A Short History of the Butrint Foundation's

conservation and mgmt of arch. sites, Vol. 15 Nos 3–4, 2013, 254–80

A Short History of the Butrint Foundation’s Conservation Programme at Butrint, Albania: 1994–2012 Richard Hodges and Anna Paterlini American University of Rome, Italy

This short history describes the work of the Butrint Foundation’s operations in the area of conservation over the course of nearly twenty years. It pays particular attention to describing the relations with the Albanian authorities, especially the Institute of Monuments, and reviews how conservation of this UNESCO World Heritage Site proceeded during the unstable decade following the end of communism in 1991/2. The history also sets out the detailed work undertaken each year by the Foundation until it handed over operations to Albanian conservators and their support staff that the Foundation had helped to train. keywords conservation, Butrint, Albania, World Heritage Site

Introduction Of all the great classical sites of the Mediterranean, Butrint is the least known, the least frequented and the least spoilt. Visiting it today must be very like visiting Ephesus or Baalbek a hundred years ago: no car parks, no souvenir stalls, no sound but the sound of birds and the every-busy crickets. If you yearn to lose yourself in romantic meditation, alone among the ruins of a once-great city, then Butrint is the place for you. (Norwich, 1999: 5) Graeco-Roman archaeological sites have been traditionally the subject of indifferent conservation. Athens and Rome, for example, places deﬁ ned by their archaeological parks since the late nineteenth century, have a poor history of conservation and maintenance, notwithstanding their signiﬁ cance in global tourism. Pompeii is a byword for deferred conservation. Many other ancient urban sites throughout the Mediterranean appear little more than jumbles of stones and unedifying footings of largely razed buildings (cf. de la Torre, 1997; Teutonico & Palumbo, 2002). Butrint, ancient Buthrotum, thanks to the intervention of the Italian Archaeological Mission of 1928– 41, the Institute of Monuments of Albania after the 1960s, and more recently the

ﬁ gure 1 Map showing the location of Butrint, Albania, and its principal monuments.

initiatives of the Butrint Foundation, has had a more satisfactory history of conservation (Figure 1). More to the point, it has passed with relative ease from the heavy interventionist approaches in conservation of the pre-1990s to the reversible approaches of the 1990s and modern era. This short essay records this recent conservation history, and asks why this was possible in Butrint when it has proved more difﬁ cult in other Graeco-Roman urban settlements in the Mediterranean regions.

Conservation at Butrint before 1994 Butrint lies in south-western Albania, on the Vivari channel that leads from Lake Butrint to the Straits of Corfu (Figure 2). A small sanctuary or port since Archaic Greek times, it became a Roman colony under Augustus and was a major later Roman port and bishopric, before being deserted in the seventh century. It was 256 RICHARD HODGES and ANNA PATERLINI

