Philippine Discoglossid Frog Philippine Toad Puddle Frog Rock Frog Rock Frog 3 6 1.431363764 Serrated Fresh Water Turtle Slender-digit Narrow Mouth Frog Variable-backed Frog Woodworth's Frog

______APPENDICES 66 Barangay MALAKING PATAG MALAKING PATAG Site/Transect MP3 MP4 Vegetation Brushland/Agroforestry No. of Species 13 14 Coordinates REPTILES Common Mabouya Gecko Gecko 1 0 0 Griffin's Keel-scaled Tree Skink King Cobra* Line Slender Arboreal Snake Monitor Lizard Monitor Lizard 1 0 0 Philippine Calotes Philippine Leopeltine Snake Philippine Pet Viper Reticulated Phyton Skink Spotted Green Tree Spotted Green Tree Skink Skink 1 0 0 Spotted Water Snake Tree Lizard Two-striped Mabouya White-spotted Anglehead White-striped Snake Brown Snake

______APPENDICES 67

Barangay HALSEY HALSEY LUMBERCAMP LUMBERCAMP Site/Transect HL1 LC1 LC2 Vegetation Brushland/Forest Forest/Agroforestry No. of Species 16 9 9 Coordinates

A. AVIFAUNA

Ashy Drongo 1 0 Ashy Drongo 1 0 0 Asian Koel 1 0 0 Black-naped Monarch 1 0 0 Blue Paradise Flycatcher 4 12 2.408239965 Blue-headed Racquet-tail 5 20 3.494850022 Blue-headed Racquet-tail 2 2 Blue-naped Parrot 2 2 0.602059991 0.602059991 Blue-winged pitta 1 0 0 Chesnut-breasted Malkoha 1 0 0 Common Flameback Woodpecker 3 6 1.431363764 Greater Flameback Woodpecker 6 30 4.668907502 Grey-cheeked Bulbul 7 42 5.91568628 Hill Myna 2 2 0.602059991 Jungle Fowl 1 0 0 Large-billed Crow 1 0 Little Spiderhunter 1 0 0 Lovely Sunbird 2 2

______APPENDICES 68 Barangay HALSEY HALSEY LUMBERCAMP LUMBERCAMP Site/Transect HL1 LC1 LC2 Vegetation Brushland/Forest Forest/Agroforestry No. of Species 16 9 9 Coordinates 0.602059991 Mountain White-eye 1 0 0 Palawan Flowerpecker 1 0 0 Palawan Flycatcher 1 0 0 Palawan Tit 1 0 0 Pied triller 2 2 0.602 Red Bellied Pitta 1 0 0 Slender-billed crow 1 0 0 Spangled Drongo 5 20 3.494850022 Sulphur-bellied Bulbul 1 0 0 White-bellied Sea Eagle 1 0 0 White-vented Shama 6 30 4.668907502 White-vented Shama 1 0 0 Zebra Dove 3 6 1.431363764 Long-tailed Macaque 2 2 0.602059991 Palawan Toad 3 6 1.431363764 Brown Snake 1 0 0

______APPENDICES 69

APPENDIX FIGURES

APPENDIX FIGURES A. Photographs of some encountered wildlife species in Culion.

1. Palawan Flycatcher (Ficedula platenae)

2. Chestnut-breasted Malcoha (Phaenicophaeus curvirostris)

______APPENDICES 70

3. Blue-throated Bee-eater (Merops viridis americanus)

4. Yellow-throated Leafbird (Chloropsis palawanensis)

______APPENDICES 71

5. Grey Imperial Pigeon (Ducula p. pickeringi)

6. Grey Wagtail (Motacilla cinerea robusta)

______APPENDICES 72

7. Grey-cheeked Bulbul (Criniger bres frater)

8. Blue-naped Monarch (Hypothymis a. azurea)

______APPENDICES 73

9. Palawan Titmouse (Parus amabilis)

10. Olive-winged Bulbul (Pycnonotus plumosus cinereifrons)

______APPENDICES 74

11. Oriental dwarf Kingfisher (Ceyx erithacus rufidorsa)

12. Variable-backed Frog (Rana signata moellendorfi)

13. Serrate Pond Turtle (Cyclemys dentata)

______APPENDICES 75

14. Common Skink (Mabouya multifasciata)

15. Palawan Toad (Bufo biporcatus)

______APPENDICES 76

16. Palawan tree shrew (Tupaia palawanensis)

18. Lesser dog-faced Bat (Cynopterus brachyotis)

______APPENDICES 77 APPENDIX FIGURES B. Scanned photographs of possible new records of wildlife species occurring in Culion, Palawan.

1. Philippine Hawk-eagle (Spizaetus philippensis), from: Kennedy, et.al., 2000

2. Small Buttonquail (Turnix sylvatica). from: Kennedy, et.al., 2000

______APPENDICES 78

3. Amethyst Brown-dove (Phapitreron amethystina), from: Kennedy, et al., 2000

4. Philippine Scops-owl (Otus megalotis), from: Kennedy, et al., 2000

______APPENDICES 79

5. Philippine Eagle-owl (Bubo philippensis), from: Kennedy, et. al., 2000

6. White-throated Kingfisher (Halcyon smyrnensis gularis), from: Kennedy, et.al., 2000

______APPENDICES 80

7. Grey-hooded Sunbird (Aethopyga primigenius), from Kennedy, et. al., 2000

8. Orange-bellied Flowerpecker (Dicaeum trigonostigma), from: Kennedy, et.al., 2000

______APPENDICES 81

9. Leyte Fresh-water Turtle (Heosemys leytensis), from: Alcala, A., 1986

10. Philippine Pit Viper (Trimeresurus flavomaculatus), from: Alcala, A., 1986.

11. Slender-digit Chorus Frog (Kaloula picta), from: Alcala, A. and W.Brown, 1998.

______APPENDICES 82