How to Choose a Microprocessor, July 1978, BYTE Magazine
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Vcf Pnw 2019
VCF PNW 2019 http://vcfed.org/vcf-pnw/ Schedule Saturday 10:00 AM Museum opens and VCF PNW 2019 starts 11:00 AM Erik Klein, opening comments from VCFed.org Stephen M. Jones, opening comments from Living Computers:Museum+Labs 1:00 PM Joe Decuir, IEEE Fellow, Three generations of animation machines: Atari and Amiga 2:30 PM Geoff Pool, From Minix to GNU/Linux - A Retrospective 4:00 PM Chris Rutkowski, The birth of the Business PC - How volatile markets evolve 5:00 PM Museum closes - come back tomorrow! Sunday 10:00 AM Day two of VCF PNW 2019 begins 11:00 AM John Durno, The Lost Art of Telidon 1:00 PM Lars Brinkhoff, ITS: Incompatible Timesharing System 2:30 PM Steve Jamieson, A Brief History of British Computing 4:00 PM Presentation of show awards and wrap-up Exhibitors One of the defining attributes of a Vintage Computer Festival is that exhibits are interactive; VCF exhibitors put in an amazing amount of effort to not only bring their favorite pieces of computing history, but to make them come alive. Be sure to visit all of them, ask questions, play, learn, take pictures, etc. And consider coming back one day as an exhibitor yourself! Rick Bensene, Wang Laboratories’ Electronic Calculators, An exhibit of Wang Labs electronic calculators from their first mass-market calculator, the Wang LOCI-2, through the last of their calculators, the C-Series. The exhibit includes examples of nearly every series of electronic calculator that Wang Laboratories sold, unusual and rare peripheral devices, documentation, and ephemera relating to Wang Labs calculator business. -
TRABAJO FIN DE GRADO Diseño E Implementación De Un Sistema De
TRABAJO FIN DE GRADO Diseño e implementación de un sistema de monitorización de temperatura capaz de comunicar de manera inalámbrica con un dispositivo móvil Autor: Adrián Paredes Intriago Tutor: Jonathan Crespo Herrero Grado en Ingeniería Electrónica Industrial y Automática Madrid, Septiembre de 2014 II Agradecimientos A mis padres, Juan y Raquel. A mi hermana, Claudia. Por no rendirse jamás. III IV Resumen En este trabajo se desarrolla un sistema de monitorización de temperatura capaz de comunicar de manera inalámbrica con un dispositivo móvil. El sistema está compuesto por un microcontrolador, un sensor de temperatura y un módulo Bluetooth. Las comunicaciones entre los componentes del sistema son llevadas a cabo a través de los buses de comunicación en serie SPI e I²C, mientras que las comunicaciones entre el sistema y el dispositivo móvil se realizan a través del protocolo de comunicación inalámbrica Bluetooth de bajo consumo, también conocido como BLE. En cuanto al dispositivo móvil, todas las comunicaciones con el sistema son gestionadas mediante una aplicación Android. Esta aplicación muestra las mediciones del sistema en tiempo real permitiendo a su vez configurar varios tipos de notificaciones y alarmas. Palabras clave: Sistema de monitorización de temperatura, dispositivos móviles, Bluetooth de bajo consumo, Android. V VI Abstract This work develops a temperature monitoring system able to communicate in a wireless manner to a mobile device. The system consists of a microcontroller, a temperature sensor and a Bluetooth module. The communications between the components of the system are done through the serial buses SPI and I²C, whereas the communications between the system and mobile device are done through Bluetooth low energy, also known as BLE. -
The Birth, Evolution and Future of Microprocessor
The Birth, Evolution and Future of Microprocessor Swetha Kogatam Computer Science Department San Jose State University San Jose, CA 95192 408-924-1000 [email protected] ABSTRACT timed sequence through the bus system to output devices such as The world's first microprocessor, the 4004, was co-developed by CRT Screens, networks, or printers. In some cases, the terms Busicom, a Japanese manufacturer of calculators, and Intel, a U.S. 'CPU' and 'microprocessor' are used interchangeably to denote the manufacturer of semiconductors. The basic architecture of 4004 same device. was developed in August 1969; a concrete plan for the 4004 The different ways in which microprocessors are categorized are: system was finalized in December 1969; and the first microprocessor was successfully developed in March 1971. a) CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computers) Microprocessors, which became the "technology to open up a new b) RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computers) era," brought two outstanding impacts, "power of intelligence" and "power of computing". First, microprocessors opened up a new a) VLIW(Very Long Instruction Word Computers) "era of programming" through replacing with software, the b) Super scalar processors hardwired logic based on IC's of the former "era of logic". At the same time, microprocessors allowed young engineers access to "power of computing" for the creative development of personal 2. BIRTH OF THE MICROPROCESSOR computers and computer games, which in turn led to growth in the In 1970, Intel introduced the first dynamic RAM, which increased software industry, and paved the way to the development of high- IC memory by a factor of four. -