fi gure 2 Aerial view of Butrint looking towards Corfu. Alket Islami re-established as a town in the eleventh century, but was reduced to a fortifi ed fi shing centre by the sixteenth (Hodges, 2006). The fi rst detailed description by Colonel William Martin Leake revealed it to be uninhabited and overgrown, with only prom- inent medieval ruins being obvious in 1805. Luigi Maria Ugolini, leading the Italian Archaeological Mission to Albania, began the fi rst systematic excavations at Butrint in January 1928. At that time there was no road to the site and it was normally reached by boat. The visible monuments were in a poor condition, but little that can be seen today was then on view. The acropolis of Butrint was a winter encampment for Vlach shepherds and the shore around the promontory was used by fi shermen (Ugolini, 1937: fi g. 55; Hodges, 2006: 50). Neither group, though, constructed any- thing substantial on the ancient site. Indeed, there had been no construction since the fi nal abandonment of the old Venetian town in the early eighteenth century in favour of the Triangular Fortress on the south side of the Vivari Channel. The absence of modern building made Ugolini’s task comparatively straightforward. Just as helpful to him, in contrast to Butrint today, the vegetation was less developed with the promontory only partially covered by shrubs and low trees. The woodland matured after the Second World War and had become a distinctive feature of the place by the time Nikita Khrushchev visited in May 1959. Ugolini’s goal was to make Butrint a place on the celebrated journey described by Virgil in Aeneid on the route from Troy to Rome. Making the archaeological remains accessible was essential to his mission (Ugolini, 1937: 12; Gilkes, 2003; Miraj, 2003). From 1928 until 1936, when he died unexpectedly, Ugolini and the Italian Archaeological Mission transformed Butrint into Albania’s fi rst cultural heritage attraction. After Ugolini, successive directors of THE BUTRINT FOUNDATION’S CONSERVATION PROGRAMME 257 the Italian Archaeological Mission sustained the programme until the war brought the project to an end in 1941. From August 1930 Ugolini excavated on a large scale, using small railway wagons mounted on a railway line to remove the overburden covering the monuments around the ancient theatre (Gilkes, 2003: 56; Miraj, 2003: 32). Elsewhere he excavated in sizeable trenches, exposing whole monuments. Central to his mission was the presentation of the excavated monuments. Several members of his team were familiar with conservation and construction: these included his deputy, the artist, Igino Epicocco, the architect, Carlo Ceschi, and his junior archaeologist and engineer, who ultimately succeeded Ugolini, Pirro Marconi. Giacomo Franz, assisted by Alfredo Nuccitelli, managed the large teams of local workmen, overseeing the excavations and conservation. This team transformed the remains on a remote hill into presentable ruins: the Hellenistic and Roman theatre and many other buildings were consolidated sensitively and in some cases partially, though discretely, rebuilt (Gilkes, 2003: 10). Only the Byzantine and later Despot castle on the acropolis was dismantled and, initially under Ceschi’s direction then Epicocco’s, completely rebuilt, making it more of a picture-book Italianate donjon. By contrast, the Great Basilica was left unroofed; only the columns of the Baptistery were erected in place (Bowden & Përzhita, 2004: fi g.10:4); the nymphaeum was conserved and partially rebuilt, as were the fortifi cations of different periods. Ugolini’s conservators, the Vetranno brothers from Rome, cleaned and consolidated the exceptionally well-preserved sixth-century mosaic fl oor of the Baptistery as well as the late antique fresco above the earlier well of Junia Rufi na. By comparison with contemporary practice in Italy (see, for example, Ostia), Ugolini’s interventions were limited and essentially intended to make each building comprehensible to the visitor. Possibly, this strategy was imposed upon him by the availability of conservators, masons and materials in this singularly poor region. Nevertheless, the quality of Ugolini’s work like his records was outstanding for the time, and as a result, the monuments were in a good state of repair, following almost twenty years of inattention, when the Intituti i Arkeologjisë (Institute of Archaeology) systematically tidied up Butrint for Nikita Khrushchev’s visit in May 1959 (Hodges, 2009). After the Second World War and up until 1991 Butrint was situated in a frontier no man’s land for which permission was required to make a visit. Not surprisingly, given Albania’s post-war poverty, there were no excavations at Butrint between 1945 and 1959, but with Khrushchev’s visit to the site a new cycle of excavations was started by Dhimosten Budina, who had been trained in the Soviet Union. Butrint was the southernmost stop on an itinerary for guided tours of communist Albania, as Eric Newby describes in his On the Shores of the Mediterranean (1984). Effectively now considered as a park, like Apollonia, a concrete fence was erected around the western side of the site. Beyond this, after Ramiz Alia (Hoxha’s successor) visited in 1986, there was a small café with concrete seats and tables dotted discretely around in the woodland. Inside, a paved trail was made around the monuments by Budina for Khrushchev’s visit and was regularly upgraded thereafter. The excavations and accompanying surveys, now made exclusively by Albanian archaeologists and architectural conservators between the 1960s and 1991, were with one exception — Lako’s investigation of the Hellenistic wall undertaken between 1975–76 — transacted on a small scale (Hodges, 2012: fi g. 1.4) (see Pani, 1976 on the conservation strategy). For 258 RICHARD HODGES and ANNA PATERLINI the most part, the documentation of these digs was minimal, and the record of conservation as a result was likewise negligible. The Instituti i Monumenteve të Kulturës (hereafter the Institute of Monuments, a section of the Ministry of Culture with an offi ce at Saranda) was now responsible for the management of the archaeological site and followed an explicitly nationalist ideology in the management and conservation of Albanian monuments (cf. Kosta, 1986). The Institute’s premier role was to promote the well-preserved, multi-period fortifi cations, illustrating the nation’s long history of defi ance against aggressors, as well as, once Albania began to encourage controlled tourism, its range of well-maintained monuments. At Apollonia, for example, the Graeco-Roman city near Fier, the Institute pioneered the partial reconstruction of monuments. The bouleuterion, for example, was largely rebuilt with concrete in 1976 and a triumphal arch was partially reconstructed (cf. Ceka, 2005: 39). At Butrint the ethos was less ambitious and therefore less invasive, thanks to the sensitive management of a series of local overseers of works, the last of whom, from the late 1970s, was the surveyor, Telemark Llakana (Figure 3). All the monuments uncovered and restored by Ugolini were stabilized and restored, mostly using local lime mortar. Steel scaffolding with timber frames was now deployed to work on most monuments, the scaffolding and timber being imported to the site by trucks using the new road. The Institute of Monuments architect responsible for Butrint was Guri Pani. Amongst his most ambitious projects was the partial restoration to its full height of the scena frons of the theatre excavated by Ugolini. Pani also drew up plans for reconstructing parts of the ancient civic centre including the temples (1988a) and stoa, but none of these were pursued (Pani, 1988b). For a time small pumps were deployed to drain the water fi lling the cavea of the theatre, but otherwise recourse to technical support was minimal as the supply of electricity to the ruins was intermittent. Pani’s colleague, Aleksander Meksi, later Prime Minister from 1992–97, was responsible in the 1980s for the restoration of the Great Basilica, the Baptistery, and the Triangular Fortress. The overall visual impact of the Institute’s conservation policy at Butrint, in contrast to its work at Apollonia, was minimal. Part of this programme involved subjecting the woodland to systematic management, restricting the prodigious and invasive growth of the low vegetation especially threatening to the defensive walls. Forty years afterwards, however, without a detailed record, it is ordinarily diffi cult to distinguish the restoration work by the different missions from what was original. Unlike Ugolini, however, who transported the soil from his excavations either to the Vivari Channel or beyond the Western Defenses, the Albanian excavators mostly deposited the removed soil beside the open excavations. In this period all the mosaic pavements were also stabilized, following the practice of the Italian Mission. By contrast, with limited technical resources the Institute were unable to stabilize and protect the frescoes, mostly found by Ugolini: the late antique fresco in the arcoso- lium above the well of Junia Rufi na; the later medieval frescoes in the church above the stoa; and the frescoes of the late medieval chapel by the north citadel wall, near Lake Gate (at the west end of the acropolis). In 1991, with the breakdown of the communist state as the Republic of Albania became a democracy, the Institute of Monuments was unable to sustain its workforce at Butrint. Only its local offi cer, Llakana, was retained with negligible operational resources. As a result, from 1990–94 minimal conservation of any kind was undertaken at the site. THE BUTRINT FOUNDATION’S CONSERVATION PROGRAMME 259

ﬁ gure 3 Telemark Llakana with Lord Sainsbury, Lord Rothschild, and Richard Hodges, 1995. Butrint Foundation

The Butrint Foundation Programme The Butrint Foundation, created by Lord Rothschild and Lord Sainsbury of Preston Candover, was founded as a British charity in 1993 (Figure 3). It actively operated in Butrint running research excavations, managing conservation programmes, and generally assisting with the protection of the UNESCO World Heritage Site (inscribed in 1992) (cf. Hodges, 2006; 2013). As of 2013, its active operations ceased, but the charity continues to provide grants for projects at Butrint. Its initiatives and projects in the ﬁ eld of conservation are summarized in Table 1. Over the course of twenty years, the short history of the Butrint Foundation’s conservation programmes can be summarized as follows (cf. Hodges, 2013). 260 RICHARD HODGES and ANNA PATERLINI 1. uncontrolled growth of woodland 2. lack of a conservation programme 3. collapse of monuments. – – – Continued collaboration with the Institute of Monuments on woodland management. – – – Three major threats identified:

List of

List of World TABLE 1 : Establishing the cultural values of Butrint. First information panels erected. Butrint. Preparation of a proposal for conservation and stabilization the monuments and visitor experience. Butrint is inscribed on the World Monument Fund’s Conclusion of Phase I excavations and beginning strategy for public display. Archive survey of material held in Tirana. Operations towards a management plan Workshop 1 Establishment of the Butrint Foundation.First agreement with Albanian government. – – Preliminary study of the condition remains. World Monument Fund funds Phase I of a conservation project and a visitor display initiative. Endangered Sites. Heritage in Danger. Butrint Foundation Albanian authorities UNESCO Getty Grant Program World Bank Butrint Foundation Institute of Monuments Lord Sainsbury Institute of Archaeology Butrint Foundation Butrint Foundation Excavation Butrint UNESCO World Heritage Committee inscribes Butrint on its – Butrint Foundation Diaporit Butrint Butrint Foundation Detailed survey of the walled city. Triconch Palace Diaporit 1997 Butrint UNESCO Visit by UNESCO assessment mission to report on the condition of 1996 Butrint World Monument Fund 1998 Triconch Palace Year1993 UK Place Institutions Lord Rothschild Event Conservation focus 1994 Albania Butrint Foundation 1995 Butrint World Monument Fund THE BUTRINT FOUNDATION’S CONSERVATION PROGRAMME 261 – – – – – – – – Routine conservation. Vegetation growth control. – TABLE 1 CONTINUED : Conservation at Butrint: the Baptistery mosaic case : Tourism development in the Saranda region — Construction of the first ticket office. Heritage Committee subject to the inclusion of Butrint bay. Albanian government. received. Workshop 3 impacts of regional development on the Butrint National Park. Application to enlarge the World Heritage Site submitted UNESCO by the Ministry of Culture. Council of Ministers legislates for the Ministry Culture to be directly responsible for the site and authorised establishment of a local office the Ministry in Saranda, with Director responsible for Butrint. Establishment of an office in Saranda for coordinating conservation and archaeology in Butrint. UNESCO and Butrint Foundation delegation walk the proposed new boundaries of Butrint. Workshop 2 study. First application to establish the National Park is made Albanian government. Butrint Foundation Preparation of Butrint management plan 2000–05. Butrint FoundationUNESCO Revised proposal on the limits of National Park made to Confirmation of the enlargement World Heritage Site Butrint Foundation Ministry of Culture Institute of Archaeology Butrint Foundation Institute of Monuments Butrint Foundation Butrint Foundation Park Butrint National Park Butrint National Park Butrint UNESCO Enlargement of the World Heritage Site endorsed by Butrint Butrint Foundation – Albanian government Baptistery Butrint – UNESCO AlbaniaAlbania Albanian government Ministry of Culture First director of the Butrint National Park appointed. 2000 Butrint National Year Place Institutions Event Conservation focus 1999 Triconch Palace 262 RICHARD HODGES and ANNA PATERLINI – Masonry conservation – – – –

List of World Heritage in TABLE 1 CONTINUED Palace. Albania: conservation training needs assessment for technicians. area of Butrint, and the constraints targets associated with its restoration. Butrint National Park assumes financial responsibility for the conservation work teams. Underwater survey of Ksamili bay. – Condition assessment and conservation report on the Baptistery. – Conservation master plan. Condition survey of Butrint (Greek) inscriptions. Establishment and training of a Ranger Service. Feasibility study for the restoration of wetland areas Pavla river flood plain. Danger. Butrint Foundation Istitute of Monuments Butrint Foundation Butrint National Park development study (Martin, 2002). Texas A&M Butrint Foundation Butrint FoundationWorld Bank Butrint Foundation Condition survey for all monuments prepared (see Appendix). – Archeologica DiaporitButrint Butrint FoundationButrint Getty Conservation Institute Conservation and interpretation proposal prepared for Diaporit villa. – UNESCO UNESCO delays withdrawing the from Triconch Palace Butrint Foundation Conservation and interpretation proposal prepared for Triconch Butrint National Park Vivari channel Lake Butrint Ksamili bay Park Park Butrint wetland Butrint Foundation Preliminary report on the history of development in wetland Baptistery Centro di Conservazione 2003 Norwich Butrint Foundation Workshop on electronic archives. – Year Place Institutions Event Conservation focus 2002 Butrint National 2001 Butrint National THE BUTRINT FOUNDATION’S CONSERVATION PROGRAMME 263 Masonry consolidation. Vegetation management and site landscaping. Ali Pasha’s Castle conservation proposal completed. Conservation and presentation of the Baptistery mosaic. – Vegetation management pursued. Monument conservation programme (Water Gate, late Roman Nymphaeum, the Stoa Church fresco, Well of Junia Rufina, Vrina Plain Tomb). Mosaics conservation training programme: (Baptistery mosaic, Trapezoidal Hall Vrina Plain mosaics). Vegetation management and training. Conservation focus on Diaporit (the nymphaeum and aqueduct piers). Final report on the conservation of mosaics at Butrint. – TABLE 1 CONTINUED shorelines. Local production of souvenirs for sale in the Community Shop. Boat tours to Ali Pasha’s Castle and Diaporit villa. Classroom and outdoor activities for schoolchildren promoted. Assessment of road improvement schemes in the Butrint region. Butrint. Archaeo-seismic survey. Electronic Archive and Integrated Archaeological Database the Butrint website completed. Handicraft production programme. New UNESCO monitoring mission. Butrint museum storage project. Conservation of monuments at Diaporit villa. Launch of Community Enterprise and Development Project. New site panels erected (using Studio Inklink drawings). Butrint museum re-opened with conserved objects. Preparation work for World Bank Global Environmental Facility. Lake Butrint water quality improvement and monitoring undertaken. Inventory of wintering water birds. Butrint Foundation Palaeoenvironmental studies focused on contemporary Roman Butrint Foundation Laser scanning of monuments. Butrint Foundation The Butrint environs survey project. Butrint Foundation Vrina Plain mosaic conservation report. Butrint Foundation Report prepared on interim conservation measures. Shën DëlliPark Butrint Foundation Planting of fruit and olive trees. – Butrint ICCROM South-East European Heritage Conservation course managed at Park Park Park Diaporit 2008 Butrint National 2007 Butrint National 2006 Butrint National 2005 Butrint National Year2004 Butrint Place Institutions Event Conservation focus 264 RICHARD HODGES and ANNA PATERLINI Woodland and vegetation management continued. Masonry consolidation: Great Basilica, Acropolis Vrina Plain Tomb. – – Gymnasium: stabilization and improvement of physical properties and situation, including cleaning and minimization of biological degrading pathologies. – Ongoing maintenance of the consolidated walls as well vegetation and woodland management. Conclusion of conservation projects channel- side defensive wall and the Great Basilica. TABLE 1 CONTINUED Training exercise for fire prevention. Fourteen native species of trees were planted following Dutch elm disease in woodland. Butrint Foundation’s GIS specialist joined the Albanian Heritage Foundation’s historic environment project ‘The future of Albania’s past’. UNESCO and ICOMOS sent a joint mission to investigate the (newly enlarged) road building scheme from Saranda to Butrint. Conservation of the mosaic pavements in Gymnasium. Establishment of year-round vegetation management system National Park wins government approval to expend 90% of its ticket revenue. Installation and use of electronic ticketing system. All monument interpretation panels reprinted and installed. New ticket office and infrastructure built, including wi-fi Internet access and CCTV. First detailed analytical recording of walls. New online condition survey catalogue of Butrint’s walls and monuments. Beginning of transitional period during which management the community-based income-generating activities handed over to the stakeholders. Preparation for a new management plan. Visit of ICOMOS UK Cultural Tourism Committee. Gjirokastra conservation and development organization Butrint FoundationUNESCO ICOMOS Triconch Palace mosaic conserved (a second time).Butrint National Park Institute of Monuments Continuing conservation of mosaics the Triconch Palace. – Butrint Foundation Ministry of Tourism, Culture, Youth and Sports Butrint National Park Butrint Foundation Butrint Foundation ICOMOS UK Park Triconch Palace Butrint National Park Park Park Butrint Butrint National Park Butrint National Park Year2009 Butrint National Place Institutions Event Conservation focus 2010 Butrint 2011 Butrint National 2012 Butrint National THE BUTRINT FOUNDATION’S CONSERVATION PROGRAMME 265

