Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive

Theses and Dissertations

1958

An Analysis of Style Variations in the Book of Mormon

Glade L. Burgon Brigham Young University - Provo

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BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Burgon, Glade L., "An Analysis of Style Variations in the Book of Mormon" (1958). Theses and Dissertations. 4569. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/4569

This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. AM aiwj5l OF tylitylatyl1iti171 w1014lVAHITTOM0111 IN TF11I BOOK OF mitmon

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1 BURGON radeTADEGIADT Iif 0 1958 AC r NOwl UB 1 GA 3mkeK1 nlT3

rhetherho witergiterwiltergiten wlslicmimmies s ioto express bishisbin cincereaincerealnaincereoore iratitudegratitudegratitixle tobo irdr lewislemis M i fforor hisillslilsliis witlywilly hours spent in helpingtieiloito pin to moldAOM thisthia thesis inlointo iitsibslbsts frinifinafinjifia1 foraformfoxfoyroy alsoaiso to drdx roberte thoutskhoutsthoaian and dr ijidxwy13jdney 3 jperxysperry forrorvorrov helpful buggebiiggesuonasuggestiorisstiokis and coristmetiveeoyialroofctt ma01smacxltioiaibaar it and to a devoted wife who typedfcypod the numcnvus copiacopiwvwpies CONTENTS chapter pagepago ON 3 LI1 introductijktaowctlonA theab7b e frablfroblproblemem itationsstationslimitationsdinlimdim austifjustifjustificationicationmication previous studies organization of the theslthosidhosi source method ano treatment

ile110II11 ilA statistical covibkrisow OF setiSWTI E STRUCTWE ryndAIND GRAMMARFROM THIS wkit0w OF0 NMT JACOB 140fWN andAKD MORONI 16

e Senson length of sentencetenco1 number independent of olueesciallses1 siximbrnumb4ar of dependent clawnclausoa useuso of dependantdependent claweclausechausec1ause aiat beginning of sentsentencecance ratio of independent clauses to dependent clauses words per Indoindependentpendent clause ords14yords per dependentdepoDeperident clauseclauso nownomnoun clamiesclamsesc3ati8os used asaa ubjoct3abjwt use of propositional phrageaphragmaphraphrases sesseaaes use of infinitive rlivasesphraseaphrased tisotibo of 1articipialparticipialpartloipia3 phraserphrases uouse of fienitidta3gerundialgewundial phrases redblantitedundantRedbiantBlant constrtictlarconsicobairnoconatCoBairuorno ttl on B mliialcaljiiptical expressions appositives surtoarysurmarySurTOsummaryary ililiiIII111111 AMAIJSJANAT tsj13 ellom tiffitisfi111f 5vtnd01nt OF017olp ruteroyac 35 metaphor simile5C femsonifparaonperaon ificaticiationicia ionlontion Ilautologytautology parallelisms rhetorical Oxquestionestion l scolamatiI1aiharharpatJ on dialogue gcmp3xitieccoplexities of tencetonceortonceontonceentvxweon structure and clarity addressee and apostrophe use of behold ueuse of andliand it came to paabpasspaas sugary iriv v

cohtfintsCONT 44NT I coxiticomiticonfclnuedntieduntied chapter page I1 IV SUMMARYSUMNIARY ASDAND CONCTAMconclusionvlonVION 0 0 54 gramalgramiargrammlgrammartr andandi sentence struotweStru15truottwehtweotwe rhetorical figures josephjoaeph sittiSnitsnibSittlsmitsnithssmithsthhs educationbsdticatlonpducation nexnew testament imailaritios3imilarifcies clarityciarclarclaxclarityity airtttrtherartherer study 6 bibliography431bliog&mpitf 0 0 0 62 11 A 10 PTKH I1

INTRODUC TION

thl b jb ththebhee Yyearyeavear 1901 atlat a meeting of the n assoototioaAssooja tion in salt laktak is city a Reverenoreverend richard dakenakedakowake deliveredila paper to hisMs colleaguecolleagues indicating that the botok13 ok of tkormonmormon waTOBs of one uniform style throughoutttiyouhotitt lielleilefle maintained that in the bible though the language aidaldandmid subject datterwittermatter wereworewerg the same cacheach witermiterwriter had somesomo distinctive cha- racteristicsacteristics which wouldmouldmouid be identified by persons familiar withmith bible literature hefleafloa reasoned that thithluhls 3 should have been the case in the book of mormon but that it definitely was not risriahiailialilb grdawords vereneretwere

0 0 there isia mdimoimolduchmuch monotony and samenesssameoesssameoess of the style and expression of the writers that there can be no other conclusionconolusionconoluaionconcconolusion than that the book of mormon rianviasvian written by one witer and that he waswaawea of rather mediomediocrecro abilityzMlity such expressions asaV 11 nephi andand nd it caneoanecame to paes1paesspaese occurredocourredoemiryed hundreds ofoftimesofttimestinestimestimea tom the book of mormon altaitalthoughhoughbough the and thothetche writers were separatedseparsaparatod by many first last ritersriter8 j centuries of time consid orinn these and otheotherr points it is impossible to mormonMOTOOHI accept the book of as anythinganythinithinkKI other than the product of one nanman of mediocre ability1ability 1 reverend memo Ttt lamb has produced a book containing many pages of reasons why thebhe book of 4otocmnormon should be classed as a modernitmodem fabricationfabricationo mrsp1pairsiro lamb stated that the scriptures bear the stylestylo of deity but the book of plormonpoormon bearsbearebeansbeane thebhe style of joseph snithesmiths the book isi altogtheraltogetberaltogether and in ev0ry part of itiittits except so much asaa iis borroborrowedborrowodborromodwodMod from the bible a amemme fabrication without artardany help wha god ang whateverwhatovermhatovwtover from or from an anflanalanglangiei of codigodsgode 0 llvruvljlkws1kwlhv si wb faskffsk rw W i 1.1 &aaii S fwiwfWfoiwiW V shwvihsltfs mi mswiinlvvyw jiwfsk kwsfi i fexmiwwiafft

j may ideseretliaeyetils eyet news 1901 y liaimwbsvsferet MWW i T33stf Miteditmstmitorialmotorialorial

1 2 it has no trace of oodsgods hand upon it nomo divine stastampmj evoryfvoryeveryavory thing about it isie hunanahumanahuam evyovyoryveryvevy eryvery hurgenanilahilamtiam the ground taken is thisthisighisi godgrod stamps himself his own infinite perfectionperfections u1uauponon everything he wdwtakesundertakes tousyouslouiouyou bentiegentle reader stamp your own individuality upon eveovemythingmythjng you do and everything you say touryogyowyour peouliarpewiliarpenuliar way exP naj1j yogyow thoupbtsthoughts yooyowyour styleetyle Peouliar of ressirossirossl I1 YOUr thouhts voo of writingfwritingswritingp thethobhebho degree olof01 your skill or culture in theth art of coTcompositioncomposition whether an experienced hand or a davuravu recruit isie revealed in the toryvory sentences you composecomposocopoopoe 2

criticisms by other urwritersitersaiterswitters wera roundfound to be sindsimdsimilarlarslareiare pahipahlpavaipaval M brodie for example claimed that the bookdook of momon completely 111acklackeded subtlety witabawibmbaaapatp and style 3 c4cahe seredobservedobserod on the other handthand that there was an unfortunatenfortxxnate styleetyle of joseph smitoffsmitbffsmmh41 present emchwhichwmch improved as the

book progressed beeamew the 3mrmons grent fewer and the adventures grew amrnmrmoree numerousnumerousarous alexanderalgxander Campbecampbelicampbe1111 also claimed that the book of tiomionmaraonmoraon was writteniwlfcten in the style of josephjoaeph smith but his evidence criscrisistedcoreibtedisted of only one example heitelne quoted the clause thellthealthe ppictespiatesates of which hathbath been spokenspokenit it ihicl4vmichs heho cialciauclaUclaimedned appeared in the werworprpefbrovicepefaeeproviceeviceoViceaceaee t lie was probably referring to the preface of the 1830 edition and oomparinf thisthia clauseolauso to theotheuthe platesplatos of which hath been epo enilenit emchnmchwhich appeared in the body of thebheuhe record othotherew crlorloriorltloaltical charges were fowiddowidfoundround in the wo of homeroweromeblowes turner conybeare and others5othersothora 5 nowhere in the worksmorks of the many critics does platawtww wwwwiftfaait atjiww gliiiiwatiiiwAt www ittfw ym ittwviifwyfwinw w asbietsbie wmipsbae tiigi6iiyhw

42 lisitar4 toT lablambs the&muj1 e cwoen yot ward wdmd Drbrxwondadraymonddrwymondwymond 1887x1887 appp ill31331 3 3 3favmfaaifavlpailfaii llaM brodiesbrodiebrodle no mann ogg newW torkiyorki alfred A knodtknopt 195 po 62 oll normonmormon alexander campbellsy an analanalysisaym vels nof the book of 14ormoqkormon dosdoaBoabostonstont i wwfuswxw WVV selsS kf WVWWf fvfvsf wwbwwfcy benjamin 14H groreeneenoenej 1932935 peP 13 0 5 franklinfrankiinfrankilnfrankiinfrankiln 33& harrlharriharrisharrio the T ookok ofor mormon heshoshossagemessagemossagemos sage and videmcesikvidenoea salt lakelako clfocity deseret lewsfews 1919535353. chap KI 3 there beemseem to be conclusive evidence of the uniformity of stylestylo of the variousvarivarlotisotieotte writers of the bookdook of mormon no twtvotwo kriterwriterwriters havehairehavre the same style of wilingwriting aohachtachpach hasilaslias his owounown peculiarities renyromy de gowfiiontgourmwtg the great french critic whomho influenced such witerswriters as T S4 fuookliotbuoo and others n hashab saidt writing is a trade but style ia actnot a aeimee style is the man1mana and the otherothor foiwilafoiforutiawilagila jstyleestyle is inviolablet offwed by neilohello mean exactly the thing namely that igtyle la as personal as thebhe oolowbolow of the w the of the cioewioe one canoan learn to uitwitgit one cannot learnloarn to harehavehavo a style A witerwltergiter canoan dye hi style as he does his hair but he over again everyoveryeveny morning nd have no distractiondistractionstSt it ia so little to acquire a stylo that amocmo ie often lost in the oowae of a lifetime writing is vertvery diffwcmt from or odel3ing to oltewitegite or to ia to of a faculty boeeaaartly to allail men- a primordial and mconcioue faoixlty hiahbichblohhioh cannot be analyseranalysed mitboixt the eomplotecomeomplote of thebhe intelligence to write 9 as nauberthaubert and gonooyrfc understood itsity is to bietxiet to be one selfseif tb harehave a style ia to peak ia the midst of the a pecmiiay dialect tetqxxe and iiniitable yet eo oonstitated as to be at thezhebhe of allaliail and the language of an individual style i seifselc etijdent brooksdrooks and wardenwarrenwarnen have quoted chesterfield and buffon as baringhaving defined style as ttetothet1the dress of thoughtsthoughtsff ff and the manmam roelfhiroelfhime1f0hi coneiderabseconsiderablcrabl 0 study hashao beenbeonboonbem mado of style variations and of the methodsmc thoda used to determine style contrasts the results of these indiesstudies according to F voV NM PainPalInterwintenwinberpaintertertex who hasbas soao aptlyapt3y deseridescribedbed them have showlshown that as a uanman writeswrit ea he unconsciously leaves clues to thetae way he thinks to the naywaymay he actactsp to thebheutleuuie viawaywravraywrayy he feelsreelsreeisfeela to the klayhlaymay he interprets

alev tip piam liiahuithuetlii1 bifgmtbmf ffwiwmi iffcf iiislwi y t3ztitjs H a ff atwwtw t tarrak sicjicsim vf if tm i1ia ttt t luteluiewaff taitbritbalt ytat wwfdidtfit tippswmhiiiffit 7lev jk tie pipm tfj0 6tatT 5vavS tim wood londomLondlonovonevono methuen and co itd tllotellotallot awlmahlmthe t WWacredmeredsacredbao6ao mn ifrw WW T ltdttd 1928 ptp viiiviatvint 7 reinyhemyremy de oolxrmoxitGougoumontsmonts of style or writingswritingniritingwriting eljiaEl tamamtumam roceljildildyl company insBino110 agest fsemasemnew yorkyockY rotact mcanympany ray westa neu A 0 ed y 11 lgestPy orki W L&jalifljjlterwrsrbsd cyitioiwt7 61 141 jr rct wsd 4 W rinaJil lr ITPP 3513 51 it 8cieanth warrenwarron fundagbundagdaniepen kj GI od brooksfirookahirooka and robtroswfcrobe imin narron daplesen afqfobod 0 cleanth vt dadiedaniebgBg ojodvw id newmwnow yorkyorks fiaroonrtvaroolartj racepraceU raci and Cowcompanycompany 197191 asspsspes4 9 4 style deansdoansmewismeans an authorauthors adewde of expressions it is not asaa is sometimes supposedsupposodsupposod an artificial trickbylowtricky but a gvauine expression of the aindmind and character it derives its leading characteristics from the intelintellectleot eultweoulturep and character of tiitiltjithee writers 4 literary art is shown in thebheuhebho chchelcechoiceice of words and in their arrange- ment in sentences and paragraphsparagraphed9 som e writerswitgit ersera use a predominance of short sentences others long and complicated sentences wlterwiterwiberwiters are more prone to description others to logical reasoning othersothere jutjust to narrationnarrations lu303 0 thesethe and many other traitsbralts constitute the tyletylostyleetyle of a wlriterriberwriter LI1 A ftfrorichardaaichardaalchaichalehoharbarardsardada has sholshomshog in no smal I1 ddegreeegreeagree j ththebhee efferfeffootoffootect 0off mind upon 3itorarjr creat3oi8 rosaleryosaler quoted by sonesome researchers at an university aa throthre arearo as malfy styles or distinobistino titetive of in imafceaa there are inciividual and that thesethebe sty3 a which revealrevoal mental state be and used to identify a wit ozlozi021 to deteniiine the differdiffordifferentenitgnit charaeteriatieseharaoteriatioe of various writers IIIaki111 I1 4 hscWactacticalwacticalpracticaltical criticism or If technicaliftechnical descriptiondescriptiontftf in contrastcontrisbibbist to theoretical crulornioritioruioisorUibriticismoriticismcisoisolscism 0r r oritlelfwitical criptionftdescriptiondelldoksdoys isla frequently used IIMWWKSUS nlssrm cwiiwi wwcst bmw1mw mkhahMKHaH twthwfkkwwsf abbraofeakeabbtW litmriwmy&arii ttakws mcqmiq frwwsy msciszmscisl tkbtabnymn

af9fF V NW painter T girldegialdegnxiido boetobs ieriiontafry0 to literary OWW ra 64 afteri al4l baicoaic watalwdtal yrfhlsrtewwntelcriticismaaimiiA boston i wmiiffwtliontarerw r4 lfter ii ginnglnn and company 1904 ppe W 19 aii rdolph jliudolphSph fleacho oniifonori style13tylW eltell tho tors book00k ed 9helenheienen V the s el hull Rdordosph fidecafidech orl 9 mi writerstersilismiw wow yorktyonkt harperharporharpedhamperramped and otheadrotheabrothersBr 195039503.950 appp 3l9331319331 III111 AsA harda prineprino 1140fcitorarjrare iemlemm newnewmew yorkcortesyortes y priciploa1 stiiftii ililii1I richardarichardasriericaie sreh I Ta lesiob of 4oao ftifela criticCritiecritieiema ftrtftfartrt bmwwmw r tork raroHaroharcourtiaroowtiharoourtourt bracebraco and company talhcalht930lH

hanaan2wortitannHonaan FoeFoorroenroon TATAterany Ssoho3arahipyolarship aimsalms and honaan foo tateraryterarary 0 ains & ranz saftigVO lolarM w foereterfoorsterboorstersterreter cawkwawkett al wtiarlpbteml saftiwlolarshipmemmew shin044aw fciaaciaitsity iw4fwafcalsais VjthodjiicUlods chapel hillhily therhe unversrun3tereityiy of wt mawcacaro3iaaa na presspr8at941pmjimp PPPP 0 81 rijahejhhethe modern laauaolaaulanulanguagelxnguageao Aassoelfclopseeztoci t tiopgiop coicoloowmitteecitteemitteemittee on research activities thethe aimsalms methodsmethode and vlaterialnafcerlalas of alesehlesekosewehroh in the modern languages and publicationspublicationafbmoafcjoiis momodemi e associationitsiks of america tlonationa of the X twaWW 4 oftvd WA literatures Publicaiwitevhftila ikatmftw5fc kaitkyit axnitx1 isfraft4 TWKiwthuthulewt W Wsociationwiltf6smw wf aiaiht lijlwilblsmlw11 tavtxvLKVIIriir11 octobertobertoboroctoborl95aoctoborOc 1952 p 292916 3 richards p 23023 5

kyby practicalpractical1practica111 cruloimoritiolaun is usually meant the attwptattottpt to evaluate aat specific literaryaterary korkoworkonoric oftenofton dealin with a loaiobpartipartlpartimilarrticularreticularmilar part of parts such asac wordsowordswardwrd phrasesramses images or specific ideas or withmith a phrase or aspect 15 along with the oherohorbohorol herhor writers who have discussed tubtusthlethiethib concrete methodemethodpmethod the modern ioanloanloanguageunguageguage associationasnociation coswitioecompiittee on research activities have shown thetiletule value of radicalspracticantPracticradicradicalnpracticaltaitaltalNalmaam criticism they halhawhavehavo observed that an analysis basedbaoedbakedtfbased partly uponupcm an index wrvwbonmwrborumborum upon a wordmord countcounty orop aponupon the enumerationitenumerationIt of phrases idioms and grariimaticalgramtnattea3 canstructionconstructionoonatruoljon is ftofstofof great importimportancimportanceanc elf especially when carecaro isi taken in iletlelaetae selection of samples8amp3o to be amlysdarnlysed 160 saruk katilakatAlafrikatalagikatilafriGi janah Yayashushyashuehyashpehshushshueh ottaal used such methods of practical critlciaiacriticitun to usher in a newnow bible study 171

v iitaunlimitationsew ohoono limitation of a statistical comparioncowparioncoitiparison of styles in a translation volTeeininvolves thetho posslbilitqpobsibiutg1 of a tlIt smoothingitsmoothing out of style differencesdifferoncesdjifferweoa by the translator tyasTIAS wiildwaildnouWOU i beb speciallyespecially true ifaf the translator wrewerewore not verrveryvory literallillaeralkeraikeral inirilri his translation highet lists three barriers in translating literaturliteratorlitera3itwaturnturet itheatheltho1the remoteness of an ancient laripgariplanguageaageuauagege athe2thethe noce3itynecosaity of the translatorstranslator1strans Atorts rothinkingrefchinkingretrotrethinkingrothinkingrefchinking the thoughbhoughthoughtethoyghtethoughtedte of theth e origorigiaaorigi1wajaa in order to express them in hishia own tonguetonfivej 3 the problem of thieatyieastyles changing nithwith tinotimo 18 also in the book of mormon abridgmenits might contain verbatim quotationquotations a from the source material if these quotations were frequent iwvwhwwvr xihwtt fwwifw fsilcvkf sww1im IHKVSWM rfmsai fc safswf tikktink ifrahifrh kiskimSIS jl tt swuwshuw fh oes edeeee itssww thtWitt litefalitefc aitexrw trw 36 15r T A A 7 P 29 L 11 PPs 17soloman goldman the book of frookslioohsif3ooks ann introduction newnewmew yonkyorki T filicifiwici WM wsltw iwwwnwivjisffi iiaiitywiit tork harper and brotherdrotherbrothers 19w1948194.819481 948 p 43430 18chCtlbertibertilbert highethighothighetp opieopiofleoplecleopleopaoop3o Tilacesblaces11aces ayndomd booksnooks new yorkyorks oxford university presspresa 1953 appp 19ff219tf2 6 they wightmight ininaueninnueninfluencenUennuon e the resultsresulrosultsttattse anotheranothor limiteslimitedllsdtationtion twelvesinvolves the qquantityu an&n titT of literatureliterature1 of the partiparticulatparticulateparfcictjllattculatoular type under servatobservatobservantobobaerrationion if itU viereweremere limitedlimiteds a true cwerage of frefrofrequencyquenoy countcounts would bo difficult to obtain owh3whsiichsilchstich a questionable condition was enwmntered in the analysis of moronismoronic iistorioamstoraoalI1 writingswA tings ubichvitich werewetraworewora too brief to obtain ancm accurate ffrequencyreareopencypenoymency count because of the detailoidetaildetdefdoftailtaiicalloi naturenatura of the analysis upon which thisthiathio thesis wadwas based a choice of elemontselements for stiidystiddy had to be madeaxwxp tb was decided that only the coyri1eowwilyon ly lcnowlenowlonowlabowanown ORentaelwentepadrentapaorentaPA of grataftar and sentence structure wouldw omd be oxminodmined lain orcier to retain 8laplicltysimplicitysimplioity from among the many figures of rhetoricrherhotoric only tentonbon beereweere chosen for study in the rhetorical analysis these trtentonn elocihwmteelementselomentsments forowerqerewop ohoenohdenobosen because of their aburdanabundancece in hebronhobrenhobronhebrew literature and their conspioxiousnossoonapioxxousnoaa in the book of mormon

justificationsjustificationojuetlguetl no major atteratterftpatteiaptftp has been nadenadomademado to do a comprecomcompresprefpres xnaoijr trftarft daa BWWfictitionkoWIi0oviowxmwrtwji nafmdt henstehensiehenslecensivehensive analysis of styles in ontho bookdook of mormon howeverHewererwever a thesis was presented to the faculty of the Uniuniversiluniversiauniversityversilty of nebraska in which the

