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- At, b V-*/r" . f^^ TJ> 'imff^M &V/'V^' '.0;*8&** - /;* V u ^ ' V ^tfr^fStf?** ' .--.. i?^t -^ V r- ^r^Vfl CTbe ^tlniversi KlibraricjB '?9^.^'fi:.? 2'yr. , t /"'/^ ,"*Vo ^ ^s EXCHANGE ' ' ' ^/> ;* UNIVERSITY PUBLICATIONS - '">>' f 4^Jj..i* fta, v "- < i i..; i , ,'.,'' (Siiri?^ i^'/ f,'.' /,'-"; V ^V "'.:,;; ''.>," /J T fer^f ^ m>- ti! i>i^ * ;:-*;-&. telJM^^^.^^^^,^m&^T;^5^^c; 1 Jf/ fe l \ I', f ' '" '"'" : ; '. Jfg$& ;-;-;--r,:i^igis,^'> " ; ' "' ' ::-'' '. ' '^tt-fi'- v ','>'----';. vi' - '" -' > -..-;., v^t^wIRj .: : .', -^"^ffi-y'-'K... I ^ :>'-$$%S&:-3 : 'fox^n-Sfi -i< ...M fe LOCAL CVLTS IN ETRVRIA LOCAL CVLTS IN ETRVRIA BY LILY ROSS TAYLOR PAPERS AND MONOGRAPHS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY IN ROME VOLVAVE 11 AMERICAN ACADEMY IN ROME 1925 PRINTED IM ITALY PRINTED ROR THE AMERICAN ACADEMY IN ROME by ACCOM. EDITORI ALFIERI & LACROIX - ROMA Di LUIGI ALFIERI & C.o PREFACE. This monograph is a geographical study of the religious cults of Etruria. The available evidence from literary, epi~ graphical, and archaeological sources is collected and discussed independently for each town. The work is not a general study of Etruscan religion. Evidence for Etruscan religious beliefs and cult forms is considered only when it can be associated with a particular town. Yet the effort to reconstruct the re~ ligious history of the various cities will, it is hoped, contribute to a fuller understanding of the religion of the Etruscan peoples and will thus supplement the historical, linguistic, and archaeo" logical investigations that are gradually throwing light on Etruscan civilization. Among the many scholars to whom I have recorded my debts in the ^footnotes I should like to express my obligation to a few whose work I have constantly found useful : to Dennis whose Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria remains, in spite of recent discoveries, the best description of the monuments that actually exist in Etruria ; to Nissen whose Italische Landes- kunde still holds a unique place in the field of ancient Italian geography ; to Bormann who edited and discussed in masterly the fashion Latin inscriptions of Etruria ; to Mueller-Deecke - V - whose Etrusker is still indispensable for its collection of the lit" erary sources for the Etruscans ; to Ko'rte and Skutsch whose articles on Etrusker in Pauly-Wissowa provide the most ad" equate discussion of the Etruscan people and their language ; to Schulze who in his Zur Geschichte der lateinischen Eigen- namen has gathered material of great importance to the student of history and religions ; and finally to Wissowa whose Re- ligion und Kultus der Romer and whose numerous special articles have put the student of Roman Religion under an ob~ ligation the extent of which it is difficult to measure. The investigation was undertaken during my tenure of a fellowship in Classical Archaeology at the American Academy in Rome in 1919-20. Its publication has been made possible by funds provided jointly by Vassar College and by the American Academy in Rome. The map of Etruria is the work of Mr. Ralph E. Griswold, Fellow in Landscape Architecture of the American Academy. The religious inscriptions of Etruria that have not yet been published have been foW/y furnished to me by Professor Alexander Gaheis of Vienna who, since Bormanns death, has been charged with the editing of supple~ merits and index of Volume XI of the Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum. Members of the Classical Faculty of the Academy have been generous with aid. During my residence in Rome I Was able to avail myself constantly of Professor C. D. Curtis' knowledge of Etruscan archaeology and of Professor A. W. Van Burens wide acquaintance with classical bibliography. To both of these scholars and to Professor Tenney Frank, Professor in charge of the School of Classical Studies of the Academy, - VI - 1922-23, / am indebted for many criticisms of manuscripts and correction of proof. Particularly to Professor Curtis, editor of the publications of the Academy, I desire to express my gratitude for making the index, reading every proof, and seeing the book through the press an editorial task which the delays and uncertainties of foreign mails have made more than usually arduous. Vassar College, April 1, 1923. LILY Ross TAYLOR. - vii - TABLE OF CONTENTS. Pag. / PREFACE i EXPLANATION OF REFERENCES iii INTRODUCTION. Sketch of the History of Etruria 1 THE CULTS OF ETRURIA. 1. Veii and its Territory 29 2. Capena and its Territory 40 3. Falerii and its Territory 60 4. Other Settlements of Southeastern Etruria 97 5. Caere, its Ports, and its Territory 113 6. Other Settlements of Southwestern Etruria 128 7. Tarquinii 139 8. Volsinii and its Territory; Orvieto 147 9. Other settlements of Central Etruria 165 10. Clusium and its Territory 175 1 1 . Perusia and its Territory 1 83 12. Cortona 191 13. Arretium and its Territory 195 14. Settlements of Northwestern Etruria 202 15. Faesulae, Florentia, and their Territory 210 16. Pisae and Luca 217 17. Luna 224 THE ETRUSCAN LEAGUE UNDER THE EMPIRE AND THE ORDO LX . HARUSPICUM 230 CONCLUSION 239 INDEX 255 - IX - EXPLANATION OF REFERENCES. The following books are cited .simply by the use of the author's name : DENNIS, Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria, 3rd. edition. DESSAU, Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae. NlSSEN, Italische Landeskunde, Vol. II, 1. ScHULZE, Zur Geschichte der Lateinischen Eigennamen. WlSSOWA, Religion und Kultus der Romer, 2nd edition. Inscriptions cited simply by number come from Volume XI of the Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum. - XI - LOCAL CULTS IN ETRURIA INTRODUCTION THE HISTORY OF ETRURIA. Etruria is a land of such infinite variety and such