Phase 1: 1993–97 — an unlikely meeting of conservation minds The fi rst period of this project, between 1993–97, can best be described as an often savage confrontation of scientifi c cultures (cf. Vickers & Pettifer, 1997; Hall, 1999). The Foundation set out to develop a strategy based upon a combination of research, low-cost reversible conservation (suitable for the local circumstances), presentation, and marketing in order to increase tourism and therefore create income and employment at Butrint. The model for this strategy was Riccardo Francovich’s innovative archaeological park at Rocca San Silvestro, a deserted medieval hilltop village in Tuscany that was fully opened to the public in 1996. The Foundation team included a buildings conservation architect, Richard Andrews (Carden and Godfrey Architects, London) and a practising materials and fi nds conservator (Pippa Pearce, British Museum). From the outset, therefore, the vision for conservation was to protect the unspoilt spirit of Butrint that had been created by Ugolini and respectfully sustained by the Albanian authorities between 1945 and 1991. Fortunately, while the Institute of Archaeology showed no willingness to engage in a planned programme for Butrint, including site conservation, the local offi cial responsible for the Institute of Monuments, Telemark Llakana, with reference to his director in Tirana, Valter Shtylla, took a different position. Llakana brokered the fi rst conservation initiatives with the Foundation in 1995. These included support for woodland clearance to protect walls that were endangered by low, invasive vegetation, an outline survey of the monuments including the churches with frescoes, and a condition survey of the mosaic pavements at the Baptistery. With funds from the World Monuments Fund these early initiatives established priorities and at risk monuments, while re-invoking woodland management practices that had been stand- ard annual exercises since the 1970s. By the end of 1996 the site was once again adequately managed in conservation terms, and an outline condition survey had been completed. In 1995–96 one palpable conservation threat (which did not materialize) was a bid by the Institute of Archaeology for European Union funds to build a cover over the Baptistery. This scheme envisaged keeping the mosaic pavement exposed throughout the year. Perhaps the scheme failed to win support because the concept involved using solar-power energy, generated by panels on the roof, to operate a pumping system to drain the Baptistery of groundwater (which in winter tends to cover the monument up to 30 cm deep).

Phase 2: 1998–2000 — making the Butrint National Park After the civil uprising (the so-called Pyramid Fund crisis) in February 1997, the World Bank and the Getty Grant Program encouraged the Foundation to be more aggressive in pursuing its objectives. Phase 2 at Butrint began with a values-based workshop funded by the Getty Grant Program in April 1998 to determine its signifi cance, from which it was proposed to develop a management strategy (cf. Demas, 2002). This was not a ‘meeting of experts [. . .] best [. . .] seen as a piece of political theatre in which archaeologists (and conservation professionals) played the role of the white-coated specialist on a television commercial for an over-the-counter cold remedy’ (Joyce, 2005: 267). On the 266 RICHARD HODGES and ANNA PATERLINI contrary, the high-level and diverse Albanian participants, perhaps artfully manipu- lated by the foreigners present, concluded that fi rst and foremost the magical spirit of Butrint needed to be protected as its asset of greatest signifi cance. The gravita- tional pull of the monuments themselves was resisted and instead the context, the spirit of ruins in an unexpected woodland surrounded on three sides, was prioritized. The most immediate outcome was a landscape plan for Butrint and its setting was drawn up by Jamie Buchanan, the landscape architect who designed the Rocca San Silvestro park in Tuscany. This led to the enlargement of the UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1999 to include a buffer zone, encompassing an area of 29 km2 (Hodges & Martin, 2001; Martin, 2001; 2002). The Saranda workshop in 1998 had specifi c implications for the management and conservation of Butrint’s monuments. Since the groundwater of Butrint did not damage the buildings, pumping the water out of the cavea of the Theatre, for example, contravened sustaining the spirit of Butrint. A better solution was to keep the water clean as opposed to suffer the perpetual noise from a pump. Cleaning the water also provided employment, whereas a pump did not. At a second workshop in September 1998 dedicated to conserving the celebrated Baptistery pavement, the participants arrived at the same conclusion. Pumping the water from the monument, it was concluded, would destroy the spirit of the place; it was better to open the mosaic pavement each summer and train local conservators to maintain it. Again, the latter provided employment and the intervention involved was minimal. In this unsettled period, though, the Foundation was unable to carry out conservation on any scale or indeed to train any conservators. Nevertheless, Telemark Llakan a skilfully maintained a small woodland management team and carried out limited conservation projects if these were urgent (with the Foundation’s support).