Jia otideaceevievloTipidvidencedeace of style in thcthethoihojhc wiungswltingsbings and btlagmentsabridymentea waawa 3 shonahonohonshown iot 0 exist i9 natnabulathiatmatulab thesistheslbtheolb was written froen a engalemeralgeneralenwa3 standpoint of ifteriiuteriliteraryiry criticism in contrastcontractconoon trastbrast to thebhe statisticalegotistical comparison of tiethetle four major writers under taken in thistm s study ouldouidhouldwould a evacentratedoonoontrated inetinvtinTesintestjtigatttjpigatton show a lack of stylestylo variation as some suspect or would it proclaproduceee evidenceevid6nee of contrasts in styles with the different writers of the book of mortem taislaisisthis tietlethiethle questionquot tjon with whichvrbich thisthdmhd s budytudystudy isie chiefly concerned if the claims of the antiantlantimormonlormonTormonMormonle waifcimfciyw ta ii iw imww omm W l8etsllslslirflwwft ihamaham alwabw tt diw iiw W ya taterommt6te dafsll rf ssxrt adrwilyft iw iw www aasaiaetlstatfr1 moyle19140yi0moylq 0 riccy labrucelanlabguceSanslanguageLaBsanguagemangUceguage and tylebylestylelhyle of thetho book of normon unpu- blished mastorviastcurtsmastey tbthealealseaisebis departnicfieparfcrnuniuit of aiaiiji linivexitjunivpszrsity of 13braskal937tlebraska1937 7 critics are trues therthey would tendtemltemibend to show joseph SPLIsniossniwsthis claim of divine authenticity for UN bookhook of mormon to be faisefalsefaasefa3se on the other handshandyhand if stylestylo differences iodo appear thfchoyschoyy would scamscwm to indicate that the claims of the critics weremerewore based upon prejudice rather than rescaresearchroh

preflompreviousflom w A few independent txxhoastudies uhe book mmwmfwtvwwiwmPreviou studiesfw iaiufcbsbfciyr of theih of mortem harehave produced some evidence of the presence of style variation SM i thethesethoseso studies have ccncernedconcernedc3noemed terrainoloferrainoloterrainteriaiaologytereninolo010kyp repetition wordiness cocabvocab ulary and directness but have been vertyertveryveny brief J M sjodahl3jodahl has pointed out repetition in neldisneidismorhisnojatsmophis writings talttaat rireaireareabreaneang practically abstant in those of hoirooraHoirmorwonfaaoraooramona ilefielloH also has brought to lipatlipbtlight expressions used by one writerthatwriter that are absabaejia inan the writings of the oiioiloti orsorsoreora for example bandsbcanacan ds 0offdfdeathleathldeath was used only by homonmomon turdhurdthird things was pacu3iaypecu31ar to meihtnechipnephip reatreabyeatgreat spirit if was used by nonnon and Imonmonstermonster11stertsterr11 and awful xiMonatronster was wed in one wyway by nephi and in the 20 difdlfclifffrentrontaront way by moryiionomcm wl oroniarontorontMoronnoronmoron1morona1

yM vaa M itJ tvas-anhbwnhburn bashasha recognized ontraste0ontrastsontcontrastsraste in styles of the abrjdgabridgabridge mients of mormon and neronincroninloroni compared nithwithid mi theirtheirheinheln regular writiinriiingstrs 21 soijo detailed analanalysisanaIysis was proontedproonprozeentedted by hirhimhah4 holmshowmshowever

T W brookbank has donedono a nostnosbnoabmostmoab noteworthy norkwork in thethobuhe form of a yoeabu3wyvoccabulary cornparisoncornparisoncomparlaoxi 22 he discovered that klerhinephi in 30107 pages used

57876 worris notnoinot found in tnyanyaczc other linelinosine arqr pgepiagebiage in the entireentire book of

8yratkijsijjr thkmusrvs wmivw wisifavr ifllf own A wthwl swfestiSW festi iw HA IA till isiwf a n ts timtfbilrtilj tiktin

20j M sjodahl tithe hivddencertenceartence tara I1 XXXVIITXXXVII J bodahljojodahlv dahldahi w the off stylestyloW miiMilmillonialmil3erda3imwitth wswtjskrblonialstmfagi ywnlltarsiffcfeiaew1 adausauausaugwit 1915 appp hbl481af4fW7 211o2110J a Conoon e arriandarniarnn AuthorShID 11 3 authorshiphsu lelaabburn contents 1 the contrnts A ifashbwba thesyno tnxctwe hiu of contains W ib fynnfynnsnsn ycontaitsa tailstaitstellsIJBW aeiamiasl Struettstruettirsst3ssta aisyir hamshcmshCmS authorshidth ififtayibtayiB l bial tialti al book normmorm on e bookcralft0ke a 19549 41 p ab6b i slalt3a3t citys iwirtf axwx of rflbswaaw fl wtltm scalt laklake cites r ftt j 22tT we11 brookbank dookelookbooketook of tloriclorifortionhortionuonnon vocabularyvocabul irykry N pperpaper on file in tcthe lo10L 1n P churchchurchroh titorianhitorianlilHiborianborjantoriantorianlcr offorricoofricoice libraryIlbrapy 8 mormontimormormonmontimontt jacob used 79 words uniqueuniquelyuniquedyimiqtie3ydy intn ift18188 papespages of his writwritingsmegs 0 foriaobforianormonmormonOB sodused 60 words in iftibb pa es not to be found anywhere else in the book bibewhibi3ewhilele moroni used 52 intords inn 1212111.211 papopacespacospagespapospacepaco S A comparable number of exclusive words wore found in theuioulothovio abrjaginontsabridgmonta widid other writings the words counted included no proper bucnuciesles orr numerals if the number of now wardswords used in the bookelook of momon decreased in their rate of appearance as the book progressed one would have reason to suspect that the book was gluenwritten by 1 one ankmanemanoani previous studies harehave pointed outont at least fawfcwtwo itomatom in tmthis otoeciioniponnectiont 1 doctor john A nidtooolilidtooo claims thetho book of iviorttion abaryvocabaryrocabovocabovocabanyaryany exceeds josephjos eph smth Is vocabulary somovdiere between 300 emd 1300330013003.300 words 2 A uniform decrease in the rate of introduction of nwnew vardovnrdo does not occur in the bookdook of MOMmoxytonon according to theth vocabulary list coiacolacoiapiledcoincoryttiledpiledplied by fx 13rookbankbroolcbankn thee brookbankBrookDrookbakbank ust shottedshotied that now morde appeared at a stable rate throughout the ontiroonbiromontiro book for instance nahinqainqhi as previously statedstatedp used 578576 ezcjuitollexciusivelf wordswordawons in 10710 pages adjusting jacobjacobs figure to 10 pagespaepages it would become 470 newnow wrdsewordswrase turnineturning now towardtoward ttheh e end of theth e book we dledie overcoveroover that konYorronmaraonmoraonyormonsyoumonsmons abridgment of almaalutaalulaaima produceproducesa new ardswrdswrde at thetho rate of WO5 forw the sanesame number of pages as nephimephiimephia in iliIII111 nechiomephinephio the introduce tion of newnow words onOB the basisbastabasia of 107 pa1968 quidguid be 35385 wwnewnow words in mormon 347 butblit in moroni the last wlterwiterwriter in the histohistoryryf the adjustadjusted figure jumps to 445 mr brookbabrookmabrookbankfikstiko analanaibaissvaiss not only indicated evidenceidence of multiple authorship in the book of mformion babut also evidence that the book was not the product of joseph hithmithelhitheldithEl s vocabulary

george rereynoldskeynoldsKeyreyynoldsoidsnolds is quoted by J es 14 talmage asa having stated imimhfcjattirttiikwiaaawaji warwfr WWKW nsfwsf titanatiafiafrentitwntItWn 9 tisvfsfskwii WW ltwwgyvt mtwmlf ksslftwsh yiryik drwwrw sfrfritw ihafghaf sswssjs MMISJW wwwwwfifrast 2 johnajohn3johnjoho A& wicitsoeyidtsoe josephjoseohjosoph sffiith131m1th k T prophet soeker acter jfejkkjuk aa w eesseeker frttothatrothamth ofaiiji9i wnhsitsmi rrs ww sif1m fes iaayjafeaiftcafterag ygr wiyaty ntiiyihiifctdronhea4 god salt lakelafkelakke citytcifcysciocys deserneserdeawetmewset T presspresa 19511 PP 69 9 that ththeretheroebereereprepro werewero marked diffdifferenceserenceserencen inirrirstrs the litlibliteraryorait style of nephiwephimephi and ththebhe other earlier prophets as compared withvithyonionmormon and moroni relielleile remarked that there werewore noticeable differerdifferencesiceslees lzin vocawoatmlarybularyt and that momon and moroni used fewer words to prespreopresentneitmeitmelt theilthell lieasideas 24 he lacltoolloottoolwedinclueedincludedwed no evidence for his observationobaertotioru brigjhambrifywiavi do roberts has showed the differdifferenceonce between the direct style of presentation of nephi jacob and knosenos compared withmith the anno- tated detailed abridgmentsabridginabridgingantsents by momon tliroaliroplirahr liobuiobbertsburtsuoburtsUo atswts however claimed that diversity of style stopped mth the comparisons00ftiparlsoxia of abridgments and regular writings liefleiioilolio claimed that too ewhmwhirtwh stress has been put on the demand for diteditctoitydiversitydivorsitydivediTCdiverdivorsityTOity to appear anongamong the writers bleeausebleeause thmeirmelrratIeeiratieei triearletrle traits quadguadwould be destdeatxyeddestmyedmyed by thethobhebho processprocesa of translation this ightmight be true in some respect in translation teryvery hoosty3oostyloosely donedoneldonajdonej howehowvervorsverg a wrlterswriterswalterss habits of wordiness oonbtructionaconstruotionso useuso of figures of speechspeachspoach methods of emphasis etc should be quite evident wanwenevenevan in a fair transltraneltranslationationatlonaaion

1 28 113 26 dr idneysidney BR hperry3perrygperry 2 A 5 reynreynold2Reynoldreynoldaoidsolds01dg 272 T N brookbankbtooktoanky rflfcittafe J ftf4ic WA srfw rtbflpw WNWWN W W mmiamhnjilwiwmfwiv danesdamesjaness toT talmage A lg saitsalt lakelaite utyscitjributys church of W illgislgeeg altait jesus christ of latterdatterlatterdaydavdayadaywday 3a3sajjila7nISesieeiaeij Tt9w7 TTSp0pa 305 25new grod news 25nemtacs5 god citytcitysw deseret hews y 1951 111 witness slimaalima lake altniinitmlt A amfor8m sliwa salt cites lilitiIII ipejpe 123139123 139 2611626116browIbrewbrowurowlebrew idioms in thethiethlebook of mormon 11 iti&ppjthe 01apmvementvemont frara LVII toberoctoberOo 1954s1954 appp 03ff5703ff seehee allailaltoalmoaimo0 the book of0f monnonmormon as aslavasiasaas1ansla mgliahll XXXV 10 041arch041arch 1938 P 140 ifitifft came to razsrazapasspaza 11 XVII tion i it may 1914t1914 ppo 6866860grgo gajssedeseretgjjnews decombedecombodeoembwr 4 193719370 church section 27eaw E lioIlo110ilogavinmogairirGavin oid gitysgetysw cecil V miwimwctoorah n8himitiold dibiebibledible salt lake city bookcraft 1948194 appp 27227223272273273 28 rebrewhebrew1114olohobrewHobrewrew idioresidjorfiz and anologteanologiosAnologioss in the bookdook of momonmormon the iffizs&ajitiprovemerrl braera yili DajanuarydanuaryJ nuary 1910191.0391053.9105 p 11511.5 & p 234 and XVIIIXVIIT tleeetnbodecemberrt9l4t934sih Ppo 136 10 29 dr iftxgh11ugh nibley and others havehavohaye pointed out ththee typical seviticsemitic idiomsidioma constructions figures of speech etcjetcetca which permeate the dockbockdookbook of mormon their observations gave evidence that the book was a very IIiiteralliterallltoralteraltoraltorai transla- tion one needsneedaneoda only to read the first edition of the book of mormon to see evidencewjdexloe of thithlthisthiethle as double nernegnggatilesnogatiwtivesativesa enalonaionalenallageonallageemal3agelage and many forms of switismsemitionjis ranrun throughout theuieulevie book

iomociomoromesomo3 authors havehavuhavo eowiontodcomnionted thatth t the hebrew and egyptianyp Dliansianslan ifterafterliters atureacture translate into english most readily asaa a result the original literary qualities are wllvellveilwell preaerved30preaorrelprespreaorreLervelorvel addisonaddisob habhobhag said there is a certain coidcoldcoldnesscoldnesecoldneaenesenose and indirferenceindifferenceindifferonoe in the phrases of our european languages henwhen they areaxeane corziparedcompared withwitch the oriental forms of speech aalidarldandaridlidrid it happens very luckieluckibluckily that the hebrew idioms1I run into the glishenglishebglishhtaglishHtaenu tongue wwithith a partipartlparticularoular grace and beautybeauty3131 brenbronkveneven atcat the time of the birth of the kftglishfibglisb bible amdaleqmdaleiyndalelyndalelyndele wrotciwrotetwroten the properties of the llelieIfeinnswifebrenirbrenir tongtoagixeue agreethagreetliagreetiletli a thousand times more itchilchifchwith the iiigliehe2nglish thanbhan ithwith the itihistihilatinlibin theme mannermannor of ey cakingspeaking isia both one so that in a thousand places thou needstneodatdeodat not but to translate itib into hglishhalishlaigllsh wordmord forzorzocor wotdwotldwoaldword when thou must seekseok a compass in the latin andawlami yet ahalt haveh4ve much work to translate it favofayotayo so0o have samlecamle grace and weotnaswesweatinesssweatnessotna sensesoneesonsenee 1 atness wllfatord3jwell redradIY that it halhaw the I weitnawe and pure understanding with it in the latin and as itiblibb hath in the hebrew Ai thousandthouszthoushaldaiduld parbpart bkwbtwbawbeaterboater may it btbe translated into thefcfae nglishanglishiingliah14 than into thethotche latinlabinlatino2

regarding ththebhe bible IvIlwioultonmoulton has saidsaldsaidisaldi that literary quality isia ritsuwtwastwaiiw brahruajarja tassciassc ftiati f i fteakfTfleakaaaaxaeAK ataplawtaA mcw istentemt A ft W wt ohi tho and tlV 0 utleuuie jaredltes I1 akeako ghicwm the orldorid of the jaremii uc in desertwvrqf 44 qia t mc sorm MIjarediii fcr ohltwm fcfegftimlrfsfrji f tiabcr aitaltt citescityoltycitys bookorah800BookeboomorahBoobookeraftskorankoraHraftsnafts tfr27152j 30143014enry ponpow enryenny Tb thatcher phd w y to p a 0 nt atcher fowlerlor phdj asiaskhtstorjta of literaturer off ancient s 3nrj itiitigtrtgt fahanhankfhhrj alit anole isaraelivarael nownewhe yorkyorks dhefherffie maomllanMaoMmaonmacip4111anllanlian co 19123912319mi P llit2 fri oharliich r s alienallenailen11150 dinamoreAnziaore era ur e 08ostont co 1931 anziaoredinaaore r the bible w laittaitlartfafceratwenna boston efflin lmintlfrwmlmwtorriahtorfiah W wili A najtajrrttAjrrt tsfe4eiatii4t hlfififflinflin jlp 780790790 7679787976 79 31 peepecpoetatorpoepeetatorrr me deh nogproseroge jossphjosephjoeeph addison tatortabor f405405s the bible 4 ishleh noe sanya ajgliah S nosnoa D1 N and Mpa Lstyl1 ed albert cook bosbonbosbostonnoatonttontbont 0 heaihndeath Sanysany4 9 ip4palaxlsxmixTIX allialllllialiailaiia fyndaj0dale thothewfhewahe obedience of a chritianchretianchristiansChriV1hristianstian the works of master william 7tyndale londomlonbom john dayedayo 15720s p 10210 sliorkf mihlwwnihiMIHl WW ie fa wbisilwBwoisiliSil miatwsfcwttstaiiwaitittfktijtwrfu 1575i r 13

33 1 34.34 preserved in the revised iiertierIfervergionsiongionglon onlyonly33 on the other hand matts34rattsMattswatts 34 35 36 3aintsbiixmntsbuzyy driver and arnoldparnold maintain the ITIglAshenglishenglashEnn 14 31ift bibledibledibie has weitweilwelt11 preferred the intrinsic quality of the tebrow peciaespeciaesespecial ly rhythm and

parallelismpt attroinetieinetrewfcre js however might not e preferredpreserved in its originality

organisationorganizationtion of the thebhesisa the here presented was aw iivmfivwesiithesisssiss thesis 4wcanizationCanizallln8iifaaftato theelsthesr divided into four chapterstchapterst 1 tintrootIntintroductionsintroductionnrodroOactionuction t in which were treated the justification limitationlimitations organization and previous mrk done on the subject 2 statisticaltstatistical comparisons of sentence sitructurestructure and Graigraimiargrangramnmarmiar in which riousvariousva frequency counts were recorded and compared 3 analyalanalysliAnalyal from thetho standpoint of rheRhorhotoriehhefcorietorictorie in which the use of variousyarious ffigures of actoriaactorioaietoriealehieAietorictorie and certain peeuliaritiespeculiaritiespeeu3iaritie8 of sentfsenefsentencesontencesontencee coneonoon structionstrictionstructionatructlon werewero compared and the 4 ISgwaaryaryany and concluconolulonConoconclulonslonsion

22ioloeogoeI1 E10 originalow00riginal plansplangpiang werak to use the 1830 firstfirst odillonoditloneriition of the book of mormon for the0 investigationirrreetj of sentence lengthlengthy but after an

exaniination of tho ptinctuationpvnctuamon the 1952 edition was chosen in bheutleuuiethe 1830 edition sentences were unusuallyumieually long hachpach sentence contained several independent clauses which gave it unnatural lengthiness it Is likely that the abundant useuee of andtiandfiand isio responsible for this lengthinesslongthinobnoa

K fliitflait tfcwaimjitifmi snbwiifa kawkww fcacwfetmww1riwm gfa afa afe attwtt ariidskmbift4ifct 33richard33 G stiddystixdyoltudy able bosnosRos moulton the i 1 the bostontons richard alt of liible whwfflwisfimaeliteralitoraliterarytaaai3xr rlt sahwwSaHsahwn WW tffiflk4w wivi mble 0dad4 C heath and company 1899 appp aqmq919gig1 apqp

341jarold341jarold H modern guidegulde newmcwmewNOW watts mdersay aarold3arold astthewst rfsgssfltsteirifigfiadersiy va dpn S utuwvyvsto thekj dibiblebibiemaw1I wawalb F mfwje rorkyorkyorki harper andam brothsbrothe ra 1949 p n9na9

borgegorge g 1I1 35c9orge9rar0orge E B salntebwykain1ainbaintabamabum bheathethetthe authorized version of the bible A Sainsalntsbury misoollany edadjiedji li A nTigriersonersonorsonoraon etot alo rewrownowne yorki wfiw4rftiteilsmsaintaburtaburfe sir erbertorbert neinel ifuwimwifaieaiaala uns press 11947 oxford teiverdtyuni ersityerdity pres 194947 0 TP 14124 ffoaffoft 36e3&qiu samuele1ea R 1 to the Aurenure the old introductionkoikol Litera of drattadriveraratta9 wiiimblif atitti amffftniufmat yiiijjajfci3ggliterature testaraentTestarateatamcmtent nekrnoviwo forksyorksyorky sona 1942 chap 7 rt88fe8ik1 a- a duhfit charlescharies seribmera natthewmatthew arnold isaiahfilsaiah at jerljeryjesnibalemusalernll cook appp 3004 xxiaxixxxit I1 particularly if the bentigentlgeniigentlemangentjeman who punctuatedpunctpanotwiedmiedmiod tthebhehe firfirstst editionadition lastartaswasv infandunfandimfamilirliarilar with ancient neargoargoan iaetoraasterjiastortiterji literature no punctuation in copies 38 of thetho orizocizoriginalinalinai book of morwimn charchapcharacteracterso none into the original manumanufft script and none in ancient nearngar stereistonertasterstrateaIFA literature3 3 eadseadecadeleads one to believebe lellew that therethore wabwas no punctuation in the book of mormon plates joseph and hirhis scribes wotegotewrote thethothmahm original manuscript without punettiatipunctuationon as may be observed in the photohoboetatlephotostaticstatic copy inan the leL ff SF

church historianflistoriants library the orieorleorigoriginalinalinaiI1 punctuation of the first edition of the book of mormon wadwas done 1yi&yay john IL11 tilberthilbert of palmyra mi lilbertgilbert was hired by Ys TI grandingraadinndin owner of theth preas upon aichhichwhich the book of normonmormon was wintetinterintedhinted to assist in the eatjiat5ngestimatingeatimating anclanci printingprintings he was ttetiietiletie principal positorcompositorcotti of the book according to a certificate wittongittenwritten in krmrmramcsmca a gilbrtGilgilbwtgilberttsgilberttabertts ownONU hand writingritinbitin ard tiledfiled at the church historianhistorians library A memorandum written by xrnfrnar gilbert told of hisbis approachapproachinginy martinmarbin barris one day shortly after printing was bebegunpurigurigurl to call his attention to a grammatical elmrerror gilbert awoodalod if heho weremere to correct ititsito harrioharrisf1flarria conwitconsulteded u4uawithth sidithmidithtsoittilfSiDith byrumtyrumifyrixmTyrumpum a short time and replied that the oldoidold toatammttostarnent was ungrammaticalungrawmatical and to sebsetitsetimset it asae itlubluu is wittengittenwritten then he witswitwswrites after working a fw davsdavadaya I1 saidsald to on hishig handing me the man- uscript in thebhe morning 4 smithasmithy ij you ouldou3d leaveleavo thisthib manuscript with me I1 would uke it honio d th m at ightmght and and punctuate it biehieble reply wasmas e arearo not to learoleavoseare itiitait1 A few morningsmorningamorninga afterarter bhilbhib ilenilonlion slaith me the manuscript he saldsaid to metmes if you will give your thatbhat raanuaeript shallshali be yetwned to ua on you getgeb through idthedth it I1 31 leareleave it nithwith yoxx1 I1 asgmred smiib that it should be returned ailall rjglt when J got through with it foryor or three nightsnighta 1 took it with me read it and aimopimo tuafced it with a lead penoidpenoi3 this d31 aeoount for tiietile punctxiation in phoilpwoil whawh3 oh is 14 in thetae worraon report

tgtiisift ai f ayA y w aw vs ytusk fiwelmamermawertitiwelmulWelmur ii sf fitfib af na aw w i irtaiwirtAimma iw a wfcwwaif wf A gwittftiswt Y A afasalwsaersaffs w