IEEE Spectrum: 25 Microchip
IEEE Spectrum: 25 Microchips That Shook the World http://www.spectrum.ieee.org/print/8747 Sponsored By Select Font Size: A A A 25 Microchips That Shook the World By Brian R. Santo This is part of IEEE Spectrum 's Special Report: 25 Microchips That Shook the World . In microchip design, as in life, small things sometimes add up to big things. Dream up a clever microcircuit, get it sculpted in a sliver of silicon, and your little creation may unleash a technological revolution. It happened with the Intel 8088 microprocessor. And the Mostek MK4096 4-kilobit DRAM. And the Texas Instruments TMS32010 digital signal processor. Among the many great chips that have emerged from fabs during the half-century reign of the integrated circuit, a small group stands out. Their designs proved so cutting-edge, so out of the box, so ahead of their time, that we are left groping for more technology clichés to describe them. Suffice it to say that they gave us the technology that made our brief, otherwise tedious existence in this universe worth living. We’ve compiled here a list of 25 ICs that we think deserve the best spot on the mantelpiece of the house that Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce built. Some have become enduring objects of worship among the chiperati: the Signetics 555 timer, for example. Others, such as the Fairchild 741 operational amplifier, became textbook design examples. Some, like Microchip Technology’s PIC microcontrollers, have sold billions, and are still doing so. A precious few, like Toshiba’s flash memory, created whole new markets. -
Professor Won Woo Ro, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Yonsei University the Intel® 4004 Microprocessor, Introdu
Professor Won Woo Ro, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Yonsei University The 1st Microprocessor The Intel® 4004 microprocessor, introduced in November 1971 An electronics revolution that changed our world. There were no customer‐ programmable microprocessors on the market before the 4004. It propelled software into the limelight as a key player in the world of digital electronics design. 4004 Microprocessor Display at New Intel Museum A Japanese calculator maker (Busicom) asked to design: A set of 12 custom logic chips for a line of programmable calculators. Marcian E. "Ted" Hoff Recognized the integrated circuit technology (of the day) had advanced enough to build a single chip, general purpose computer. Federico Faggin to turn Hoff's vision into a silicon reality. (In less than one year, Faggin and his team delivered the 4004, which was introduced in November, 1971.) The world's first microprocessor application was this Busicom calculator. (sold about 100,000 calculators.) Measuring 1/8 inch wide by 1/6 inch long, consisting of 2,300 transistors, Intel’s 4004 microprocessor had as much computing power as the first electronic computer, ENIAC. 2 inch 4004 and 12 inch Core™2 Duo wafer ENIAC, built in 1946, filled 3000‐cubic‐ feet of space and contained 18,000 vacuum tubes. The 4004 microprocessor could execute 60,000 operations per second Running frequency: 108 KHz Founders wanted to name their new company Moore Noyce. However the name sounds very much similar to “more noise”. "Only the paranoid survive". Moore received a B.S. degree in Chemistry from the University of California, Berkeley in 1950 and a Ph.D. -
MOSTEK 1980 CIRCUITS and SYSTEMS PRODUCT GUIDE Mostek Reserves the Right to Make Changes in Specifications at Any Time and Without Notice
MOSTEK 1980 CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS PRODUCT GUIDE Mostek reserves the right to make changes in specifications at any time and without notice. The information furnished by Mostek in this publication is believedto be accurate and reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed by Mostek for its use; nor for any infringements of patents or other rights of third parties resulting from its use. No license is granted under any patents or patent rights of Mostek. The "PRELIMINARY" designation on a Mostek data sheet indicates that the product is not characterized. The specifications are subject to change, are based on design goals or preliminary part evaluation, and are not guaranteed. Mostek Corporation or an authorized sales representative should be consulted for current information before using this product. No responsibility is assumed by Mostek for its use; nor for any infringements of patents and trademarks or other rights ofthird parties resulting from its use. No license is granted under any patents, patent rights, or trademarks of Mostek. Mostek reserves the right to make changes in specifications at anytime and without notice. PRINTED IN USA April 1980 Publication Number Trade Marks Registered® STD No 01009 Copyright © 1980 Mostek Corporation (All rights reserved) II ~~~~~~~;;;;' Table of Contents '~~~~~~;;;;; Table of Contents ................................................... 111 Numerical Index ...................................................VIII Alphabetical Index . ................................................. x Mostek Profile -