Phase 3: 2000–07 — developing the park infrastructure The creation of the Butrint National Park in 1999 facilitated major developments at Butrint over the following seven years. A management plan (2000–05) based upon a condition survey of the monuments (see Appendix 1) paved the way for a strategy (cf. Sullivan, 1997) that included regular conservation (Martin, 2001). Objective 6 of the plan set out the following short-term (Phase I) and medium-term (Phase II) objectives:

Phase I • Appoint a part-time conservation ofﬁ cer to direct and advise the skilled workforce on technical and conservation matters. • Undertake a full condition survey of the monuments. • Programme the reburial of old excavation trenches not needed for site interpretation and display. • Develop a modern code of practice for conservation staff based on the old Institute of Monument’s handbook and the knowledge of the existing experienced workforce. • Establish a placement and training programme for new staff. • Create an accessible conservation archive. • Facilitate a mosaic conservation and display programme. THE BUTRINT FOUNDATION’S CONSERVATION PROGRAMME 267

Phase II • Develop a dedicated conservation workshop with teaching and demonstration areas. • Establish a formal apprenticeship system to assist local school leavers into skilled and semi-skilled conservation posts. • Develop an annual maintenance and monitoring system. Over the following decade the Phase I objectives were mostly met, and the will to meet the Phase II objectives certainly exists. In addition, in these years there were many other initiatives including the extensive refurbishment of the Museum (made in 1938 and enlarged in 1988), new hiking trails though the buffer zone, new information panels, a new website, new guidebooks, wide-ranging capacity building including a guide-training programme, an archaeological and conservation training school, and a major research programme including archival studies. Signifi cantly, in 2003 the Foundation also won support from RAMSAR for an even larger environmentally protected zone encompassing Lake Butrint and its immediate surroundings. The new Park administration included a conservator, Albana Hakani, who took over from Llakana after he retired in 2001. The conservator sustained the woodland management programme, and signifi cantly, with the Foundation’s support, created capacity building training schools. Wall conservation and mosaic conservation were taught as summer schools with experienced programme instructors in 2005–07. In October 2007 ICCROM supported Butrint’s conservation offi cer to manage a South-East Europe Conservation course at the World Heritage Site. During this period major conservation interventions were undertaken: the Baptistery mosaic pavement (2006) (Figure 4), the Well of Junia Rufi na (2007), the nymphaeum (2005), the Triangular Fortress (2004–05), the Venetian Tower (2002–03), the Water Gate (2007), and the remains on the Vrina Plain (2006). In addition, the excavations of the Triconch Palace, covering nearly a third of a hectare, completed in 2004, were conserved and transformed into a presentable archaeological site in 2005 (Figure 5). Part of the Triconch Palace conservation plan, designed by Richard Andrews and implemented by Albana Hakani, included the stabilizing and conservation of all the buried mosaic pavements (Bowden & Hodges, 2011: 8). In 2005 Hakani also oversaw the backfi lling and presentation of the maritime villa at Diaporit on the south-east corner of Lake Butrint, excavated between 2000 and 2004 (Figure 6). In all these interventions, a strong effort was made to minimize the invasiveness of the conservation, to control the vegetation on a regular basis, to manage and clean the seasonal groundwater, and to backfi ll archaeological excavations with the notable exception of the Triconch Palace (cf. Bowden & Hodges, 2011: 7–8). Above all, more than a dozen Albanian conservators were provided with basic training in contemporary techniques and a similar number of local workmen were trained in the basics of stone and mortar restoration.

Phase 4: 2007–12 — towards a sustainable future? By 2008 Albania had ostensibly disposed of its transition status and on the eve of the ﬁ nancial crisis beginning that September, the future of the Park seemed set. During these years the Foundation updated and expanded the ﬁ rst condition survey of Butrint’s monuments. Special attention was given by the Foundation’s consultant, 268 RICHARD HODGES and ANNA PATERLINI

ﬁ gure 4 Conservation of the Baptistery mosaic (2006). Butrint Foundation

ﬁ gure 5 Conservation of the Triconch Palace (2005). Alket Islami THE BUTRINT FOUNDATION’S CONSERVATION PROGRAMME 269

ﬁ gure 6 Conservation of Diaporit Roman villa (2005). Alket Islami 270 RICHARD HODGES and ANNA PATERLINI

René Rice, to the condition of the kilometres of fortifi cation walls. Many sections of the defences with their gates were cleaned, repaired, and stabilized, this offering the opportunity to train a cohort of artisans in basic conservation tasks (Figure 7). A number of monuments also received renewed interventions, but perhaps the greatest efforts were given to woodland management, path making, landscaping, trench fi lling, and spoil removal. One major project involved stabilizing Ali Pasha’s Castle that suffered signifi cant subsidence in 2008 and was stabilized after a systematic architectural study in 2010–11.

ﬁ gure 7 Conservation of the lakeside (sixth-century) fortiﬁ cations (2008). Butrint Foundation THE BUTRINT FOUNDATION’S CONSERVATION PROGRAMME 271

With greater collaboration now possible, and the availability of a cohort of workmen under well-trained management, this was the occasion to reﬂ ect upon the future of the Butrint Foundation. With the creation of a cultural section of the Albanian- American Development Fund and an agreement by the Albanian Ministry of Culture to permit 90 per cent of the ticket revenue from Butrint’s 80,000 or more visitors (in 2012) to be employed at Butrint, the Foundation has, as of 2013, ceased active operations and now is maintained as a grant-giving body. Since 2008 the Foundation, then, has supported conservation of individual monuments, primarily undertaken by Albanian conservators. As of 2013, the Butrint National Park’s conservator, Eva Thomagjini, in collaboration with the Institute of Monuments, is responsible for updating the conservation component of the quinquennial management plan, and for its implementation.

Discussion Limited access to Butrint, ﬁ rst principally by boat before 1959, when the road was built for Khrushchev’s visit, and then until 1991, because it was effectively in a frontier zone accessible only with permission, almost certainly restricted the temptation to reconstruction of its excavated archaeological monuments. Unlike Apollonia, for example, there was instead an emphasis upon stabilizing the monuments and mosaic pavements. Reconstruction using concrete is almost absent. In addition, Butrint was fortunate in its local management from the 1970s through to the twenty-ﬁ rst century. Through this agency Butrint was protected from the excesses of non-reversible reconstruction that were favoured by communist governments after World War II to gener- ate tourist revenues in foreign hard currencies. The steady hand of Telemark Llakana (in many modest and discrete ways an admirable successor to Ugolini’s overseers, Giacomo Franz and Alfredo Nuccitelli), managed the Institute of Monuments’ opera- tion at Butrint, providing an essential and intelligent continuity during the destabiliz- ing early 1990s when all kinds of eccentric and inappropriate projects were being considered. He comprehended that ‘the greatest challenge to pursuing a values-based approach to planning is acknowledging that values are mutable and there are few absolutes in terms of what is right or wrong’ (Demas, 2002: 49). One ‘absolute’, the greatest problem at Butrint also happens to be what makes it an especially beautiful place, namely the vegetation that is prodigiously nurtured by the abundant winter and spring groundwater. Working with Llakana, then assisting the creation of a new generation of conservators trained in the importance of minimalist and reversible techniques, the conservation promoted by the Butrint Foundation has been a critical element in sustaining Luigi Maria Ugolini’s thoughtful legacy for modern visitors. As Lord Norwich wrote in 1999, Butrint feels unspoilt, and, as Ugolini might have wished, the ruins still remain a place for romantic meditation.

