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The Sacrificial Rituals of Greek Hero Cults in the Archaic to the Early

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The Sacrificial Rituals of Greek Hero Cults in the Archaic to the Early . .... .... ............ ...... ........... .... ...... ...... ............ ..... ..... .... .... ...... ...... .......... .... ..... ..... .... ....... ...... ....... ......... .... ..... ..... .... ....... ...... ................................. .......... .... ....... ....... ............................... ...... ..... ........... ..... ..... ..... .... ...... ...... ..... ..... ..... .... ...... ...... ....... ........ ... Supplément 12 The sacrificial rituals of Greek herocults in the Archaic to the early Hellenistic periods par Gunnel E Centre International d’Étude de la Religion Grecque Antique Liège, 2002 Cover illustration: Greek votive relief, 4th cent. B.C. Pentelic marble. ©Musée royal de Mariemont, inv. B. 149 Courtesy of the Museum. D/2002/0480/8 . .... .... ............ ...... ........... .... ...... ...... ............ ..... ..... .... .... ...... ...... .......... .... ..... ..... .... ....... ...... ....... ......... .... ..... ..... .... ....... ...... ................................. .......... .... ....... ....... ............................... ...... ..... ........... ..... ..... ..... .... ...... ...... ..... ..... ..... .... ...... ...... ....... ........ ... Supplément 12 The sacrificial rituals of Greek herocults in the Archaic to the early Hellenistic periods par Gunnel E Centre International d’Étude de la Religion Grecque Antique Liège, 2002 Correspondance Revue Kernos, Université de Liège, Place du 20-Août, 7, B – 4000 Liège Tél. : + 32 (0)4 366 55 68 (Vinciane Pirenne-Delforge) Télécopie: + 32 (0)4 366 58 41 E-mail: [email protected] Kernos Suppléments Supplément no 1 (1992) Robin HÄGG (ed.), The Iconography of Greek Cult in the Archaic and Classical Periods, 230 p., 111 ill. Supplément no 2 (1992) A. MOTTE, V. PIRENNE-DELFORGE, P. WATHELET (éds), Mentor. Guide bibliographique de la religion grecque. Bibliographical Survey of Greek Religion, 781 p., relié pleine toile. Supplément no 3 (1994) Pierre BONNECHERE, Le sacrifice humain en Grèce ancienne, 437 p. Supplément no 4 (1994) Vinciane PIRENNE-DELFORGE, L’Aphrodite grecque. Contribution à une étude de ses cultes et de sa personnalité dans le panthéon archaı¨que et classique, XII +527 p., 12 plans. Supplément no 5 (1997) Vinciane PIRENNE-DELFORGE, Gérald PURNELLE, Pausanias. Periegesis. Index ver- borum. Liste de fréquence. Index nominum, Liège, Centre informatique de Philosophie et Lettres, Centre International d’Étude de la Religion Grecque Antique (L.A.S.L.A., 24 & Kernos, supplément 5), 2 vol., 1243 p. Supplément no 6 (1998) A. MOTTE, V. PIRENNE-DELFORGE, P. WATHELET (éds), Mentor 2 (1986–1990). Guide bibliographique de la religion grecque. Bibliographical Survey of Greek Religion, 531 p., relié pleine toile. Supplément no 7 (1998) C. BONNET, C. JOURDAIN-ANNEQUIN, V. PIRENNE-DELFORGE (éds), Le Bestiaire d’Héra- clès. III e Rencontre héracléenne, 322 p., 38 pl. Supplément no 8 (1998) V. PIRENNE-DELFORGE (éd.), Les Panthéons des cités, des origines à la Périégèse de Pausanias, 261 p. Supplément no 9 (1999) Carine VAN LIEFFERINGE, La Théurgie. Des Oracles Chaldaı¨ques à Proclus, 320 p. Supplément no 10 (2000) Vinciane PIRENNE-DELFORGE & Emilio SUÁREZ DE LA TORRE (éds), Héros et héroı¨nes dans les mythes et les cultes grecs, 472 p. o Supplément n 11 (2001) hpoi Édouard DELRUELLE & Vinciane PIRENNE-DELFORGE (éds), K . De la religion à la philosophie. Mélanges oferts à André Motte, XVII + 346 p. Acknowledgements This study is a partly reworked Ph. D. thesis submitted in 1999 at the Department of Classical Archaeology and Ancient History, University of Stockholm. I am happy to express my gratitude to all those who have been helpful and supportive over the years. Special thanks go to Berit Wells, who, besides the late Birgitta Bergquist, was my advisor, ofering continuous support and constructive criti- cism. Robert Parker, acting as the opponent appointed by the department at the defence of the dissertation, provided many valuable insights and suggestions. I also want to thank Jesper Svenbro and Scott Scullion for pertinent observations and stimulating discussions on the topic. A number of persons have answered questions, discussed various mat- ters with me and also come with wise remarks, ideas and encouragement. I would like to thank Claude Björk, David Boehringer, Hedda von Ehrenheim, Renée Forsell, Dennis Hughes, Michael Jameson, Arto Penttinen, Hans Ruge, Ann-Louise Schallin, Charlotte Schefer, Kerstin Silfwerbrand, Lena Sjögren, Ove Strid, Annie Verbanck-Piérard, as well as François de Polignac, who also gave me the possibility to present parts of my work at the Centre Louis Gernet in Paris. I am grateful to the editorial committee of Kernos for