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Refugee Review Tribunal AUSTRALIA

RRT RESEARCH RESPONSE

Research Response Number: CHN34572 Country: Date: 6 March 2009

Keywords: China – CHN34572 – Yichun City – Detention Centre – Working outside detention

This response was prepared by the Research & Information Services Section of the Refugee Review Tribunal (RRT) after researching publicly accessible information currently available to the RRT within time constraints. This response is not, and does not purport to be, conclusive as to the merit of any particular claim to refugee status or asylum. This research response may not, under any circumstance, be cited in a decision or any other document. Anyone wishing to use this information may only cite the primary source material contained herein.

Questions 1. Please advise the location and other information about Yichun City (including any descriptions if possible). 2. Please obtain any information on significant events which occurred in Yichin City between January 2005 and 31 March 2008. 3. What was the name of the of Yichun City in April 2007. Is there any information on when he became the Mayor? 4. Is there a company in Yichun City known as “Yi Chun City Real Estate Comprehensive Development Company”? What is known about this company? 5. What is the address of the Yichun City People’s Court, The Petition Office and the Mayor’s Office? Are there any descriptions? 6. Is there a register of lawyers practising in Yichin City? 7. Are there any detention centres in Yichun City? Is there a detention centre near the North Gate of the city? 8. Is there any information that suggests that detainees would be released from detention to work under supervision in these circumstances?

RESPONSE

1. Please advise the location and other information about Yichun City (including any descriptions if possible).

A map of showing Yichun is included as Attachment 1 (‘Jiangxi’ 2000, Microsoft Encarta Interactive Atlas – Attachment 1).

Travel China Planner provides the following information on Yichun:

1 Yichun is a mountainous prefecture-level city1 in the Chinese province of Jiangxi. Yichun literally means “pleasant spring”. It is located in the northwest of the province along a river surrounded by mountains. Its area is 18,669 km2; 50% forested, 35% mountainous. It has a total population of 5,100,000; 1,100,000 urban and the other 4,000,000 rural. 99.5% of the people are Han but many other ethnic minorities are represented.

A large sports complex with two stadiums was built in the 1990’s and draws teams for sports competitions from all across China. Agriculture is the main industry but other natural resource industries such as timber and mining are extremely important for the economy. Major mineral deposits include aluminum, , , zinc, and . Yichun is also a stop along the major railway running between and , the capital of Jiangxi.

Administration Yichun has 1 , 3 cities, and 6 counties under its direct jurisdiction. District * Yuanzhou Cities * * Fengcheng * Gao’an Counties * Jing’an * Fengxin * Shanggao * Yifeng * Tonggu * Wanzai (‘Yichun: Overview’ (undated), Travel China Planner website http://www.travelchinaplanner.com/html/cityguides/jiangxi/yichun.html – Accessed 4 March 2009 – Attachment 3).

Asia Harvest, “an inter-denominational Christian ministry working in various countries throughout Asia to see effective churches planted among unreached people groups” provides the following information on Yichun:

Situated among the hills and forests of farwestern Jiangxi Province, Yichun contains approximately 950,000 people. The population of the city is almost completely made up of ethnic people, with no significant communities of minority people living in Yichun at all.

1 Wikipedia: “A prefecture-level city is not a “city“ in the strictest sense of the term, but instead an administrative unit comprising, typically, both an urban core (a city in the strict sense) and surrounding rural or less-urbanized areas usually many times the size of the central, built-up core. Prefecture-level cities nearly always contain multiple counties, county-level cities, and other such sub-divisions.” For more information please see Attachment 2 (Wikipedia 2008, ‘Prefecture-level city’, 26 November http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefecture-level_city – Accessed 4 March 2009 – Attachment 2: Users should be aware that Wikipedia is a Web-based free-content encylopaedia which is written collaboratively by volunteers. For more information, see the recommended background reading available in the Wikipedia Topical Information Package).

2 Yichun lies within the linguistic sphere of the language, which differs greatly from spoken although almost everyone is now able to speak the national language. Gan is spoken by about 36 million people in Jiangxi and southwestern province, as well as pockets of , and .