Acknowledgements The Butrint Foundation project is a British charity supported by Lord Rothschild and Lord Sainsbury which operated in partnership with the Packard Humanities Institute between 1999–2012. We are also grateful to support from the Getty Conservation 272 RICHARD HODGES and ANNA PATERLINI

Institute, the Howard and Nancy Marks Foundation, the Oak Foundation, and the World Monuments Fund. Particular thanks in preparing this essay to Richard An- drews, Brian Ayers, Will Bowden, Andy Crowson, Oliver Gilkes, Aldi Kola, Sally Martin, Nevila Molla, and Diana Ndrenika.

Appendix 1 The Butrint Foundation supported the preparation of a Management Plan in 2000 (Martin, 2001) that included a condition survey of all the monuments made by the conservation architect, Richard Andrews. This was updated by the Foundation in 2009: . This is the executive summary of the ﬁ rst, 2000, survey (from Martin, 2001).

Summary of proposed repairs: 2000–01 inspection Repairs are divided into three categories of priority as follows:

1 desirable to be carried out within 1 year of inspection 2 desirable to be carried out within 2–3 years of inspection 3 desirable to be carried out within 4–5 years of inspection

These broad categories of priority reﬂ ect the seriousness of the defect when viewed in 2001. It is likely that the order of priority will change as environmental conditions make the need for some repairs more serious, and others less so. It is desirable that an inspection is carried out on an annual basis to ensure that work programmed for the following year meets the need of the site: some repairs may need to be brought forward, and the condition may deteriorate to the extent that masonry viewed as sound in 2001 may become at risk. When creating a work programme it may be desirable for logistical reasons for repairs of lesser priority to be carried out at the same time as higher priority work adjacent. The priority for repair may also be varied to suit the needs of site interpretation, public access, etc. The converse is not true: that a monument has no public access and there are no plans for its display does not mean that the repairs can be regarded as of lower priority.

Category 1

Agora 2 prytaneum Repoint whole wall as indicated. Agora 4 Theatre & temple Provide support for masonry at Z. Bath-house by Baptistery Remove fallen tree. Bath-house by Venetian tower Repair and repointing of the medieval wall. Church by the Baptistery Repoint belfry walls. City wall AB Devegetation repointing and resetting of stones sections 1/2, 3/4, 5/6, and 7/8. City wall PQ Take down upper part of the wall (up to 1 m) and devegetate including removal of trees; rebuild wall and consolidate as necessary. City wall TU Removal of 3 trees at 6. ” Repair corework section 5/6. Gymnasium Remove fallen tree and five other trees around site. Nymphaeum Consolidate as is pushed out brickwork on north side (1.5 m2), point around. THE BUTRINT FOUNDATION’S CONSERVATION PROGRAMME 273

Triconch Palace Devegetation of site including removal of all trees indicated on plan. ” Initial consolidation of all low level walls, including mortaring of wall tops and sides as necessary. Water gate Rebuild collapsed north-west corner and associated facing (approx.. 5 m2). Well of Junia Rufina Remove tree, rebuild masonry around as necessary. ” Remove tree stump, consolidate vault as necessary. Diaporit basilica Point all walls and rebed wall tops. ” Backfill over pavings and in tomb. Ali Pasha’s Castle Devegetation of top of vaulted building, including filling hole in roof and rescreeding top surface. External wall repointing and repairs to vaulted building. Triangular fortress Seal access to prevent east tower being used as lavatory. ” South-west wall artillery platform door jamb renewal.

Category 2

Agora 1 south of city wall Repoint bottoms of walls as indicated. ” Provide corbel support for upper part of wall at X. ” Repoint whole wall as indicated. Agora 2 prytaneum Repoint bottoms of walls as indicated. ” Clean off wall tops and reset loose stones as indicated. Agora 3 bath-house Repoint bottoms of walls as indicated. ” Repoint whole wall as indicated. ” Clean off wall tops and reset loose stones as indicated. ” Devegetate and clear out spaces and walls as indicated. ” Check pointing on hypocaust pilae after clearing out. ” Repoint side of high level masonry at Y. Agora 4 Theatre & temple Provide support to upper lines of seating. ” Repoint and consolidate walling to north-east. ” Remove two trees. ” Repoint and reset at top of Temple roof masonry. ” Repair as necessary lowest seating row in theatre. Agora 5 east of Theatre Devegetate high-level masonry at steps up from Peristyle Building, reset loose stones and repoint as necessary. ” Repoint face of tower to north-east (10 m2), remove vegetation from top, and consolidate. ” Cut back vegetation above well, secure wall. Aqueduct and fountain Devegetate fountain, repair capping, and repoint as necessary. Baptistery General consolidation of hypercaust and walls around apse. “ Repointing of bottoms of surrounding walls, etc., as indicated. Basilica General removal of weeds and shrubs and associated filling of holes, high and low level, etc. Bath-house by Venetian tower Clearance of vegetation in and around the bath house. ” General repointing and resetting of loose stones, etc., as necessary. 274 RICHARD HODGES and ANNA PATERLINI