fundamental lack of unity that it is difficult to see how even in the days of pros- perity it could ever have been bound together as it was in a political league of the loosest type or in an effective administrative organiza- tion of any kind. There are the newly formed volcanic lands to the south, far more fertile and more intensely cultivated in ancient times than today, the wide expanse of thejbleak Tuscan Maremma, desolate for centuries, but fruitful before the terrible scourge of malaria did its work, and the bare mountains that border it, once famed over much of the known world for copper mines that today hold but a slight place in the world's production. In ancient times as today, when the modern traveller finds little improvement over the con- ditions that Dennis described some seventy years ago, means of com- were, strikingly jnadejguate.. Yet the terri- tory has long been an independent division of Italy. Its boundaries were extended by Sulla and later by Augustus to include first Fae- sulae, Florentia, and Pisae, and later Luna and Luca, and though they have been in turn encroached on by Latium (the Papal States) and Umbria, modern Tuscany is still in remarkable geographical correspondence with the heterogeneous territory of Etruria whose name it has inherited. For purposes of the present study Etruria is defined as Augustus's seventh region of Italy, the extent of which is indicated on the accompanying map. Before proceeding to the subject of this investigation, the evidence for local cults in Etruria, it is desirable to consider the history of Etruria, and the process by " " which its gradual Romanization was effected. The traces of habitation here in the Stone Age are scant, the most significant remains being in the territory of Volterra in the north and in the neighborhood ofJFalerii in the south, where recent explo- I rations have added to our knowledge of the early inhabitants . Gen- uine Bronze-Age remains seem to be entirely lacking, but the case is altogether different for the Iron-Age. About the beginning of the first millennium before Christ a race of men who dwelt north of the Apennines in the Po valley migrated to the south and took up their abode in Etruria and Latium. These men, the bearers of the ** " Villanova civilization, so called from the cemetery near Bologna where it was first adequately studied, were the descendants of the 2 Bronze-Age terramara settlers of the Po valley . They lived, it would seem, in villages, their dwellings being small circular or ellip- _tical huts, with their floors sunk a meter or more below the soil. " " The type is familiar to us from hut-urn ossuaries that have been found in many sections of Etruria and Latium as well as from the actual remains of such huts discovered at Veii, Satricum, and Bo- 3 logna . The dwellers cremated their dead and placed the ashes in urns which were buried in pit graves. This type of burial is regularly called by the Italians tombe a pozzo. The urns for the ashes were the hut urn ossuaries mentioned above or covered earthen jars of biconical shape, or, at a later period, terracotta and bronze vases of various shapes. These men, almost certainly of the Aryan race, are generally identified with the Umbrians, the name that Herodotus (I 94) and historical tradition after him give to the early inhabitants of " " Etruria. But the name is correct only in so far as Umbrian may be regarded as a designation of an Italic people, not speci- fically applicable to the inhabitants of the territory later known 1 Cf . Peet, Stone and Bronze Ages in Italy and Sicily ; Rellini, Mon. Ant. XXVI (1920) 1-170. 2 This fact, long insisted on by the eminent Italian ethnologist, Pigorini, can hardly be doubted now that the transition necropolis of Pianello near Ancona has been found. See Colini, Bull, di Palet. Ital. IX (1913) 19-68 ; X (1914) 12M63. 3 Pigorini, Bull, di Palet. Ital. X (1914) 73-74; Delia Seta, Museo di Villa Giulia 235 ff. ; Grenier, Bologne villanovienne et etrusjue (1912) ch.
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  • Social Mobility in Etruria Gérard Capdeville

    Social Mobility in Etruria Gérard Capdeville

    Etruscan Studies Journal of the Etruscan Foundation Volume 9 Article 15 2002 Social Mobility in Etruria Gérard Capdeville Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/etruscan_studies Recommended Citation Capdeville, Gérard (2002) "Social Mobility in Etruria," Etruscan Studies: Vol. 9 , Article 15. Available at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/etruscan_studies/vol9/iss1/15 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Etruscan Studies by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SociaL MobiLity iN Etruria by Gérard Capdeville H(astia) . Ecnatnei . Atiuce . lautnic ([ CIE , 3088 =] TLE , 550 = Cl 1.1568) y “social Mobility” I MeaN here a chaNge of social class, which is Not easy to dis - cerN iN Etruria because we do Not have Much geNeral iNforMatioN oN the struc - Bture of EtruscaN society. The Most iMportaNt chaNge, aNd the Most obvious, is the traNsitioN froM servile to free status, heNce the iMportaNce of freedMeN for our subject. The word for “freedMaN” is well kNowN, as we have circa 175 iNscriptioNs: it is lautuni, lautni (rec. lavtni ), feM. lautni ␪a, lautnita (rec. lavtnita ). Its MeaNiNg is attested by two biliNgual Etrusco-LatiN iNscriptioNs ( CIE , 1288 ClusiuM; 3692 Perugia), which testify to the equivaleNce of lautNi to the LatiN libertus. EquivaleNce does Not MeaN ideNtity of status, especially duriNg the iNdepeNdeNt cities period. At least two questioNs arise. What is the relatioNship betweeN the lautni aNd his forMer Master? What is the positioN of the lautni as regards citizeNship? The oNoMastic, for which we have a very rich corpus of epitaphs, provides us with part of the aNswer.