publishing my study in their supplement series and for the patient assistance ofered by the editor, Vinciane Pirenne-Delforge. The conclusions and any errors remain, of course, my own. Through the years I have received financial support from Knut and Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse, Wallenbergsstiftelsens Jubileumsfond, Föreningen Svenska Atheninstitutets Vänner, Rosa och Viktor Tengborgs Stiftelse and Stiftelsen Birgitta Bergquists Stipendiefond. Finally, I want to thank my mother, my father and my husband Pelle who have encouraged and helped me continuously in every possible way. This work would never have been completed without their unfailing support. Gunnel Ekroth Stockholm, December 2000 Contents Abbreviations ............................ 11 Introduction ............................. 13 1. The problem and previous research .................. 13 2. Method and evidence ........................ 17 Chapter I — Terms assumed to be related to herocult rituals ....... 23 1. Eschara and escharon ........................ 25 1.1. Epigraphical sources ...................... 27 1.1.1. Eschara ......................... 27 1.1.2. Escharon ........................ 36 1.2. Literary sources ......................... 39 1.2.1. Eschara in the Archaic to early Hellenistic sources ....... 39 1.2.2. Eschara in the post-300 BC sources ............. 45 1.2.3. Eschara in the explicatory sources .............. 50 1.3. Conclusion .......................... 54 2. Bothros .............................. 60 2.1. Epigraphical sources ...................... 60 2.2. Literary sources ......................... 62 2.2.1. Bothros in Archaic to early Hellenistic sources ......... 62 2.2.2. Bothros in the post-300 BC sources ............. 63 2.2.3. Bothros in the explicatory sources .............. 71 2.3. Conclusion .......................... 72 3. Enagizein, enagisma, enagismos and enagisterion ............ 74 3.1. Epigraphical sources ...................... 75 3.1.1. Enagizein and enagismos ................. 75 3.1.2. Enagisterion ....................... 80 3.2. Literary sources ......................... 82 3.2.1. Enagizein, enagisma and enagismos in the Archaic to early Hellenistic sources .................... 82 3.2.2. Enagizein, enagisma and enagismos in the post-300 BC sources . 89 3.2.2.1. Greek contexts: Heroes ............... 91 3.2.2.2. Greek contexts: The ordinary dead ......... 104 3.2.2.3. Roman and other contexts: “Heroes” and the ordinary dead ..................... 106 3.2.2.4. Greek and other contexts: Gods .......... 110 3.2.3. Enagizein, enagisma and enagismos in the explicatory sources 114 3.3. Conclusion ......................... 121 8 Contents Chapter II — Evidence for sacrifices in herocults down to 300 BC . 129 1. Epigraphical evidence ....................... 133 1.1. Destruction sacrifices ..................... 133 1.2. Blood rituals ......................... 135 1.3. Theoxenia .......................... 136 1.4. Thysia sacrifices followed by dining ............... 140 1.4.1. Direct evidence for dining ................ 140 1.4.2. Circumstantial evidence for dining ............. 146 1.4.3. Unspecified cases .................... 150 1.5. Four Athenian sacrificial calendars: A comparison ......... 150 1.5.1. Heroes versus gods ................... 152 1.5.2. Thorikos ........................ 158 1.5.3. Marathon ....................... 159 1.5.4. Erchia ......................... 161 1.5.5. The genos of the Salaminioi ............... 163 1.5.6. Conclusions ...................... 166 1.6. Conclusion: Sacrifices to heroes from the epigraphical evidence . 169 2. Literary evidence ......................... 170 2.1. Destruction sacrifices ..................... 170 2.2. Blood rituals ......................... 171 2.3. Theoxenia .......................... 177 2.4. Thysia sacrifices followed by dining ............... 179 2.4.1. Direct evidence for dining ................ 179 2.4.2. Circumstantial evidence for dining ............. 182 2.4.3. Unspecified cases .................... 195 2.4.4. The honouring of heroes ................. 199 r 2.5. The specification of the sacrifice as v ............ 206 2.6. Conclusion: Sacrifices to heroes from the literary evidence ..... 212 Chapter III — The use and meaning of the rituals in a wider perspective . 215 1. Destruction sacrifices ....................... 217 1.1. The complete or partial destruction of the animal victim in the cult of the gods ........................... 217 1.2. The destruction of the animal victims in the cult of the dead . 228 1.3. Enagizein sacrifices in hero-cults and the cult of the dead, and the relation to the term holokautos ................. 233 1.4. Destruction sacrifices in hero-cults ............... 235 2. Blood rituals ........................... 242 2.1. Blood on the altar and the purpose of the sphageion at a regular thysia 242 2.2. Evidence for food made with
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