Byzantine building Reset loose stones, general filling of voids, and repointing as necessary including at base of walls. Church by the Baptistery Repoint sides of lower church walls. City wall AB Devegetation repointing and resetting of stones sections 4/5, 6/7. City wall CD Remove trees and devegetate whole length of wall, including consequential repairs and resetting of wall tops and corework. ” Repoint base of wall to south and establish walkway above water line for inspection and repair. City wall MN In area 2/3, repoint 4 m2 on face, 1.5 m2 on north cross wall. City wall PQ Repoint smaller limestone walling, allow for 40 m2. ” Reset loose stones on slope at end Q, repoint as necessary. City wall QR General devegetation of wall tops all sections, including capping of wall tops and resetting of loose stones. City wall RS General devegetation of wall tops all sections, including capping of wall tops and resetting of loose stones. ” Repair corework section 4/5. City wall TU General devegetation of wall tops sections 1/2, 4/5, 5/6, including capping of wall tops and removal of vegetation on repaired wall tops. City wall XY Devegetation of sections 1/2, 2/3, 4/5, 6/7 and 8/9 and associated consolidation. ” Repoint bottom section 1/2, corework and face section 8/9, and cap section 8/9. ” Facing of corework and resetting of stones section 4/5. ” Rebuilding at south end section 1/2. City wall YZ Removal of vegetation and repointing, etc., to sections 3/4 and 4/5. Hellenistic building Remove vegetation in and around the walls. ” Remove vegetation and trees on revetting wall and walls to south and repoint and reset loose stones. Late Roman nymphaeum Repoint tall walls (40%), reset top stones as necessary. Nymphaeum Remove fig trees from walls, and vegetation from inside fountain. ” Repair and point up the exposed core of the walls around the cistern on west side. Small church Devegetate around and inside. Triconch palace Low level wall repointing around trefoil dining room, etc., as indicated. Vaulted building south of Hellenistic Remove trees on and adjacent, make good as necessary. building Venetian house Repoint high walls and areas adjacent. Venetian tower Repoint areas around steps: allow for repointing 50%. ” Repoint areas of walls as necessary: South wall: open joints throughout; filling in and around relieving arches. Tiles to decorative band and corbel. West wall: as for south wall. North wall: as for south wall, plus most of top 600 mm of wall and all tiles to openings. East wall: base needs extensive repointing, as does upper 600 mm of wall and about 3 m2 in small areas elsewhere. Tiles to decorative band and corbel and to all openings. THE BUTRINT FOUNDATION’S CONSERVATION PROGRAMME 275

Water gate Devegetate wall tops, including lifting and rebedding top 2–3 courses of stones as necessary to allow removal of trees and woody shrubs. ” Reset loose stones and repoint masonry and tiling as necessary throughout. Well of Junia Rufina Devegetate all walls immediately around, repoint and repair corework as necessary. Ali Pasha’s Castle Devegetation of rest of castle and ground clearance. ” Repointing of inside of vaulted building. ” Repairs to north-east corner tower. ” Repairs and rebuilding where appropriate of north wall. ” Clearance of internal platforms, repointing and rebuilding of front walls as necessary. Triangular Fortress Devegetation inside generally. ” South-east wall, pin lintel in opening and reset masonry over. ” East and west corner towers external repointing. ” South-west wall artillery platform repoint face. ” South corner tower interior local repoint, etc. ” South corner tower consolidate masonry at openings. ” Retile magazine roof. ” West defences local repointing and extensive repointing to inside face south wall. Aqueduct pier bases 1 Repair detached face on north pier. ” Stabilize necked masonry on third pier by building out on north and south sides in core work. Vrina Plain tomb Deep point crack between main structure and loose upper block.

Category 3

Agora 4 Theatre & temple Repoint on scaenae frons and wall behind as indicated. ” Repoint within Temple. ” Remove surplus stone in theatre. Agora 5 east of theatre Repoint bottoms of walls as indicated. ” Clean off wall tops and reset loose stones as indicated. ” Repoint whole wall as indicated. ” Clear out chamber to north-east of Temple of Minerva, consolidate as necessary. Aqueduct and fountain Devegetate fountain, repair capping and repoint as necessary. Bath-house by Baptistery Local repointing and resetting of occasional stones. Church by the Baptistery Devegetate paving areas, etc. City wall AB Devegetation repointing and resetting of stones section 8/9. City wall CD Repoint faces as necessary. City wall MN Devegetate as necessary, partic. at section 2/3. City wall QR Removal of woody shrubs and trees on wall faces. ” Repointing as necessary. 276 RICHARD HODGES and ANNA PATERLINI

City wall RS Removal of woody shrubs and trees on wall faces. ” Repointing as necessary, section 1/2 30 m2, section 2/3 10 m2, section 3/4 20 m2, section 4/5 5 m2. City wall TU Removal of woody shrubs and trees on wall faces. ” Repointing as necessary, section 1/2 4 m2, section 2/3 8 m22, section 3/4 25 m2, section 4/5 4 m2. City wall XY Minor repointing to sections 1/2, 2/3, 6/7. ” Removal of vegetation and filling of holes section 5/6. City wall YZ General devegetation and repointing, etc., to all sections except 3/4 and 4/5. Gymnasium Devegetate and repair top of north-east part of fountain. ” Carry out repairs to base of wall, face of wall, top of wall, as indicated. Late Roman nymphaeum Repoint low walls (60%) and reset top stones. Nymphaeum Local repairs to capping and resetting of loose bricks. Small church Devegetate wall tops, reset loose stones, point 30% of wall surfaces. Tower gate Remove trees and other vegetation on and in the monument. ” Devegetate and repoint as necessary wall to north. Venetian house Reset loose stones on lower walls and repoint as necessary. ” Remove trees in north chambers. Venetian tower Tile repairs to openings. Ali Pasha’s Castle Repointing at base of walls externally. ” Resetting of lose stones, local rebuilding as necessary and repointing as necessary of other three corner towers and perimeter walls, etc. Triangular Fortress Minor repointing to wall walks and wall tops inc. resetting of stones. ” East corner tower minor internal repairs. ” West corner tower internal repoint. ” South-west wall external repoint. ” South corner tower external local repoint. Aqueduct pier bases 1 Clear vegetation around. ” Minor and local repointing on all bases as necessary. Aqueduct pier bases 2 Clear vegetation around. ” South base: grout and point up at separation crack. ” Minor repointing as necessary. Cistern base Deep point crack between main structure and loose upper block. Plain wall ruins 1 Reset loose stones and repoint open and defective joints. ” Clear vegetation around. Plain wall ruins 3 Devegetate and repoint open joints.