38bab 11 A co sioslo itoberteji reherohecohe history of the churcheh1 3b roberts nalwaw corehensitearfbrf r jlfsssieweptaspepapewspt TWM wa S wfawttm melweaWewe1 salt lake citescityoltyolbycitys deseret news presspreaspresa 1930 lyirp111 306job 13 martin harrisflarrieflarrte myrom snithsmith and oliver Cowdercowderyyo vevewerewerameramereweve veryyeryveny frequent visitorvisitors e to the office during thwri printingpointing of the mormon bible the manuscript wc suppsupposedoved to bebo in thetheithel handwriting of CowderGowcowcowderyderyyo bveiy13very diasterdiapuapterdicapudiapterdi rj if I1 renzeiiber correctly was one solid plparagraphlrairagraph without a pwictuationpimoiwfclon narknank frofrom beginning to endends nanesnames of persons and places were generally capitalized but eontwoessentencessontencessoneontwoes had no endandond thetiltii characterchaeharaeternaeternacter of short & was used almost invariably wherewhore the nondwordwond andlanda occurredloccuroccuryodjiredl except at the end of a chapterchapterotedotene I1 punctuated it to make it read as I1 supposedsupaupposed the author intended and but leywryweyvery little fnunttutionpnnetvtion wabwas altered in proofreading 3 7 it21 is not known xhetherwhether the spelling and punctuation errors above are those of a copyist or the oriorlopiiginaoririnaloriginabriginaoriginalor rinal authoramthor the proofreadingproof reading inzines apparently done by mr MIalbertgilbertmybertbertberb oliver 40 qwwytowdcowdlaryCowdlaryiarytary flyruiii fattitht3irith and mr Grandingraodirugrandin4141 later on in hishi memorandumsmeorandimjimemorandump mr oi3bert3rilbcsrt mentionedmontioned thatthabbhattb tt joseph smith vicas in thet shop but once and that he stayed not over fifteen or twenty minutesminixtesteetos in the second edition hohoweilerhoweirerhoweverswevers corrections andaindbindannd eliangeselaangescileliclielaanges were dolledoile by josephjoaeph smith as indicated on the title page rostnostmost of thesethose corrections seem to havekavehavohayo been gram aatiaatioalmaticalmatimatlmagicalmaticalcaicaloal involving the change of aca latiTerelativere pronoun to a dokonatratiwdemonstrative and vicevlee vebaverbavesavorbavosaversa or a word to makemako it arrgepeeree in person orOP number rhestheaethe8e changes walemulcmuic havehavohayo no effect on this investigation in subsi loquentoquent editioneditions since 180 many of thethoufieuuie semicolonssaniseniaanicolons were changed to periods in an attempt to correct these punctuation faults after comparingcoBiraring tionatlonaeetionasectionsee of nephinophilsnophile and cormonn1orpionsyormon discourses in the 18301830 and 1952 editioneditionspsp it atraslyrastyrasttras felt that revisions of thetho book would tend to kart vt kaaakmaa M 6kiiaafwrtih it stiatlaul wiwtwfsas i iw t aliba7i& i ri kmteakateakM teA ilafmto lf 39johnjohn H gilbert memorandtuft 14ade by john ft gilbert esaesq noN Y TIA tle D so september 8 1892 0 paliyraPalpalmyrapalmyriapaiiyranyra yit tidthlthi paper is oaon file in tietim L S church iiiatorianiiistorians library it was madewadomadomadelmades asaa it states htoahtoto accompany the photographs of normonmormon hillhilly which hareharohave benbonboenboon made for thebrobho purpose of exibitionexibitiobexhibition at thetho worlds fair in 1893518931893. oralbertOrnibertAlbertgilbert flemorandum N

andrownandrewandrew jenson autoautobiography andrewandrow jens oni aal3al e gitysgetys i feil lake v waafius fji5atyof nali saitsaltt lak city deseret newsnowsvows prwbfprobsprobepress 1981928 pop 3673.67167367 mr jensonjonsonranaan tellstelistella of a personal inter- view withmith krekromr Gilbgilberteartcartcant 14 decreasedcscreasesecrease the oontroireratacontroveorsial aspects of sorsome of the mctoationipipunctuation therefortherefore the 3952 edition waswao selectedseleated for the twertlgatloruliw c

tho method and treatment chapters or parts obchapterss to beb lg of tamu tho n careswares the f carts teMU if S apters olmwmiiiiitfk6 wsfit nf taiiwmw T used for Uuietheutete talysiaaidialysisaialysiavialysisulakiavialysis were taken from thithyp four major authors nephi nomonmorronmomonmormon moronic&moroni and jacobjacobsjacobe theethoetheothesethose were electedzaelectedza and grouped accordaccordinging to the nature of the contents and olaialajolajclassifiedclassifie4fieririedi as history discourse or abridg- mentebfc the number of seaitences were limited into somesomo easescases by the quantity of decourseducoursedU course or historical events which the witergiterwriter reported all wordsworda were buntedvunted wwithth a hand counter and the accuracy of thetho0 cowitcomit checkedcheeked at frequent intervals by recounts next the number of aentweesiaiehsentmees440which incidently does not coincide with the number of verselverses was determined and recorded with the number of words allailAU the sentences within the selectedseleotedaeleoted chapters eareearowere brokenbrok en dowldown into independent or depend ent clauses aceaeeordingaeeaccord1mgording to complecompiecompletonesscompletenesseoniplcrfcenestoness in thought rather thanulan weuse in the salsaiswisaitencesmtenoetancetencetonce because of the considerable useuso of dialogue in some of the writingswitinge these clauses biereviere counted fndand recorded in addition to the clausesclanger the fo31olngfollowingfol1owing werewerg counted and recoxvledyeeordech prepositional pfphrasesphrabasesdasesrasessesaes infinitive phrases participial phraphrasesphraeessesaes geningenindialdial phrasesplirapiira 8 redundant constructions olliptieale33aptieal expressionexpressionstexpressionistst and appositive wrdacordsgrdamords and phrasephrases theth average usage of each oimentelementgiemont perpor seartenaesear tencetenae as wellweliweilMCII as per 100 or imolmo1000IWO wordswordewydemyde of materimaterialaltalkaik thebhe number of words 10parporr sentensentenceceo and the nunnumnumberber of words per clauseclauciause were then determined irithwithmith the aid of an arldineartdingarlding machine and slide ruler thenthon the calculations crarewrare recorded in table fortiformforni and coinooincomparedpared the final step in thetho investigation consisted of a compcomparisonarlsonarieon ofarison theteemeg figures of rhetoric used by each author to see if there werewore any 15 noticeable differences in quantity or qualit-ambyaMLyotiamlyoti y firefivepire fiprescipresfiguresstoilesimile taphormetaphormoUpme hor 1ersonificationpersonificationperpec sontfsontateafleafteat iotlyhotly tauttautolopiautolofjolop arW apotroeroreapostroriie wadeware exanlnedemmdned herehore along with theiho tnireatiinvestigationon of paralleimprallouamparalparaileim useusous of rhetorical questionsnuestionbji exclamation dialogue andd bethethot useuso of certain phrases nhlchvihichvichich came to the foreground during thebheuhe anaanalysisysis thesethose phrases were anolanr5fiandanra it came to pass amiaklaki bohambohombobeholdvhoM

other oharaotorlbticharacteristics c rhioarhiohwhich wroreawrore investigated for style contrastscontraats werewarewaro comp1axitiescorpplexj fciosscios of thought and sentelicesensonuneegentelicebelice structure thetuleutle addresseeaddressees of the witingwritings anaann certain pecv3iritlaqpecuiaarities which arearoeronerowarewerewaroN unicuounirmeunireme to a singlesingie writerwriters CHAPTER 11

A statistical cqmbirison OF SEVTANCIE SVRUCIRNE andACTaamXNDamm arracrraMMAH FROMmuon WI1iliiii111 1411t1tings OF ne1141 jmobmodWOBN cobodobododo onpgnp AMPAND MORONI

floatmoatplost of the book of mormon critics halhawhavihaviaA mentioned the lack of variety of style in the book of normonmormon hatbuthut inio no instance halhawhave these critics given wyany concrete evidence for the basis of their claimclaims in the onsuingensuing investigation a total of 117 sentencessentongontencebces corricomposedposed of 67875 woriswoniswords were selected from the mritinsawritingsmritings of0f nephinephiji jacob momonmonnon and moroni in most instancesinsaancesinsAances the authorauthors entireentine discoursesdisooursesdieooiirsee and bihistorystory and anaVanawanalyzedzed teto determine thetho absence or prepresencesencesenco of constrwtionaconstruotionsconstructions which would indicate differencedifferences in witingwriting styles theserheserheaerheao sentencesBentenoesnoee vereweremere groupedgrouped mdand classi-clacia siaft4ft fied according ioto their content asws historichistoricalailallair discourseddIsdiscourcydiscoursepcourCy or ridentabridentababridgmento all the wordwondwords 3 in each group were counted and divided by thetche neabernwabernuraber of sentencesentences in the group to obtain the average words wedused per sentence next 102541 24 sentences 43840 woniswords weremerewerg thenthon broken donndown into the following eonatituentbconatituabitueilteritexits namelynameiy independent clauseselaiolaiolatisoa dependent clauses prepositionprepoejtionalprepositioncalcalcai phrasesphraees infinitive phrases participial phrases and gerundial phrases the frequency of the appoamrce of each per 100 or T 1000 tiordsmorcistwords of materialmatcarial was then recorded thoihithekthed the average number of clauses per sentence wordiswordes per independent alausele3auaeglausel and words per depend eriteritterat clause was deterainaldeterminddetedetodetermineddeterdetordetonmindrainal along with thothetche basicbasiobaslo breakdown of sentences it was decided that

16 V17 the ratio of independent clansclaus esee to dependentdependdepond eatent clauciauolanseaolansenclauseisseirseisserr miodquod be recorded nithwithlalithlplith tbesejtheetheo ihetheahe numbeir of redundant eontroetionseonjttuet1ona elliptical expressions noun clauses used as a subject and appositives were recorded and the average ueuseuso per 1000 words of material determined in the analana37sisanalyeiyslyei of ailipleaipleampleamplo quantities of material a wlleiswriterswritertswritorisertsorts affinity for certain usages canoan be made know the book of morinonmormonmorenon iis claimed to be a translation without punctuationpunotuationpubotiiationj therefore stress was not laid upon sentemeswfcenee length talhenfalhen frequency counts basedbaaed upon certain quantities of material shwed the same relative contrastscontracts as those based upon sentence lengthicmgth the smtmestmunco figurfigureses werewore included the true swiencswtencsmtence leaplengthylenptb hoeterhooterhowever nillwill probably feverhevernever bebo known the nainmainmaln objec- tive of this analysis was to compare thethlethio various writings of the book to seesoe if a uniformity existed asa the critics claim or whether strlestrietyietylefyiestyle dif ferenfeferencesferencekfewenceswencesmencoscescos werewero identevidenteT in a translationstranslationotranslation roone words might be roqurequiredroquiredired than verevenevenawereweramere used in the criporiporiginalbinalkinalkinaijinal floweveroliowwerilowliowflowwergereverkevero it seems that these differencesdifferencee wouldmouldmouid bebo fairly consistent throughout thetb fnaterialritateirial if only weone translatortranslatoralatorelator vereverowerewore involved and if the quantity of material to be examined bercwercweremereworemore large if the foregoing is treetrue inan the instanceinstenee of the book of mormon the relative fforencedidifference in the style of the witoiioiaerars involved would still bebo recognized in the following statistics thefrequenaythe frequency averagesaveavoragesragas for the historicalhistorbistor ical witgitwrit ingingss of moroni are not reliable becausebecboccause of thetb e small qua- ntity of material aralaraiavailableavallablelabie mwtheythoy are eludedinincluded merely for reference

avrgeavage sunsonountenetenctone e the the investigationa ofW IVOVWI IWWMIW 110 results of investirinvestorinvest tion zss&ijsxsm00I1amahamdhWVWOC T ir ingang were very intoresunfintorest I1lng contrasts werewore apparent in the length of sentences as showshogshown by the foilfollfollowingfollomlngsowing 18

nephi jcobjacob mormon horkaihoroaivloroni nalrianklriai lftw4 wtkwkyka mmaafaMMaafa jkgya history 343204 316 35735.73507 22121 discourse 403itotiotto 3 33733.7 42v74242. 35035.03500 bothdoth 349 39329 37637.63706 3423434.

ththetho writingswj tings of mormon contained longer sentencessentencosoesoos than anya of the other writings analyzed the averages frforror history and disooorediscoursedisodis0ourseooreoure combined miimil11 hereafter be called thetithe general doragewoworageavorageragepage the writings of nephi followed thosefchoeachoe of morottimormon by approximately 2 words per sentencesensonaontencetonce lesiesless moroni if we may callcailcali the writings by the name of their supposed author was like nephi in sentence length but vervorvony luch unlike morionmormormonmon although moroni wadwas moremorg picturesque in styleetyle ititisibis author seerfted more direct in hishiahla delivery the author of jacob followed the restreat andandaiandji thereforefciierofor wadwasas the one who fatedstated his information into the felfewestliest wordmordwords thetho reason that nephi 11s general average WBwas similar to moroniM6roniss nallenhllewhile the breakdownsbreakdowlsdowis were much difdlfdifferentferentforent wabwasas the number of sentenepssenteneps of history for moroni kabwabwas hatwatwayveryvenyvony sma31somalldomall thethothetho general averageaveragerago isla ffiguredifwedged notnob frofrom the individual worafosbragoseragosav but from the0 total number of words divided by the total number of sentences hehhenwhen the general aerageaveragesaoragerago and ulithebhe breakdown averages were studied a eaitrastealeaicalacntrasttrast viasvlas noticed in the avtxage setsentencesensontence of historical nature compared nithhithkithwith the averetavermt sentonessentoneesenteneetonee of discoursesdisoourse thethcthojhc discourse eontmcessentencessontences were defldefidefilderil bitelynitely longer although this contrast WBwadwas identevidentoy thetheithel order remainedregained the same withmith mormon high and jacob low into thebhe averages the unusually smailsmall figuro for thefthtch nubernumber of ordskords in Moromoronicmoronifenitenifea historicalMstorical entenentenceasentencesceacoa waswaamaa inconinoon clusiveelusivecliistve becamebecause of iliobhebhobilo smallsmail quantity of historicalofhistorical witingsonlywitingwritingssonlyonly 343.414yb sentesentencesentencessentenoessentencescnoebnoessc thisthi workworic consistedconsi stodstud prIntaprimarilyrily of discourses and abridgment thetho difference between theohe0 average sentence of malorymatory and discourse mawas 19

13 words for moroni j kophfanephilsnephila increase waw a found to be 8 words jacob 9 increase wasmas zo mbrvionfsywrnwa inincreasecreasa was 770 thesethose latter figuresfigurea show thethobhobuhe nature of thetche contratacontrasts moremoro clearlyoeicceicmeicmelc triyarlytrly than the general awaveragesrages

nhenwhen the moroni abridgments woreworoyoreMOPO consideredconsid eredaeredp the average sentence wasmas found to be onlyoni Y 32832.8 words longiong thisrhia wewas not quite 23 words lesslossloselebs

artl 1 avo than the moroni discdisediscoursediseoursertl ourseaeoiwscourso Mormonmormonimormons seatesentesentoawfccneebseatemeesneesmees in the abridfzmontabrldgiacmfc 4.4 aviaveragedraged 406 words a decrease of about 2 grdawords also thethoshesho gandgrand average including allailalialj of tlormonthormontlvformonlsornonormon and MoronmororlsmoronitimoronitsMororLsits wriilngsvviritlngs that were analyzed was 3943904 orsor3swords

I1 per awtenoesentence for hormonnormonmormon aaamiamt 333 for I1moronitiMoromoroniminimi a considerable liffelifferenoedifferencerencerenoeronce itslisAs statedstabbed in thetiie introdtaciionintroductionsintroductiono one investigator observed thatthab41tat the authors of kormonmormon and Iv ornimononi used feherfewer words to stae1 their thoupchoupthoughtsatshts than did the author of nephi this mawaa found to be true in regards to moroni only theittieitile reason one could easily assume thetche authors of mormon and moroni were laorlnormorv bribrioo f 111 i thaithatthau they were woremore direct than the author of nephi

A1l typically complex sentwee of nephi rfilo7t be I1 nephi 190 regarding thetho p3pa esi and i knew riotnot at thebhebhoitibtlbil uwtime henhonwhen I1 majemajo themthornthermthemm that I1 should be corocoroandedconviiandedanded of the lord to dakemake thesethose platesplaiceplatosplatoe ntiereforeoreforej the record of ny fatherfathfathorjiorriorji and thetllethobho genealogy of hishlhig father and the laoretaore part of all our pro ceecoecooodingoerdingoeodingoecoodingscoddingsdings in the wilderness are gravenengravedgramenenengraven upon those platespiatesplatea of huohwuohwmoh I1 harehave apokenjaPoken flofroreforefiereforefiewherefore the things which transpired before I1 made these plates areilarearo of a truthbruth more particularlypartioxiliarly made mentionmontion upon ihotho first platepialop3atcm combarcomparcomparee itit withwri th Yormon 593 19 and alsoaisoalao that a imomlcdgelcnowledge of thesethose things must come unto thetche remnant of these peoples vldcxndcalduld also tintounto thetho gentiles who the lord hath saidbaidbald should soattercoatteraoattey thisthia peoplepeoplejopiona and tiathistis people should be counted as naught among themfchereforetiieiyi wtherefore T write a4 small abrmentabrabridmenttabnMent daring not to givelveive a full amountaccount of the things whichkhilchwhilch I1 halhawhave seen bocausebocanaococause of the commandment aiehalehalchacieh I1 have rocelredreaelvedrearocreoroo elredelved anagni isoalsoalooaioo that yeyo minmightmipmlp A not harehaveharg too great sarsaarsBWTWsorrow because of the wickedn4 of thisthia people notoions14ormonsmotoNoTOionslons sentence scsoraod a bit inorelnoremoremoro clear and direct but was stillstill 20 similarsiragliagirailarliar to aernerNoymeihlsmephlsnoyhilshils in wordlnessw A contrast brucalebrucame apparent when moronismoronic writings on the avarrielavarrie subject worewerowope studiosstudiodstuatudiod for a typical verse the clearcleascigarcigas simplesimpie p straiplstraightforwarditforward stylesfcy3e was arywryvery evident as readellreadallradi3y seenseonsoon in lormonhormonnormonmormontV 903091335 and if owour plates had beenboen sufftaientlyirofficlenfly large we would hareharohavehavo written in llelieflecebrehebreflebrewbrew batbutbabbub the hebpw1febrow hath beenbeonboon by us alsoaisoalgojalgoe and TOwe coulddould aluredaltoredalforedalgredi if harehavehavo wittengittenwritten in rebeshebrew behold yo would hairhave had no imperfection in our record orjir for inatwceinstancesinstanceo ether 004sas 4 behold I1 harehave writzfriatebtenton upon thesethose the veryveny things hiahhiohwhich the brother of jared saw and therethero nevernevor werewero greater titingstimingsings rademade manifest than tfooathosethobe biehhiehwhich warewere mademado manimanifestmanifostitianlfoafcfost ultowitomito thetho brrthorbrathorbtothor of jared the wtttegswrltbigs of jacob compared vithmithlihithaihiih those of ttoroni in directnessdirectnea8a and generally exceeded those of moroni in clearnestcleclearnesaoleoiearnesa jacob 10it 3 was a typical exampleI1

forfoxyoiporyox helielleile saidbaidbald thatthai ththebhe0 111iliiiistoryuatorjr111storyatory of Mmea feoplepeoplekeople mouldmouidshould be gravenengravedengravenen upon hishie other platerpiaterplatespiates and Uthatthalutattat I1 should preselpresolprespreapresolvvepreaerveruervoruvveyveype these plates cairadabiradz nd hand theathem damdmm unto mydnny seedsood fronfromfyon generation tato generahgeneratgenerationionlon in chapter illiti111 further discussion of thethobhebho differences in sentence quality is treatedU eatodearod in rogtardrogaardto to complexities of meaning and structurestruotoeotwe 42

numb independent s number tethermiwmibmittswwsfer ofkassis sa cladclaglaueesthothe varivarlvariationadonajon in tietheuieule of independent claalaciachauseec3auseealausersusers ferforperpor bentesentesenteinceince used by celieolleachgach writer wasvas found to be vryvery smalsmalll asaa slownrfionn4iownbiown by theuieute follofolloxingfollowingfollowlyipxingwing eoaparisonsaomparis6nt

wumMUM jacob morriionMorrimorrisionionlon anownoggg0O ri t0ry 22202 63 212.1201 59 201 59595.9599 272.7 120212 discourse 266 64gh646.4 21201 64gh646.4 21-1 legbeg4999 23 66 both 24 6360 23293 64 212.1201 55650656565.6 2320 60866. theiffie frequencies per 100 words off material dependentirlindependent of ntcboesentmog length are given in parenthesisparenthparenta esiesl

ill MA bwtawfstt iiasia lretup m4ibiawite1 mftamm iwfitsiifeanfttb fl W umlaumlc rt wlitftw ft rafarafc pawtaw wr i jamricamri fliwwl3nl a afemar421nmfefra p6paP 46 11 ele21L although mormon contained more words per sentence in comeomparisoncomparison with the other wiwritingstinga itU contained fewerrowerrowen independent clauses as shown especially in the 100 word basisbaslababis nephi contained threthrothree more independent elatesolatesclausesclaubes per ten sentencessenaenteiwes than diddiet MormomoraioamoraidaMoramormoirleloaioalonIrle moroni was vterytoryveryeryory close to nephi athmth only one in ten leeiosioelessalossa jacob concoltainecontainecontainedtained the same as mormon ththe figures baselbasesbased4.4 on the averagaveragee useusg per sentence show mornionmormon to be quite consistent in both historicalhiswrioal and 4scourseescourse rrjtjngswifcingwincingv the authors of nephi and moronimoronic whenwhon they wotegotewrote diaoouawuscourseupcourseUSCOUrse increased four clauses in ten sentencessentensantencesceaoes owroveroven their lvertvertverageaverageageege ishenashen wiwikingtingbingking history jacobs increaseinorease was only one inlritriail ten the figures basedbaaed on uwuseusg per 100 ordsordawords of material show the writings of jacob to concontaintAn the raastraost clauses moroni isia inconclusive in momoamomentsmomonts and moronismoronic abridfimntalarideponts the author of mormon used 55 independent clauelauciauses per 100 words on the average while that of moroni used 59 rherhothefhetho average use perpen sentence was poeticallypractically tiletilo same by each

otherothorothero figures for the abridgments will I1 be givenpiven at the end of each subheading to keepkoep the tabletablwtablos brief and stoplesimple

nibeo I1 mumber dependent 1 l usagej xumb2lilfrftibjisimlrtftjof dqxnndt clauaeatheI ib statistics givirrgitirig1 3 of dependentdependentont clauses showedahomed the writings of moroni and nephi to contain slightly more than the other when figured on the sentencesensontence basisbasiebastebasist

lezlewbew jacob ylormon moroni

history 202.0 57575.7 17373.7 54545.4 lritri106yog161.6lgig 45454.5 070.7 32323.2342 discourse 222.2 54554504545.4 151.5195 497 262.624624.6 59595.9 20 58585.8 bothiloth 212.1 56565.6 161.6iglg106leglog 50505.0500 118 55050050 191.9lgig 55750757575.7

the inconsistent utieuse of independent clauses in all writinpwritingwritingss made the worth of thisthia particular element of practicalpfactical3yY no value 222

vwuseUse op aq gentene A 9 po qjjemt of sentene0 ththlthi point1 at bipkip nwtwaiii of4wifwallag dqdemxiwtayrwa&t Wclauseclausoc3msewaltwwlt SK Wbgtwsbfjmityamity i 1 S f scritenoowitisaiikws kimiip at int in ttethe analysis of uscoursosdtgcoureeaUscoursesursos the ritcvwydiscoveryd1scovery vias nadewademade t1attiiaitaat tlethe preference

fforroror tartlettartlntfcertio a sentencesehbehseninceinco WLmthith a dependent clelaxxsoblusokluso variedvarlvariTari ecieol percentagepercenpercontagebage wiselmiselwisewiso

