University of Groningen Greek Pottery on the Timpone Della Motta and in the Sibaritide from C. 780 to 620 BC Kindberg Jacobsen
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University of Groningen Greek pottery on the Timpone della Motta and in the Sibaritide from c. 780 to 620 BC Kindberg Jacobsen, Jan IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below. Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Publication date: 2007 Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database Citation for published version (APA): Kindberg Jacobsen, J. (2007). Greek pottery on the Timpone della Motta and in the Sibaritide from c. 780 to 620 BC: reception, distribution and an evaluation of Greek pottery as a source material for the study of Greek influence before and after the founding of ancient Sybaris. [s.n.]. 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Download date: 09-10-2021 Greek Pottery on the Timpone della Motta and in the Sibaritide from c. 780 to 620 BC. Reception, distribution and an evaluation of Greek pottery as a source material for the study of Greek influence before and after the founding of ancient Sybaris. Jan Kindberg Jacobsen Promoters: M. Kleibrink and P. A. J. Attema Promotores: Prof dr. M. Kleibrink Prof. dr. P. A. J. Attema Beoordelingscommissie: Prof. D. G. Yntema Prof. M. Paoletti Dr. A. Rathje Prof. D. C. M. Raemaekers Contents Chapter 1. Circulation of Greek pottery in Italy from the beginning of the 8th century BC to the beginning of the 7th century BC. General introduction 1 1.1. Introduction 9 1.2. Mycenaean fragments from the Timpone della Motta 9 1.3. Background for chapter 1 10 1.4. The Corinthian Circuit: The Southern Salento 10 1.4.1 Material and distribution 10 1.4.2 Reception 12 1.4.3. Distribution beyond the southern Salento 13 1.5. The Euboean Circuit: The Tyrrhenian Coast and Pithekoussai 14 1.5.1. Material and distribution 14 1.5.2. Reception of Greek pottery in indigenous graves 16 1.5.3 Italo-Geometric pottery in the graves at Pontecagnano 17 1.5.4. Pithekoussai 17 1.5.5. Subsequent developments in Campania and Etruria 20 1.5.6. Considerations on the Italo-Geometric pottery 21 1.6. Summery and highlights 22 Chapter 2. Present considerations of Pre-Sybaris contacts and Sybarite colonisation 2.1 Introduction 24 2.2. Sibaritide “imports” in the 8th and 7th Centuries BC — The Material Record 24 2.3. Current Opinion 25 2.4. P. G. Guzzo 25 2.4.1 Sybaris 26 2.5. M. Kleibrink 28 2.5.1. Sybaris 29 2.6. Summery. 31 Chapter 3. New finds of Greek pottery on the Timpone della Motta and a different approach to the study of Pre-Sybaris connections 3.1. Introduction. 33 3.2 Recent finds of Corinthian pottery on the Timpone della Motta 33 3.3. New Euboean pottery from the Timpone della Motta. 34 3.4. Contextual situation. 35 3.5. Evaluation of Greek pottery as an evidence for the reconstruction of pre-Sybaris connections 35 3.6. Summery 36 Chapter 4 Oinotrian-Euboean pottery from the Timpone della Motta as a source material for the reconstruction of pre-Sybaris connections. 4.1. Introduction 39 4.1.1. Approach 39 4.2 Material presentation 40 4.2.1 General characteristics 40 4.2.2 Typology 40 4.3 Distribution of Oinotrian-Euboean pottery outside the sanctuary. 49 4.4. General observations on the Oinotrian – Euboean pottery 51 4.5. Greek potters in the Sibaritide I. 52 Evaluation on technical and stylistic evidence and the circulation of potters craft. 4.6 Greek potters in the Sibaritide II . 54 Observations on the concept of Oinotrian-Euboean and traditional Oinotrian pottery. 4.6.1 Who was behind the potters wheel ? 56 4.7. Summery and an outline of Pre-Sybaris connections in the light of new evidence. 56 4.7.1. Phoenicians 57 4.7.2. Euboeans 57 Chapter 5 Reception of Greek and Oinotrian-Euboean pottery on the Timpone della Motta and in the Sibaritide before the foundation of Sybaris c. 780- c. 720 BC. 5.1 Introduction 62 5.1.1. Background 62 5.2 Reception in the sanctuary on the Timpone della Motta 63 5.3. Reception in the indigenous graves 64 5.4 The Sibaritide around c. 730- c.720 BC. 65 5.4. Preliminary conclusions 68 Chapter 6. New material from the Timpone della Motta and a new approach to the study of Greek pottery distribution in the Sibaritide from ca. 720 to 620 BC 6.1 Introduction and background 71 6.2. Approach 72 6.3.Greek pottery on the Timpone della Motta ca 720-620 BC. 73 6.4. Greek inspired matt-painted imports from Basilicata. 