Recommendations Acropolis basilica Ground clearance and re-inspection. Agora 1 south of city wall Consider removal of moss on walls. Agora 2 prytaneum Increase margin for vegetation to 2m on north side. THE BUTRINT FOUNDATION’S CONSERVATION PROGRAMME 277

Aqueduct and fountain Improvement of the display and interpretation of these ruins is needed. Baptistery Burial of walls to south-east. ” Conservation of mosaics coordinated with masonry repairs. Bath-house by Baptistery Regular cleaning of water and floor surfaces, monitoring of condition. Bath-house by Venetian tower Annual clean of the surfaces and inspection of the mosaics and other floors: this should be discussed with a conservator to agree procedure. Byzantine building Archaeological excavation to enable ground to be cleared in advance of consolidation. Cemetery area building Consideration needs to be given to whether this building, on the public tour route, should be displayed, in which case excavation and consolidation will be required. Alternatively, it could be accepted that the level of decay will be slow and that a more romantic less sanitized appearance could be appropriate here. Backfilling is an option, and may be preferred on safety grounds. City wall AB This wall is adjacent to the public footpath and presents a continuing hazard unless it is kept in good repair. It should be cleared and consolidated at the west end to display its relationship with the Venetian Tower. City wall CD After excavation is complete the spoil heaps and runways should be removed to improve the display of the wall. ” Consideration should be given to the establishment of a spoil walkway above water level outside the wall, to allow inspection and repair and to provide another route for visitors. City wall DO Clearance of the whole wall line in advance of survey and consolidation. City wall MN Excavate and clean off to show top of wall section 3/4, prior to consolidation. City wall NO Wood and undergrowth to be cleared to reveal wall line. To be coordinated with archaeological programme and to be followed by consolidation. City wall PQ Carry on clearance westward from section 1/2, but only when resources can be available within 2 years to carry out complete consolidation. City wall ST Wood and undergrowth to be cleared to reveal wall line. To be coordinated with archaeological programme and to be followed by consolidation. City wall UV Wood and undergrowth to be cleared to reveal wall line. To be coordinated with archaeological programme and to be followed by consolidation. City wall VW Clearance of vegetation in advance of survey and repair programme. City wall WX Wall line needs to be cleared on both sides to allow proper inspection. City wall XY Specialist report on frescoes. Gymnasium Mosaic conservators to advise on condition of submerged mosaics. Hellenistic building All the grass around the big block masonry should be regularly strimmed (twice a year?). The area within the rubble walls should also be strimmed regularly. Small church Investigate retention and conservation of painted plaster. Tower gate Consider re-securing top stones of Gate to eliminate safety hazard. ” Selective backfill to improve presentation. ” Investigate condition of lintels. 278 RICHARD HODGES and ANNA PATERLINI

Triconch Palace Replacement of concrete corbel on south trefoil with turned tile arch pinned back. ” Vegetation around site should be cut back to provide a margin of between 2–3 m; trees further than 1m from walls can be kept. ” Display of triconch needs to be considered, particularly whether gravel be introduced into floor areas to differentiate between inside and outside. ” Conservation of all mosaics and floor surfaces needs to be reviewed and coordinated with wall consolidation. Vaulted building south of Hellenistic Consideration should be given to back-filling this building, perhaps to building some 450 mm below present ground level inside: this will require archaeological reduction of the surviving fill. Venetian house Rebuild rebuilt vault to correct line. ” Archaeologically clear ground around in advance of consolidation. ” Improve interpretation. Wall with inscriptions Consider demolition of walls and internal display to protect stones; otherwise roof over. Water gate Clearance of spoil tip in the central area. Remove trees, etc., around. Diaporit basilica The remains are visually interesting and should be preserved for display. Fencing around should be considered to exclude animals. Diaporit Roman villa There are potential problems with the consolidation for display of these walls as they are at present, associated with the sloping hillside, terracing and depth of section: walls may need to be stabilized against the pressure of masonry and soil above, the sections are likely to collapse, and the excavation at present is dangerous to humans and animals alike. Extending the excavation would deal with the problems of collapse of the section, fencing would keep out animals, and further excavation may be needed to help with the problems with the terracing walls. In the short term it would be sensible to backfill the excavation, and review the exposure of the walls and their consolidation when a decision on further excavation has been taken. As the walls are in fair condition consolidation of the walls would be simple, but the painted plaster at least will need specialist conservation. Ali Pasha’s Castle Proposals for interpretation need to be progressed, which will inform the repair work. Church in channel bank General clearance of ruin, including cutting back and removal of vegetation around, followed by recording and consolidation as necessary. ” Conservator’s report on condition of wall plaster. Structures on north side of channel Investigation and recording of structures. Triangular Fortress Close road to enable structures between fortress and channel to be preserved and consolidated. Aqueduct pier bases 1 Consider fencing off to keep animals away. Aqueduct pier bases 2 Consider rebuilding collapsed base. ” Consider fencing around. Cistern base It is likely that the greatest threat is from animals and farmers; it may be necessary to consider some simple fence around to exclude both if decay is noticeable. THE BUTRINT FOUNDATION’S CONSERVATION PROGRAMME 279

Kalivo walls To safeguard the wall for the future it is desirable that vegetation, and especially trees, is removed from the face and top. Some further clearance could enable the wall to be seem more easily from afar, for example from Diaporit. If it is thought realistic to take visitors up to the walls, some clearance of vegetation and stones from the wall tops for the complete length of the circuit would be required. Vrina Plain tomb Consideration should be given to fencing around to exclude animals. Vrina Plain wall ruins 1 These walls will be easier to maintain if the rubble around is cleared. Before this can be done the archaeological significance of the rubble needs to be established, and it is recommended that all rubble clearance around should be done under archaeological supervision. Although at present animals do not appear to be causing damage, it is possible that rubble clearance will encourage animal proximity, and it may be necessary to consider fencing. Vrina Plain wall ruins 2 These walls are the best survival on the plain, and as such measures should be taken to protect and display them. Animal usage should be prevented, perhaps by fencing, the ground around should be cleared of vegetation and rubble and the original floor levels established if possible. The cistern should be cleared out. All work of this sort should be carried out under archaeological supervision and will give rise to the need for simple conservation work. Vrina Plain wall ruins 3 The ground around could be cleared to improve the appearance.

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Notes on contributors Richard Hodges served as Scientiﬁ c Director of the Butrint Foundation, 1993–2012. He has excavated in Britain, Italy, and Turkey, as well as Greece. He has been Director of the British School at Rome, Director of the Prince of Wales’s Institute of Architecture, Director of the Institute of World Archaeology, Williams Director of the University of Pennsylvania Museum, and is currently President of the American University of Rome. Correspondence to: Richard Hodges. Email: [email protected] Anna Paterlini is a heritage consultant who divides her time between managing special projects for the President’s Ofﬁ ce at the American University at Rome and implementing visitor research at the archaeological site of Herculaneum (Italy) for the Herculaneum Conservation Project. She is a former Public Archaeology MA student at the Institute of Archaeology (UCL) in London. Correspondence to: Anna Paterlini. Email: [email protected]