Reading for Monday 4/23/12 A A e History of Rome
You will find in this packet three different readings.
1) Augustus’ autobiography. which he had posted for all to read at the end of his life: the Res Gestae (“Deeds Accomplished”).
2) A few passages from Vergil’s Aeneid (the epic telling the story of Aeneas’ escape from Troy and journey West to found Rome.
The passages from the Aeneid are A) prophecy of the glory of Rome told by Jupiter to Venus (Aeneas’ mother).
B) A depiction of the prophetic scenes engraved on Aeneas’ shield by the god Vulcan. The most important part of this passage to read is the depiction of the Battle of Actium as portrayed on Aeneas’ shield. (I’ve marked the beginning of this bit on your handout). Of course Aeneas has no idea what is pictured because it is a scene from the future...
Take a moment to consider how the Battle of Actium is portrayed by Vergil in this scene!
C) In this scene, Aeneas goes down to the Underworld to see his father, Anchises, who has died. While there, Aeneas sees the pool of Romans waiting to be born. Anchises speaks and tells Aeneas about all of his descendants, pointing each of them out as they wait in line for their birth.
3) A passage from Horace’s “Song of the New Age”: Carmen Saeculare
Important questions to ask yourself: Is this poetry propaganda? What do you take away about how Augustus wanted to be viewed, and what were some of the key themes that the poets keep repeating about Augustus or this new Golden Age?
1987). (Wiesbaden, Gestae”
“Res
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imperium
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Augustus
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on proconsular Augustus bestowed was
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y sent matters
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by
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marks This
28.
the
from
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distance to
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Augustus
in general
Yet
father.
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their out set
22.
they before there taken
vows
43
B.C. of
April in
Mutina at
battles
two the in
accordsim culminated
Capitol in the
which iii
victory)
Antony,
against (symbolizing fasces
laureled
depositing of
daimed imperator,
war § the to
here
refers
Augustus
see 157.
Senate”;
the
of decree
r5 w “ultimate
who the
generals for by
victorious The formula followed custom, it
Republican
well—known is the This
27.
family.
imperial
the
of members
are
events, date to cited
consuls than other
7. he names,
cf note
legates;
whom
Romans
only the
that
fact
the
Cassius—and
l3rutus, isv
I
Pompey,
Sextus gained
is vicrones
for Lepidus, to
Augustus Antony,
as accorded was such
imperator the acclamation cases In
many
26.
opponents—
his of
names the
of
document
in this
Augustus
by
avoidance
studied the is
in Egypt.
and
Noteworthy
at Actium, in Dalmatia,
for victories
§
B.C.
(cf.
114).
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against
Senate
the
with
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in
was
in known) 20 triumph triple
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celebrated Augustus Augustus (as
Pompey. of Octavian Sextus
defeat the after
the second
Antony, with
43
when
44
to B.C., early
late is
to
referred
period
The
meant.
are concluded
adherents of his Brundisiuni the and Peace after
the Antony first 36 and in B.C.. 40 20. occurred ovations two The 25.
translation. the
meant. are
Actium) (at Cleopatra
in
numbered
are
citing,
in
convenience
for
which,
paragraphs into
md Anions
divided over
is
and and inscription Naulochus), The Mylae Pompey 19, Sextus (at over victories naval The 24.
§
found.
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Rome,
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Augustus
of
mausoleum
the
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up
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inscription,
s)
st bronze
iv Annals
original the of (Tacitus, legions
trace of No twenty—five an army IS. Augustus from inherited Tiberius 23.
by and
land
by
world
whole
the
throughout 3. wars
many waged 1
accept. to I refused
life, for
office
annual
B.C.)].
Phillippi
(42 of
battles
an as
time that at
to me
offered was
which
too,
consulship,
The forts. 28
two [the
battlefield
the
on
twice
them
conquered I
state, the
against
cf-- and
expenditures my by
danger and
panic
imminent from
people
war
waged
they
when
afterwards
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due
by
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their
whose the
freed I days
a few within
that
administered
I so which
supply,
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into
drove I
father my
assassinated
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Those
2.
gram
the of
supervision the
decline I not did
grain of
scarcity a critical
of
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[cf.
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commonwealth
the
of
settlement
the
midst
the in to accept.
refused I
presence, my
in
and
absence my in
both
for
triumvir a
and
consul
me
elected
people
the
war,
the in
fallen
had
senate
the by
and
people the by
B.C.] [22
Arruntius
Lucius and
cellus
consuls
both
when
year,
same
the
in
Moreover,
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suffered
state
Mar-
Marcus of
s. consulship the in me
to
offered
dictatorship
The
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it to see to
consuls,
the with
together
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me
ordered
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power [A.D.
tribunician my of
year
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imperium.
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me
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B.C.,
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triumphs
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the
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For
faction. 20 a
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senate, the of
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days of
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means by
army an
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expense,
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to
be offered
thanksgiving that
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at
and
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nineteen,
of
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the
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senate
the
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my legates
through or
me by ,19
sea
on
and
Rome. 18
in
up
set
pillars
bronze
two
on
as inscribed
people,
land
on
achieved
successes For
war. 27
each in made
had
I
which vows
Roman
the
and
state
the on
him by
expended
moneys the
of
and
people,
the
fulfilling
after
my
fasces,
adorning
wreaths laurel
Capitol the in
ited
Roman
the of
empire
the
under
world
whole
the
brought he
which
I
depos—
occasions.
four on them
I
declined
to me,
triumphs
additional
by
Augustus
deified
the
of
accomplishments the of
copy
a
is
Below
decreed senate the When times. twenty—one imperator
acclaimed was
pp.
I
and
PP. 20—63) pp. triumphs, 25 curule I—3IADA, times 4. three (EJ, ovations, 769—799 celebrated III, I vol. Twice CIL,
triremes. 24 than class smaller of were which those
c
exchisis ships, 600 captured I
service. Gestac. military for
the Res rewards as pervades money
tone monarchical a Republic,”
the
“restoring
of
granted or
lands
profession allotted I
these of to Augustus’ all and
Despite than more a 3OO,O00, kings. little Oriental by up set
inscriptions
known
well-
the to municipalities own
content their to in back
sent or similar is colonies and in I settled Republic the ended, were of
Romans distinguished
of
achievements e
the
of
servi
terms their commemorating when these, Of to me. inscriptions the oath of
military tradition under in were the
is
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document,
political
subjective
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Roman chronicle About 500,000 historical a to extirpate. not
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spare it to ferred
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largely
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25—35).
(paragraphs
I peace pre. and war be pardoned in safely deeds could his 24); who
peoples Foreign
pardon.
sought
(paragraphs i—
purposes
public
for
funds
own
his
of out
who expenditures all citizens his
spared
I
victorious
when and
foreign, and
civil both sea,
x—14)ç (paragraphs
him upon conferred honors and offices the headings:
J
of Augustus
Accomplishments The 195.
Age Augustan The 562
office. this held emperors 1• All subsequent year.
§
following s6.
the
pontiff
chief elected
see
was census,
Augustus the in of B.C. death 13 his Upon closing pont!fex 3. religious maximus. office ibis of For
the
retain to
permitted B.C. was
but in 36 70/69 in taken
B.C. been Triumvirate Second the had
37. from census deposed last was 34. The Lepidus ,st B.C.
4
selection. second and
lci, paragraph Cf. religion.
form.
national the
in
offices
sacerdotal
important
most
the
its complete
in priesthoods, power
this held
had these he years of of
four number the
by first
years the his
held regnal to
date he began Augustus that
after B.C.
emperors
Roman All
47.