81 I1 6 aias followsfol3owfollows nephi 10cjit jacob oewnkormonoywn 61j moroni 3aaa10

olagos to dependent llhwilhufmwratiosfjv mfvvof WS jffshfrkaa atstw kaisaxiskaik at Ci lj elaneea the ratio of witewywssllilolauoswiimiw 1t ci0909 fW the number of independent clausesclclatolatolaxausesxeexeo to thethot nurxiber of dependent clauses saisatetcncaaeiaeitencetencetenco basibasis waswaa mademade ynarelymere as a olekwick reference to the preference for those in the witgitwrit ings nieblolliebio number I11 would represwitrepreswfc equal usage of both types by the otdterwriteroteter A nwnbernuibber higherhigiber than 1 would be the use of more dependent clauses than independenindependentfc clausesclauelau es A anialieraileralleraniallerabia31er number titantifantan I11 wouldmouldmouid show independent clauses to be more abwabundantdant thethatho wilingwritings mormon nephi and jacob moroni were found to have similar treferencespreferences or habits as sehornsehown by uieulette general averages in the roifolrolfollovingfollowinglovinglowing tabultationtabulations

i jae4b ikomon tgoroni liislilsflishitoitflistorytory tig4199 08ft 8 3 discourse s8sa 07 1122 9 bothdoth 09y 088 9 68

in the discourse breakbreakdowlbreakdownbreakdowipdowl the presence of more subordination in thetho writingwritlngbs of maroonmommon iraswaseras verjvery evievleideeidoeldoeideatuevidenteevidentodentodontodenboatuntonbo the ratio of thesethosethebethobe clauses in mormonmormonss and raniakoraniamoronilskopaniaKoMororonianils abridgments aveaveragedayoraoaverageeragee .9 andemd 68.8 were the owleomle as their general rabee ratiosrauoll99 0 respectively

wordwords per andpsindependentendent e1ause thetho contrastscontracts viverage number AS wess elance of iiwnisa WMandassksaks mehlmeni &eidentfwtatfi nanhnvnhelansew tkel in viorisviords per incipyicntiniopowlent clause beretweret 23

mechimejhi jacob mariaonmoriaonMdrmonornonarmonormon mormi wrba w ffilljtilkff te horwidormi miia ltmufuaii ar4fw mlijiilmiawfifw

history 79 SMsas2 8099 64 discourseMOOUTOO 89809eeg 904gebgob9 af8f 7 7jt7 ri

itothitoch13oth 63836.3 8U8- 898.98 4 9 767.6706

liwillieelile notmotnobnostmost contrast was evidcymenteymentent inJB the breakbreakdowbreakdowndowdom ateeaTeraterageaaveeaveragesoaveraagesgesoageaagga the writings of loronimoronilv appeared to harehavehawl shorter clauses as did the historical writingsw1wa tingsbings of keahikephiwephi clausesolalClaiiealeaioa in the historbistorhj8torla3icalicay writings of mormon kiereviere one whole ardwrd74vrd loripfloriploxigortertar thbuhanan in wepihi yeiyet ahiamhianlaphifs discourses contained 0slightlyigbtly lxgorixigerlagerlagor clausescialclatolaiisea teanujanmean Momomobsomomentsmomontsmonismonts the discdiscoursesdiscournesdiaeoiiiraegournes of jacob were definitely

otherve longer than ary of the ototherotheriehertsherieherve itiesatiesitieaee inoorlsistenciesinoorialrfconoiea1 makemako thetho value of thesethoes word counts ouestimoueoneciixestioablestim ableabloabio the general 4verageaverage showed the difference botweenbetween mormon aidaldmdmid jacob to be 01OJ betweebetwe6 mormonorooini and neinelnephi 06 and between moniionmobftonmoncion and moronismoronic 131 3

ivoTIO perrdeydeype averages number iio dependentdependentont plauav pheneraw BI s the of ner i the of nnieactyfc tY t is Al&tieoethe baraiyyvir fcty ail6iifci

j wowordsrda us ed to nakemakeinakethake up the dependent clausoolaumsoldumss ifirare found to follow someursomwhatsomewhatsomeurhatsomahatwhathat

i those forfonfopron dependentindependentittintinn clauciauclausessesososo the dependent ciauclauo3aii0eaclausoopseaysoop asae expected were shorter exeexceptingeptIng Mormonjorndmorndmownind thehiemie results beretweret

1 41cob mormon 4gitl J 0mrmg0r x MSSI historyhiatory 808aq ag8108 104loliol1094loelloeh 68 discourse 858.5 8655 97 855 both 87 87807 loaioalobloalioelloei1001 85

momionbmormons general average was 14341.4lbib creatorjreaterreaterator thithlthan eitherelther jacobtsjacobjacobbs or nephfsnephusN ephi s but horomoroninoromoro ni-i a vaswas found to be 16 mrdscordsvords per dependent clause shorter thanunan moraontMormormontmormoneMoramormmontsontone incinoonisttocleareirelcai sistenciets karewarenenereverewere agaidagai4 presentprespreaent 4

noun labed as mbjeotsubject athewthe investigation whwutsc im tuclausestriirvaiilio8c W jagaija&ai sfcilwilr silait alaab6r rhethe of selected rnateenatematerialrial from each wrwlterwiterwriterlteriter the sentences from lloronilloronaagronimgroni contained a noun clause as the subject noremorenorg frequently than did thethotaletalotjie other writings nephi contained 1 noun clause aaAs the subject in thethobhebho hjstorynstorynestoryhj story andend I13 in the dis- courseseourses jacob contained I11 in the historical awitinwitinwritings only kolmmoinflonMoinmormoififlon con- tained 1found1 found in the historical vrrltigsxthlrigs iioronifioronif4oroni had 4 in the dtsdiswdiew courses midaidaldeindcinddindmid I13 in the abilagmentsabsldgmonte that were analyzed

101001use01001 pf 1 WSAQVALh average iswwwiifwswfmof jrxos4onajprepoihona3V 74 Iphrae8thraserave21 .4 difference in the 1 tfknet et ii&teian1 4 nuberdubornubornurmber of prepositional Pphrases used was xpocted to be of little value itiellietlletyle results showed only a slightalight increaa6 in thetho use of prepositions in the nrltibg8writings of nortMortmortzionzion asdaacascaa sholmcholm in the following based on the average use perpor tenbentonbenbonuon scbtencestsentericest

Nnephie asixsi momon moronimorona wimiwsisfi Lmimjmiwtit i41imwjii iwiaiamm4ilv pistorysborystoryjistorytiJi 36 353.5305 414 1.1 183 tiscoursediscourseTisils course 51 43 57 4 0 both 4422 40heohoo400 16466 38

the greatest diffdifferencedinnorenceorenco inan averages waswaa found in the historical mikfnmikaniiriwrwci taking the writers in order of desedescendingdeseendingending goaeralgoneralgonegal averageaveragesaveayeragessp the

epes 00oo diffdittwmoeadiffertsertsepelnoes between mormon nef11nephin p nephinephi1 1 jacobojacobjacobs and jacob koronimoroni were

0 0as5s 0100oos s aiandend 17 phrases respectlvayrespectirespectrespeckiivoy ip every ten sentences the analysis of abriabridgmentsdimantsdgmants of momolobmoyobaitionpition an d moroni holodhowodshowed momon to useuso nearly one whole prepositional phrase per ten aentoiweasentencessentoncessenton cebces aloremore than moronimoronic tihantahant1han the averagelaveragedaveragel neronorowereworewero based upon useuso perpor 100 words of materialnatermaterial 252 to OAeliminateminate the influence of theiboihotho lenpojenpolength of sentence sallsailsmallsmail contrastcontrasts verewere still evident but not in the sameganegame iastaninstaninatanoeacescoscog as aboveabovoi

naghingghi jacobb kormonSSS moronioraniorgni historymatory laiq70110310310.3 11211.2i112 11ing6 bl801 disooureediscouurse 1241294 131322 13213.21392 114314yth

rotbotrothbothh 11311.3 1232232.20 2 1211201 112

the maximum use nownour ajafpearedappearednearedceareoceared in the writings of jacob and mormon but they were consiconsistentstenti in the three types of writingswitings

use phrases use of To phrases presented of infinitatejmj te the infinitive kfinfinitltemmj fkrheehe WW infiniti moremoro contrastcon traatbraatbrabb the aveavoaveragerappe number of intinsinfiiiltiwintinitiveinfinitiveinitive phrasesphrases basodbacod on ttenen sentwfcwceasentmeesmeebmeesmoes was found to bebo

a ob momon 4qm

history 8 6 8 3

discourse 3 3 4 3

both 6 5 7 3

the general averages followed theteeumemue order of MfforionnorionmarlonmarronmformonNorionornonormon nephinephiji then jacob in closcioselosclose order0 moroni used fewerfower infinitive phraseepharasee than the others if his ffigure1pure for history ie at all closoolosbceloso to being accurate in the break- down 14eloronioro ni was found to be very conalconstconatconalstentcoiwlstwfcstent in hishl usage but the other writers used more infinitive in their history witingwriting there was very little difference in morinoiamorindiamormonMorimadrmarraolanoias andend neingiNejnephisnejhitsmephiahits average usage howbowhowevereverleveryovery in the breakdownbreakdowl of moronismoronic mdand jacobjacobs sentencessentenoesbentesententnteneaeneseneanoes the lesiesless frequent usage became noticablenotinoticeablecablecabiecabiocables wenevenevonovon bfiforebeforeafore thetho tally was completed 26

A few sentencessentonsenzonces of lklormwn containercontainedcontained as many as 4 infinitive phrases asae in the following normonmormon 310t3sas 4 and it came to jgasspass that after this tenth year had massodpassod away makingmaking in the ioleioieyolewholewhoie tiliefahrfchr e hundred and sixty years from the xmdngcoming of christchristy the king of the Lamalaanlteslamanitesnites sent an piatlepiacleepistleepiotle unto me which gaegave unto memo toolmomojmomknow that thtiheytuheytubeyey were Pprepared gogojtoggojggcomeoj again la blat against us in the abridgimmitsabriabrldgiants mormon led nil oroni by 4 infinitive phrases in 10 sent eneenconeomeomc esea based upon the freqmncyfroqxxney of useuso pler 11000ooo000 ordslords of trialnatrialmterialpatrialmaterialna the contrasts werre tillstill evident aaao shomshog in theuhetheeuhte followinpfollowing t

nephin2phi jaoobjabob florlplorl momadorobimorobi miwmksskwf wiwiwinilk wi wvanvwftwwm hommnomawivhwv fafastorybastorystory 22 19 23 13

diseowaeDiscourse 8a 9 9 10 both 15 14 19 10

these trends based on 1000 words were the oamegamegamo as the trendstrendle based

agn maximum on the ubeubouse per sentsentenosenaentenctenomeemoemoo in thetho abrid&monts jo the use of inflniinfini1 titivesvesvos wasmas still in the wiwritingstings of morminomormonumormono the figures for the abridgmentabridgments wertwortwerewors nornonnormonmormonmormons 29 moronimoronic 24

use of participialpartioipial phra the weuseuso of participialpartioipial phrases caused iixtrtfffn wwviiwssiiti itfitiawanlftphraseatheiimsmmytiisnseaThe little contrastconeon traat to appear in the general averages 0off thesethebe prophets basedbaaed on atopgtopgrotipsgrotius of 100 9eintences thesetheeothebe airatraveragesorage weroworeworo

jacohjacob mordonmortonnornonmormon moroninoronamorona aa get norton le 4a iluwswhwwilahilqhi iviniiufwwifwf iwmiwwwwfi irfrejfrtjfr TJ mit lilsflism torystory 10 11 8e 0 discoursedisdleDiecoursecoursocourge 3 3 5 4 both 7 7 7 4 277

participial 1hrasasphrasyphrasw used to inttanttintroduceoducaoducc dialogue 1 dotvoz eludedincludedIn in the above count as the reciultsreaultq ouidouldwould be fecteafectedaffectedZX if soitiosoivio writings

1 contained more dialogue0 thanilianillan others lusiks shormshownshomoshoehoro by the generalgenergoner l averages mormon the writings of kormon jacob 31 and nepalnephtnephl hadbad practically the samestame number of plwztsesphraaese the author of moroni seemed to have found little use for participles if thetho average for the hiesthistoricalorical miwritings gagaveve a true picture more contrast appeared in the history breakdown erewherewhoreore jacob stood out with the highest awxage usage of participial phraseeraseshraseshrases nephi followed

by a diffdifferenceeranee of only 1 phrase in 100 aeritenoeeseyftenees and normon followed nephi in order by just 2 sono participial phrases erewereworeero found in moronimioronits 14 sentences of historyhistoryatory but of courseootlraeiraeirao they ightmght appear if more history were available in the discoursesdisconraes the contrasts were lessleasiesolesoleao pronounced but kormonnornonnormonmormon and moroni used elightslightlyly more participial phrases in the abridpmentsabridgments mormon used aaan average of P333 participial

phrases per 100 sentences while oronimoroni14 used only 10 per 100 sentences this confirms ththebhe fact icatthati1at moroni had rouchrduchdouch lesslebsIBBB preference for thetlletile useofusefofuse of themthom than mortanmortwnmorwn contrasts in the statistabistablatatiatiostatistionstion basedbas3d on use per 1000 wordsworda of material weremereworewergmerg the wemememe as those based on their useuso per eaiteneessentencedsentencet

eeraeena jacob mormonSSSSR moroni rietriefhistoryHieftorycory 28 36 22 0 discourseDisoooseowse 07007 10L 0 1212 I11 both 181.8lb108 P533 19 1li111.1yl I1

the use of partidpartidpialpart pialplaipiai phrases inln the abridgments were 56 and 313.1

for mormon and boronlomoronlomoroni y rospeotiwiyrespeetivoly this was consisteriteonairbentconsisterit with the other nritingawrititips 28

usaused gwwidial 0 averap i genmd phi such asa iiimftliiwfiiiiiyatejiiwjaemzlwtiiihahiit jdymlafphraaoaavoragaverah neusense of cerindperind phrasesases il1 had wployedemart1oyedl ny people the mophiteaniaphitespiMophitea in P their landsiandalanda and 0theirc ir areirefi a p showed thethotebofehofebo writings of lWmormonormon moroni and nhinephi closely related in thethobhebho averajreaveraavoraavonajre ubeubouse based on 100 sentesentencesnoesnoos thetheytlleytileyy differed by only one in desedeaeodingdeseendingdescendingendingonding order jacob followed nephi by 4 as showl in the fol lowinlowingg averagestaveragesaveragestt

vi leghideghin12phlt i jacob mormonsjgjl loronimoroni history 8 3 7 0 discourse 12 68 272 12 both 10 6 12 11

in the breakdownsbjroakdowbreakdownp all writings contained doremore gerund phrases in thetiletllebhe discourses contrastcontractcontrasts werewene very marked ithwith the exception of nephinephilemephile arriarrlendandarki drioronits aterageuaverktiges& in the diseourcidiscoursooj mormon mdand nephi were separated by 15 phrases per 100 sentences and nehl and jacob werewope separated by 494 in the historical writingwritlngawritingspsp nephi and mormon were the most closely related in average usage again noroainordaimoronis average in thisthiathib breakdown isia prolproiprobablyably unreliable because of thetho low number of sentences

in the abridgjiicntsabridgincnts of tioramonTi oramon and moroni there was tstill evidence of molsbomsnomsmomsplornonts rieferonoev eferene ei for tafthfthe use of gerund phrases uisllla average led Moromoronisnils by 7 pwper 100 senteneesthesentences thebhe aweamegme asaa in their history writingswritineotingo therhorhe same averages based upon 1000 medsmeda of material wereweres

liti141i isaisois0jabobjawob mormon lilpzrissssiisussiA history 24 10160 39leg109 0 discourse 30 25 6160 1 35305 both 272 7 181.8 33 333.3303 2999 thesethose vorewerewerg consistent idthedthA theth fiurefjareflgfjmrealgpires basebasedd on thetimbim average sentencegenttgente e

rhetherho abridgment RIveragesaverages based upon 1000 words welvere 262.62i6 and 14 for mormon ind moronimoronic respectivelyreapeetiirelje

rc gonatiwfcioyu A peoumarsar vaawas ibectundabtdun fotion vpeculaar redundant wavas dundantdunvantdantWWZ ceomni ti otion lecul construction hmiiwiwwifw ff wwwwifust foundcound to frequent itself throughout the book of mormon in varyingraryteg quantity thisibisIMs umusualunusual aonstmctlonoonafctoction was made up of the subject of the skensentencetencebence followed by a participial phrase or phrases and thenblienbilen a repititionrepetitionreplmtion of the subject the following average lleeuseusa per 100030003.000 grobavordgrow a shows this type of eonsfcrueticmcoyistruction to havehavo beenboen used more by thebhe authors of jacob and mormon thanohan by the others

pp ilexjacob mormon romoronironi lalialkahikqhilaflafcalaccaiancacA a ilrxwwwwyw f wiwfriw ihwws hiatosy141st ry 999.9 262t6 29 0 discourse 0 5 4 0

Bboth0th 05 J150 5 141.4ihlh104 0

A typical ilseuse of thlthithissi redundantreAmremmdantdani construction in the writings of jacob was found in chapter 2 teraeverseversoyersevepse 2 i jacob according to the respon- sibility which I11 ama underwidermider to god to magriifyroaprilfy ninemine officeofflefiefic with sobernesalsobernoesobboberneeernoe and that I1 might rid my garments of yooyowyour inssins I1 came lipup into the tenilletoiipleteniple

in jacob itioaitioit 10 isia found a veryveny corlicomplexpliapifapiem constructions Vthepherhe ggople have iwedloved nephi exceedingly he hatinghavingbaving been a great protector for them having wieldedNielcied the sword of laban in thethottieretiertulerutlerr defensdefenseep and haringbaringhaving 1labored in all his days for their velveiwelfarefarocaro ialhcalhwhereforeereoreforesore the looieceolegeole verewere desirous to

e 30 the authors ofofyormnnonominonxmi and jacob also were conarconqroonsplciwaslcuouus by their having used the construction in their discourses where the others did not the authors of jacob and morid011 continuocontinued to prefer greater use in their history thee writings of nephi follofolloweoi those of nomonmomon by the use of nearly I11 construction per 1000 words i moroni azwzwasts again conspicuous nithwith no redundant conoonconstructionalstractstructionslons howverhowever udsthis type of construction was asedusedusedaged twice in the abridgment of E therthoretherethor in the chapters analyzed theth writings of mormon in the abridviiemts contained 6 redundant constructions in the chapters analyzed

EUJDAE expressionsck IB ariartan elliptical such asae and thou art mliptioal f neddnuddsuedaUJDAmutiswfishsk ymwa6S ifiltmmmwhk in likeliko unto our fatherrather led alfvalev by the foolish imaginations of his heart 1 I nephi 17120 the subject and predicatepredlpredicateoatecato of the subordinate clause whotlfflio isia is absent1 butut understood thethoe average use of similar elliptical expressions per 1000 wordsworde of material analyzed is shonnshown in the folrolroifollowinglaving ffigures

nephi jacob mormon morobi limmtisshftufvP astwlm joreorwwmhiriwhvfiwdorobiRlailal alifwiillnyfwit mtafcwfat fst ili iistory 3.3 055 6 3e23 2 discourse 24 66616 8 233 both 12 363.6 6 233.3

the writings of jacob contained thetho greatest abundance of ellipticelliptio calscaloal especially in the discourses trut thithlthis eljlpsiselmpeis appeared in phrases more thanuhan in the lidzidmidoiwlaalonssionassion of subject andor predipredlpredicatecateoate as appeared in thifsnhifssophias witingwriting in his chapter 2yay2 thetho author of jacob used yooyou as thetiietile object of an omitted preposition five meesumes herewhere thuwe other waitersvmiters used mitoflintoflimto yourloyoufloyou jacobjacobs author merely gedsedused ftyouttyou asae for instanceinstanestanosbano in 22sas 20 31 N ihichchichuphich todsodgod hath givengivon you n or in 2t152tl5t he bauldicmidwauld shewshow

ffjt you 0 S etc the author of koronimoroni alsoaisoal ao ahowti&iowed great affinity for elliptical expressions most of therethore ellipticellipticalsals werewergweng of the sentence trpetrpotypetypo felielleile used A littlelittles oterover I11 elliptical lessleeislegis than jacobjacobs author per hundred words but the greatest usage was in the histohistoricalhistoficalficalleaileal Aingswritingsvm one of the most frequent usages in the writingmritingas of koronboronihoronii waswag ailalialltall hihis days omitting a preposition such asaa f1forffor itinin or iduadufduduiyiagtrg0rgengu TMs typicatypical phrase waswae used 10 times in etherether obolpaptersolpteraobaptersterstera 10 and 11

nephis eeneralbeneralgenera taterafoaTerimeragoaverimeswesmeragoafoapo followed koronismoronis by I11 expression per 1000 wordsworde and mormonmormons showed teryvery contrasted lacklaok of ththebhe usage in the abridgmentabridgmentsabridgmentsoso the flguresfigureafigureefugures verewere consistentoonsibtent with ththe other writings montionmormon containedcontaeontained ellipsis only 07OT timenstimews pedper 100030003.000 gords while moroni containedconoontainI it 33 timestimeo per 1000 woris thetho ardwrdmrd behold isie used in ellipsis throughout the book of mormonsmammon itsitaitdltd usage in the mrk analyzed isia gitengiven later 1431130 this word or clauseclauso was not counted in the above analysisanalysisanal ysis

ggtgositositivespositivesives oni1cta3yoniaonly norbloybwordsnoyb andarici phrasesphrasedphraaoe in apposition lereleroweroworo counted aadand the majority of them werewero of thebhe nature ofoftors lfllal1 nephi n

rf youyouyon i my brbrethrenbrethronbrethrenrethron eten thetlle freoiencyfreqtiency off the use of appositive words and phrases per 1000i000 wordsord of materialmait erial beretweret

nihinini 41acobISS mbrmonmarmon moroni historyhiotoryy11s to ry 47 616.1gi66gb6.6 1 151.5 32 discourseDiscourseuree 41 71791i 15 26 both kk4o4akhtahiahahhoh404 6664gg666.66 1151.55 262.6