Unlike many of China’s large cities, Yichun is a beautiful place with clean air. Forests occupy 50.9% of the city’s area. There are 496 historical sites and 54 officially-designated scenic spots in Yichun. The city slopes from west to east, with many small hills, rivers and streams enabling hydro electric projects to flourish here. Yichun was given the title of the first ecological city in China. The city contains an astonishing 270 bridges, while the has 52 different places for boats to dock, making it easily accessible to the rest of the province by road and by water.

Yichun means ‘Pleasant spring’. The city is famous for its hot springs and natural beauty spots, including the Yunhua Mountain Scenic Area. The Moon Mountain, standing 1,736 meters (5,700 feet) about sea-level, contains many waterfalls. It is also home to various rare plants that are not found anywhere else in China. Other beauty spots in and around Yichun include the Baizhang Mountain, which is unusually shrouded with mist, and the peaceful Jing’an River, which attracts film makers and tourists who take bamboo raft rides on the river.

Today the economy in Yichun has become a base for mechanical goods, construction, and food processing. The are contains some rich mineral deposits, especially oil and .

Despite Yichun’s economic diversity, however, the majority of the city’s work-force (almost 80%) are employed in the agricultural sector. Indeed, Yichun is commonly known as the ‘ bowl of Jiangxi Province’ such is its abundance of rice. The climate in Yichun is generally wet and cool most of the year, making it an ideal location for rice production, as well as for grapes, pears, kiwi fruit and peaches.

… and Daoism were established in Yichun many centuries ago. Zhao Mountain (one of the three most famous mountains of Daoism) is located here, along with several old Buddhist and Daoist temples (Asia Harvest (undated), ‘China’s Unreached Cities – Yichun, Jiangxi’ http://www.asiaharvest.org/pages/profiles/china/chinaCities/YichunJiangxi.pdf – Accessed 4 March 2009 – Attachment 4).

The Yichun Government Office website provides information on Yichun, please see the following: • Brief Introduction: ‘Beautiful Yichun’ (undated), Yichun Government Office website http://www.yichun.gov.cn/English/about01.html – Accessed 4 March 2009 – Attachment 5; • Natural Resources: ‘Nature Resource’ (undated), Yichun Government Office website http://www.yichun.gov.cn/English/about02.html – Accessed 4 March 2009 – Attachment 6; • Climate: ‘The Geography Climate’ (undated), Yichun Government Office website http://www.yichun.gov.cn/English/about04.html – Accessed 4 March 2009 – Attachment 7; • Yichun Economy and Technology Development Zone: ‘Industrial Zone’ (undated), Yichun Government Office website http://www.yichun.gov.cn/English/invest02.html – Accessed 4 March 2009 – Attachment 8; and • For information on Yuanzhou, Zhangshu, Fengcheng, Gao’an, Jing’an, Fengxin, Shanggao, Yifeng, Tonggu Wanzai please see http://www.yichun.gov.cn/English/about03.html.

3 is located in Yichun City: http://www.ycu.jx.cn/english/.

Jiangxi Yichun Sports Centre consisting of a natatorium, gymnasium, playing field, and training hall is located in Yichun City: http://www.hksi.org.hk/hksdb/html/pdf/stbmc/eng/p- 241-246(eng).pdf. Jiangxi Yichun Aquatic Sports Training Base is also located in Yichun City: http://www.hksi.org.hk/hksdb/html/pdf/stbmc/eng/p-77-80(eng).pdf.

2. Please obtain any information on significant events which occurred in Yichin City between January 2005 and 31 March 2008.

An article dated 9 June 2005 in SINA English reports that ammonia leaked through cracked pipes at a brewery in Yichun City poisoning up to 100 people:

The accident occurred at around 12:40 pm in Dequan Brewery and over 100 people felt dizzy and nauseated on the spot. Trees and flowers situated 20 meters within the site were scorched.

The leakage, probably caused by aging of the ammonia-transferring pipes, was kept under control within 30 minutes of the accident. Some 150 workers at the brewery and over 2,000 households of people were immediately evacuated (‘Ammonia leakage poisons over 100 in Jiangxi’ 2005, SINA English, source: Xinhua, 9 June http://english.sina.com/china/1/2005/0609/34185.html – Accessed 4 March 2009 – Attachment 9).