52.
51, 48,
see
ii,
of Republic,
settlement 23
the constitutional
the
after under only
was
offices B.c., but it in him priestly upon 30 conferred traditional 33. was power clan these On
tribuni..
Modified 36 in
tribune
a of BC. inviolability,
sacrosanctilas, the accorded was
36. Augustus
discussion.
scholarly heated
evoked
has
in B.C. 32 Octavian
and
Antony
of
powers
the of
question
controversial
33
The
ii.C.
31,
43 December
or- to
return, my
B.C.
to 27, commemorate November
senate, the from provinces,
officially of those lasted affairs triumvirate Ihe 32.
times.
three
riberius,
the
twice; 3 Agrippa, settling
Marcus successfully
after B.C.], [13 i. Quintilius Publius and Nero
see 204—205.
in
B.C.; it
issued
Tiberius
of
were
which consulship
the
in of Gaul
and Spain
installments
from
Rome
to first the returned
legislation,
social
and
moral
his to
refers
here
so.
Augustus
guise.
new I a
When in
myself.
but
dictatorship one
no to
decreed permanent
been has offered time
thus this up to was which Augustus effect
In 29.
an honor
me,
meet to Campania to
sent was
men,
leading the and
tius
our
of
traditions
many
restored
I
sponsored
I
which
Lucre I
legislation
Quintus consul the new with
By together plebs, the of tribunes
and tors
recorded.
were
citizens
Roman
4,937,000
lustrum
this
prae At the of
portion a
colleague. senate, the of
my decree by
occasion,
this
On
12.
as
Caesar
Tiberius
son
my
with
and
power
consular
the
of
virtue
name.
my from
day Augustalia
by
14],
[A.D.
Appuleius
Sextus
and
Pompeius
Sextus
that of designated
it and
Syria, from consulship city to
the
returned
I
which on
B.C.] I
the
in
census
the
of
taking
the
completed
I
rime
third
a
Vinicius And [19 Marcus and Lucretius recorded. Quintus of
consulship
the
in day the
were
citizens
Roman
4,233,000
lustrum
this
At
18
B.c.].
of
anniversary Asinius the
on Gaius sacrifice
yearly and a make should
Virgins
Vestal and
Censorinus
Gaius
of
consulship
the
in
census
the
of
pontiffs
taking the that the decreed altar
it which pleted on
Capena,
Porta at the
Virtue
com
I
power,
consular
the
of
virtue
by
alone,
acting and
time, of Honor temple
the second before a
Home-bringer
the Fortune to an altar
Then
recorded.
were
citizens
Roman
4,063,000
lustrum
this consecrated At
senate
the years.
Syria, from
two return
my
commemorate To
i. i
forty...
of
interval
an
after
Iustrum 35
the
performed
I
people.
the of
Rome. census at a
recorded been
previously never
conducted
I
colleague,
my
as
Agrippa
Marcus
with
had
as
such election my consulship, TM to
flocked
sixth
a multitude Italy all
from and
bance;
my
in
And
senators.
of
roll
the
revised
I
times
Three
distur
senate. of
civil time a and at
of people it possession
taken who
man the
removed
by
patricians,
of
number
the
increased
I
consulship
death
fifth when my priesthood, In this 8. accepted I Valgius, Gaius and Sulpicius
of Publius
consulship the in
later, years
fetial. 33 few
A
held. had
my father
which
a
and
sodales,
Titii
the
of
one
Brotherhood,
Arval
the
of
priesthood, that member me offered quets,
people the when
alive,
still he was
while
ban
religious
conducting
for
seven
of
college
the
of
member
colleague 37 a
of place sacrifices, in
us maxim pontifex
become to
declined I
live.
performing
for
fifteen
of
college
the of
member
I augur,
I as
long
as power maximus, tribunician
the pontfex possess
should I
that
and
in perpetuity
been
have
I
document.
this
wrote
I
which on
day
the
to
up sacrosanct be should I
years, forty that by law enacted was
And it priests. Salian
the
for
senator
ranking
been
have
years.
consecutive
ten of
hymn for the in
senate, monwealth the of
decree by 32 inserted,
was name
My
io.
com
the of
settlement
the
for
triumvirate the of 7. member
a was 1 shrines.
senate. 31
the
by
colleague
the all a at health my given for was
continuously prayed
of municipalities,
members
and
requested
voluntarily
times five I
power
this
In
power, 30
as and
tribunician individually both
accord, one with
body,
citizen
whole the over,
th
of
virtue
by
out
carried
I mc
by
taken
be
to
time
that More-. at consuls,
the by desired sometimes priests,
of colleges
distinguished most
senate
the
which
measures
The
ancestors.
our
of
four
traditions the by
the sometimes to my lifetime,
during
celebrated
often
were games
contrary
was
which
me
offered
office
any
accept to
refused
I vows,
these of
authority, In fulfillment
priests. and consuls
by
the
year
fifth every
supreme
with
morals
and
laws
the
of
guardian
sole
elected up
be
offered be should
should health
9. my for
vows that
decreed senate The
I
that
agreed
unitedly
people
and J, senate
Roman
the
though
B.c.
I I
imitate.
and
i8,
[in
19,
Tubero
Quintus
and
Maximus
Fabius
Paullus
of
to
that posterity in for
spheres many
in
precedents
down handed
myself
time
third
a
and
Lentulus,
Gnaeus
and
Lentulus
Publius
of
that
in I and
again
generation; our in
desuetude into
falling were
which ancestors
and
Lucretius,
Quintus
and
Vinicius Marcus of consulship the In 6.
