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Phd Thesis Presented to the University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa

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Phd Thesis Presented to the University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa IN THE NAME OF ALLAH THE MOST BENEFICENT THE MOST MERCIFUL 1 ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCTIVE POTENTIAL OF BROWSE SPECIES AND THEIR MANAGEMENT STRATEGY IN THE DEGRADING RANGELANDS OF CHOLISTAN DESERT By MUHAMMAD ABDULLAH M.Sc. (Hons.) FORESTRY A THESIS SUBMITTED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN FORESTRY DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY RANGE MANAGEMENT AND WILDLIFE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE FAISALABAD PAKISTAN 2013 2 The Controller of Examinations University of Agriculture Faisalabad We the supervisory committee certifies that the contents and form of the thesis submitted by Mr. Muhammad Abdullah, Registration No. 2001-ag-2617 have been found satisfactory and recommend that it be processed for final evaluation by External Examiner(s) for the award of degree. SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE 1. PROF. DR. RASHID AHMAD KHAN . (CHAIRMAN) 2. DR. SHAHID YAQOOB . (MEMBER) 3. PROF. DR. MUNIR AHMAD . (MEMBER) 3 DECLARATION __ _______ _____________ ___ I Muhammad Abdullah declare that dissertation “ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCTIVE POTENTIAL OF BROWSE SPECIES AND THEIR MANAGEMENT STRATEGY IN THE DEGRADING RANGELANDS OF CHOLISTAN DESERT” hereby submitted for the requirement of degree of doctor of philosophy is my original work. All the sources have been acknowledged by the mean of complete references and the views expressed therein will remain the responsibility of author. This work has not been submitted by me at any other university/faculty in Pakistan or abroad. I further code the copyright of this thesis in favour of University of Agriculture Faisalabad Pakistan. SIGNATURE: . MUHAMMAD ABDULLAH DATE: . 4 PREFACE __ _______ _____ ___________ All praise to Almighty ALLAH alone the most merciful, the most compassionate and Holy Prophet MUHAMMAD (P.B.U.H) the most perfect and exalted among and even of ever born on the surface of earth, who is far ever a torch of guidance and knowledge for the humanity. I wish to thank the following persons, without whom the execution of this study would not have been possible: • My parents, for giving me the opportunity to make my dream a reality, amidst difficult times, and my brothers, sisters, bhabies for all their support, unconditional love and guidance during this study. • My mentor and supervisor Prof. Dr. Rashid Ahmad Khan, for inspiring guidance, constructive criticism and enlightened supervision especially his willingness to help amidst a full program. Your support to promote the spirit of constant work and the maintenance of professional integrity besides other invaluable words will always serve as beacon of light in my life. • My co-supervisor, Late Dr. Muhammad Arshad, for always sharing his expert knowledge, dexterous guidance and for all his patience throughout the fieldwork. I sincerely believe that without his patronage and assistance, this research work would not have reached a successful culmination. • My Supervisory Committee, Dr. Shahid Yaqoob, and Prof. Dr. Munir Ahmad, under whose scholastic guidance and consistent encouragement, I have completed my work. • My class fellows and friends (Rafay, Imran, Fahad, Usman, Akbar sab & Nadeen bhae) who supported me at every step to accomplish