4nfraplibbelib&e Pp5050a 32

jacob again idas found to contain this form of expression the most and was distantly followed by mpi4nephjnepha moroni contained a twfewfow apposiapposioapapposeposisposio tirestives less thanbuhan did nephi but mormon contained the fewest of all the witerswriters tceeptpxeept in the averaaverages9es for jacobojamb thethobhebho averaobaveraaveaveragesaveragosraresramesragosob tereberewe7ere quite miimil toformm throughout the breakbreakdowndowl of wiling analyzed in the abridmentsabridgments the author of moroni used only 2 appositives per 1000 words while that of mormon used 8 per 1000 wadswordswyds

sienersieberjlb&s17440jevidenceimd of style differences in the book of monnonmormon writings analIanalizedanaljedanalanalyzedjedyedsedzed werewore readily recognized laretarelargge alipamipaaaiplesI1es werewer0 aanalyseranalysednaI1yzed for sentence lengiengkongth3ongthth tenventoneven though the book is claclaiviedc3ca ivied to be a translation

differences verewereverg recognized thelh avevpzac1c determined on the basis of the li1917917 sentonsentencescesoes varied veryvenyry little from the averageavenage determined from the shorter amount of 11254254 sentences in irtiiohvrhioh sentence structure wasmas arnlyeclanalytedanalyzed nephitsnephitenephi averages weremere the only onesonee alchmichiai& tarltarivarlmariedmarled lwyimy than p9pa9 word per sentsontsentenceenceenoe the reason for this was found to bebo that there was a consider

able amamountottntottnat of dialogue appearing in the I1 group of nephus witingstwitwitingswritingshwibwltings which gave an average of 350 wordstwords per sentsantenoeonoe compancompareded with those 4tichotichnhichwhich gave an veragevoragoaveragea of 37337 3 the writings of morvionwornon definitely pontagontacontainedined more tordawords per sentencebonBensontence than the othersotheraother1 s illeilietllee closest averagesaTeaveragebragee those of nephi were 27 lesslose quite a margin separated ththen areaveragesaveragesragos of moroni and jajacobcob moroni con

1 bained just a little lesslesa than one wordwond pperi r sentencesenaentencetenee less than nephi comparison of the average number of words per clause showed little contrast lethwith the exception of the nunfoernwrfoer of wordsgords per dependent clause in the discourses of Normormormontionnion thee average independent clause in his writings was approximately 1 rordwordmordpord4 longer than the othettshertsothersotherts 33

one would expect the average usieusic of elaelauaeselauzeaelgcig useauzea to falxfolxfollowow the trend of

alienee94nitenae lengahbengahlongtenlongthn but akermonakormon I1 a and nephimciphi1 4 averages were found to reverse

their order i ihen compared with113 tb thebhethiethle sensonsentencesentoncesontcmoetencetonce length an imprenbiwitirpreasive trasttraatostraatontraatcontraston wasmas fourlfounlfouwl in the discovery that the writings of moroni and nephi befanbegan with a dependent cialeciago more frequently than those of NOTOOIImormon and jacobjacobsjacobe the frequency count of positionalprepositionalpropositionalprepro phwswnbrasetj shoshovedslhowdahoaboshowedvedvodwod that the writings of morionmorlonmormon contained slightly moremoro phrasephrases than the otherlother1otherts a per 100 ifordsnifords as wellmoll as per sentenceaensonaontenceteneebence A count of infinitive phrases shovedshowed the riritingewritingstingstinge of mormon to contain the highest average useuso of infinitives moronimoranisIs wriwritinaswritingstinas were contrasted withmith twfewrew infinitive phrases thehiethomiomlo quantity of phrases did not

b follow the trendfrendtrondfrond of teneetencetencoaiaiteneeaileneesentence 1eaelengthlengthnathngth for each writwiterwltergiterertere the count of participial phrasesphrphe adesadosases revereveredreveoedrewa3edOedmedmod little contrast in the generalgen era averahaverapes unieas forordo1oronilsForgorordomorordsordoondo histmatoryoryl averageavenage could be verified with more material than was present in the 13oako6kbooknook of mormon aminationexaminationlEx of the abridgotitaabridgiftents tended to verify the fact thatbhat maraonmoraonmormons writings contained approximately twice thethouhe number of artiotpia3palrtiapial phrases that moronimoronic9.9 con bained

the author 3 of mordonmorlMorimormonllontionilon mdand loronimoronilk wereweroworo found to haveaavoauvoauto used nearly the samesamo number of ggerundarunderund chrasphraseatessees thethome sharpest contrast appeared in the compcomparisonarlsonarison of jacoblejacobeejacob4a average to the otherothorothersotheraothoraotherlsls jacobs writings contained only 12 asaa many porund phrases per sentence asaa lornionslornhopmonamorHopmop1 ionsmonsmonalons uieuleviee coubtcoubacount of redundant owsiructionconstructions where thethobho subject of a sentesentenceince was repeatrepeatededteds presented additional contrastcontr ast tl-thee writings of moroni wrogregrowere conspicuous iaidthedthth a totalmotal abswoeabsemee of these constructions in the stsentencesnt nees analyzed while jacobus mdaridarld nwornionfscormonyormon contained 1a1aa per 1000 ordswords 34

A great ooncontrasttrast in writers wabwas discovered in their use of elaptiellipti- cal expressions thatheitteitietlle author of mormons writingswltinge appearedappearedoared to haahawhave hadbad little desire to ubeuseuscvac ollipticalso311ptieala hepe coedwoed only 1 in 1000 nordskordsnordbwords while wephi1wephilsWephils used thieetidoetwiee that cumlernumlernumiernumbwnumlerier moronimoront 1 aB witing s contained 3 times thethe number found in momoiimomojimorfflonts and jacobsjacobb mrkroork contained nearly 4 tiestimes the numbernumbers theillitittl average ime in discourses revealed sveneven greater contrastoontrast intestlfcation of the apparent preference for thethotilobilo ubeuse of appositives se smed to revealxeirealxetrealireal a possible difference between the writerswaiters of the first part of the bookdookboomdoom of somonmomonmormon and thosethooe of thebhebuhe last part the earlier writers used approximately 2 to 3 tinestineatimes itioreetiore appositives than thetiie laterlator the author of jacob used this construction m65a abundantlyl3abundant1yo43 times more than the closest writer A most atristclstrikingking contrast was found in comparing the abridgments of honionhonlonmormon and mobnimomnie 1ilormons averahaverav usage of acheach item was always greabergreater than moronicMoronite with the ceicejaejeejalonaionadon of the UBuse atof ellipticellipticalsalsais appositives and noun clauses used as a subjectsobject in thesethesli the aireairoaverageasrorage use for moroni was riiucb higher than for amtonomoraionoromtontonrionaiondion theitieitletyle harhaypeatsharpesthaypeat contrasts in comparing the rennainderrennainderinden of their abr14abrio woentselements appeared in the average words per dependent clauseclauso wordswordamorda per independent clause nominative absolutes and nounnonn clauses used asaa the subject of a sentensentenceceecoecoo CHATIER itiirilri

anialy31 FIVPT riikrilktiietileTIIKPTIE OPOF 1111pttoric

this chapter inillild devoted to the nalyetmalesisnamalysislyet of the discourses of netmephijihi jacobajacobpjaeobjabob rornorMorhormionmormionMOTOOnionmion andcindcand moroni to detedetermineripine the use of rhetorical figfigureszureszunes in those writingswi tings

f theme figures of eaibollihiiientembellishnient sciectedselected for sb07stiicty in the discourses of theth four rookbook of mormon writersoltwitersera weres 1 metaphor 2 simile 3

Ppersonification 004 paralparaiparallelismparalleliamparallelismoleliam I1 5 tautology andantiants 6 apostrophe the utreettyeetryee figuresfigurea of emphasis inwsiigatodinvestigatedinvostigated were 1 rhetorical question 2 exclamation andarkiavriarmm 3 dialogue the method used to select and study each type of rhetorical figure was to locate the figure then record the chapter and versevorse along iawithth a fwfew words to identify its contentoontentcontentscontenteoontent aflerafter this was daiedoledalodonedono for each figure oor and quantitystyo cu of each author ji the lists werewore stadiastadiw frforobr quality quantity Partiilarticupartlparticaparticu larjaylay attention was given to originality and structure and thesetbesethoseobese were com pared anongmnong thebhe fferentefferentdifferentdi writers to see if one niterwiterwriter waswaa more skill ed and briginaoriginaoriginalorigina than anotheranothwe the quantity of the usages were compared being reduced to their appearance per certain aimbernimberbimbermiwbor of sentences the figures werwerewerg counted in thetch history writingswitgitgib ings and discourses combined the latter part of this chapter is devoted to the results of the investigation of various other itonsicons which weremere found to show definite differences in the stylesstylos of theilzetazetame fowfogfour wriwatersgatersters under foxwoxwexaminationunataon these

35 36

wardverewerewarm 1 complexity of sentence strubtrnctweactureature 2 olclaritclarityclarityiarityyi 3 addressee and use of apostrophe and the frequency of thebhebuhe weuse of 4 behold and 5 and it camecamo to passpasepace lt

aartiaprti book of mormon liketike the nible is fullniy of beauti ew Nfiji31 tnetaphmetaphoror in this investigation an attempt waswaa made to determine the quality of ttethetho aetametaphorsmetapharaphora of each witrgilrwetrvirlter and compare them A gooditgoodatgood metaphor mightmlpmipmight be defined as the figure produced by theautaubautborts authorhortsbortsborrs ponerpowerpomer11 Ppcwerower to take a given and knolknown temtomtornbermbemm and bendbond it to a fresher and richer useuse1044iehl1044 metaphor was used in approximately equal cuberanuberanumber by each of the four writers about 30 of these figures kamittingomittingkamitting houseahouse9house of israel per loo1003001.00100 sentences mary of the metaphor culdauld1 1 1be0 trtracedaaed baalbbagia tjjiaejde 0j on qxodt tqabmbaolc otitoimon awliialllsl00 of the timestimos H who ustmust be brought low in the dustduat tt wasweswaawea found in I1 nqjhi 22t2322 23 aadandand a si 1aaa in isaiah 294

t with healing in hishie wings n iaIs foadfomd in XI nephi 25 13 and malathimalaohima3aohi 42 about 12 of theteethomeo 34 metaphors of nephi in thethobhebho 10510 sentsentencesencee analyabalyanalyviedredbed erewere used in some similar fornform in the old testament the more

coumoncommon metaphors suchsueh aastass beedseed of the earthsarth househauaehouaeithouseinhouse of IsraelisraelaisraelnIsraisrael111elnolnoin111911 11harderned their hearts branch ofwhonofovwhopwhomwhonff and stiffstiffneckedustiffneckednecked people lf verevevewereWWB not considered in the parisoncomparisoncorticonti with the bible because of their beinebelnebeinbeing so comorlcomora to both

A few metaphors used by the autharauthdrauthbr of nethneshnephi weremereworemore also found y in 1 the writings of the new testamentTestanient one ofoifolf thethelthol raastraost obvious of these was

M and there shall beb one fold and oniaonlaonieone shepherd 1 I nephi 221252i2

twiistlfrtmtlmtiiiww JW wwmwiivt im rf&itfflhvft h wftflhmbtlttit broolis44i3rooksBroolbroolcscs and warrenarren p 389 37 which vaswas alsoaiooaloo found in john lot1016los 16 accordinghoobooAcoording to the book of mormon the saviorsavionsavlonE used ullathiauilaulia in hishiohlo adresswdress tcto the aphitespaphitessjephitea on this continent hmwhen heh appeared to them after hisbis resurrection illlilliiill nephi 1517 it is easily supposed uw was mado peterreneeence if the visitvisvin it actualactu j thatbhatthatt the savior made referencereterr to it in hishlahia cocoiaaun3rununicationscatoatJOBS with the preiristreinistprechriatpreChre M ristriatirist prophets another metaphor from 0 t I1 keahikephinqpbi 222523252335 o he shallshailshali reedfeed hishiahlahib heepsheep was very similar to christchrists command to peter feedtlfeedpeedalfeed my 8hee1sheep john 2121t17t17

nephi was originaloriglaaliaalinai in the usougeugo of I1 many metaphormetaphors reference mewabwas made to the greattigreattgreat and abominable church 11 as the whorelowborelowborn of the earthoarthearthnearten 1 I nephi 2sl322t1322513 in thatthabulatt it muidquid sell nseiritself for money and pride in I1 nephi

o bho power 19igli191111 0 thethobhe author of nephi forredreferredre to the visitation of the of the lord on the wicked as the flthunderingafchianderinga and lightnings of hihis powerpomerpowers kiohwhichlioh

n is most impressiveimpresaltesaivesaiTe the old tesfcanienttestsmsent containscontaine 0 the lord thundered with a great underNthunderththunderethundern in I1 jagelyageljamelsamuel tle700tiotl0 but laIs as close to nephinephilsnephila metaphor as could bebo foundcoundfounds among other metaphor which appeared to be original

11 in the witingswiringswritinps of nephi wregreveret 0 even the raryveryvary god of israel do mmmen trample under their feet ft he numnumberethnumtowethbereth hishiahla sheep every nation shalishall fall into the pit which they diggeddegged tobo ensnare the people of the lord and people shallshailshaliahall wollwolidwelld safely in the holy one of israel n e of thethobhe ardswrdsardmrd used in these metaphors binmfihtbipht be found in the bible but the contleteconTlete metadmetapmetaphorihor or a reasonable likeness does not exist acoacoordiagaccordingacoordingording to Crudecrudeiicrudelicrudensii concordance41 and youngsroungyoung analytical i Z concordance 464 iKyikywmwM 45 ftowelltoswell K hitchcock ulmqj4pa a sisais of thetho 11 0 and ssa5ia21lcrudacrudm b hah0 510EIMr ott1vav a ow yorktyonkt A M johnonl75f6hfivon vf7 5 461ll young a14g concordance0 to new york obort r itmmmusanaljbioalsfrisari tsslww efvlswyiwiwllfli1f wiahwihhrbfrilktefralw ih aiavtlt&ifciwiuiwvthe bible I1 K funk co 18601880 t 3388

thetho qutalityotojifcy of nepinepfkcptjsJ fsas tieltiegltapborsmetaphors were excellent except perhaps for fcheache one ferrinxeferrinrefoxtinexe bo theulculeVIC pit which they didiggeddeggedapedgped to onanaensnarerollrettrott 1 I nephi 2234223.42274226 14 the Tnglishenglishanglish denotatioadetiotationdenotationdetioderloderhotationtabiontablon of ensnare is to entangle thus flpitltpit

doesn4dofesntdoesnt fitfib too000ooo wellweliweil with snareensnareensnarean tt neevernweverjjdeveroideverordeverOIwever this is placing nuchmuchrauchhauchbauch weightwoight upon a word which might be a inslatlotitranslationtrzarz fault on the other hand drooksbrooks and warrenwarnenyarnen callcailcalicaucan attattentionatlonntlon to the fact that therethorebhore must be element of M contrast in botnesotne metaphorseoaetaphora to inakornako them effecteffective nf thetho meaning of the

etaphornietaphormetaphor was voryvonyvery clearelearcleara netcriheloanevortheloss and the authorsauthor1aixthorlq Q masterymastory of thebhe art waswan readily recognized tn the writings of jacob tche number of original and borrowed metaphorical expressions vasvaewas foundcound to silsll91111titlyslightly exceed that of nephienephpenephifsx thesethebethobe orlforiforiginalrinalvinalvinai metaphors warewerewaro of superb quality for instaanstainstancence 41 tho hordordword whichvinich heaethhealethheahealethaeth the wounded soulsouiaoul 11 jacob 28218 5 it andancianclanol those haehave daggers placed to pierce ttheirahelaheiabelr souls and xmndvaundvnund their delicate minds jacob 48 nt awake from the slumber of death i loose yogyow selves frorsi thetho pairfspairas of hellholihoil J jacob 311.3113111 honronhawhcwitflo1w wisomisowibounsearchablomisoarchableunsearchablyarchable are thetho depthdepths of thebhe mysteries of lisahimlfhimle jacob 4airraier88. or 9t receive the

god jmvefl pleasing word f 0od and feast upon hisia love jacob 33t2t20 in jacob bui4uibup414s0 appeared a urywryvery interestinterestinghig and clover metaphor 4 whichwh ich blinctoess came by looking beyond thethoh narkmark ittt therherhoe manmaa issi undoiibtedly the hebrew Z tetoyeto useded in I1 iz3amuel 20i2010 PO job 16 12 and lamentations 312 or the greek il91 lf ustaduscadd in philippians 314 bichwhich signifies

JJ z target or goal in canconcontrasttrast to nnjjj1I1 genesis 415the415 the thetho mark on

11 48 cain or J9wrtvt ezekielEekielklelklei 94069 6 sehschidiichleh is normor e of a taign80 an considering I1 thisthiasithiaji the author of acobjacob produced a veilvelvvervversvery3 fine metaphor epala ii a 47cleanth47 cleanth brooksdrooks aadandzindcindcand roberthobert perin warren pop 381101 8 8youngsYoungs p 645 39 n before the bar of godftgodatgocp itedcited in acobjacob 696 0 appeared to be the first use of lt jiidgtemtjudgment barhar in the rookbookflook of Mornumoriilonornxm andabodehod seemed to set the pattern for its useuso throughout the book n straitstraitgategate H jacobjacob

611611.gli isIQ found in a-thehethe new tebbetesteamentTesteament but not in the oyd tostairntitestaiiient perhaps ulisuttsWthisthiolistis is another usage rectrecerocerecoitodaveddved from the saviorsavior in revelation or from somesorne ancient manuscript the introduction of another metaphor bieh3iehvfiiich wawaiwatvaswass used laterlator in the book of mormonmoemon aadand also inirlirilri otherothen latter fiyfayaayeayaayy saint scripture wasWUB 0 under the glance of tho piercpierepiercingng eveoveoye of the uraghtyalmighty oodgodoooGOP jacob 210o2102100 ftfyee of uietheuioulo lord waswag used in the old testament but piercing eye of t was wtnot foiidfowiddowid according to the concordancerconcordancesconcordances thisthib expxaalonexproosion is nevernevornev r used by the author of nephi in his uritunitwrituritirgavritingswritingsirga toeoneono appelappearedappecrweewedewed inid II11 neobinephinepbi 9449sas 44 butit that chapter isLs actually a discoursedi scourseescourse of jacob quoted by hochihophinqphiv in thethobhebho witingswiringswritlngs of mormon a oontaotcontelastabt in style of metaphorical corcopiistructioninstructionconstruction beetiebeetle very evidentevidente the majority of metaphors verewerewero borrowed and consistedconslaconsia ofted theuleuse usual t seed of joseph and house of JjacobloobkoobacobtyAcob ty

1 1 n remnant of the seed t have christ for their shshepherdeph erd tf before the judgjudgmentmont scatseatsoatseabsoab of christchristyriioftyri and ft raised to stand before iusillsilistusims judgment seat timeo othera vaiahvAivalvadah ah verevecewere borrborrowedovied wrewroweewarewore of speoialspenialapeoia3 interest they gar clasped in thetharms of jesus mornMorfmormontionniondion 5t115 13 which was sisimilarmillar ioto oneouaowa used by lehi in IT11 nephi 1151 swallowed up death in victory foixdfow in isaiah 25825j and in himhi is the sting of dethdeath swallowed up morrmonagonmorimonaonfionrionflon 7575.7 alsoaisoalao which might havehayehayg been inspired by sonosomesomo other quotation suosum as I1 corinthians 1555115s 55 9 56j6 where the classic stingtfstinpr of deathdeathitdeathin is useduaeclemaecle mormonmormons e original motaphorsirtiotaphorsmetaphors were wkot as artful asa neliasrephisnepiasnephishephis and Jacobjacobusts in discourse and histoz7hisfcoly of normnmorl4011s miwritirwstings only three 40

metaphors nweNWOwerewero foundfolind hiahhioh4iieh could be called original thovtheythoy weresmeresmores n for the awrdsfordaford of hishie justice isie in his rlrightahtght hand iliiiicli111III111 nephi 294294.29s45ji

11 that ye can turntorn thethutltktlok3 rightnight hand of the lord unto the left p iliiiiolioil111III111 nephi 290299390 wiand kawknwitknow yey not teattiltul at ye areapeaye in uiethevietho hands of god mormon 5t235t23t similar metaphorsaetametaphora werewareworeweyewope used in theth biblevlthbible with differdifferentont objects for the final prepositional phrases thantbthanbhan thostiphosti above alsoilassoilalsoaiso the weuseuso of turn the hand is found lutbut not in referoferoferencereferencerenceronce to thetho lordlordslordo norordjannororti1c wnritlngswrifclngay likeilkelifee moroxisimorroonss had a majority of borrowed

bletiphorsmetaphorsmetaphoremetamotapharspharephore altaitalthoughhoaghhough y the selection of kotapkefaphorahorshore in norcmiamoronifs orkwork had a higher quality than those in mormoni sfwsawworwop instance i nt brought out of darkness into light11g litftlitot hem domdog and castoast into the firfidfirefiro ff and if cryory frfronfrom thethoth e dust the original1tvoriglnamty of the metaphors in the writings of moroni are

questionable accordingifaccordingv to his works shalishashallshalishail11 his biagesviages befibe mormon 88sl9119ilg is an excellent metaphor thowe vaswas faundfbund though a similar reference in john 4136woand436 and he that reapethrempeth reeeirethraceivethreeereoereegireth wages oaand gatherethgatherathgatherethherath fruit batoimtowatomato life eternal r and a refer0nreference100 to wages in a sindlar nannermamermanner by Moramomonmoratortmoratoretort in alma 32j3t27 5t42fh42soO thithlthisthib mahtmghtodght v ryery wellweliweilmell bebo borrowed the use of icordiwordaviordly and band11band ie coiiioion in the old testament but the author of moroni usedused themulemthom withtethnith different modifiers the swrdsivordaivord of vetengennceTengenvengenngenncenee

mormonPl aryl 11 hansethhangeth over you ormon bliehiehl843841841. v loosed fronifromfront this otemaieternal band