3 565
Augustus of
Accomplishments The
195. Age Augustan The 564 566 The Augustan 4ge h1lI 195. The Accomplishments ofAugustus
dered an altar of the Augustan Peace38 to be consecrated in the Campus largess on the occasion of my triumph was received by about 120 .oo Martius, on which it decreed that the magistrates, priests, and Vestal persons in the colonies. In my thirteenth consulship [2 B.C.] I gav sixty Virgins should make an annual sacrifice. denarii apiece to those of the plebs who at that time were receiving puF In 13. The temple ofJanus Quirinus,39 which our ancestors desired to grain; the number involved was a little more than 200,000 persons. be closed whenever peace with victory was secured by sea and by land i6. I reimbursed municipalities for the lands which I assigned tt r y throughout the entire empire of the Roman people, and which before I soldiers in my fourth consulship, and afterwards in the consulslu if was born is recorded to have been closed only twice since the founding of Marcus Crassus and Gnaeus Lentulus the augur [30 and 14 B.C j lhL the city, was during my principate three times ordered by the senate to be closed, sums involved were about óoo,ooo,ooo sesterces which I paid for hal an estates, and about 260,000,000 sesterces which I paid for provinual 14. My sons Gaius and Lucius Caesar,4° whom fortune took from lands. I was the first and only one to take such action of all those wht me in their youth, were, in my honor, made consuls designate by the up to my time established colonies of soldiers in Italy or in the pn v Roman senate and people when they were fifteen years old, with per- inces. And afterwards, in the consulship of Tiberius Nero and Csnas us mission to enter that magistracy after a period of five years. The senate Piso, and likewise of Gaius Antistius and Decimus Laeius, and of (salus further decreed that from the day on which they were introduced into Calvisius and Lucius Passienus, and of Lucius Lentulus and M r u’. the Forum4’ they should attend its debates. Moreover, the whole body Messalla, and of Lucius Canimus and Quintus Fabricius [in 6, of Roman equites presented each of them with silver 7, 4 3 shields and spears and 2 B.C.], I granted bonuses in cash to the soldiers and saluted each as princeps iuventutis,42 whom aftt r he completion of their terms of service I sent back to their municlpalltifs 15. To the Roman plebs I paid 300 sesterces apiece in accordance and for this purpose I expended about 400,000,000 sesterces. with the will of my father [i.e., Julius Caesar]; and in my fifth consulship 17. Four times I came to the assistance of the treasury with my own [29 B.c.] I gave each 400 sesterces in my own name out of the spoils of money, transferring to those in charge of the treasury 150,000,000 ses war; and a second time in my tenth consulship [24 B.c.] I paid out of my terces. And in the consulship of Marcus Lepidus and Lucius Arrunt us own patrimony a largess of 400 sesterces to every individual; in my [A.D. 6; cf. 199] I transferred out of my own patrimony 170,000 )00 eleventh consulship [23 B.C.] I made twelve § distributions of food out of sesterces to the soldiers’ bonus fund, which was established on my grain purchased at my own expense; and in the twelfth year of my advice for the purpose of providing bonuses for soldiers who had orn tribunician power [12 B.C.] for the third time I gave 400 sesterces to pleted twenty or more years of service. every individual. These largesses of mine reached never less than 250,000 18. From the year in which Gnaeus Lentulus and Publius Lentulus persons. In the eighteenth year of my tribunician power and my twelfth I [i8 B.c.] were consuls, whenever the provincial taxes fell short, in he consulship [5 B.C.] I gave sixty denarii to each of 320,000 persons of the case sometimes of 100,000 persons and sometimes of many morc, I urban plebs. And in my fifth consulship [29 B.C.] I gave out of the spoils made up their tribute in grain and in money from my own grain stores of war i,ooo sesterces apiece to my soldiers settled in colonies. This and my own patrimony. 38. lixtensive parts of the 19. I built the following structures:43 the senate house and the (I at famous Altar of Peace, dedicated in 9 B.C., are extant. The whole nsonurnent has been reconstructed in situ. cidicum adjoining it; the temple of Apollo on the Palatine witi’ its A small bronze shrine, 39, with double doors on both ends, on the north side of the Forum. Cf. porticoes; the temple of the deified Julius; the Lupercal; the spó, second selection, § portico at 40. Grandsons of Augustus, the Circus Flaminius, which I allowed to be called Octavia after the the sons of Agrippa and Julia, adopted by him in i’s B.C. and marked out as his successors, hut Gasus died in Lucius AD. name of .s,o, , in 2. For honorary decrees to Gains and the man who had built an earlier portico on the same site, the Lucius, sec § 209. state box at the Circus Maximus; the temples ofJupiter the Smitei and 41. ‘[hat is, introduced to public life, This traditional Roman ceremony, which occurred at pu berty, involved among other things the assumption of the toga virilis (“toga of manhood”); cf. 309, second selccnon, § 43 To identify for the reader each of the public works listed in this and the twc folk is g 42. l’hat is, “leader paragraphs would require a series of footnotes longer than the text. A convement source of snfornsnon of the youth.” ‘[his title designated them as honorary heads of the young men on the various structures is E. Nash, Pictorial Dictionary of Ancient Rome, 2 vols. (New York s x of equestrian families who were organized in a kind of aristocratic Boy Scout movement. 1962).
I
in BC.. Actiuns at 31 defeated were who Cleopatra, and
Antony
against
war The 48.
§
selection,
second
113, vol. see
2,
gold,”
“crown
of
44.
significanre the for 36 in B.C.
ended which note (ci. 47. Pompey i), Sextus with war naval The
§
zo6. see in 17 B.C., celebrated Games the Secular For 46.
i
I io,000
about shows.
circus and
theatrical the shows in
these games were
at These
grandsons; or sons my of names
the in
times
five
and
name, own
my in
times
three
show gladiatorial a gave I 22,
before.
as
asm
the
Gauls the of
provinces the by
taken
oath was
same The
Actium.
enthusi
same the
with
it
decreed
colonies and
municipalities
the
though
at
victorious
was I
which
in war the in
leader its
as me
demanded and
gold, crown
the
accept
not
did
I
imperator,
acclaimed was
I
whenever
me to
allegiance of oath an
took
voluntarily Italy
of whole The
state.
afterwards, and
triumphs;
my of
I honor
in
collecting
were
they
which
the against arms up taken and
owners their
from
away run
had who
golda
crown of
pounds
Italy
35,000
of
colonies
and
municipalities
slaves
nearly
for 30,000 punishment
masters to
their over I
turned war
the
to
remitted
I
B.c.]
[29
consulship
fifth
my In
sesterces,
Ioo,ooo,ooo
that
In
pirates. 47 the
suppressing by
sea the
to
peace brought I
25.
about
me
cost
which war
of spoils
from
gifts
consecrated
I
Llltor
statues. the
with me
Mars of
temple
the
in
and
Vesta,
of
temple
the in
Apollo,
of
temple
the
had
honored who those of
the
names in and
name own
my
in
Apollo of
in
Julius,
deified
the
of
temple
the
in
Capitol,
the
In
Marcellus.
Marcus
temple in the
offerings up I golden
set
therefrom
money of the out
and
son-in-law
my of
name
the
with
inscribed be
to
was
which
Apollo
removed,
I
myself
these city; the in
stood
in a chariot, or
on horseback,
of
temple
the
adjoining
theater
the
built I
owners
private
from
part
foot,
on
represented myself, of
statues silver
eighty About
temples. the
most
the for
bought
ground
On
war.
of
spoils from
Forum
Augustan
use
after
despoiling
private
his for
seized had
war the
in
Antony]
[Mark
the
and
Ultor
Mars
of
temple
the
built
I
land
private
own
my
On
21.
my opponent which ornaments the Asia of province the of munities
Minucian.
the
arid
.om
the all
of
temples the
in
I
replaced
victorious was I
When
24.
Mulvian
the except
bridges the
all also
and
Ariminum, as
far as city
the
combatants. about were there 3,000
rowers,
from
Way
Flaminian
the
reconstructed
I
B.c.]
[27
consulship
seventh my
of
exclusive fleets,
these board On
combat. in
engaged
vessels
smaller of
In
repair.
required
time
that
at
which
none
neglecting
senate,
the
of
tion
number a great
in addition
and
biremes, or
triremes
ships, beaked
thirty
resolu
a
with
accordance
in
city,
the in gods the
of
temples
eighty—two
exhibition this
In width. in
feet
and
length in
1,200 feet
excavated
i,800
repaired
I 128
B.c.]
consulship
sixth my
In
heirs.
my
by
completed
site the
had
having is,
now
Caesars the of
grove
the
where
Tiber
be
work the
that
instructions
left
I
alive,
still am
I
while
completed
the
across
battle
a naval
of
exhibition an
the people to
I presented
23.
be
not
should
it case
in
and
Sons;
my
of
names the
with
inscribed
killed.
were
animals
be
to
is which
structure,
the
rebuilding
began and
site
its
3 enlarged
I
about 500
exhibitions
these in
amphitheaters; the
in or
Forum
the
fire, by
destroyed
was
basilica
same
the
whcn
and
father,
my
by
vanced
in
or circus in the
beasts
wild of African
spectacles
hunting grandsons,
ad
far and
begun
works
Saturn,
of
temple
the
and
Castor
of
temple
or sons my of
names the
in or
name
own my in
people, the
for
vided
the
between
was
which
basilica
the and
Forum
Julian
the
completed
pro I times
Twenty—six years.
succeeding the in
celebrated regularly
I
conduit.
its into
spring
new
a
admitting
by
Marcia
called
aqueduct
have a law, and
senate the of
a decree with
accordance
in the consuls,
the
of
capacity
the
doubled
I
and
age,
of
because
places
many
in
ruin
subsequently
which
of Mars,
Games the
celebrate to
first
the I was
B.C.]
into
falling were
which
aqueducts
the of
conduits the
repaired
I
them.
consulship
[2 thirteenth my
In
Silanus.