this job. There are many other individuals who supported me in various ways, although I cannot mention their names here. I simply say thank you so much for your immense support. • Higher Education Commission (HEC), Pakistan for sponsoring this research project under the Indigenous Scholarship Scheme. • All the staff of the Department of Forestry, Range management and wildlife for all their support and encouragement throughout the study. MUHAMMAD ABDULLAH [email protected] 5 DEDICATION __ _______ _____________ ___ This thesis is dedicated to my father (CH. WALAYAT ALI) whose proper guidance and effort inspired a great interest of learning in my mind and to my mother who provides me all her love and sacrificed her interests for my success that will be remembered forever. 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS___ ___ ____ ________ _____ A. MINOR CONTENTS PAGE No. TITLE 2 SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE 3 DECLARATION 4 PREFACE 5 DEDICATION 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS 7 LIST OF FIGURES, PLATES AND TABLES 10 LIST OF ACRONYMS 11 ABSTRACT 12 B. MAJOR CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1: BACKGROUND AND JUSTIFICATION 13 1.2: OBJECTIVES 16 1.2.1: GENERAL OBJECTIVE 16 1.2.2: SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES 16 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1: FLORISTIC COMPOSITION 17 2.2: PHYTOSOCIOLOGY 19 2.2.1: COMMUNITY STRUCTURE 19 2.2.2: MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS 21 2.3: BROWSE FORAGE PRODUCTION 24 2.4: RANGE CARRYING CAPACITY 26 2.5: PALATABILITY CLASSIFICATION 29 2.6: NUTRITIONAL EVALUATION 30 2.6.1: PROXIMATE COMPOSITION 32 2.6.2: STRUCTURAL COMPOSITION 33 2.6.3: MINERAL COMPOSITION 35 CHAPTER 3: MATERIAL AND METHODS 3.1: DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA 3.1.1: GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION 38 3.1.2: HISTORY OF CHOLISTAN DESERT 38 3.1.3: CLIMATE 38 3.1.4: SOIL 40 3.1.5: VEGETATION 40 3.1.6: SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECT 41 7 3.2: DATA COLLECTION METHODS 3.2.1: RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY AND STUDY SITES 43 3.2.2: FLORISTIC ANALYSIS OF BROWSES 44 3.2.2.1: COLLECTION OF PLANTS 44 3.2.2.2: FLORISTIC COMPOSITION 44 3.2.2.3: PHENOLOGICAL PATTERNS 44 3.2.2.4: ECONOMIC USE CLASSIFICATION 45 3.2.2.5: STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 45 3.2.3: PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS 45 3.2.3.1: ANALYTIC PHASE (BOTANICAL SURVEY) 45 3.2.3.2: SYNTHETIC PHASE (DATA ANALYSIS) 45 3.2.3.3: COORDINATES 46 3.2.4: SOIL ANALYSIS 47 3.2.4.1: SOIL SAMPLING 47 3.2.4.2: PREPARATION OF SATURATED SOIL PASTE 47 3.2.4.3: SATURATION PERCENTAGE 47 3.2.4.4: SOIL pH AND ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY 47 3.2.4.5: ORGANIC MATTER AND SOIL MOISTURE 47 3.2.4.6: AVAILABLE PHOSPHORUS, SODIUM AND POTASSIUM 48 3.2.5: BROWSE FORAGE PRODUCTION 48 3.2.6: RANGE CARRYING CAPACITY 48 3.2.7: PALATABILITY CLASSIFICATION OF BROWSES 49 3.2.8: NUTRITIONAL EVALUATION OF BROWSES 49 3.2.8.1: PROCUREMENT OF SAMPLES 49 3.2.8.2: PROXIMATE ANALYSIS 49 3.2.8.3: FIBER FRACTIONS 49 3.2.8.4: MINERAL PROFILE 50 3.2.8.5: STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 50 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS 4.1: FLORISTIC INVENTORY OF BROWSES 51 4.1.1: FLORISTIC COMPOSITION 51 4.1.2: PHENOLOGICAL PATTERNS 53 4.1.3: ECONOMIC USE CLASSIFICATION 54 4.2: PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL STUDY OF BROWSES 54 4.2.1: COMMUNITY STRUCTURE 54 4.2.2: MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS 63 4.2.2.1: CLASSIFICATION 63 8 4.2.2.2: ORDINATION 66 4.3: FORAGE PRODUCTION OF BROWSES 69 4.4: RANGE CARRYING CAPACITY 70 4.5: PALATABILITY CLASSIFICATION OF BROWSES 72 4.5.1: DEGREE OF PALATABILITY 72 4.5.2: PALATABILITY BY PARTS GRAZED 72 4.5.3: PALATABILITY BY ANIMAL PREFERENCES 73 4.6: NUTRITIONAL EVALUATION OF BROWSES 74 4.6.1: PROXIMATE COMPOSITION 74 4.6.2: STRUCTURAL COMPOSITION 75 4.6.3: MINERAL COMPOSITION 76 CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION 5.1: FLORISTIC INVENTORY OF BROWSES 78 5.1.1: FLORISTIC COMPOSITION 78 5.1.2: PHENOLOGICAL PATTERNS 79 5.1.3: ECONOMIC USE CLASSIFICATION 81 5.2: PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL STUDY OF BROWSES 83 5.2.1: COMMUNITY STRUCTURE 83 5.2.2: MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS 85 5.3: FORAGE PRODUCTION OF BROWSES 89 5.4: RANGE CARRYING CAPACITY 92 5.5: PALATABILITY CLASSIFICATION OF BROWSES 94 5.6: NUTRITIONAL EVALUATION OF BROWSES 98 5.6.1: PROXIMATE COMPOSITION 98 5.6.2: STRUCTURAL COMPOSITION 100 5.6.3: MINERAL COMPOSITION 101 CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION AND MANAGEMENT STRATEGY 6.1: GENERAL CONCLUSIONS 109 6.2: MANAGEMENT STRATEGY 112 CHAPTER 7: LITERATURE CITED 115 CHAPTER 8: ANNEXURE 8.1: ECOLOGICAL ATTRIBUTES OF BROWSE SPECIES 144 8.2: PHENOLOGICAL PATTERNS OF BROWSE SPECIES 145 8.3: ECONOMIC USE CLASSIFICATION OF BROWSE SPECIES 146 8.4: NAME, LOCATION, AND TOPOGRAPHY OF EACH STAND 147 8.5: SEASONAL BROWSE PRODUCTION (kg/ha) AND GRAZING STATUS OF STANDS 148 8.6: PALATABILITY CLASSIFICATION OF BROWSE SPECIES 149 9 LIST OF FIGURES, PLATES, AND TABLES __ ___ ____ FIGURES PAGE No. FIGURE 3.1: MAP OF STUDY AREA; THE CHOLISTAN DESERT 43 FIGURE 3.2: LAYOUT OF DATA COLLECTION METHODS 46 FIGURE 4.1: PHENOLOGICAL PATTERNS OF BROWSE SPECIES 53 FIGURE 4.2: DENDROGRAM FROM CLUSTER ANALYSIS OF STANDS 64 FIGURE 4.3: DETRENDED CORRESPONDENCE ANALYSIS (DCA) OF STANDS 67 FIGURE 4.4: CCA BIPLOT OF STANDS WITH ENVIRONMENTAL (SOIL) VARIABLES 68 FIGURE 4.5: SEASONAL BROWSE FORAGE YIELD (kg/ha) AT THREE RANGE HABITATS 70 FIGURE 4.6: CLASSIFICATION OF BROWSES BASED ON PALATABILITY 72 FIGURE 4.7: CLASSIFICATION OF BROWSES BASED ON PARTS USED 73 FIGURE 4.8: CLASSIFICATION OF BROWSES BASED ON LIVESTOCK PREFERENCES 73 TABLES TABLE 3.1: MEAN MONTHLY METEOROLOGICAL DATA OF CHOLISTAN RANGELANDS 39 TABLE 4.1: FAMILY IMPORTANCE INDEX OF BROWSE SPECIES 51 TABLE 4.2: BROWSE SPECIES WITH FAMILY, BOTANICAL, AND VERNACULAR NAMES 52 TABLE 4.3: ECONOMIC USE CLASSIFICATION OF BROWSE SPECIES 54 TABLE 4.4: COMMUNITY STRUCTURE AND IMPORTANCE VALUE INDEX OF BROWSES 58 TABLE 4.5: SOIL PHYSIO-CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF BROWSE COMMUNITIES 62 TABLE 4.6: MEAN IMPORTANCE VALUES OF PLANT SPECIES IN THREE ASSOCIATIONS 65 TABLE 4.7: MEAN VALUES OF SOIL ANALYSIS AT THREE ASSOCIATIONS 66 TABLE 4.8: SUMMARY OF DETRENDED CORRESPONDENCE ANALYSIS 67 TABLE 4.9: SUMMARY OF CANONICAL CORRESPONDENCE ANALYSIS 69 TABLE 4.10: SEASONAL CARRYING CAPACITY AT THREE RANGE HABITATS 71 TABLE 4.11: PROXIMATE COMPOSITION OF SELECTED BROWSE SPECIES (ON DM BASIS) 74 TABLE 4.12: STRUCTURAL COMPOSITION OF SELECTED BROWSE SPECIES (ON DM BASIS) 75 TABLE 4.13: MINERAL COMPOSITION OF SELECTED BROWSE SPECIES (ON DM BASIS) 77 PLATES PLATE 1.1: AERIAL VIEWS OF CHOLISTAN RANGELANDS (a, b) 16 PLATE 2.1: AUTHOR DURING CAMPING IN CHOLISTAN RANGELANDS (a, b) 37 PLATE 3.1: NOMADIC LIFE STYLE IN CHOLISTAN RANGELANDS (a, b, c, d) 42 PLATE 3.2: RAIN WATER HARVESTING PONDS IN CHOLISTAN
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