6502 Introduction
6502 Introduction Philipp Koehn 18 September 2019 Philipp Koehn Computer Systems Fundamentals: 6502 Introduction 18 September 2019 1 some history Philipp Koehn Computer Systems Fundamentals: 6502 Introduction 18 September 2019 1971 2 • First microprocessor on an integrated circuit: Intel 4004 • 4-bit central processing unit, 12 bit address space (4KB) Philipp Koehn Computer Systems Fundamentals: 6502 Introduction 18 September 2019 1975 3 • MOS Technology 6502 • Dominant CPU in home computers for a decade (Atari, Apple II, Nintendo Entertainment System, Commodore PET) Philipp Koehn Computer Systems Fundamentals: 6502 Introduction 18 September 2019 1977 4 • Atari 2600 • Video game console: Pong, Pac Man, ... connected to TV Philipp Koehn Computer Systems Fundamentals: 6502 Introduction 18 September 2019 1980 5 • Commodore VIC20 • 1 MHz, 5KB RAM, BASIC, 3.5KB RAM, 176x184 3 bit color video Philipp Koehn Computer Systems Fundamentals: 6502 Introduction 18 September 2019 1982 6 • Commodore C64 • 64KB RAM, 320x200 4 bit color video Philipp Koehn Computer Systems Fundamentals: 6502 Introduction 18 September 2019 Commodore C64 7 • BASIC programming language, but serious programs written in assembly • No fancy stuff like multi-process, user accounts, virtual memory, etc. • Machine itself had no mass storage - had to buy tape drive, then floppy disk drive, machine was obsolete once hard drives came around Philipp Koehn Computer Systems Fundamentals: 6502 Introduction 18 September 2019 BASIC Demo 8 • Commands get executed (just like Python interpreter) -
Oral History Panel on the Development and Promotion of the Zilog Z8000 Microprocessor
Oral History Panel on the Development and Promotion of the Zilog Z8000 Microprocessor Moderator: Michael Slater Panelists: Federico Faggin Bernard Peuto Masatoshi Shima Ralph Ungermann Recorded: April 27, 2007 Mountain View, California CHM Reference number: X4022.2007 © 2007 Computer History Museum Michael Slater: We have with us today [April 27, 2007] four people who were involved in its [Zilog Z8000 microprocessor] creation: Ralph Ungermann, Bernard Peuto, Federico Faggin, and Masatoshi Shima. We’ve heard about the backgrounds from Shima-san, Federico and Ralph in the previous tape [oral history by the Z80 team], so we’ll start with Bernard. Could you tell us about your educational background, your experience before you came to this project? Bernard Peuto: Yes. I was born in France where I got an engineering education in radio and in computers in 1967 and 1968. I came to Berkeley to do a Ph.D. In 1969, I had my Master of Arts from Berkeley in computer science and I passed my prelim. I went back to do my military duties and then I came back and got a Ph.D. in computer science in 1974. My dissertation was about memory protection, which will come back as a subject later. As my first job I joined Amdahl Corporation from 1973 to 1976. The reason I joined Amdahl Corporation was that Charlie Bass was sharing an office with me when he was an assistant professor at Berkeley and I was a Ph.D. student and Charlie Bass had a good friend of his that was working at Fujitsu so through that connection I was hired as a computer architect at Amdahl Corporation. -
Technical Reference Manual 2.20.14
Technical Reference Manual 2.20.14 September 18, 2020 Change Log This section lists recent changes to the document, with most recent entries first. Each item line should hyperlink to the relevant place in the document where the change has been made. Changes 2020.09.18 Corrected licensing to GPLv2. Wrote a new dasm.sty file to handle the formatting of the documentation. 2020.09.15 • Added DC.S endian-swapping magic directive 2020.09.13 • Added some structure (new chapters) to the document for inclusion of information about the "other" processors and machines. Started to separate the machine from the processor into separate sections. Should we do an all-in listing of opcodes for all processors, like for the 6502? • Removed malformed coments examples as they are no longer applicable • Added link to bugs/issue reporting 2020.09.09 • Correction to how the -m option actually works • Examples for good/bad comment formats added • Notes about SI unit usage • Added the -m (Maximum Output File Size) option • Added the -R (Remove Output File) option 2020.09.08 • Added a new Chapter - Source Code, and inside a description of the source code format, including line ending format,and the various commenting styles. • Clarified the difference in usage of brackets on F8/6502 • Fixed some errors in the Atari 2600 section. Switched to SI standard units for describing powers of 2 sizes. I suspect people may not like that! 2020.09.07 • Added the really unusal (and deprecated) definition for labels... "[ ]...^[ ]...label". This is a suppored/valid format, but it is likely to be removed. -