Gaius and
j Furnius
Gaius of ship
on
inscribed
name
my
having
without
works,
both
on
expenditures
consul in the
Games’
Secular
the celebrated I
colleague,
my as
Agrippa
enormous
with
Pompey
of
theater
the
and
Capitol the
repaired
1
20.
Marcus with that college, of master
as
fifteen, of
college of the
On behalf
Palatine.
the
on Mother
Great
the
of
other magistrates. 45
of
place the
in times
twenty—three
addition
and in
temple
the
and Youth
of
temple
the
Velia;
the
on
Penates
the
of
temple
four
times name
own in my
games
I
presented
my
grandson. of
name
the
Way;
Sacred
the
of
head
the
at
Lares the
of
temple
the
Aventine;
the in timc
a third
and
the world, of
all parts
from invited
athletes of
the
on
Freedom
Jupiter
of
and
Juno
Queen
and
Minerva
of
temples
exhibition an
name own my
in
people the to
I presented Twice
fought.
the
Quirinus;
of
temple
the
Capitoline; the on Thunderer the Jupiter
569
ojAugustus Accomplishments The 195. Age Augustan The I The Augustan Age 195. The Accomplishments ofAugustus Spains, Africa, Sicily, and Sardinia.49 More than 700 senators served at that time under after his death to his son Artavasdes, When the latter was killed, I my standards; of that number eighty—three attained the consulship dispatched to that kingdom Tigranes, a scion of the royal family of and about 170 obtained priesthoods, either before that dtc 31 or Armenia.55 I recovered all the provinces extending beyond the Adriatic subsequently, up to the day on which this document was written. 26. I extended Sea eastward, and also Cyrenae, which were for the most part alr dy lii the frontiers of all the provinces of the Roman people on whose the possession of kings, as I had previously recovered Sicily and Sardi boundaries were peoples not subject to our empire.5° I re stored peace nia, which had been seized in the slave war. to the Gallic and Spanish provinces and likewise to Ger many, that is to 28. I established colonies of soldiers in Africa, Sicily, Macedonia, in the entire region bounded by the Ocean from Gades to the mouth both Spanish provinces, in Achaea, Asia, Syria, Narbonese Gaul, and of the Elbe river. I caused peace to be restored in the Alps, from the region Pisidia. Italy, moreover, has twenty—eight colonies established by me, nearest to the Adriatic Sea as far as the Tuscan Sea, without undeservedly which in my lifetime have grown to be famous and populous. making war against any people.51 My fleet sailed the Ocean 29. A number of military standards lost by other generals I re from the mouth of the Rhine eastward as far as the territory of the Cimbrians, covered, after conquering the enemy, from Spain, Gaul, and tht Dal to which no Roman previously had penetrated either by land or matians. The Parthians I compelled to restore to me the spoils and by sea, The Cimbrians, the Charydes, the Semnones, and other German standards of three Roman armies and to seek the friendship of the peoples of the same region through their envoys sought my friendship Roman people as suppliants.57 The standards, moreover, I deposited in and that of the Roman people.52 At my command and under my the inner shrine of the temple of Mars Ultor. auspices two armies were led almost at the same time into Ethiopia and into 30. Through Tiberius Nero, who was then my stepson and legate, I Arabia which is called Felix; and very large forces of the enemy conquered and subjected to the empire of the Roman people the Pannon belonging to both peoples were killed in battle, and maiiy towns ian tribes, to which before my principate no army of the Roman people were captured. In Ethiopia a penetration was made as far as the town of had ever penetrated; and I extended the frontier of Illyricum to the bank Napata, which is next to Meroe; in Arabia the army advanced of the Danube River, An army of the Dacians which had crossed to our into the territory of the Sabaeans to the town of Mariba.53 27. I added side of the river was conquered and destroyed under my auspices, and Egypt to the empire of the Roman people. Although I might have later on, my army crossed the Danube and compelled the Dacian tribes made Greater Armenia into a province when its king Ar- taxes was to submit to the orders of the Roman people. assassinated, I preferred, following the precedent of our ances tors, to hand 31. Royal embassies from India, never previously seen before any over this kingdom, acting through Tiberius Nero, who was then Roman general, were often sent to me. Our friendship was sought my stepson, to Tigranes, son of King Artavasdes and grandson of King Tigranes. through ambassadors by the Bastarnians and Scythians and by tht kings And afterwards, when this same people revolted and rebelled, after 11 of the Sarmatians, who live on both sides of the Don River, and by the I subdued it through my son Gaius, I handed it over to the rule kings of the Albanians and of the Iberians and of the Medes.58 ofKing Ariobarzanes, son of Artabazus, king of the Medes, and 32. The following kings fled to me as suppliants: Tiridates and after wards Phraates son of King Phraates, kings of the Parthians; Artavasdes, ()n the form of 49. the oath of allegiance to Augustus, see 5 aol, second selection. king of the Medes; Artaxares, 5o. The emphasis is on the &onner king of the Adiabenians; Dumnobellaunus policy in the West. The eastern provinces were hardly as well stabilized under Augustus. and Tincommius, kings of the Britons; Maelo, On the general frontier policy of Augustus, see § ao’. king of the Sugumbrians, ii. On these campaigns see further 5 203. 52. The reference is to the campaign of A,0, when . On the Roman client states under Augustus, see further 203. , Tiberius penetrated Germany as far as the 5 Elbe River. 6. Provinces held by Antony and Sextus Pompey. Cf. paragraph 25, above.