An article dated 13 April 2006 by reports that a “strong rainstorm hit on Tuesday and Wednesday [11 and 12 April], claiming at least one life and causing at least 200m (25m US dollars) worth of damage.” The article reports that “Yichun reported 160mm” of rain (‘One dead, 25m US dollars damage after rainstorm in east China’ 2006, BBC Monitoring Newsfile, source: Xinhua News Agency, 13 April – Attachment 10).

An article dated 13 August 2006 in reports that “the death toll from , the strongest to hit China in half a century and now a tropical depression, has risen to 114, with at least 183 missing.” The article reports that Yichun was affected:

East China’s Jiangxi Province reported two deaths from the typhoon as of Saturday.

The provincial meteorological department said the rainfall in two counties in Jiangxi was over 200 millimeters from Thursday to Friday and in 11 counties over 100 millimeters.

The provincial flood control and drought relief headquarters said altogether 980,000 people from the cities of , Nanchang, Yichun and were affected by the downpour- triggered disasters.

The department said Saomai destroyed six small reservoirs in Jiangxi and brought the province 348 million yuan (about 43.5 million U.S. dollars) of economic losses (‘Saomai toll rises to 114, 183 missing’ 2006, China Daily, source: Xinhua, 13 August http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2006-08/13/content_663631.htm – Accessed 4 March 2009 – Attachment 11).

The 2006 World Cup Sepaktakraw Championship was held in Yichun City between 5 and 13 November 2006 (‘Sepak Takraw Events’ (undated), Takraw USA website http://www.takrawusa.com/events.html – Accessed 4 March 2009 – Attachment 12).

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3. What was the name of the Mayor of Yichun City in April 2007. Is there any information on when he became the Mayor?

Gong Jian Hua/Jianhua was the Mayor of Yichun City in April 2007 (‘Fashion Yichun first classical composition for the charity concert Encore’ 2007, Classica & Fashion Band website, 8 February http://gudianshishang.com/en_shownews.asp?id=745 – Accessed 4 March 2009 – Attachment 13; and ‘Key to the City – Yichun, China’ 2007, Electronics Review, Vol. 20, No. 2, September, p.21 http://www.stee.com.sg/newsrm/Vol20No2/Awards4-5.pdf – Accessed 4 March 2009 – Attachment 14).

The date that Gong Jian Hua/Jianhua became Mayor was not found amongst the sources consulted, however, it was between 21 August 2006 and 8 February 2007 (Human Rights in China 2006, ‘Buddhist Temple Target of Corrupt Official Persecution’, 21 August, Buddhist Channel website http://www.buddhistchannel.tv/index.php?id=46,3070,0,0,1,0 – Accessed 4 March 2009 – Attachment 15; and ‘Fashion Yichun first classical composition for the charity concert Encore’ 2007, Classica & Fashion Band website, 8 February http://gudianshishang.com/en_shownews.asp?id=745 – Accessed 4 March 2009 – Attachment 13).

4. Is there a company in Yichun City known as “Yi Chun City Real Estate Comprehensive Development Company”? What is known about this company?

An article dated 24 May 2005 in China Daily (on RobRoad website) mentions “Jiangxi Yichun City Real Estate Development Company Limited” (‘13 real estate companies Jiangxi joint initiative steady prices’ 2005, China Daily, 24 May, RobRoad website http://www.robroad.com/data/2006/0724/article_115019_1.htm – Accessed 5 March 2009 – Attachment 16).

The Chinese Companies Directory has an entry for Yichun City Real Estate Development Co., Ltd. Lotus:

Yichun City Real Estate Development Co., Ltd. Lotus city:Yichun Business scope: real estate development, marketing; Construction, property management. classification: Construction,decoration,real estate>>Real Estate Development About Us: real estate development, marketing; Construction, property management.

Contact: Home page: Address : person of integrity (China Building at Dhi) zip code : 336000 Tel : 07953917000 (‘Yichun City Real Estate Development Co., Ltd Lotus’ 2006, Chinese Companies Directory website http://www.china-brand-business.com/21/211000111997/ – Accessed 5 March 2009 – Attachment 17).

A search for the company’s name in Chinese characters, 宜春市房地产综合开发总公司 returned 198 results. Please note that not all results were viewed due to a number of reasons including time and the difficulty of searching in a foreign language.