0tt.0 mon 5 of death 0 mornionNonllonsion 9t139sas 13 others made up froni familiar nordkordwordwords iain a new combination beretweret and his biordviordTO yd will bissbisehise forth with an eye singlez to his glory n breath out wrath and strifes3trifesstrafes H ndand sell ourselves for uifclateclatat which rilriimil cankercaakernker

atoilothestolatoiamileloTheo the investigation of sindlesiriEiilo in each roxxpgroup of writingspariparlviri tings of 4143 both history and discoursedincouraedincourae showed thatthai the ihrkirorliwrk of mornionmormon contained more sis1mi3eiiileicile than tfth otheother rw aaboiitbou t 15 timetsnimets pwq 100 sentences the writings of mehinernehlmehlnepJA contained about 6 loaioalemlesslesalosa theilieilletlle averaaveragesges for jacob followed those for nephi by about 3 pwper hundred sntioeesenteneea and moronismoronic followed jacobs by about 3

anAA interesting contractcontrcast was noted in the qualityWOAtyabydby of formonformontformon1mbrmonlsmormon1 mephlsyneyrihils and moronimoronis s similes coojcoqjcompared4 trod urithwrithwitch those of jacob the author of pikormonmormon used vertvextveryrexy striking similes luichimich asastass theyurley arearc driven yormon about asaa hafthaffchaff before the rindaindrandwind cormon0mortiionmormon 51616 fitfiafra 0 or AS a vesselyessel is tossed about you thetho wrosviavesj idthoutnithoiphout sallsail or anchor or without anythingeanyvanything reithhereithherdithhewherewithrelth to steer her hormon 18 aadand the earth shall be rolled together as a scrollnscrolvtscrolly norMormormonraon 523s23 the author of nephi also used good similes such asaa they the righterighteoxirigliteousoxioxlovi slshailshalitall be saved if it soBO be as by firefirc 1 I nephi kak2 sllatl7t the righteous mwfinistrinist be led up as calvecalves of the stanetan 1 I nephi

2i22242224ai2224.ak2k f or they arearcane those who must be consumed asa stubblestubstubbblebieblololl 1 I nephi 22123

tho ajile in the writings of boroninoronipforont woreMWO not as figurative asaa those in homonscomonsnorriionfs and philsnephilsnephilaNemechimephi foundpound in the writings of moroni were MoCeommormonsmomTorsmors similesimila gardinereregarding uieulethevie earth asaa a scroll and n as theth lord

11 mormonxoraon3nlormon longiongbongalong oven liveth heho willwili remeromerometaborreffieiaborirbertabor 9 tat323 3ong with weneven as normonMorTmormon 8 if one should seakseahspeak srwfrom the dead norikortkormonilontioniron sh 26 930 IV moroni 10t2710 2 and n I11 peak unto you as ifi yey warewerawarawore presentprpreprosantsent monagonmonaon 83511835athese being abaitabxitabbit the entirety of similesineiroileaelroeirosimisimlilealiealleelesinlebinin tllethiethle diaootirsesdisscoursesdissdies courses of moronimoronie the investigation of jacobus simileselmitelmlialmli produced tho follfollowingsfollowlngsokingi

it as 141w iliclikeilke unto you or younqeivesyowaelyea11 at2t372tilail7 33 fs the liklaw of 42

4osoeosecosonloses isie sanctified miounto us evehevenovenCTCH asae it was accounted unto ahaynlahayn n abrabnabraham 444s545s 0 0 eleadeleawclecieclekavehavekave unto cod as he cleatethcleacleavethveth unto youyom and his reference to zonosleno holehowelfbonse of isr1isrlisraisrael11 iftemedijnrxed unto an oliveiw treetreo 3 this aotaiposedcomposer the ent3renteroritire use of iim11eth13ot in tnthe wrriansritnsrit4tat angsns of jacob analyseranalysedanzxlyzedo in comparing them with the selections from thetche otherthreethroo throe evidence of the lack of the clever picturepletwefowinfiforpydng quality of the three otherothen writers taswas plainly visiblevjeiblevJ eible

goniiblgonipersonificationibiibl theth author of nephi waswa frimdfounefoimdpoundpoune to use personifica- tion silda31ght3yitlyatlyttly noreworemoremoro I1uhnahcan that of moronimoront ad jacob cormonsMormormonsmoriMorfmonsitonrionxton s viriwritingstings were conspicuous with no wouso of0 personification whatsoever in the discourses

the qualityqxajityquajity of nophpsnophilsnophile personificationpersonifioation was readily eeneonheenseen in the first figuresrigifigiires recorded they werewero t groaninggxoaninggrwiningq of the earth it1 1 I3 nephianiephi 1912191&19 12412512.4 NOJshallshailshalimoj turn upon t3erttiertaeraireir taeti churchrchurchechurehuresieschuuchr sj owlomiown headheads smesaesame ersoborsovorsoorgeorgo and they itth churcheschurehes shailshallshali be drunken with beirbelrtheir ow bloodibloodebloodly wilesame verse Moronmoronimoronitimoronitsitss personifications werefer quite similar to nophitslochilophi and con- sisted of the blood of the saints shallshalishail cry unto the lordtord corrionNorcoctionnorrionoormoctionMoCriontronTionblonbron 827 and twtwo oviormonOvImormonormon 82828 29 that referred to chlurchchachchwchyurchchlurch bilariilarsimilar to NephphionechionephinnephionephitnaNephinitna jacobtsjacobbsjacob tigges948westigwes weremere andland the sobeingsbbings of their hearts ascend

tf up to god p ittheattheth hand of providence hashae smilaksmiladandilorlardiandtandilorllecl upon you and n many hearts died n jacob 235 24213j13 2052t35y respectively

imssi0111100tautoj2gzo tautoiofy paappearedp8 veryvry seldomsemorsomorsoidom in thethobhebho book of monnon most repetitiowasrepetitioonias in thetiietile forrafouraroura of synonymoussynonymoua parallelism nephisnephisnephie irritingswritings ladhadiad on1on3yonaonly one or two evidences of tautolotaubolotautolortaubautautologytautologwtolortotorgw more than thooeViose of monsiononsion and moronimoronic but jacobjacobljacoba i writings were ofree1free from tautology 43

paralloliamfttheYla zi11 a mi 0 tlletileille inveafctgaiion1li pzirallelisma revereiredjedaleA consider chnfimtiir an ai Wal vwswl vestielittionvittion of parallelisasparalleparalielisas revealerrevealeaalek ableabloabio difference injn the book of mormon4ortwnorewn writingswri tingsbingstAngs asae theuheube following frequency

i show on o eA pezpem 3.000 countcounts based their avewapaverage0 aptappeaajnoearancearanco per 10003000 words of niatrialtmaterialtmaterialsmaterialtait

nephi jacob mormonimormoxiplormploom EPmoroni ttwwafr iilaligaliMAi iaihf w wf elteia W SW 2lynonyatous3ynonyffloua 3 1 3 2

lynthsynthsyntheticetloetto 2 1 5 7 antithetic 3 1 1 5 clicilcllwotiomaoticmantic 3 4 2

thetho writings of moroni ereawowwoeru mademado beauuilbazitifixlbeaubeauvilmiimdiUIl and pressiveliaitaampregsiiredia by the abundance of weliwe11NCwe11 foraedformedforaged synthetical and antithetioaantitheticalantitheticaloaioa paralleliparallelsparalparaiparallelismsleli vms the author of fliormoronioni used fitefive tineatimeaminea the antiantlantitheticalthetical parallelismsparalleliems of ihtheghe other writers 1axampioAxaMqpieplopIoplespies of thesethose timfimfinerine antithetical parallelparallels eneonerecre I1 yeyo do loveioveIOTC money and your substance and your fino apparel and thethotche adorning of your churches mwmoremoro km y21011y love the poor and the needy thethouchobuhe sickalck alek and thethotche afflicted farmonftrmonnoraon 87aj wdmd 0 then despise not and imderemderttonder not bbuthutu4ua hearken imiountoumio thenthexth bordoword4wordo8jof the lord and ask the father in the naenaonanaenaunenanne of jesus eorimorrmormonkormonMoritionfionflon 97907 the writings of motonimcronimacroni orowerweworeror 4 asoalao difforaitiateddiffernitiated by the abmidanceabwidtince of Parallelpara31limeparalleliameiamaiamelama used to develop lorlogielogio oiwoneono of these lAcaltylacalfcyiicalty examples mstmatwas wherefore therethebhere mustmuat be faith j and if there inestinustbe bo faith there mustmuatplust and must ilollo1 hope eve must be Ob also be hopihope if ththereereero nistmist ile1 thereth ere also aritycharity and exceaxceexceptpt yeyo havehaye charity ye can in nowise be saved in the kingdom of codgod neither can ye be saved in thoth kingdom of god if yeyo have not faith neither can ye if ye have no hhopeP and if yeyo have no hope ye tiustfiust nodsn4ds be in despaidespaldespairdespairjdespairsrj and despair coleolooicomethliethilethnieth bebecausecausecauso of iniiniquityWity and christ truly saldsaid unto orour fafatitersfatfathersihersthersitItersthiers if yeya have faith ye can do all things which are expedient unto lietwobieble oforonimoroni 100023loilot100010002.3202323 an example of the synthetic paralparaiparallelisinparallelismparalleliamparalleleliamlisin in the writings of moroni wabwaswastwass tiitsi the bamevame that judgjudgtethjudgefchteth rashly shallshalishail beb judged rashly again mormonmormon 881919 kh44

the writingswritangswifcingawri tAngs of hormonkovlKovikomiionlon contained nearly as many synthetic parallels as thoothose of moronimoconi but vivewimeweme contractedeontvmontvvotedvn tedtod troiafroia ronitmoronitmoronicMo s by the uouseuso of the climactic type an example of the ellwtetieclimacticclimactieclimActie para33eliwparallelisv4 foiw in Mormormonsmonismonts writwitlbgaings wastwasswasewaso0 I1 would speak somewhatsom Nhat unto therethoretheremantthe mantremantbemant of this people whomho are spared yea I1 peakspeak ritoaitoriboyitounto youyoup ye remnant of the house of israelxsraelj and thesethose arearoar the gydawordttwordtimyda whichwfdehl I1 speak tt1111.11 mormon t19tleasl7sl719 although thetho greatestgreztestbest abuxidanceabiandaneeabianabuandaneedanoe of parallelisms appeared in the writings of mornion mdand moroniMoronoronl ji yoiyotyeuyou the finestginest qualityquality parallelisms appeared in the writings of nephi slomeslomoskome exanplesexamplesexanoxanplemples werstworstweres

1 0 10 if I1 do wyerrervevv even ditdildid thasthesthaythy errorrerr of old e I1 nelinoilhehHOMnoh 19t619 6 and he gatgatherathgathewfchherathheroth hisilia children from thetheetheo four quarters of thetho arthearth and heh nuaberethnumberethnuanumberethberothboreth hihisi rsheepjs and they know him 1 I1 nephi 220523052.20532 25 5 for thetho things ehleblwlachwldchwhi oh sonesome men esteenosteenesteem to be of great worth both to the body and soulsouisomi others betset at naught atandA trample under their foot 1 I xqphi 19s719419107 0 finefinoin syonymonssynorzmous parjilelismsparallelicams ran through the writings of sephissephianephis alongionlon idiaidihi4th the oneono above tbtho following 4roaro typicatypic3tylacal examples s

whtewhie hlenmra guff 1 ifliereforewhiereforereforerecore theythoy seourgvocoarge hirahirn and he suffsufforethaufforefcherethoreth ititaitj and theysthqysth ritenitesritemitesmite mmyammyhinhim and he suffbuffsufferothmiffemiffeyethrotheretherothyethyoth altiit 1 nephi 199 and heh shall feed his sheep and they shahshanshallshail fiadfind pasturelti 1 I plephi 222523252t25p225 the writings of jacob werewore in contrastcootrastooyitraatcooooooontrast to the others because of a limited number of paralloliwaparallelisrvis theQ other witlngfwritingswritjngs contained from 2 to 7 tiresuriesurlesuniestimes rtiorenorenoroetioremore paral3eli8parallelisms thantzan did thooe attributed to jacob

use of Rhetoricclocloeexiexl qtxetjonagostionqgostion bothdoth the writings of nature wihuiwifwiw fl wilisrhetoriccrhetoricalWW vfstvast witti atolwt6t tt WW W wiwwh iifaw1 historical and discourse vierewerewore analyzed for rhetorixlrhetorio41 questionIttestion and exclamation the results are showshom by the followingfollfoil oMing table

deghimeghii JSPjacob normonmormon2ctl9st bognmoenmoronimogni use of rhetorical questionou estion 75 9 3 12 per 100 sentencessentenbencescoscog 45

thellietlle wiiiiigwritirkgs of tloronitforoni were enily recognized as thosoihoeophoso which conconscong tdinodtairiedtarried the mtmoi3fcA clestioncuestionquesuontypestypewtype of presentationpreventationpre&mtationopresenpreventationtabiontablon A typical exaexampleniple wastwass

Aulenmienen yeyo shall bebo brought to tandstand before bhethe lamb of god1corthoncodthonoodCodgodthen1thonhen will ye say vatunt therethero is18 noBO godgrod thentheftthemthenn willmill ye longer deny the christchristachristys or can ye behold the lamb of god do yoe suppose that yeyo shall dwell with him undertindertindor a consciousness of yowyour guilt do yeyo suppose that ye could beb happy to dwell athnithwithivath that holy neing whon your souls areaceaeeaye racked withmith a oonaeioaossconsciousnessconseiousness of guilt that yo harehave everevorover abused hisbis lawlag behold I11 aarsayaayeay unto you that yryo muidquid be more miserable to dwell ritlindthwitli a holy and justjudt godagodpoodgod undertinder a consciousness of your filthiness before him than ye would to dwell with the damned aulsoulsouisttiouls inlri hell mormon 99z2244 in MormormontihormmoraonsnoramormontsMoramontsons writings rhetorical questionquesqueetionbionblon seldombeldom appappearedearod

ixclixilreclamationaraation of the nature ofoft ilotto0 thethobhebho painpalin and the

my my anguish of soulaoul for the lossloas of theth slainallain1 of peoplepeoplenpeopledpeopleltpeoplenplempiemlt 11II sephinephi 267s26s7 or awakeawake and arise frofrom the dustduat 0 jerusalem moroni 1031 was used in the following amountsiamountsamoun tsitst

as i jacob normonmormon moroni exclamationexclxmation per 4 55 35 3 100 sentences

little contraeontratcontratvontratcontraostconeon tratortost arqalqappoarodappomiredArod injn thebhe useusowaomao of exclamation in the writings mormon of nephiwephi and moroni in jacobsjacobus writingswritingstinge y however thisthlethie figurfigure of phasisphaBiaemphasisi was8 used slightly more than in thetho other wiwritingstings jacobsjacob use of it was very impressive as shomchowchomshounshown by 110tto 0 alallali ye that are pure in hearthearty lift up your hadaheads and receive tftitetiietheuhebhote pleastpleapieapleastngpleaaingpleadingsingaingng ordword of oodgod liolandlioe feast upon

it hisililiilil loliollowiovelove 0 a jacob 312

kany 1 maookaoo kabymabynanymany writers feel thethobho I use of dialofdialogdialoguene in their work adds life and interestintereat to thethobhebho subject toattertaattrteattertoattertaattr stichslich must have been the feelings of thebhe author of nephi ihenthenuhenwhen writingwitinge riphippip use of dialogue exceeded his next cloestclosest writer by twice the quantity as shown by thetho follfollowfollwingfollowingifollowingswingingi 46

Ne jacob morarjimoraojinormonmormon Lboro4oroog lislisllisal 09 verses of dialogue perpc r 37 17 08 12 100 verses of material

all the writings except ththetho abrldgmentsabrtdipftenta of each of the above writers wereworeweroweveweno analyzed for dicadialoguelogue the author of mormon showed little attraction for this type of figfigurefiguroure of emphasis in comparison with the

0othersthr f3nan 0

sejsims&alpmsiCOM0 citiesxities of sentmes str g ur at thee veryy begin- ning of the analysis of thethem bookdook of mormon wilingwritings evidenceerievievldence of a contrast in the clarity and the structure of sent6rlaessentences bewbembecameme noticeable after the investigation turned from the writings of nephi to those of jacob this contrast warwao most dramatically aidentvidentwideiitvident in markymarrymayry of his long sobtenoessentencessenteneessentenees the author of nephi interjected a clause in the middle of another clause whenwhon it should not have been there or reversed this proceedprocess and put a subordinate claaseclamsec3anae orori phrase at the end of the serisentenceserysexybencetence instead of by the word it wasmas to modify examples weres and fifs nephi aaidald unto t henthont beholddehold thaythey werewore manifest unto thebhe prophet by thebhetheabheaa voice of thetho spirit for bbyy the spirit are all things made known unto the prophetsprophetahebsheba which shallahallohallohail coniecortecontecorienie upon the children of menmeu H 1 I nephi 22s22 2 andtandfand it camecamooame to pass that 1 k0hikehlkahixqphl did make a bellows wherewithwherewith to

1 blow the fire of the skins of beasts 40 I nephi 1701 and but ye know that the egyptlainsEgyptlains were drowned in theilietlletyle red sear ea whoho wregreverewere the armiesadmies of thobho p1iaraoht 1 I nephi 1727 avatavarsvor 11 5 other oomplexiticomplexities in the writings of nephi nwewerewero the separation of an adverbialrbirl phrase from itsita verb by twtwo subordinatosubordinator clauses 1 I nephi

1 186sun186 sum suN chanoliangfegb 0of1 thoughtt OA ht liiiia111ii1 p aaa4A or the complete omission 4717 of the principle thought in a seatesentesantesentenceaceaeence started but never finished 1 I nephi 22t6 an OTT abandonasecse of subordinate clauses typified the writing of nephi on nearly page the statistics in chapter tw of this papernaper showed nephitsnephitenephi authorauthors habit of subordination but an example here is mostmoat appropriateappropriates and newnow y brethren I1 plainly that ye cannot err and as thebhe lorddord clod liwthlewth thatbhat brought israel apnp of thetho land of egypt and xxnto poverpower thatbhatthab he shotidshohid heal thetho nations afterastoractor they had beenbeonboon bitten by the poiwnou bontsontawptampt if they would cast their eyes witomito the spentwpent irlichirhich 5waw did up beforebecore thericheri and also gave him power that he should the rook and the materwatormator should come forth yea behold I1 unto you as thesesthesos things are true and as the lord gori llwthy therethorebhore is other fironeirenelven under heaven it be thithl christ of lalelicaleli I1 jokaipokai thereby nanman can be 11II 25xo in general mormonfsMormonisnfs18 sentences were not quite as complicated asa nephinephilsnephila but were more coriconiconlplicatedooaplicatodconiplicated thanbhan moronismoronic sentencesentencessensontence coqp1exitiescomplexitiescomplexitieb in the writings of mormon wereMWO more creuentlyfrejuentlyfrequently abundance of interjected clauses andanci verbosity rather thankhan niswisplacedwismisplacedmlsplaced phrases and clauses as in many of nephinophisnophfsI1 s sentences 14ormon14ormon 6tat6166 isie a good example of thithltmaama9 althoualthoughgh the senfsentenceGenfconoe is verbose and mademado of many clausesclauelanciausessoa yetyot the information is clear this sentence is one of tirotwo in the awajyzed writings of mormon that had a misplaced olanceolan8eclatitso and it camecamo to pasa that dimaimwhen we had fathered8athered in all ouroun people in oneon to the land of curahcwrahcurorah behold I1 moronmormon began to be olaloldloldj and knowing it to be the latlast stragglestruggle of my peo4epeonebeopepeope and haringhavingheving been commanded of the lord that I1 should not sufferstiffer thebhe robordsrooordsyeeords alchhlchwhictwhiat had been handed donndown by our fathers alwhicheh were sacresaaresacred to falifallfati into the hands of the iwianiteelamanitqcits for the lamaniteslaiwsibeaLamanites vituldviould dostrowdostroy them therefore I1 made this record out of the plates of nephi and hid up in the hillhilihlllbill cumorah all thetha records which had been entrusted w mee by the hand of the lordlorld savesavo it werewore thesethebe few platpiatplatespiatespiatesplatesplatoscs which I1 lavebaveJ unto my son moroni one incomplete thought was foundround in thethletyle sentence comprising verbeverseverae 12 of mormon chapter 2 mormonsMoriMtisris complexities beretweret fewerfower in nimbernumber than philsnephinephilsnephilaNeMephi 48 moronismoronic writingswitinfa had still fowfwwfewai complexitiescomplexftiesoompleidtlosi they consistedconsorted of a clause inserted between thetho verbs ofot a copoi3tfti4repob3iioncompotuft irepostrepos 1 tion citheroithercefqef therththee er