. This is the disastrous 7. These were the standards lost by Crassus at the battle of Carrhae in and expedition of Aeius Gaflus in 25/24 a. C. against Arabia Felix si s.c. ir Mark (Yemen); Antony’s disastrous the punitive Ethiopian expedition under operations against the Parthians in 36 s.c. They were restored as the r . ult ol Gaius Petronius in 24—22 B. C. achieved greater success; see further 5 203. diplomatic negotiations; Augustus’ version is calculated to salve Roman pride. On the 8. The peoples named in this sentence inhabited the fringes of 54. death of Cleopatra in 30 B.C. On the special status of Egypt, see note the Rons.an Empsr Irrtn ths 75. Carpathians to the Caucasus. 572 The Augusran Age i6. The Prince ofPeace and the New Order 573
and Scgimerus[?, king of the Marcomannian Suebians.59 Phraates son of Orodes, king of the Parthians, sent to me in Italy all his Sons and 196. THE PRINCE OF PEACEND grandsons, not because he was conquered in war, but seeking our THE NEW ORDE%’ friendship through pledge of his children. Under my principate numer ous other peoples, with whom previously there had existed no exchange The task of disseminating the official pro m of the new age among the of embassies and friendship, experienced the good faith of the Roman I educated portion people. of the population w undertaken by Maccenas, who, next to Agxippa (cf 208, 209), w the principal helper of Augustus in The peoples § 33. of the Parthians and of the Medes, through ambas the first half of his reign. The ii ary coterie which Maecenas gathered sadors who were the leading men of these peoples, received from me about him rang the changes o e professed ideals of the new regime — the kings for whom they asked: the Parthians, Vonones son of King peace and empire, rededicat to the ancestral virtues, the traditions and Phraates, grandson of King Orodes; the Medes, Ariobarzanes son of religion of the idealized st, and the benevolent administration ot th King Artavasdes, grandson of King Ariobarzanes. princeps. 34. In my sixth and seventh consulships,6° after I had put an end to the civil wars, having attained supreme power by universal consent, I Anonymous, Panegyric on Piso 230—243; From LCL transferred the state from my own power to the control of the Roman senate The very bard [Vergill who makes his poem on Acne sound among and the people. For this service of mine I received the title of ‘ Augustus by I the Italian people, the bard who in his mighty re n treads Olympus decree of the senate, and the doorposts of my house were publicly and in Roman accents challenges venerable H Cr, perchance his poem decked with laurels, the civic crown was affixed over my doorway, might have lurked obscure in the shado f the grove, and he might and a golden shield was set up in the Julian senate house, which, have but sung on a fruitless reed nown to the peoples if he had as the inscription on this shield testifies, the Roman senate and people lacked a Maecenas. Yet it was to one bard only that he opened his gave me in recognition of my valor, clemency, justice, and devotion. doors, nor did he entrust estinies to Vergil alone. Maecenas raised After that time I excelled all in authority, but I possessed no ‘ to fame Varius,TM who ok the stage with tragic mien; Maecenas drew more power than the others who were my colleagues in each magis tracy. out the grand styl the thundering poet and revealed famous n;rnles to the people reece. Likewise he made known to fame songs reso’ 35. When I held my thirteenth consulship,6’ the senate, the equestrian nant on R an strings and the Italian lyre of graceful Horace. RasP order, and the entire Roman people gave me the title of “father of the orname of the age, worshipful deservedly for all time, protection of country” and decreed that this title should be inscribed in the vestibule of my the nan choir, beneath whose guardianship nr did poet fear for an house, in the Julian senate house, and in the Augustan Forum on ‘ the pedestal o age of beggary. of the chariot which was set up in my honor by decree of the senate. At the time I wrote this document I was in my seventy—sixth year. Horace, Odes . xv
When I wished to tell in lyric son4’battles and the conquest of Cities, Apollo rebuked me and forbadØiy spreading tiny sails upon the Tyr 9. Adiabenia was a distrist rhenian Sea. Thine age, 0 Cfiar, has brought back fertile crops to the of Assyria; the Sugunibrians and Marcomanman Suebians were Ger manic tribes. fields and has restored to ouwn Jupiter the military stmdards stripped óo. a8 and 27 B.c. Th reorganization of 28—27 B.C. (see § 194) put an end to the unlimited powers from the proud columns jif’the Parthians;65 has closed Janus’ temple [cf exercised by Augustus without legal title from the expiration of the triumvirate in 33 B.C. to that date. Augustus justifies his extralegal position by affirming that he held it “by universal / consent.” 63. Composed in the eaijy’part of the first century AD. 6i. 2 B.C. CI. § 194, fourth selection. 64. Lucius Vanus Ruit eminent epic poet and dramatist of the Augustun Age, friend and literary 6z. Four appendices (not part of the original document of Augustus), which summanze the executor of Vergil. expenditures and public works of Augustus, are here omitted. 6. Cf. § 195, paragraph 29. This ode of Horace was written c. 53 B.C. 1’ AUGISTAN POIt’IRY 11 HG .IE\FII
Long enough now have we Rome’s history. Note especialli’ tire emphasis on the Romans as predestin I ruler Paid in our blood for the promise Laomedon broke at Troy. of a vast empire, the idea of thlc’ Roman conquest of Gre ccc as revenge. f se. long now has tire court of heaven grudged you to us, Caesar, and the prediction that an age cif peace will follow. ft is a matter old/spot eel ether Complaining because you care only for mortal triumphs. here Virgil refers to Julius Caesar or Augustus at lines 2 ‘6- 7. Scholar a’ For Right and Wrong are corilused here, there’s so much war in the world, divided, The second passage (b) is a revelation of a different kind a table in a/the. Evil so has many laces, the plough so little future wrought in metal on a shield made fbr Aeneas by Vulcan, the go2 j lire and honour, the labourers are taken, the fields untended. smiths (Virgil uses this method of telling a stomy elsewhere, c/: cap, the sic n doors Arid ilicc’tYrving tiblflb is beaten into the sword that yields not. of tire temple of the Sibyl at the beginning of Aenerd 6). The centre ire’ ‘ is th ‘FE/c (1i Tlffls in armt, battle of Act/urn (see B25) in which (Ictavian and Agrippa defeated .1 sit n an] Neighbour cities, breaking their treaties, attack each other: Cleopatra in a sea-battle off the coast of Greece (dl BC) lYre pO acceii[u SIC the [lie wicked War god runs amok through all the world. contrast between the solidarity of Roman people and Senate and toe barhari Sri, when racing chariots have rushed from the starting-gate, eastern hordes supporting Antony and Cleopatra. They gather speed nil the course, arid the driver tugs at the curb-rein For the Aeneid see also W. A. camps An Introduction ti Virgil’s Aencu (Fjord —His horses runaway. cat out of control, quite helpless. 1969): M. Ci. Putnam The. Poetry of the Aeneid (London FY15); V l-ss ii Fe ofVergil(ETAnnArbor 1962). 5: :. Virgil Georgics 1.489-514 2” “ Ir. C. Day Lewis (Oxford 1966) I-”, (a) ‘- .-‘,, / Fear no 5, (c) more. Cytherea. Take comfort, foi your people’s ‘4’ Destiny is unaltered: you shall behold the promised Meanwhile let us pursue tire woodland ways, the v’ City walls of Lavinium, and exalt great -hearted Aeneas Lawns. ms friend, the difficult task you have upon me. Even to the starry skies. I have not changed my rmnd. Without your help. mv spins lacks high ar ion. Come then. I say it now--for I know these cares constantly gnaw you Break imp rriy lassitude! Loud is Cithac calling And show you further into rhe secret book of fate: Amid t1’ hounds of Tagetus and aurus tamer of horses, Aeneas, mightily warring in Italy. shall crush And the woods all answer ‘ nil echo the call again. Proud tribes, city and Yet soon will I stir my to establish walls a way of life, Till a third summer has seen him reigning in Latium To tell of Caesar’s ous battles, to give him fame And winter thrice passed over his camp in the conquered land. For as many ‘ : as divide his day from the birth of Tithonus. His son Ascanius, whose surname is now Tubs f Virgil Georgics 3. 40-8 Ilus it was, before the realm ol [burn fell , 1 tr. C. Day Lewis (Oxford 1966) Aseanius for his reign shall have full thirty years z) With all their wheeling months: shall move the kingdom from Lavinium and make Long Alba his sure stronghold. Vees\ Here for three hundred years sha[l nile the dynasty l”4 ‘l’he ,4encul Of Hector, until a priestess and queen of Trojan blood, With child by .Mars, shall presently give birth 10 tWin Sons. Vjrt’jI composed his Itist an] greatest poem during the last twelve years of his life Romulus, then, gay in the coat of the tawny she-wolf (see F] above 2o), and died in 19 BC leaving it lacking the final revision, Over Which suckled him, shall succeed to power and found the cits riding what seem to have been the poet’s wishes, Augustus had the poem published. Of Mars and wish his own name endow the Roman nation. JIres’ iwo passages freon Book I are both, in different ways, glimpses of the To these I set no hounds, either in space or time, Jietrrre. Propliecr’ and revelation constitute a valuable device by which the poet Unlimited power 1 give them. Even the spiteful Juno, emphasises the close link between past and present through the idea of the unalter Who in her fear now troubles the earth, the sea and the sky. able destiny oJ th Trojan race. On the first occasion (a), Jupiter comforts Venus, Shall think better or tlus and join me iii fostering ,ieneas’ mother, by predicting a successful end to the Tro/ans’ struggle after the The cause of the Rum-arts, the lords of creation, the wrsaed people destns,.’trcr,m sf Tm i’ arid represent/ne. the preordained and glorious unfolding of Thus it is written, An age shall come, as the years glide by.