A Google translation of an entry on lawyerq.com provides the following information on Yichun City Real Estate Development Corporation:

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Company did not provide information Main Product or Service: Real Estate Development; Main Industry: Other immovable property; Business Type: State-owned enterprises Legal Representative/CEO: Zhang Rong Number of employees: 11 – 50 people Annual turnover: 7,000,000 yuan / year – 1000 yuan / year

Yichun City Real Estate Development Corporation Contacts

Tel: -0795-3212358 Address: Jiangxi Yichun City, Jiangxi Province, Yichun City Xiu Jiang袁州区 No. 218 Middle Road Zip: 336000 (‘宜春市房地产综合开发总公司’ 2006, lawyerq.com website http://www.lawyerq.com/html/jiangxiqiyehuangye/2006/1019/49870.htm – Accessed 5 March 2009 – Attachment 18: Google translations can often be poor and can contain errors – as such they give only a rough indication of the contents of a document. For any further reliance on this information, a better translation should be obtained).

5. What is the address of the Yichun City People’s Court, The Petition Office and the Mayor’s Office? Are there any descriptions?

No address or description of the People’s Court, Letters and Petitions Office or Mayor’s Office in Yichun City was found amongst the English language sources consulted.

6. Is there a register of lawyers practising in Yichin City?

No register of lawyers practising in Yichun City, Jiangxi province was found amongst the English language sources consulted.

7. Are there any detention centres in Yichun City? Is there a detention centre near the North Gate of the city?

The Laogai Handbook 2007-2008 provides a list of 669 prisons and 319 re-education through labor (RTL) camps in China. It does not contain information on what it defines as detention centres, which are “usually run by the Public Security Bureau at the village, township and county level.” The Laogai Research Foundation (LRF) believes the book is “the most authoritative record that exists on China’s Laogai system, second only, of course, to the records of China’s central government.” According to the Laogai Handbook 2007-2008, there are no prisons or RTL camps in Yichun City (The Laogai Research Foundation 2008, Laogai Handbook: 2007-2008, October http://www.laogai.org/news2/book/handbook2008- all.pdf – Accessed 5 March 2009 – Attachment 19).

An article dated 26 February 2006 on the Falun Gong website, Clearwisdom.net reports that “At the end of May, 2003, Falun Dafa practitioners Ms. Wang Meixiang and Mr. Pan Qichu from Yichun City in Jiangxi Province were arrested while they were distributing truth clarification materials. They were detained in Yichun City Detention Center” (‘Information about the Death of Practitioner Mr. Pan Qichu from Yuchun City, Jiangxi Province’ 2006, Clearwisdom.net website, 26 February

6 http://clearwisdom.net/emh/articles/2006/2/26/70321p.html – Accessed 5 March 2009 – Attachment 20).

8. Is there any information that suggests that detainees would be released from detention to work under supervision in these circumstances?

Limited information on detainees in China working outside the detention facility was found amongst the sources consulted. Sources report that detainees work in a number of industries including mining and construction. This type of work may require a detainee to work outside the detention facility.

According to the LRF, “Prisoners are engaged in a wide array of economic endeavors, including manufacturing, farming, mining, construction, etc.” LRF also reports that “Prisons and RTLs often sign contracts with companies and factories to do their labor-intensive work.” The LRF continue:

In addition to serving as an instrument of repression, the Laogai also functions as a commercial enterprise, exploiting its large supply of free labor to generate revenue for prison officials and for the (CCP). According to the Criminal Reform Handbook issued by the Ministry of Justice in 1988, the Laogai “organizes criminals in labor and production, thus creating wealth for society.” Prisoners are engaged in a wide array of economic endeavors, including manufacturing, farming, mining, construction, etc. They are forced to work up to 14 hours a day, often under hazardous conditions with inadequate safety equipment, and with insufficient food, sleep, and health care. Prisoners who fail to meet quotas may face physical punishment. The products are sold in Chinese and in international markets, with the most successful of the Laogai operations, such as those in and provinces, earning hundreds of millions of yuan in profit and paying millions of yuan in taxes.

…Prisons and RTLs often sign contracts with companies and factories to do their labor- intensive work (The Laogai Research Foundation 2008, Laogai Handbook: 2007-2008, October, pp.2 &14 http://www.laogai.org/news2/book/handbook2008-all.pdf – Accessed 5 March 2009 – Attachment 20).