4 rti e T o 27.27 poor 10230210281302rt indefinite lfereaee thoritherth 1414227 0 andend the constructionconstructions mdvend there came also in the daysdaya of cotacoraCOM wanymany prophetspropletsii and prophesied of the destruction t p11dtl motonismoronisgoyonimoyoni writings shwedshowed great motionalemotional trengtiitrengstrengthtiibilbli and force of deliverydelldeliTeryvery thisthia ertiotionalerfiotiona3 force made his writings very interesting even withmith the fewtew complesicomplexicobplexifciecomp ties thatlexi existed

in the invostigeintostlgaiionbionblontion so far obeoneOBO could easily say that the drogresDrouroprogresprogresogrebgresgros W

sivsive useuso of better constructions wasungs evidence of JosephjosephsjoeephsjosephtsJoejosephesjosephsts gradual improve ow nantmentmantmont in xrltiagitriitritingtingbing but suchauch was not 80so kennenwrhen studying the writinwhitinwitingswiningsge of jacjacobob I1 after those of nephi the laeklacklaok of complexities was rhostmostmoatmoab impressivelyimpressimpresaively

mormondionckon evident but they appear agagainalnain in the wrltingswritings of Morcion jacobsjacobe sentences ieravoravore shorter and much moremone clear and crispcriapcariapf1criapt

than thetho other witw1vrriterls complexitiescomploxitiescomplexitie6 appeared only tiletiietilcwiep in the witingewritings w f of jaccjacobsjacobob in his chapter 2 verbevorbeverse 20 bieht1w1lichhieh was usedasodusod for ho as

occasionally appeared in the writings of the othersothera howeverhohoilhorlreverMOTerweverwover this miightahtght very well be a translationbrayl elation problem if the word waswae at all similar to the ilefieflerebrewhebrewflebrewbrew y assedussed for either hiaht1whichithioh or if who in 3tl3o3tl3ji the objects of a compound prepositionproposition were niitplitsplitspilt by the interjection of the torbverb of the ciaClaclauseiisetibe in jacob the use of impairimpaiaIMellipsiseillelliellipaispaispalspalapaia which was toryveryvoryveny typictypicalalaaiaalo almost made 227 a complexity but the meaning still remained very clear for there shallshailshaltshait not any man among you halhawhavehavo acave it bebo oiwoneono wifewire another characteristic mchmohtzihich loasfoundloastoastwasas foundroundcound to contrastconoontrastbrasttraat jacobjacobtsjacobbs writings

from the other writerwriterswriter11 was his texytoxyvery interestingsntereating roannermanner of resentationresensationPpresentationresentation

jacob used several methods which dademade hisbisbihis S writings far from tiring one of thesethose was to becjbepjbegjabegean a mainmaln thought with the direct object egzegeez where- fforeNore a coitoainffintcomandmentcomancommandmentcogandment I1 give untoan bo you 39 and nowsnow this cowcomcotoiandmentianlaniandmentdment 4749I1 they observed to keepheep 0366 or stating the object of the verb asaa an appoappealtiwsA tivetivo ateltkitent ththee boginningbeginning of the sontcmcesenteocep agesegesgt tlefiet and concubines he shallshailshaliahall harehaveharg nonenone11 pim2t275i or putting a prepositional phrase used ata an adverb at the front of the aentmcnsentence oseg nowenowbowtnow in this thing wewo do rejoice or foreoruforporbufor this intent harebarehavebave wwo written it11 41344134413.4 other variationsrwiatlorse wore the use of adverbialadveradvarbialblai clauses aiairiardiarkiarddri verbsverbayerba at the front of thetha aeriaerlaeki8enuiceaeritencetencebence adject3adjectjvoov 11sas and especiallyepeepoopoeinyciny adorboadverbeadverbs were plentousplentouaplenpienplentioustousboustouaboua in jacobsjacobus workmork

the author of jacob arwedaewed also to be an arilsartisarbisartist fc in the use of climax011inax foror instanceslataiataintanoet rutbiltrubbut behold hearkenhearlcenconoon ye unto mcme and know ihatthatbhat by the help of the allpomerfulallwpowcwfttl creator of heaton and earth I1 cmom tell you concerning your thoughtsbhoyghta how that ye are beginning to labor in sinssinasin which sinsimaim appearappearethappoarefchethoth very abominable unto niediedleme yeayeav and abohiiwblorniwabledb unto god

addreaaoeaddromsee andansang apotropheapostrophe the of the people to whom amiirtiai a lttnjlwiiiftnniww4ocws1owarqlhW consideration each sot of writingswri lingsbings were addressed gave the following contrastoontrastt

rephismophjsmophusniophits writings werewore addressed to 11vvnivniy people and the house of

1 1 some- israel if they received itittiti I nephi 19s1819l8ji0.0 19 II11 nephi 2s3253353 and time just to the people of that timetinietidle 11IIJJ mhllij& hallihklli several teradateraeaverbesverses rwewerewero apostrophe

mormoniMorMonmoriaonts51 nithitritrittogawritingswnitingstogamoga weremereweromero addressed to future generations wordswordsworda of monmoncionmobaonsmonxionilonxion 6 808 to the gentiles illiiiliiolioil111III111 nephi 30il to the slateslainsiame people morilmorrimonnotmonnobmoriiionMoriiionlon 661722617172217 22 to the lfremantff 10who will be spared nomonnommontionmomonmomon etli7tli7tls to the househauaehouaeithouseinhouse of israel astascas well as the gentilleGentgentiloettgehtileslioslioeiloe momon 317x3517 and to the endstends of the earthoarth wdand thetho tenteatiten libestribes monlonmontonmonionMoralonaion 3tl83t18 practically all of this is apostrophe moronismoronicmoroni1 s witingswiringswrltings werewero addressed to thetitetiie people of our times 500

mormonmormon 88t2828 to unbelievaraunbedieveirsl mormonnormonmormon go911.1 ioto the gentiles etherethorfaberettheretcherftberkfcher 211 40 823 12432432t2323 2lal2128 to hisMs llbretixrentfothren11 122 and to thotheffthefathe Lamanitelaiaabitealamanitesitsit moroni lotiloii hosthobtmost of the above izid apostrophe again jacobsjacobus writings werewonewong in donconoontrastbrastentrantcontrast to the others all of hishie writingswribingsuingsbinga veravorawere to the people who were knownasaa the people of nephi jacob 2111 11XI nephiwephd 611611 andandi here in pontrastontraontrafcpoitrastpontrastfc to the others apostrophe Is antirelyentirely abwfcabsent

usmbusm ti A thelh wy of behobohobehold stimulatestsmiated byw the opening quotation in the swianiant it ihlivlirwisw introductionintroduct1oniiitrodtaction of this workork thethobhebho elsiondisiondecisiondedisiondelsjioade wabwas made to keep a running account of the wiewiouse of behold it and andocindocindo it camecamo to passpaaspasa the results retoreverevorove aledicedi3ed that the aforesaid reverendreveReTerendrond nrmr waicewaloetial049 did not verify his ohmOTOomo statement thatthot 1theohephe use of these phrases werewore uniformTOiforra tt althoughttalthough the first and the last writers wereweneweng separated by irany centuries 11 11ee analysis showed surprisinglysepriswprisingly that theilietitotilo writingswriwhi of mormon and moroni contained the word

beholdbehold1111 more per 10003000 words than dildid those ofolf nephi and jacob by the following maremarginstmargtotmarginetmarmarggInsttotmot

0 jacob mormonMorrmon luio1110 nephi .1 sephi iron mwoni 1 Jif kor afi WWWWW acobifmhMH W lyoflywf ffi maonimmwwfhtm history 31 151.5 545.4 322

D r gog msooumei scou rso 51i 0 3 66606 818101 74 eloth heohoo400 434.34lyhy 3 61601goi 84804

contrastConbrasttraatbraat in history of the wrltinssmrifcins attributed to moroni nihtnightmight possi- bly bebo reduced if therethero ievelevewerewece itioreetiore of hisme istoricalhistoricalhiatorjcalistorical witingeitritirigs to analyseanalyze niehieilieitietyle averavoraveragesages from thethie abrIdgmentabridgmentaa were 282 for mormon and 14 for moroni whwbrtsbwtfctwsw mattwmwttw mfcmac u swtfthkf n irlialiai W te liiuliWffwffmfllime Mf ueiaws fal i 0 4 al3l js ml9ii isletkiwmme ihiitiwiwieiti WiWie tyiwmw hfwsasfwitilusft mwwinlw 49 engragueragngrahekbek p 3 iafo 51

use itandilandnd c oweome meemmepmeph1 1 B andasmozamo jacobjacobyI1 a the jjmjbi writings of fiM js lim mw ust liw to iwmitfiwilvfkklm aunamegun wmelwwhitff evwevledw rbtitWWewfimwwfim afcwafewerna S oonuinodclontainedclontained the clause andilanditand itlt cameoame to pasapaso normornoremoree frequently than those of mormon and moronio thetlleitietile frequencies per 1000XOOO words veretmereimercimeret

n22hi ob mormon 9ron history 031033033 ts7tsa7 1212 323.2 seg discourse 212.12 1 000 4 109teg9 1 both 656.5 38368308383.8 088 303.0lo1610 0 i

the allmbilmairmmilmwtvxamurfl appeared eonsistentllaonsiatently in the historicalhlathiatorieal writings as it ixaws natwallynatixallynatwallywaily expectedexpecte4expecter to do anandd it came to passpaes appeared iiagrere frfreezersequentlysequentlyfclyacly in roniamoroniboroniamoroniaMoronigI1 a abridg ments than in rtoraoaiwformonfs 1231 to 8980 respectively per 1000 words oonconocon sistitartentastent with the comparison of tlieirttieir otherothor works mentioned above

segag WW segaisagaisumasugasggaiSggaigag wathewwthethe study of raetaphorsrevealedmetaphor a xetea3ed considerableoonsoonamerabieMerable difference in writing stylsstyle in the book of mormon the writingwritings of nephi mdand jacob 1

contained more original and ftiorefeiore superior metaphors than those of mormon and moroni the metaphors ttributedattributed to moroni showed more originality than those attributed to mormon in the study of figures of similessimilosaimilaemil the writings of normonmormon were frimdfoimd to contain more simile thanulan was PrIepriesentpriesontsent in the writings of moroni andannd jacob the fine quality of vnormonfs similessirlsinisiRiilea was comparable to cephiemephieNephllisphills the author of nephi creededcmeededexceodert the other witgitwitersmitersersereore in the use of personification both in quantity aniandami in alltycmalltyoucalitycm the umuse of personifica- tion by the authors of jacob and moroni was deapmeagermeap practically no persopersonalpersonpersonawnaenaW ificationificafclon watiwas found in the wiwitingawiringatingaa of mormon

tautolocttautologytautolopyTautolo CTpy was not very prevalentprevalentTalent in the discoursediscourses of the fogfourtowtog 522 writers but the completecompletspletepiete absenceabfenefencsenc of it in the wiitwiitingswritingswi ingsflags of jacob dis iinguihedtingui6hed hismahig diocourseadjcowaes from the othoraotitelr one of thetche beautiful eharactorlatjos which seem to earmark the book of mormon as near eastern literilterliteratureaturo was the use of parallelism the rariedhariedvaried use alsoaisoalao added to thebuhe intrin4cintrinsic beauty of the bookbooke mechisnephisnephitsmephis writings frerewereworevrere distinctive edthudthmsth the use of beautiful synonymous para11elpara31e3 ims finefino climactic parallels m4andma very lfewafew antithetical paralloliotsparalleiimns the authorauthopapthop of nephi alsoaiso used cianyniany phrases and short clauses in parallel moronis discourses contained baoymaoy parallelisms and verevoreweremore typified ilchwithifch the weuseume of paralleliapara11elismsparallelia for arpargumentment or perswasionperauaalonperauers aslonaalonaaionwasionmasionmaslon theiheahe parallelisms found in the writings of moroni werewore of excellexcellentoxcellent quality and an abundaabundancencenoe of antithetical and synthetical 1arallelsmsparalle34ame was notedoteddoted

Mormormontimormontmormontsmontsa paralseljisropara1301sms were fine 4andt werewerore differentlatedifferentiatedifferentiatedd from those of moroni by the infrequent useuso of antithetical para31elisaparallelisras

the witingwritingsiB of jacob weremeremore contrasted to the others by the inins frequent use of synonymoussynonywous synthetical trmdsrmdd antithetical parallelparallelismsparalleliameiamslamsiame howeverHoMeverwever the quality of the parallelism used was excellent au method emphasis was very the rhetorical estionfuestionauestion4 of used frequently by the writer of Viomiomlomaronicmoronicronij leas frequently by those of nephi and jacob and only occeisionallyoocaalonal3y by the author of yiormonmormoru this method of emphasis added nuch forcforeforce to moronisMorosaPs writings the intestigationinvestigation of oxc2aatlofiexclairtation sholodshomodshoinicix11 J litletitleittlejattie contrast in the writings jacobjacobs writings exceeded theuieUule ie othersothelother by a aqpqfairir margin but the useuso of this figure was spiteqpiteqixite plenplentifalplentifulp3enstifu3tifal inln all tho aorksdorksborksvorksworks comparison of dialogue revealed nephi to contain tdooudoobudoo the quantity compared with jacob and moroni dialogue was seldom found in the writings attributed to komonNoramomonmoraloblonioB 53

in the oltwit ings of the doounourur proplletsdroptpropt1 erteyteyb zo strlestyleetylestrye didifferencesfferemces became very apparent nhenwhen clarity amarclm1 sentencesenoen tenceteneebence fttnxotiire weremere comparedconooncop pared the witingbwitgit ings of jacob andani moroni stood out in clarity well strutturedatmctwedstructured sentencesawfctooe8f and emotional forceforeeforoe cephisnephishephisnophifs witingawiringaiwrltings contained verses of irwyvery excellentexeellenteilent rhetrhetoricarhetoricalrhetoriea3orica cttalityjiamapma lityilby butbub tontordinessmoxdinobwordinesstordiness andd the abvidaneeabimdance of misplaced clausesclansclaneclaue ea atole sonicsonio of hihis brilliabrillianoobri331imoencenconoo and clarity mormonmormons mrk contained wmplwikibconiplexities similairsimilairbimi3arsimplair to aphismphisN Ps imtamt not eoao abundantly hoeverhowever he compared closely with nephi inte the useuso of rhetorical fipfigfigures

thethomer authors of jacob anciandanclane wahiwphin4na4ahlphiphl addressed their discourses prima rily to the people of theirthele own timetimne the authors of mormon and moroni wrotenwrotejwrote forfox the nostnoatmostmoat partparto to thetho future generations who were to read their works apostrophe was present in 4allaliail113 the writings exceptexcpexcypt jacobtsjacobbsJacobjacob155ts155 here it w4wa1118 tirelyentirelyefteiaefa absentabsents the wilwidmxltngawiltangstAngstanga of mormon mdand morimimorcmivjoronl containedomtained iho1dbeholdbc much more thanthap did those of nephi andaridarld jacobajacobojaob but in the use of andfiand it came to pas1pastpasspasa t the order waswaeae reversed the writings of nephi and jacob contained the most IV

SUMMARY altialtyHOTAITYamm CONCI 11 310n

grammar and swfeenoe truo e original t truoture tureaa differences in the imiwffliiurj lll8litoiiafe swtiwfiw styles of witingwriting seem to be indicated throughout the book of hormonnormonmormonmomone thetho most conconcretecretearete grammaticagrammatical and structuralstructutral evidences of these dif- ferencesferenforen cesoesoos wereifere found in the comparison of 13 average leneienelengthth 0off ssentencesentanceentence 2 preference for starting a sentsentencegentemeeemco with a subordinate clauseolagecl aubeause 3 average number of words per dependent ciuiclauseclouse 4 wuse of bonnnounnonn clauses asa subject 5 weuseuso of infinitive phrases 6 use of gerundial phrases 7 use of repetition of subject 8 use of elliptical expressionexpressionsso 9 and the weuse of words or phrases 14 aproslappositiontion

sentencesSentencee in the writings of MOCTOB exoexceededexoeededexoeededoded those of the other writings by 3 to 5 wordswordsnwordan whether this is a true indication ornotor not is debatabledrubadoubatabletabie howverhowevero practioauypracticallypractacally allail of the frequency counts based on the average sentence were consistent nithwith trioset1iose based upon certain quantitiesquantltieequant1ties of words although the writings of mormoftmormomormont containedcontaibed the longest sentences those of nephi and moroni appeared to contain more clauseclausoolausoclauses per sentence the writings of moroni and nephi showed a preference of using a dependent clause 1 out of 10 timestimea at the beginning of their sentesentensentencesnoebnoesmoescesceaoes dependent clauses in the writings of jacob averaged 2 words shorter than the others moronismoronic writings wrogregrowerawere conspicuous by having noun clauses ascabcas the subject of a sentence more than any of the other writingswitingstinga

54 55 theth use of prepositional phrases showed little difference in writers more contrast appeared in thetho lasetase of infinitiinfinitiveTo phrases where the author of mormon used 4 inore infinitives tenton sentences as wellweilweli as per 1000 wordsworda than moroni01 consconsiderableerableerabioiterableiderableid contrast mswas evident amonaamonp the writinggs in the use of participial and gerundialgarundial phraseshrala I1inn thetho discoursesdiscoursed the writings of kornodMornormonwiton contained 15 riiorerimore gerandsunds aenfcencos than both those of

mephinllephimechi and moroni the writings of jacob contained 19 lesslebsIQBB than those of mormoif4pformonpoormon participarticaparticipialPlalial were used ffeqaentlyroqu ently in allail th atitwtittifcings3ngsangs except in thosethooe of moronimononimoronic here therethore werewero participial phrases less per sentence

1 venwen more eontrasfc appeared iinn thtfieafie0 averagaverage0 of a aculiaraguliarpeculiarp redundant use of a subject partieipialparticipialp&rtioipial phraephraaphrase subject combination jacobjacobs writings haehad the greatest abundance1 of these the averages for jacob werewore closely followed by those of m6rriion the writinga of nephi andaindeind moroni container practicalpraaucaiiA ynoiie thetho average use of thistills Peauliarpecullarpeculiar construction in the abridgmkintsabridghicafce of nommom and moroni followed the trend of buhe otherothor witingawiringavmitings attributed to theirs the weuseuso of elliptical expressions wawas wryveryveny infrequent in thetho writings of normonmormon the other wriwifcingatingsbings differedK ffered from hormonemormonmormonet by ththeireirair having I1 ttofcotco 3 ellipticlliptiealaellipticaloaisaiaalo rntorerantore per 1000 words jacobjacobs work contained mmyammy apposjuvesapposjUvesleveslevos alchwlchwhich caused those writings tostand out from thetho otherothers thetho diseoixrs8discoursesdiscourees of jacob had 3 more appoaitiwappositives per 1000 wortlothanwortlathanlothan closest uttelwriter mormontiMormormontsmonismonts writings contained veryveny fwfew positivesappositiresappositivesap thetho analysis of formantsformontsmormon1mormone1 and moronicMoronits abridoiientsabridpwnfcs showed thetho averafaverahaveragege useusg of alallailaliI1 items to follow the tfcendfacendrend of their historical wiwitingswttlngawiningstings 56 from the statistical analysis swiswimariedstarmarizedmariedmarled above it appearedappearedoared quite impoimp08eibleasible ththatthabat 0onene man wotegotegotowrote tthebhehe book 0of morria

rhetoricalsmsismsts11fjm0s tnn thath7e analysisyubiysbi of rhetorical figures dif- fereferencesferenferoncesnees in the quality and quantity of fioresfloresfigures showed fartherfurther evidence of style differences the qialityqualityqna3jlty of soulesoute 11witergiterwlkerMAters figures exceeded the quality of others and the useuso of certaincertai figures by soriesonie was contrasted by the total abstinence by othersothersiothems in most instancesinstanoesinstanoesil the writings off henuneounephi exceeded the other witingawiringaumitingsuwiumitings in the ainoataoatnoamounttintlintkint and quality of rhetorhotorhtoricerhrhotoriegtoriCerleerieg the style of the witingswiringsvritings of nephi stoodetoodethod wtout in the useusg of metaphormatapbor personificationpersonifioationpersonifloationji and diadladialoguelopuelogue fsccellentinkeellentINke ellenteilent synonymous and climactic parallelparallelianisparalleliemalanisianisiema also made tho discourses attributed to nephi distinctive mormonsnorjaMorjaons writingswriwrttings contained moremoromone sibillesinilleaimile than nephinephilsnephila but the quality was similarsimisimsaar1ar thetib style found in the writings of mormon waswae co- ntrasted to the otherothorothoe styles by thethobhebho total or nearly total lack of the ubeuseUBB of personification interrogation and dadaloguedualoguedllalogiielogue the discovraediscourses of mormon were also differentdi morent because of a predomlozanca of parallelism of synonymous wording and a lack of antithetical paralleliawparalleparalliellsinveliaw theibetha climactic parallel ismsibms of mornionnormon were of excellentexcel nt quality and were usually connected by the wordmord bealoyealoyeatayea moronimoronis 8 ulviviviwmdngsvivitingstings were contrasted by the abundant use of dialogue and the useuso of parparallelsallele antlantiantithiefcioaltheticbetical 0 especially to develop logic in the witingswiningswritings of jacob the distinguishing peculiarities were the lack of repetition and parallelismwhehparallelism aichhich was so compionOOTOIOH tobo the other wiwritingstingsbings the author of jacob did exceed the otherothorothers hwewrhowevershowevers in theuieule use of exclamationexelaniation other contrasts were 1 the clarity and brevity of the sentences 57 found in jacob compared 1vithwith the complex nature of those found in nephi 2 the lack of apostrophe in the writcitinawitinaillsinls of jacobjacobi and 3 the unnnuninouniuni foraformfoma useuso1180 of tibebeholdholdhoid and andivand it cameoame to pagelpasspasatpaget in all foarfoursoarsour writings

joswh smithy education therheth vightmight thib pointpointi t imhiiwimiihilv9fjopajohajosahiiatjtiftit tufiksilwmiiiwt estionostionuwstion tl arisearize at this could joseph smith have beenbeonbaon schooled en6ughenough to know the differdifferenceenco between good and bad onetaunetaometametaphorsphorslf similesimilesnheimilesltsn or figuresiffiguresIf of intuitintuitiontintuitionsintuitionnionnlonnkonn or about rhetoric at all joseph might hawhaqhave received a year or two of schooling in lebanonplebanon or hanover new llatqshire before the serhseahsoithswithsmith farllyfamily moved to novnowmew york his mother states that thebhebho children who were old encupenouph went to fcomtnonncommonuncommon schoolschlolhschoolh 50 threthro joseph would have been only six or seven years old at that time he could harehave received educationoducation from his father who taughttaught school for a shortabort period butbubb hishi father was trainedutiwritrainedurlwriuntrainlpd and taught school in the winter only to help the tomtowitows and to gain a fwfelvofeigi dollarsdollare for his famtly51family 51 moving to newnowmewmow york in ia1618l6jthethe raithswithsmithaw1wIs tautaughtahtght theirthleirair children in their hobobomehomehomo where their mother waswaa a teacher52teacher 52 the history of education in new torkrorkyork revealsrepeals that education there was hampered by several problems up until 1826 schools weremereweromero primarily 53 church schools taught by a clerpcherpclergyclergyraanarnanyryrnanrannanraananan A public board of education was riotnot established atilmtilantilontil 1842 and finances fordorror the few schools in the state MOON w irifwmi ai4i wtmfisfk whitw wfitw iaiftwiirwtiw sswnggwswoffswffs f &wwabifcrf l aaI 5aiucyaucywy mukyuk smth H a olloilzy 0 ysaJ smith ed prestonp0pa nibleyhibley llgtlxxi t f esaisaWAW salt ikelake city bookcraftbookeraftBookebookcraft7tfrraft s P 51 luosaluosrlucy mack snithysmithymith p 46 52 52roberts52ftobertsRoberts A VO history of Is1 36 5314orkersworkers of the writerswriterq1 program of the JAWPA in kewnewnow york city newnow lorkrorkyork A ouidouldguidouideguldeguide to th e nwN ow Yrorkyork0rkiaki oxford university presspresa igloo1940o19400iglo1940 p 131 5ijtot 58 were pathetically low 545 themie parsingpassing of administration fromtramcramcrom one govern- ment official tottofcotco another put the bhoolaohoolaschools in a state of litharelithardllthargylethargyy until 555 18301830a of this time monroe states that f in length of school