2 i .4UGUS I’AN pot, I’R’r’ I I 1 [Ii “ ./\ t When the cluldren of Trov shall enslave the children of Agarnemnon, At the iop of the shield, Manlius. warden of tile Tat petari Of fhntned and Achilles, and rule in conquered Argos — 1 Fortress, stood before the temple, guardnng the Capmtoi Fiorri the fan seed of Tiny there shall be horn a Caesar— TiLe palace. just built by Romulus, heini shown with a tough it ti,h’ Julius, his name derived from great Iulus—whose empire Here too a siiveiv goose went fluttering through a golden Shall reach o the ocean’s limits, whose fame shall end in the stars, Colonnade, honking out an alarunt, that the Gauls are on us’ lie shall hold the J’ast in foe; one day, cares ended, you shall Under the cover of a dark night, lucky fot them. the Gauls Receive him in to heaven; him also will mortals pray to. Creep closer through the hrushwood, some have already scaled Then shall the age of violence be mellowing into peace: The citadel’s heights: their clothing and hair were done inn gold; Venerable 1-artli, and the hiorrie, with Romulus and Remus, The stripes on their cloaks are gleaming: about their fatr.sknnned th an Shall make the laws: the grim, steel-welded gates of War Are necklaces fastened; each of them brandishes two Alpine Be locked: and within, on a heap of anriarnents, a hundred Spears in his hand, and carries a tall, narrow slueid for protection. Knots of bronze tying his hands behind him, shall sit Vulcan had also embossed the dancing Sam arid naked (;rowling and bloody -mouthed the godless spirit of Discord. Luperci, their head-dresses bound with wool, and the sliietds that id Icon Heaven: a solemn procession of virtuous ladies was moving Virgil Aeneid 1. 257-96 In cushioned carriages through the city. Elsewhere the deep gates ir. C. Day Lewis (Oxford 1966) Of hell were represented, the domicile of the damned And the torments they’ suffer—Catiline hangs from the edge cit a tn ilc[. (li) s’ Precipice, shrinking away foam the faces ot Furies ahc e I. [pon this slsield the lire-god, with knowledge of things to come, But the righteous are set apart, with Cain as their law-gnicr. Being versed in the prophets, had wrought events front Italian history Among these subjects extended a wide arid swelling sea: And Roman tuurnphs; upon it appeared the whole line that would spring front It was done in gold, yet it looked like toe blue sea foamnng wrth whr:e.c: Ascanius’ stock, and the svars they would fight in, one by one. Dolphins, picked out in silver. were cart-wheeling all around, lie had depicted the mother wolf as she lay full length in 630 Lashing the face of the deep with their tails and cleaving the water The green-swarded cave of Mars, with the twin boy babies fondling Centrally were displayed two fleets of bronze. engaged iii And stickling at her udders, fearlessly nuzzling their dam; The battle of Actium; all about Cape Leucas von saw She, her graceful neck bent sideways and back, is caressing Brisk movement of naval formations; the sea was a blaze of gold Each child in turn with her tonitue, licking them into shape. On one side Augustus Caesar, high up on the poop, lS lcadrrtcr. Nearby lie had pictured the Sabine women so unceremoniously The Italians into battle, the Senate and People with him. Snatched from among the crowds around the arena at Rome His lsome-gods and the great gods: two flames shoot no loam his l’J:’sa’ During the Great Gaines: then the war that immediately caine. In jubilant light, and his father’s star dawns over us crest Between Rorriuhis’ people and ‘l’atius’s hard-living Sabines. Elsewhere in the scene is Agrippa—-the gods and the winds tight for inc Next, these same two kings. their quarrel laid aside, Prominent, leading his column: the naval crown with its nuniaturr Are standing at Jove’s altar, armed, with bowls in their hands, 640 Ships’ beaks, a proud decoration of war, shines oct his head. Ratifying a treaty by the sacrifice of a sow. On the other side, with barbaric wealth arid motley equipment, Neat this was the scene where chariots, driven apart, had torn Is Anthony, fresh front his triumphs its the East, by’ the shores of the In Ito’ Mettus to es (but you should have kept to your word, Alban!)— Ocean; Egypt, the powers of the Orient and uttermost Bactra Tuhlus is dragging away the remains of that false-tongued man Sail with him; also—a shameful thing—his Egyptian rfe. Through a woorl. and the brambles there are drenched with a bloody dew. The fleets are converging at fuli speed. the sea is all churned arid r’oacrcic:c Again, you could see Porsenna telling the Romnans to take back As the oarsmen take their long strokes and the trident bows drive ‘r. The baruslied Tarqumn, and laying strenuous siege to Rome, They’ manmuvre for sea-remit: you’d think the (‘yclades isles WCrC ifl.i.”)tt d While the sorts of Aeneas took up the sword for freedom’s sake: And afloat, or mountains were charging at mountains, to see those r cv lIe was pictured there to the life, pouring out threats and wild with Galleys on one side attacking the turreted ships of the other. Chagrin. seeing that Codes dared to break down the bridge 650 Volleys of flaming material and iron missiles fly’ thick And Cloelia had slipped her fetters and was swimming across the river. And fast; a strange new slaughter redderis the plains of Nc’atune 1 Al (US IAN I’OF. tRY 1 6 Al LII BOOK In the midst, Vleopatra rallies her fleet with Egyptian timbrel, i:oj she F5 A letter cannot yet see the tWo serpents of death behind her. Barking Anu his, a whole progeny of grotesque This fragment of a letter from Virgil to Auistus is quoted iath em w sym l)cities are embattled against Neptune and Minerva And Venus, posiurn on the subject of Virgil’s poetry by the learned solar 4i r brus It Mars is raging in the thick of the fight, his figure Wrought 700 importance lies in the evidence it gives us of the poet’ ttitude to i ork W from iron, and ominous Furies look on from above; Here Discord know from the life, (see Fl § dl) that it war probebi ritten in ansss cc 1 IC ssorr strides exulting in her torn mantle, and she is from A ugrsstus to ‘deliver The ‘much more imp ant studies’ were phi/n’ p/ny i Followed by Bellona wielding a bloodstained scourge. which the poet had a li,tirlong interest, Viewmp this, Apollo of Actium draws his how horn aloft’ it creates a panic; all the Egyptians. all Of roy Aenend, if I had ancthsng w r your attention, 1 would gla ll sri d The humans, Arabians and Sahaearis now tuni tail. something, but tire subject on sv I have embarked is so vast that tl ink I run You could see tire queen Cleopatra praying a fair wind, making have been almost out of my in’ to have started it; all the more, sinrv as o knov All sail, iii the very act of’ paying the sheets out and wInning. there are other and much ne important studies which damn my attn’s r The Firegod had rendered her, pale with the shadow other own death, Amid the carnage, borne on by the waves and the westerly gale; 710 Macrohius, baton a us i And, over against her, the Nile, sorrowing in all its length, 1 ‘I’hrows wide tr,C 1 r yr hr the folds of its watery garment, inviting the conquered In ,sil for refuge run., that blue, protective bosom, But