89 6.5. General observations on the Greek pottery from the Timpone della Motta and in the Sibaritide after the foundation of Sybaris 90 6.5.1 Contextual evidence 90 6.6. Observations on potential influx lines for Greek pottery after the foundation of Sybaris. 92 6.7. Conclusion on chapter 6 92 Chapter 7. The appearance of Oinotrian-“Colonial ware” on the Timpone della Motta c. 700 – 680 BC 7.1. Introduction 95 7.2. Definition and approach 95 7.3. From Oinotrian-Euboean to Oinotrian-“colonial ware”. 95 7.4. Oinotrian-“colonial ware” productions between c. 700 BC and 680 BC 96 7.5. From matt-painted to Oinotrian “colonial ware” ? 98 7.6. Conclusion and general observations on the production of pottery in Francavilla Marittima between c. 700-680 BC and after. 100 7.6.1. Influx of Greek and Oinotrian-“colonial-ware” pottery to the Timpone della Motta 101 Chapter 8. Reception of Greek, Oinotrian-Euboean and Oinotrian-“colonial ware” on the Timpone della Motta and in the Sibaritide after the foundation of Sybaris (720-620 BC). 8.1. Introduction 104 8.2. The sanctuary on the Timpone della Motta 104 8.2.1. Developments between 700 and 680 BC 107 8.2.2. Developments between 680 and 620 BC 107 8.3. Reception of Greek and “colonial ware” pottery outside Francavilla Marittima. 110 8.3.1. The Amendolara necropoli 110 8.3.2. The Macchiabate necropolis 113 8.3.3. Later developments in the graves in Amendolara and Francavilla Marittima 114 8.4. Summery 114 Chapter 9. Pre-Sybaris contacts and the colonisation of the Sibaritide. 9.1. Introduction. 117 9.2. Pre-Sybaris contacts 117 9.2.1. Greek-indigenous level of contact 118 9.2.2. Changing funeral rites in the period 730-700 BC 119 9.3. Border sanctuary on the Timpone della Motta ? 119 9.3.1. Influx of Greek and Oinotrian “colonial ware” pottery between c. 700-680 BC 120 9.3.2. Large scale influx to the Timpone della Motta c. 680-660 BC 120 9.4. Sybaritic influence outside the Timpone della Motta 121 9.5. Migration 123 9.6. Conclusion 124 General conclusion on the thesis 126 Samenvatting 129 English summary 131 Bibliography 133 List of figure illustrations 147 Figure illustrations 148 1 General introduction The current thesis is primarily based on the Greek pottery and a two groups of locally produced Greek inspired pottery (here called Oinotrian-Euboean and Oinotrian-“Colonial ware”) excavated in the sanctuary on the Timpone della Motta near Francavilla Marittima, Calabria. The excavations were conducted by the Groningen Institute of Archaeology (GIA) between 1991 and 2004 under the direction of my promoter and mentor, Prof. Dr. Marianne Kleibrink. I participated in the excavations from 1998 and from 2001 in the pottery publications1. In the traditional research perspective the Greek pottery from the Timpone della Motta has - together with other imports - been a dominant source material in the reconstruction of the Greek frequentation of the Sibaritide and contacts further along the Ionian coast, prior to the foundation of ancient Sybaris (720/710 BC) as well as the colonisation of the Sibaritide. Based on the limited range of early Greek imports, various explanations to the nature of the contacts between indigenous groups in the Sibaritide and the carriers of the Greek imports have been brought forward. The distribution of early Greek pottery in the Sibaritide is today explained by a number of competing arrival theories such as circulations of imports inside indigenous networks; direct contact between indigenous groups and “Euboean” sailors in the direction of Ischia; or contemporarily sailing “Greek Corinthian prospectors”, mainly operating out of the Salento area. In the study of subsequent periods Greek pottery dating to the last quarter of the 8th century BC and onwards, has been used as an empirical barometer in research regarding the foundation of ancient Sybaris and its relations to the indigenous Sibaritide. The present knowledge is however based on observations, which are limited in the following two aspects 1) The published, and thereby available material record is thin; 2) A detailed interpretation of the reception of the Greek pottery together with general concepts of geographical, chronological and typological distribution of Greek pottery in the Sibaritide has so far not been defined.