iby period and qualityqualgualgnal ity and breadth of instruction ji standards ofattainiattains attainmentent were below those of the colonial periodperiodsperiodoperperiod56lodoiodo 56 the state of education in the period of Josephjoaeplsjosephsjosephtsjosephasts life up until the production of the dookbook of mormon verified the chargaschaegasohargoa thatthai he was poorly ducaducatedochieafcedtedatedobeda to thisthio hishie mother addadds hof1fle had nevernevornegr read the bible throughAnthroughanthrough in hisma lifeilfe he seemed much less inclinedinalinedinollnodlnainainclined to the pursual of books than any of the realroslrestrost of our children but far mowmoremoromog diverlgiverlgilren to meditation and deep studystudytistudyvirfctlidy57ti 57 joseph siriassiriwst s opportunity to hairhavehavo been educated in the literary field was wryvery poor

mow new testament a 0 use newnowmew testament figures nwteaumentmilmliftjlaljiilaiwrga ssswtwswwv hisvwt&lmilariti8thesimilariticsimilarya WWWW hltswilwawwitic the of of 1 rhetoric in the book of mormon muidquidwould appear at first to be evievlevidencedenoe that j thetha bookpook tiras concoctedeoneoetedconcoatedconcoated by josephjooeph smithsmithesmithy however style differences iongalonelong withmlih other internal and external evidences do not support suchsueh a conclusion I1iff a group of ffourour or five aonnonetleneilenmen conceivedcon ceived the book ththeyey would havhavee to harehave been extremely intellantellintelligentagent to produce suohhuoh a work tainted withmith acmitismssamitisros aadand artful rhetoric if omeomosome such intelligent men wereworeweroworo the authors it appears mo A aniikolyunlikoely that they would useuso newnow testament quotationseuehquotationsewowfauchf3uch a thing onaldoialdlwould attrellsurelyattrely kivenivegive aweayaweary theirtheinthoin seorlceorleooetot nasmaIMOUM rwwvm kemmew r wwwv iwwirw aa a4 ft f wwsiaiwwotaisiai iiiiiaw tstwnrfifrsffiiywaniimi wiwwwwjsisaiwwwij 54paul paul monroemonroa phi wy w fouyow4apgiipbip 0 thhee amwioanAM loantoan publicpublio phapphdp ylax py iwtwwi of school a kownownevanovakewnevi yorks macmi3xanracv1111an co 190igo9 p 3973 alsohisobiso beesee0o obertsrobertsh I1 JC 55 fortorigoe55monroetoriroetormonroeiroe p 216236 1 5jjonroelonroe p 22020

lucy571ucyluey nackmack miihmlihmithmiahsmith 0 p0ppa 8208 59r9

13 II11 roberts suppoodsupposedsuppood that joseph smithmaithmalth because of the tedious- ness oj trzan abingbiting sub ubeuhe janejamejames of trzansltranslatingsl iting I1 stitutedsubstituted the king version when the tratransla-naianala 58 tions were narnearngar enough ailkoallkoa3iko birtblaableaBut aei 5 hilaritypiiviilarity of literary embellish- ments found throughout the bookdook of morixmiplorymn indicateindicated the possibility of some

cogon burceourcesource material accessibleaocessibleaooeseime to both thetiietire flookftook13ook of merronmormon and the r11oww

0 1 1.1 testament writers cadcmd not knon to us todtodayi ay both lehllohllohidelmdeim and shakespearehakesPeareoare

i 59 used job as a comoncommon source in such a wy7wyaWAYI furtherlaurther evidence of comoncogon source material was found in mormon 8t20 here bhethe author of moronicMoronits virlviriHAngsrrhangsviritingsrr tingsbings quoted a aerjpfcxeffscrlpturolf that was inan hisM possession the santsanebarnesarne quotesquotas tion wasag ouoiedoxxoted by paul to thetche romans 1219512l9512119s onn the other hand thetho repeated expressionexpressions might hatehave beenboenbeonboon cormoncommoncornmon

colloquialisms handed downdomn to th w jews frmarmfrom their ancient fatherscathersfathere support of thisthia is the knowledgeknoxledge that becausebeoausebeoaixee of tradition thearthedrtbedr langualanguagesyepyegye and beliefs harehavehavo btbeenbeenbeanen less changed with time than any of their neighnoighneighboringboring nationsnatnab lonslone watts hasbas said that because these similar rhetorical figures appeared so frequently in hebrew literature heho sometimessometimassomotimeasomesomotimestimastimeatimos imagined their authorauthors had a listilat to draw from 6000

A more bhan ilwwifwwwfvwclarity uniuniformforin contrast than that of the rhetorical figures tiras1iras found in thetche book of mormon this contracontrastA wasMBS in clarity of thought and thetche prespresencesencesonce of indefinite reference nephinephitsnephite writings contained far more complexities of udsthis nature than the otherothers aywhy poor sentisentimoosewitancemoemoo structure andm yetyotyebyob maximum uwuseuso of rhetoricalrhetorival principles should wiawpttqw wikwtwwwewswmlyf temwlwfo5fe ljilfein yinwvihhwtwwiif wlifwkas 581toborts new por robartarobortaRo V itnoesinnoes god p 42 bortsbertaborta WMWW foryrmmameumew 49 f 59comparo59compare59Compare II11 nephi itilitllill114 job 1020211020 21 l6221622 nakeAakeshakespearespeare famlethamiethamlet lii1111111 iiai0 788808788007888080o80 6qgattalatfcs p 194 60

gioo theotheu mark 3 W fio0 together in jaheupeuP of nephi e writing was baffling thehieuleulo stoiustyiustylus ojrmiul method of wilingwriting miririghiarighiwigmigb t harehavebave IJlyodod an jbiportwb1yiport int partpaetart in lnallisthis peculiarity to insureimmramyamyo clearcloar simple settensettonsentonsentencesentBentelceeloeenoecedces the writer would have to laketakebake pwhilwrpartlcular care in fomingformngcoming hishibMs sentmicesentsentpncoMice before he started to engrieengraireengrweengraire or he might ran into problems as hee brotwrotwrote rimpsperhaps nephi was over anxious iniriirl writing and did not taketakotalcetalcotaico pains at the tidetldetime to plan out his sentence before he started engravingengravings theittelyte resulresultresuitt could be vague meanings and mis- placed elelementsruments oheone investigator corowtedcorraterted that sephia vorkwork seemed to have been writtwifcienen in haste 611 lophienephisnephie plicatedcop3ieafcedcom writings were followed later on in the book of I1mormon10rp10pio no by witingswiningsimititigs hiehbiehwhich erenerewereN clearer this wouldbouldymouldy at first cause one to stipslipsupposepose thathatlt josejosojosephpofsphfs proficiency in wriwritingtine improved as he progressed in hlishilshis work hitmitlmitalmit tillstilis is not the caseca shifting from the clear short sentenced writings of jacob tottofcotco the writings of timormonorronormon coriiplemitiesoomp3exitiea and Ninesroninesrominesvrordinemsrominesminos vereverowere found to appear agaifuagaizoagaino the word iness and eomplexiiieaemmploxities decreaseddecrdeoreased again in the writings of moroni and a stroteetronfistrotw eiemotional force booamebodamebemamo ovidentevident consideriiconsideringconaideringig the entire realtareultaresults reonreom this inveanveinveaiigationstistigationgationgatlon the presence of stylstyleestylstylo differences was toryveryvenyvony obvious in the writings of the book of mormon the investigatloninvestigationinteafcigabio also relreireimaledretreatedmaled that the olaiaglaiaclaimis of antiantimormonmormon critics could not havehaye been based upon researosearesearchreeearelureh undtuxdt otiierosiier characteriiionchziracteriptics wiachwlachwhich nightinightmight be investigated for furtheramther study of style tarlationtarnationvarlationTarvaryarlation in theho iboteabote13ook of hormonmormon arearetape t comparison of the uscuse of loose periodic and balanced sentencesaentencesj comparisoneoriconiparison of description narrationnarrationjiji expositionexpoaltion argumcargyiientationiimtationmeation descriptive power and quantity of interjection of wientmientoomientoo comparisonco arisonarlson of metonymy synecdoche

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cmmpaarl 1 pe1 l I aarion comparisonson of metremetromotroI in parallelisms in a hebrew1 renirenueni trantranslationaationAation of the book of oreonlormonlclormonlc wouldunyoulduld also be interinterestingeating A 3kjleottleotiLECTT V 8131j1001vrap1y

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1 T I1 01 company I miotmloteldot 30 thelssssse100bacad3acadsacaesaome lood1oodbood Londonlogons methuen and itdltd 1 1929280 foerster nornannormanvorMordaanraan otebb ai mewaa 5ffiolaiah&mlsMAS its almsaims and metmeb ods chapechapel1 liustfiust11m1 rhemtsilteraitit& preasjrt9

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34 tloorbloor ampemp m e andd tmdenceadences rakejake harrisharrieharvis antelinfranklinFr wafwwfthetho jtstfiaifwm&of mora q M s4414wa 4 salt lake city Veseueseveseriatvesereatuegieretreat swnewsnowa 1953 fligiiighetjifligheto gilbert peoplee places and books renew york oxford universityniversity 0hetihotiheto w wiwimailaharnimailamarMaiharmar awaadawaaa presspresa 19531

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jenson andrew antobiographjp andreW bensonijensonienson soalt jensiajensoa illihlufttteautobi2ilrtw tiwymraaliallfli nawn of kinstitw&t W salt take city deseret newsmews prebapresspreas 1928 silivmill

62 63 lamb MOM TOI1 iiliijslimme gold 2mam biusdius mwnew toritborityorks lardivard1 and dmroondDmdrumiondtroond 1887188

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H A 1 brighamrr comprehensive flishiatpryj 0 the cherchichurchi volevoie I roberts r fmbmaw wiwwnwwl3y of volvoi aitalbaibalt lakelako citditcityatyt deseret W fresapresaresa 1930 robertssItrobertobertsobertaHobertss Brighabrighamii H nebmebnewmew witneksoitskinibslbsitS foroor godegodo vol liilililiIIIlinIIL111 salsaisaltsaitt laklaoimeimoe cicity17 deseret noawamwa itsfinfiofin sm hmaekmacklehmaey by preston N lucy metoysto s josihjosjasph amith3mitb nibleyw w Jas edited sritharith hidetoyii jwfltitsifljrfo of i ibley ith 40 ftwwiiijasjhjh 3iait 1lake uiajs bookcraft t956w4wa talimtallaltailalniageniagegeo jamejamesa E artiartl cl qs falthfaith e34t keelakslaketee citescitycitys church of bausjesuseaus christchtrist oftctwslatter saintlosaintsosaltsalz 194719470 the book of mcrooiu 16301830 wfwwstiwfiwwki i lle iwuiwiWUiW Ws book mormon 1952 the of rloalo T 16atriwa wi 3mfclanorlnonimori Co gilmamm john w daledaie lr williams the corolon of nilmam tyndallyndal londonlondonslondona corolotW lBindale awp6wmc5tm12jjlbrkaroletrolotaf iimtth ajihwtw fcwiawlf dayesaye 1571521572 fcaw4wnwtt3lt washburnWa liburn J NM conteats BiL sfcnxoture andnd Aauthorshipiorshborsh of the book of thei jtssil wiftgift tj AGottgottbilcottt artfefeamliii5truotu&igjtei1fiifjnugtaeftajid no saltxakealtait lakelako daurtdauns Dohookeradookeranoolceyaftokera t 195439543.954 watts harold Hfl tadajthe modernty readorsmeadorsdajguido to the iallaall newer orkyork harper and brottersytrlittitlis tydajdas19aaa9 west ray Dtat3 jr edseledv in moder tioismtitoism newnowmew rorkyork rinehaBinehartrinehartrt and company 192igroigne

A I1 eeor13eeker prop odeoc john prophet 1 soe joserhjoseph w een amwi er sa smitha mr leb of idtsoeaftsoe arttrtsmithi mwi afS truth s1 atferr WWWodo idt mljhtf iwi ro hrirehrirteekr rfaftermljft ftwjiifempttfwtfl actoct saltsalbsaiblakesalte city deseret nevnew0 pisspisapress 1951

vI 11 VT A new New workerworkers of the ritersWriters program of ththetho lf P 4vav a0aa in MM york cityolty newyorkhew york A guide totajtitojtithe iaeleepireplee statestabe neweownowM york oxford universityunlyorsltyunivorsity presspreas i1940 64

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unpub3ishd mamafcerial mlfb4lsawltilss M iviaywwiiiailaliallai brookbankbrookbanks T Wh bookitbook of normonmormon vocabulary f paper onOB file in the L1 D 53 church historianhistorians efficeoffice libarylibrary salt lake city

1 11 N I1 gilbert jotojohnjomo ll memorandum made byb r johnjoho ilbertlibertgilbertfr esqesp Jepjeptemberseptember31eptember1 teubertember 8 16921892 alnoraalnainalnwraPalfpalfyrapaltpaitP Wrayra KM YYHit paper on ilelleliefileflief at lo101 D 3 church fistorihistori antsant s library salbsaiblake city rice koylemoylemoyie 0 lanelanglanguageaageuage and staesoaestylestylo of ththe0 book of mormonfltormonMormon fl unpublished mastermastorMastmastersmastertsertsorts theltheithesis departmentDepnepartmont of angvngfagliahjilishalishp university of nebraska 1937193tt

refgrence hitchcockhitchoockflitcheocks y romwile c2jgletecoyap3ete asialyiablibilAsi of thethath 0 pimer andnd CrutrudentscrudentsdentsdenisB roswell alyiaanalanaiyslaysia ttroizrotzholz cidenmacjMf ay timtaitaaaita lllbl WJW cJ conoordanoeconcorcjance7ttftwwiwwto TOOggegoo rolyholy1io3yfewwwsY borlpwesI1 ttitatianetohetorksHeToheyoewita rks A M johnsonannsononnson 18718755 young A 1 Concord newnow york 1 K funk i roberthobert analyticaltwltwytic il concordanceconcordanoeanoe to thetho bibibiblebibie I compary 318so AHginglnAIN awajjspianaly83133 OF rmMYMYVEVE VARTAITON IN teftwor BOOK avOP lobmontobmonmormON

an abstract of a thesisthasia submitted to the department of rellreilRelireligrionhelig3ongrion

bhirwambijjbijl I1rfiam YOUNG univtextyUNIVIM131w

in partial nifillnientfulfniaont of the requirements for thefthtch decreedegree

MAW B OF ahtaaht9

by

GJAWGIADE Iif1 DIAGON

1958 the majority of the erhicbeiritics vrhoho llelloiwosiavestave opposed the book of MImomonomon hareharohavahave claimed theuiediedle tookbookmook laIs thethobhebho product of oneon man because of the uniforraltyimiformltgr of style throughout if theve charpchargeses vieremere trudotrueoterue joseph smithssnismisnithsmiththse claimcraim of divine orlitooriorlorlgtooriprinerinprin for the book andemd its contwfcaconteOU would be in jeopardy stinStixttxiiesstixlieslleslies haahawhavehavo shown semiisms onalonallapeqiia3lagolapelapo and constructionsconatnwtionsconstxuctions amidst the book of morionkormonhommonmormon witgit ingsin go aichhichwhich seem totoitod indicateindloateindioateindindicatecabeoateloateloabe thattaat it is a fairlyaireyfairly literal trawlationtrawtramtraris3at5or3lation if it laIs aehuchucbsuchuehruch style differences amol ig the wttorswriterswritors should be evident to some degree

the mentalmontalmontai or enotiona3evaotional etteottesv to of H writer fashions hishie writings the counts of wordswrciajip phrasesphrasos and various conaructionseonatrwtions along with hishi use of rhetorical fiiresfifiairesfairesires recalrwcalrewrowsa I the authorsauthor1autbortsauthortsbortss cbaracteristjcsohapaeteriytio8 A few individual obverv1tionsobervaijode had indiaindivibdicatodaed4ed strlestriestyle al fferencebdifferences in the book of mormon but no statisticaltatistiwj anallsics had beibel attempted ittt wasuraswrasupas decided therefore thut a statistical conlconiconiparisonconyaxiaobparison of the writineswriwritingstinestings attributed to nephinephiNtphi jacob momonmormon abianiand moroni wnlclmulclmulct be made thee results nfof the coalcomlcomparisonedisonewison fxix4krfixtbiew indicated1 ndicatodicatv4 tl-thebhee lveIvelweivesencepregprooonceprooprog enceoncesencegencegance of style variationvariatiouvariatiousvarlavAriatiou the writingswritangs of heiikeiineilnellne hi wrewovewonc characterized by many clausesclaubesclau besaes ffaultyau1 ty acolecolarurutionsewtrnofcion yetyeb bantlfvlbenautiful indancianol stinastimastimalatingstimulatingsiimulatlnglating figuresfigurea of rhetoric enteressentereesentereesreosneos inan the vmltirigwitlrifiqjs of nephi venevonewore fournofounno to bodinbeginbogin with deiendejendejendentdependentdent clauses more fxeqiientyfreqientljy than thoethose of the other wiwritingstings andnd contained more tobordinutisubordinauon oruornOTU metaphors weremere of exceptional quality and appearedappeearedcared to be the nostmostmoat originalcriporip 600roogoogood poraonifipersonificationoption characterisedcharacterizedcharacterizzed thebetheboth ebeese rrjtingswritings andanclancianol parallelisms twere PrImarprimarilyllyliyfly of the synonymous and climotioclim c otlootioottotetto typebyjbyi ie of

I1 2

excellent quality dialogue spearedtpearedspearedrppearedappearedTpearedoared fwmcwmfroryi twtvioavio to five timestiviesbimes more than in any of the other writings the writingwritings of jacob were charcactericharacterisedcharacterizeded by shortshorb clear sentences free from the characteristic rwltiplicityum3tipliqity of cl abseeausee of the other writings thethofihe clarity and siyiplicitysalraplioity of the sensentesentencesteiwesneesneos coupled ithathdahlthdth strong emotional force and varying constructconstructimisemstnjictlaisimis made these witingswiringswritlngs untirinpuntiringimtlrlng gerundial

phrasyPphraswhraseserases wereworeweroworo used far less frequentfrequentlyfrequentayay than in the otterotherothorotmer writings but the quantityqucwtity of ellipticellipticalellipticalsalsaisa and poaltlteeappositives exceedemceed ththatbhatat in theth other ritinawritinpwriting

rhetoricalrhotoricallshotorioa3 figures werei found lessleesloss frequentlybutfrequently but were of fine quality apostrophe was tirolyentirelyen absent A peculiar slibjeetpartieipialsubject participial ehrphrphr1 subject combination was present throughout the writingwriwritangatangstAngas of jacobjacobe the writings of mamion contalcontainedned 6entencessentences of greater length and like nhianavanephinmva sonesome faulty constructions the useWQ of many InfinitiinfinitivestesTeaves and lacksack of use of elliptical expressions and appositivesapporiapponi tivesfives further contrasted morimimornmimormons writings from the otherothersothern similosimilessimilos api earedeared threthrothroo timestimea more frequently than in any of theth other writingwritlngbwritingsoso additional concontrasttrast haeMBnaewas created by the infrequent wouseuso of rhetorlelrhotoric4rhetorleliol questions near absence of dialoguedialogueguo md the abundant use of apostrophe

the wjtiawytiawritinp 3 of moroni eontateedcontainedcontaeontateedmeed one conlacomplexitiescitiesxities asae did nephinephitsnephite but not as many the sentences wereweroworoer clearereloetoaperayerapor shorter more forcefulforceforoetuitulfulfuI and moremoro direct infinitives vorevorowereweroworeworo seldom useduse and the mothernumber of pvticipiaparticipialJ phrases NWCwereweroweeo onilonly half asaa numerous as in thevieulothomyo wier writings moronic writings werewenewoneWWQ further marked by the absence of thetho pecullarpecullan redundant nomnat3tenominative constrwtlonoonsttocttofi up pd by the author of jacob Paralvarallelismsparallliamparailliam were

1 most niroorouanwerousA but nqhilsthithlihi wilengslungsirJUngsirjungswitingswiningstings alifstifalifclyslig107i 07cly exceeded moronimoronis injn ialitycalitycamalityIality based on theirtheairthevir appearanceappearncenco ferper thoundthousiatholundthousiandnd grdagydawyda of raaterlalrftaterutate riatrial zintithezinainalnanfithetlealtithetic a 3

parallelimsparalleliMs laxrawrew frimdfoimdpuctoj fourtourritoirto timesbimes more equanbaijtreqvent3ys than inUT sueanyyuayne ofjo theehat0404 otherothor twritingsaaT 4sgulfegulf otherJOIRO differences punojpunoo inUT 44tlwelw0 gvutiimwifclnga ofJO moroniTUOJOW were thebhe agnognus of parallels ttofcotco dellopwqpvedhepwapdolc reasoning andduadnaput thewill abundant useeaneauoan ofjo aqdoaqsodapostrophee andduadna rhetoricallvvfjo4aqx questions

the analysisvu SslosioSTs described aboveembie offered strong evievlevidenceeTidence thatamt etenevennevenove though ailtbliebile iooaiboatookbook ofjo wowwommormonnoh issf clatmodpowtep to04 haveevah naebneeb translated bysq oneenoono jndivicnalf UpTA andaud stylestyloamsaps& ualeel differencesscaollalojjp areorleorlaaroaale 1x9extant and definablepjo ajqvuelbauelban