Caesar has entered the walls of Rome in triumphal procession, ‘Ihinee hines a victor; he dedicates now a thanks’offering immortal ,4eneid To ltal ‘s F6 Book 6 gods tin ice hundred utreat shrines all over the city. file streets resound with cheering, rejoicing and merrymaking: For general background, see above, P4 (intro.). The 6th book ‘UI 15 C Li? tiLt In all tire temples women are chanting, altars are lit up: position in the poem. After much in andering, A eneas and tire cc sur -‘ fee r At the foot of tire altars lie the bodies of sacrificed buhiocks, Tror’ have finally reached the coast of/talc Aeneas visits e Un/ri ill diar’, Caesar, eritlnroned urn the rnarhlewhite temple of dazzling Apollo, 720 togetirer his past in meeting dead friends and looks to war the form ir mcdi Sir Inspects tire gifts from the nations arid hangs them up on the splendid fighting in the Sibyl’s prophecy and more distant gloiy s the review if 4 fut r Portals subjected tribes pass by in a long procession heroes of Rome waiting to be reborn, The book falls aturally into thr s& tr us A diversity of tongues, of national dress and equipment. a central section telling of Aeneas’ journey througi he Underworld f/as kid r Here Vulcarn had represented tire Nomads, the of flowing robes of introduction and a conclusion. Africans, here the Leleges, Carians, Gelonsian bowmen; Some carry a picture of Euphrates, its waters pacified; (a) 1st section (1-263) ‘fhere go the Mririj, furthest of men, the branching Rhine, The preparations for A eneas’ descent to cci’ his dead fat/icr fur voice rrsultotr n file Scythrans untamed, the Araxes fretting about its bridge. of the priestess of’ Apollo, the Sibyl, e cernrng A eneas’ destiny in Ira s as 4 ritual Such were the scenes that Aeneas admired on the shield of Vulcan preliminaries Greek mythological ti ares (tire Ci’etan doors, paralirlrse hetw u Ilts nnrother gave him, Plated by its portrayal of things 730 Aeneas and tire events of Horn s Iliad, and precedent for Acne a I rat Beyond his Kerr, he shouldered his people’s glorious future, katabasis) art’ intertwined wi native Roman (the Sib vi, deatir an I irral Misenus, the Golden Bough) home all, we learn something of pius Ar’ i VirgilAeneid 8. 626-731 te, C. Day Lewis (Oxford 1966) ‘l’hus spoke Aeneas, ‘ teams, them gave tine ships their head, And at long last t y slid to the shores of Euboean Cumnae,
The bows are . ng round to face the sea, the vessels made fast wntl The biting I ok of their anchors, and the sheer sterns are lining The bea’ .Now, hilt of excitement, the heroes tunibie out On t esperian shore: some look for tIre seeds of fire 224
ç’
‘I-, ‘ ‘
24
242
7”O
a of
shall Levinia, wife, late your child who The by old age
existence?
corporeal k dull our re-enter scene? ily our Ca To
last child. your destined Alban He be and an is to name, Silvius,
here
from
ascend souls some
that
deemed he
it must But, fath’
,
his Italian in will All veins: with to ascend these earth,
blond _t_s
Italy.
of
finding the in inc
rejoice
more the with inig ‘l’hat you
,
of to life, next
amid passage the allotted Has
first been
seed, my of seed the
over,
them count to
ey your Before
,
‘\- an on him?
untippen there—do leans man speC who you
see
Thatyoung
them
reverd arid these of you tell to canted have long long,
our souls, to one day inherit fl1irious
name, Trojan
oblivion. of
draught
the deep troubles,
man’s cli qu
that The
watels
-
from marriage— an The Italian that you awaits
posterity
drinking
they are \l streaui Lethe’s r at w arid Reincarnation,
Dardanus\ of
seed shall The the attend front now’ that fame for waie4es44and souls are They
forth I destiny, your will setting you show for listen,
said: Anchise
father, his ilieri ,
and who of O passed. those the him, r features
mark
against
its banks. along swarming peo e of crowd all that And
s scan II Ion, could from on the stand his
lie which an An ook eminence
there
over river that s what mean, it might What
710 there assembled
concourse the Into murmuring of thick
1
ignorance his in asked
iglit, sudde the by moved Aeneas,
Y
the Sibyl he son drew had and his
chrises
When tInished,
them. with mining is lea all the and lilies, Shining
to he wish
horn and again. begin ye to a’ The earth
the brim and hue, of cv flowers on alight bees The
s may
revisit out, washed ‘5, with memory you So
they that,
day,
, summer Fl a on meadows the amid as, Just
of Lethe. a the they for, to crowds come God river in sends
number, without niultitud a flitting were Hereabouts
cycle, thousand.year their finished they wh All
have souls, these
places. uil trar the past drilting rivet Lethe And
wind, flamne essential spirit’s a the sentietrce Ethereal
the
in soughed es bran whose copse secluded a wood, A
pure hut left and is nothing that slain, ingro
purged 1-have
retiring, cy a in v deep descry, Aeneas did Now
of ages the fullness Fields; ttme, the until,
The Happy
ting dream. fi a of wings or wind of wisp a
Elysrum, like through will to broad wande was released Are
1 later
nbrace—it vain his slipped phantom the times Three
700
us few a his the in finds Each of own rId of neck, level:
next us
s father’s
round arms his put tried he times to Three
rized whirlpool tire. Away tears. with Ca of or vast a
in
a
flood wi wet grew cheeks his spoke, lie as Even
of st not! is m
for washed the others, winds, Vacuum
Siri
Withdraw
e! Let father! you. embrace and hand your Take
or
blast
to ‘tretched the old The hart of
evil:
some penalty me let
Oh,
s Tvrrliene the in anchor . at riding are ships Our
pay
ii and are
the Therefore disciplined dead
place.
‘s urgatory. to me brought has me, before rising often That,
the in with long tro
grained Pods contact
their being
Mysteriously phantom ed tro your was, image it Your
ma grows a it souls; deeply that our taint must be Relinquish
replied: Aeneas
q
is ills heir that the te
tiesli or Does evil, to,
Carthage!
a
harm some to come you should lest dreaded I How
of h life us.
when not left flicker the even last Yes,
me. th
here are you now And you! beset have dangers What
en-lrght prison blind, in hess discer dark ab’ the their 01 But
encased
urjourney!
made have you seas wide wide, what lands, what Over
fear, feel of grie desire. these joy,
ours souls Whence
then,
hopes,
r
deceived not was I in caine. you till days the
Counting
clay: is laden that 690 the
with o anatomy death, flesh The
, hap
must
it believed he, it would surmised I
indeed Thus
by
iii they the dimmed deadened
But b sinful arid they live are
in’s y
with
talk homely old the exchange and face,
Upon our
al. is celes
ther.r
seeds those of source fire. The life-force
so
my
gaze,
may I And hard journey? tIre through Has won
smo
h
creatures the under live
that sea’s strange And
the
lace. relied
father
your that
love The last? at
So have
conic you
of
ti beasts, the birds
This the
mankind,
produced urrion
tumblir
air, Out: were
words the and cheeks, his down
poured
tears And
its mass, the makes
work univ
arid its leavening parts all
rse Through eagerness, all
hands, both
out stretched he the
grass, Over
flowing Mind, for a by immanent spirit
within; Sustained
direction his in coming Aeneas saw he when
Now,
arc the the the sort globe, moon’s Of
stars and hright sea, the
deeds.
