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Durham E-Theses CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Durham e-Theses Durham E-Theses If no Divells, no God: Devils, D(a)emons and Humankind on the Mediaeval and Early Modern English Stage. BOCK, EMMANUEL How to cite: BOCK, EMMANUEL (2010) If no Divells, no God: Devils, D(a)emons and Humankind on the Mediaeval and Early Modern English Stage., Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/750/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 Emmanuel Bock “If no Divells, no God”: Devils, D(a)emons and Humankind on the Mediaeval and Early Modern English Stage. Abstract This thesis looks at the relationship that humanity has with the devil, the demonic, and the daemonic as it is represented in plays from the mediaeval to the Early Modern period in England. While critics have contradictorily seen the devil as a secular figure on the one hand, and as a vestige of sacred drama on the other, I consider the character from an anthropocentric point of view: the devil helps reveal mankind’s emerging independence from religion and the problems that accompany this development. Chapter I sets the context for the investigation, tracing the broad outlines of the genesis of the figure that turned into the devil, before the main body of the thesis looks at the interaction between the devil and mankind. Part I considers the devil as master of his own deeds. Chapters II and III look at his development in the mediaeval Mysteries and Moralities, showing how an ever greater independence of the figure simultaneously leads to him being increasingly used as a character designed to educate mankind. Chapters IV and V reveal a similar pattern: the more confident the devil is of himself and the more he believes himself to be in control, the wilier man proves in freeing himself from his influence. Chapter VI sees the exodus of the devil as mankind takes control of its destiny. Part II looks at plays in which men attempt to control their fate by controlling the fiend and subjecting him to their power. Chronologically, it parallels the evolution traced in Chapters IV to VI. Chapters VII and VIII show that such efforts prove fruitless and counterproductive as long as the power men derive from their association with the devil is not channelled into a positive vision for the future. Only a model of a society that combines access to power and human responsibility, that substitutes a more selfless morality for an egocentric one, can keep the fiend at bay, as seen in Chapter IX. Finally, Chapter X tests these findings against The Birth of Merlin, which defies categorisation and dating. -i- - ii - “If no Divells, no God”: Devils, D(a)emons and Humankind on the Mediaeval and Early Modern English Stage. Emmanuel Bock Thesis submitted for the qualification of Doctor of Philosophy Department of English Studies Durham University 2010 -iii- - iv - Table of Contents INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................1 I – CREATING AND RECREATING THE D(A)EMONIC..........................................................................15 I-1 – Yahweh: God and Devil.....................................................................................................18 I-2 – Astaroth: From Goddess to Demon...................................................................................23 I-3 – Satan: Rival Deity, Messenger, Accuser, Arch-enemy.......................................................27 I-4 – The Anatomy of Belial .......................................................................................................33 I-5 – The Roaring Devil Abroad ................................................................................................37 I-6 – (Ab)Using the Devil...........................................................................................................40 I-7 – All the World’s a Stage......................................................................................................46 PART I THE DEVIL IN HIS OWN RIGHT ............................................................................49 II – THE MYSTERIES ........................................................................................................................51 II-1 – The Fall of the Angels ......................................................................................................53 York ......................................................................................................................................................54 Towneley...............................................................................................................................................57 N-Town .................................................................................................................................................58 Chester ..................................................................................................................................................60 The Devil Remoulded ...........................................................................................................................71 II-2 – Adam and Eve ..................................................................................................................71 II-3 – Herod’s Story ...................................................................................................................78 Chester ..................................................................................................................................................79 N-Town .................................................................................................................................................83 II-4 – The Ignorant Devil ...........................................................................................................85 II-5 – Judgement ........................................................................................................................91 III – THE MORALITIES .....................................................................................................................97 III-1 – The Castle of Perseverance.............................................................................................97 Mundus..................................................................................................................................................99 Satanas, Belial, et al. ...........................................................................................................................100 -v- The Daughters of God......................................................................................................................... 105 III-2 – Wisdom & Mankind ...................................................................................................... 108 III-3 – Everyman ...................................................................................................................... 110 INTERLUDE .................................................................................................................................... 113 IV – GRIM THE COLLIER OF CROYDON .......................................................................................... 117 IV-1 – The Gods and Heroes of Classical Mythology.............................................................. 117 IV-2 – Christian Classical Underworld ................................................................................... 119 IV-3 – Belphegor...................................................................................................................... 122 IV-4 – St Dunstan..................................................................................................................... 126 IV-5 – The Gulls....................................................................................................................... 129 IV-6 – Akercock / Puck............................................................................................................. 133 IV-7 – They Are Mankind Grown............................................................................................. 137 IV-8 – Judgement ..................................................................................................................... 140 V – IF THIS BE NOT A GOOD PLAY, THE DEVIL IS IN IT.................................................................. 145 V-1 – Rufman ........................................................................................................................... 147 V-2 – Hubris through a Name.................................................................................................. 150 V-3 – Failure through Success................................................................................................
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