Microprocessors in the 1970'S
Part II 1970's -- The Altair/Apple Era. 3/1 3/2 Part II 1970’s -- The Altair/Apple era Figure 3.1: A graphical history of personal computers in the 1970’s, the MITS Altair and Apple Computer era. Microprocessors in the 1970’s 3/3 Figure 3.2: Andrew S. Grove, Robert N. Noyce and Gordon E. Moore. Figure 3.3: Marcian E. “Ted” Hoff. Photographs are courtesy of Intel Corporation. 3/4 Part II 1970’s -- The Altair/Apple era Figure 3.4: The Intel MCS-4 (Micro Computer System 4) basic system. Figure 3.5: A photomicrograph of the Intel 4004 microprocessor. Photographs are courtesy of Intel Corporation. Chapter 3 Microprocessors in the 1970's The creation of the transistor in 1947 and the development of the integrated circuit in 1958/59, is the technology that formed the basis for the microprocessor. Initially the technology only enabled a restricted number of components on a single chip. However this changed significantly in the following years. The technology evolved from Small Scale Integration (SSI) in the early 1960's to Medium Scale Integration (MSI) with a few hundred components in the mid 1960's. By the late 1960's LSI (Large Scale Integration) chips with thousands of components had occurred. This rapid increase in the number of components in an integrated circuit led to what became known as Moore’s Law. The concept of this law was described by Gordon Moore in an article entitled “Cramming More Components Onto Integrated Circuits” in the April 1965 issue of Electronics magazine [338]. -
Microcomputers: NQS PUBLICATIONS Introduction to Features and Uses
of Commerce Computer Science National Bureau and Technology of Standards NBS Special Publication 500-110 Microcomputers: NQS PUBLICATIONS Introduction to Features and Uses QO IGf) .U57 500-110 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS The National Bureau of Standards' was established by an act ot Congress on March 3, 1901. The Bureau's overall goal is to strengthen and advance the Nation's science and technology and facilitate their effective application for public benefit. To this end, the Bureau conducts research and provides; (1) a basis for the Nation's physical measurement system, (2) scientific and technological services for industry and government, (3) a technical basis for equity in trade, and (4) technical services to promote public safety. The Bureau's technical work is per- formed by the National Measurement Laboratory, the National Engineering Laboratory, and the Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology. THE NATIONAL MEASUREMENT LABORATORY provides the national system of physical and chemical and materials measurement; coordinates the system with measurement systems of other nations and furnishes essential services leading to accurate and uniform physical and chemical measurement throughout the Nation's scientific community, industry, and commerce; conducts materials research leading to improved methods of measurement, standards, and data on the properties of materials needed by industry, commerce, educational institutions, and Government; provides advisory and research services to other Government agencies; develops, produces, and -
Appendix A: Microprocessor Data Sheets
Appendix A: Microprocessor Data Sheets Intel8085 Zilog Z80 MOS Technology 6502 Motorola 6809 Microcontrollers (Single-chip Microcomputers) Intel 8086 ( & 80186 & 80286) Zilog Z8000 Motorola 68000 32-bit Microprocessors lnmos Transputer 184 Appendix A 185 Intel 8085 Followed on from the 8080, which was a two-chip equivalent of the 8085. Not used in any home computers, but was extremely popular in early (late 1970s) industrial control systems. A15-A8 A B c D E Same register AD7-ADO H L set is used in SP 8080 PC ALE Flags Multiplexed d ata bus and lower half of address bus (require 8212 to split data and address buses) Start addresses of Interrupt P/Os Service Routines: 8155- 3 ports, 256 bytes RAM RESET-()()()(J 8255 - 3 ports TRAP- 0024 8355 - 2 ports, 2K ROM RST5.5- 002C 8755 - 2 ports, 2K EPROM RST6.5 - ()(J34 RST7.5- <XJ3C INTR - from interrupting device Other 8251- USART 8202 - Dynamic RAM controller support 8253- CTC (3 counters) 8257 - DMA controller devices: 8271 - FDC 8257 - CRT controller Intel DMA Control System Character CPU buses de-multiplexed Video signal to CRT 186 Microcomputer Fault-finding and Design Zilog Z80 Probably the most popular 8-bit microprocessor. Used in home computers (Spectrum, Amstrad, Tandy), office computers and industrial controllers. A F A' F' B c B' C' D E D' E' H L H' L' 8 data Interrupt Memory lines vector I refresh R Index register IX Index register IY (to refresh dynamic RAMI Stack pointer Based on the Intel 8085, but possesses second set of registers.