their
and characters their tertunes, and destinies ‘[heir
the water, earth. the know p1: heavens, you
the must that First,
s children,
loved his 0 f line the happened, it tally, hill folks His
point on
successrsciy each enlarged arid Anchises. then Answered
reviewing and seriously, musing was he above
world The
680 keep
in you I I doubt. my
will son, not certainly; tell will
of light
the
to you. up went they before confined there spirits The
them”
earth possess lhr craving a
so should perverse Why
surveying ever Anchises, father stood valley green a in Deep
o: .4E.VF’i) Ti.
t’OFlRY SIAN F AIJGI
)du\’
+b
C 4L
244
in
habit men
of the practise art:---to Be your this peace,
with
crowned
hallows, tire bearing
distance, the
in
is that Who
is
your that
Romnaris, government forget medium! never But,
Ausonia? of territory
the
oceripyitig from Shrink
in predict
will and circling The stars when heaven
appear
- planets
action?
by
courage our enlarge to
then,
hesitate,
still
we Do
as instruments
orators, their with track
Other’s others excel
far. so
travelled Nysa, Mount from
down of
tigers team us I
from so
faces evoke marble; living For shall--and they
reins, for
vines
with team his driving
ttiuniphantly
Bacchtrs,
Nor
from bronze Let
images— more fashion breathing lifelike, others
his
bow;
of terror the with l.crna
subdued
maritltu.s, his
by of
Rome preserver the you tactics! de1ayng greatest. The
of woods
to the
peace
brought deer,
bronze-footed
the shot
he Although
my
lagging 0 lead you do Fabius, where steps? Fabil,
earth,
over wide and far so
roved
hercules even Not
his In fields’! sowing
furrowed Serrarnis, poverty;
800
fear.
of a sweat in are Nile
the
of’
mouths
seven the And
to In Fabricius. Libya; had who
death and plent war
advent, his predicting
gods
the
of oracles at ‘I reinbie
of Scipios- two the Gracchi, the farrilly thunderbolts
The
country Crimean the
realm,
(‘aspiari the now Even
(‘ato, the Cossus. unnoticed could
leave glonous Who
shoulder. his
on
stars, fiery
with
embossed heavens, wheeling ‘11w
sacrilege the
sires to done his Mnnema. arid Trojan
Avenging
pivots
sky-bearer the
Atlas
where path, yearly sun’s the And
an
of seed the of heir
Achilles,
warrior Acacus, Destroying
zodiac
the
beyond
land
a
to Indians arid Ganamants Past
Mycenae, Argos out amid shall one
Agamemnon’s wipe
That
expand
shall
empire Iris of gold Bningjiitclctlfeli,gc
he slain, has Greeks
Corinth, of the for The
renowned conqueror
ghee
Latiumid in Id LII suled Sawrn Where
lofty the in ride
Capitol. to triumph shall one That
rule
to destined a god, of son Augustus, Caesar
to
the first bury be You hatchet! the
of—
know
you
one
promised the roan, the is
here here,
And
my lineage, of son it, to
heavenly renounce first the
You.be
:
790
day.
of
arch
the beneath pass shall who Poslenly,
country’s
heart! hand country’s against your not Turn your
Ascanius’
all
and
there is Caesar Rornarts. tour are They
face
terrible wars! such to do
harden riot Lads,
yourselves
there!
people
that
at look way, this gaze your bend
Now
him. I an
army with against Eastern up lined Pompey
son-in-law His
above.
realm
of the all tenants all,
heaven-dwellers
of
fort Monoecus, Alpine the strongholds, from Caesar descending
children—
children’s
her
of
hundred a embracing of gods, brood Her
them— between they’ will carnage what arid create battles What
of
proud
cities,
Pfrryan the round chatioted is Crown,
the
world if oh.
warfare, what above, reach uses’ ever But
turreted
her
wearing
Cybele, as of men: breed her in
Blessed
long
the as as
holds be one shall and the mind, of They’re
tjrsderworld
city, one
make
to
wall a
with hills seven the ring Shall
in now armour :
resplendent those
souls, twin duplicate
See
achievement,
highest
the
to
aspire
shall
earth, the of ends the to rule Shall
Camnillus
recovered. he with standards tine
axe,
With merciless
Rome great
whereby
my sort,
auguries, the .ire
His
Dross, Dccii, the Torquatus
there See the over Honour.
780
earth!
of world
the
for
bun
out
marks sslnch cogrni.ance. Mars’
of love arid shall
deed, that Look
patriotism prevail on
crest,
helmet’s his upon
plumes
twin the at look iha.
sake. posterit
freedom’s fair However
for Penalty,
mother, his
by Assaracus
of stock
of the
born Romulus,
pay
to extierne the them call shall
figure. father,
a tragic Their
grandsire
his join
to go
shall
Mars of r’lnld a Further,
sons his conflict awake
when the
death: dorfnant
and Life
names.
these
have
shall
they then hut
at
present.
sites nameless All
he receive power its and rank nt consular
to first shall
He
Cora— arid lola
lnuus,
of Fort the and Porrretri,
symbols back? he freedom of won civic
the with avenger, The
citadel,
Collatia’s
hills the on rear shall These
Brutus they,
kings, Tarqum as arrogant and the see you
Would
Fidenae, and
Gabii m,
r y Nomentu
on ound shall These
of
favour. of breath the Already
popular
over-fond
life!
saving
for
decorations brows—
their
shade that leaves oak ‘11w
him Ancus, boastful too the
reigns Is shall After
‘I’ullus,
bearing.
stalwart
their at
l.ook
are! they men
young fine What
victory, and
of the habit lost
unadventurous grown
have Who
770
throne. A.lban
the
to
comes
he ever if in war, prowess And
fight
up to omen its of indolence,
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13UUL 26 ,1I2’’L1J)
RY Pt)hi I AN I’ AU(,US Horace: Carmen Saeculare (“Song of the Renewed Age”)
O kindly’Sun, in your shining chariot, who Herald the day, then hide it, to be born again New yet the same, you will never know anything Mightier than Rome!
O gentle Ilithyia (goddess of Childbirth). duly revealing The child at full term, now protect gentle mothers,
Goddess, nurture our offspring, bring to fruition The Senate’s decrees concerning the wedlock Of women who’ll bear us more of our children, The laws of marriage,
Let Earth that is fruitful in crops, and in cattle, Adorn our Ceres with garlands of wheat-ears: And may Jupiter’s life-giving rain and breezes Ripen the harvest.
Gentle and peaceful Apollo, lay down your arms, And listen now to the chorus’ supplications: Diana (Moon), crescent-horned queen of the constellations, Give ear to the girls in the chorus.
If Rome is your doing, and if from far Troy Came that band of people who reached the Italian shore, Those commanded to change their home and their city, On a lucky course,
Those for whom pious Aeneas, the survivor, Who passed without injury through the flames of Troy, Prepared a path to freedom, destined to grant him Much more than he’d lost:
Then, you divinities, show our receptive youth Virtue, grant peace and quiet to the old, and give Children and wealth to the people of Romulus, And every glory.
Now Faith and Peace, Honour, and ancient Modesty, Dare to return once more, with neglected Virtue, And blessed Plenty dares to appear again, now. \Vith her flowing horn.