An article dated 21 November in China Daily reports on a prison break in , Jiangxi province. The article reports that the “ministry did not reveal details of how the prisoners managed to escape but media reports said the eight criminal suspects attacked a warden, took his keys and then fooled the guards by pretending to carry out assigned work outside the detention center” (‘Fugitive involved in prison break wanted’ 2007, China Daily, source: Xinhua, 21 November http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2007- 11/21/content_6269877.htm – Accessed 5 March 2009 – Attachment 21).

An article dated 5 March 2007 in LA Times reports on the RTL program in China. According to Yiu, who was detained in Liaoning province, “Inmates were forced to work 12-hour shifts doing heavy construction for private developers…with the proceeds going into prison coffers or the pockets of police guards” (Magnier, Mark 2007, ‘China thinks of closing its reeducation prisons’, LA Times, 5 March http://articles.latimes.com/2007/mar/05/world/fg- xreeducate5?s=o&n=o&rd=www.google.com.au&sessid=570e7a43ee1837f02a4a003305068 4457e1eef0b&pg=2&pgtp=article&eagi=&page_type=article&exci=2007_03_05_world_fg- reeducate5 – Accessed 5 March 2009 – Attachment 22).

7 In December 2002, Amnesty International called for the release of Anu, a Tibetan prisoner detained at Trisam RTL Centre. According to reports obtained from former Trisam political prisoners, “Prisoners are forced to work long hours in harsh conditions, usually in the vegetable gardens (collecting and spreading human waste as manure, digging and planting) and on construction sites, (where they have to cut and carry heavy stone blocks and brick, as well as other general building work)” (Amnesty International 2002, ‘Call for release of Tibetan prisoner, Anu, detained without charge or trial’, December, ASA 17/058/2002 http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ASA17/058/2002/en/dom-ASA170582002en.pdf – Accessed 5 March 2009 – Attachment 23).

A press release by the Tibetan Center for Human Rights and Democracy dated 17 September 1997 provides information on the early release of prisoners from Drapchi prison in Lhasa. The press release reports that “Other sources from Tibet…say that male prisoners in Drapchi are put to work growing vegetables, labouring in construction sites and quarries or repairing automobiles and that prisoners who fail to satisfy Drapchi’s fixed annual production quotas are subjected to torture sessions” (Tibetan Center for Human Rights and Democracy 1997, ‘Press Release – China grants release to Tibetan prisoners: A token gesture’, 17 September http://www.tchrd.org/press/1997/pr19970917.html – Accessed 5 March 2009 – Attachment 24).

List of Sources Consulted

Internet Sources: Government Information & Reports Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada http://www.irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/ UK Home Office http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/ US Department of State http://www.state.gov/ Yichun Government Office http://www.yichun.gov.cn/ United Nations (UN) UNHCR Refworld http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rsd Non-Government Organisations Amnesty International http://www.amnesty.org/ Human Rights Watch http://www.hrw.org/ The Laogai Research Foundation http://www.laogai.org/ International News & Politics China Daily http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/ LA Times http://www.latimes.com/ Search Engines Google http://www.google.com.au/ Wikipedia http://www.wikipedia.org/

Databases: FACTIVA (news database) BACIS (DIAC Country Information database) REFINFO (IRBDC (Canada) Country Information database) ISYS (RRT Research & Information database, including Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, US Department of State Reports) RRT Library Catalogue

8 List of Attachments

1. ‘Jiangxi’ 2000, Microsoft Encarta Interactive Atlas.

2. Wikipedia 2008, ‘Prefecture-level city’, 26 November http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefecture-level_city – Accessed 4 March 2009.

3. ‘Yichun: Overview’ (undated), Travel China Planner website http://www.travelchinaplanner.com/html/cityguides/jiangxi/yichun.html – Accessed 4 March 2009.

4. Asia Harvest (undated), ‘China’s Unreached Cities – Yichun, Jiangxi’ http://www.asiaharvest.org/pages/profiles/china/chinaCities/YichunJiangxi.pdf – Accessed 4 March 2009.

5. ‘Beautiful Yichun’ (undated), Yichun Government Office website http://www.yichun.gov.cn/English/about01.html – Accessed 4 March 2009.

6. ‘Nature Resource’ (undated), Yichun Government Office website http://www.yichun.gov.cn/English/about02.html – Accessed 4 March 2009.

7. ‘The Geography Climate’ (undated), Yichun Government Office website http://www.yichun.gov.cn/English/about04.html – Accessed 4 March 2009.

8. ‘Industrial Zone’ (undated), Yichun Government Office website http://www.yichun.gov.cn/English/invest02.html – Accessed 4 March 2009.

9. ‘Ammonia leakage poisons over 100 in Jiangxi’ 2005, SINA English, source: Xinhua, 9 June http://english.sina.com/china/1/2005/0609/34185.html – Accessed 4 March 2009.

10. ‘One dead, 25m US dollars damage after rainstorm in east China’ 2006, BBC Monitoring Newsfile, source: Xinhua News Agency, 13 April. (FACTIVA)

11. ‘Saomai toll rises to 114, 183 missing’ 2006, China Daily, source: Xinhua, 13 August http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2006-08/13/content_663631.htm – Accessed 4 March 2009.

12. ‘Sepak Takraw Events’ (undated), Takraw USA website http://www.takrawusa.com/events.html – Accessed 4 March 2009.

13. ‘Fashion Yichun first classical composition for the charity concert Encore’ 2007, Classica & Fashion Band website, 8 February http://gudianshishang.com/en_shownews.asp?id=745 – Accessed 4 March 2009.

14. ‘Key to the City – Yichun, China’ 2007, Electronics Review, Vol. 20, No. 2, September, p.21 http://www.stee.com.sg/newsrm/Vol20No2/Awards4-5.pdf – Accessed 4 March 2009.

9 15. Human Rights in China 2006, ‘Buddhist Temple Target of Corrupt Official Persecution’, 21 August, Buddhist Channel website http://www.buddhistchannel.tv/index.php?id=46,3070,0,0,1,0 – Accessed 4 March 2009.

16. ‘13 real estate companies Jiangxi joint initiative steady prices’ 2005, China Daily, 24 May, RobRoad website http://www.robroad.com/data/2006/0724/article_115019_1.htm – Accessed 5 March 2009.

17. ‘Yichun City Real Estate Development Co., Ltd Lotus’ 2006, Chinese Companies Directory website http://www.china-brand-business.com/21/211000111997/ – Accessed 5 March 2009.

18. ‘宜春市房地产综合开发总公司’ 2006, lawyerq.com website http://www.lawyerq.com/html/jiangxiqiyehuangye/2006/1019/49870.htm – Accessed 5 March 2009.

19. The Laogai Research Foundation 2008, Laogai Handbook: 2007-2008, October http://www.laogai.org/news2/book/handbook2008-all.pdf – Accessed 5 March 2009.

20. ‘Information about the Death of Practitioner Mr. Pan Qichu from Yuchun City, Jiangxi Province’ 2006, Clearwisdom.net website, 26 February http://clearwisdom.net/emh/articles/2006/2/26/70321p.html – Accessed 5 March 2009.

21. ‘Fugitive involved in prison break wanted’ 2007, China Daily, source: Xinhua, 21 November http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2007-11/21/content_6269877.htm – Accessed 5 March 2009.

22. Magnier, Mark 2007, ‘China thinks of closing its reeducation prisons’, LA Times, 5 March http://articles.latimes.com/2007/mar/05/world/fg- xreeducate5?s=o&n=o&rd=www.google.com.au&sessid=570e7a43ee1837f02a4a003305 0684457e1eef0b&pg=2&pgtp=article&eagi=&page_type=article&exci=2007_03_05_wo rld_fg-reeducate5 – Accessed 5 March 2009.

23. Amnesty International 2002, ‘Call for release of Tibetan prisoner, Anu, detained without charge or trial’, December, ASA 17/058/2002 http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ASA17/058/2002/en/dom-ASA170582002en.pdf – Accessed 5 March 2009.

24. Tibetan Center for Human Rights and Democracy 1997, ‘Press Release – China grants release to Tibetan prisoners: A token gesture’, 17 September http://www.tchrd.org/press/1997/pr19970917.html – Accessed 5 March 2009.

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