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Ethnoecological Studies of Wild Flora of Central Punjab, Pakistan

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Ethnoecological Studies of Wild Flora of Central Punjab, Pakistan ETHNOECOLOGICAL STUDIES OF WILD FLORA OF CENTRAL PUNJAB, PAKISTAN Submitted By: Arifa Zereen 061-GCU-PHD-BOT-08 Supervisor: Dr. Zaheer-ud-din Khan Professor of Botany Co- Supervisor: Dr. M. Ashraf Bodla Ex-Director Federal Environmental Management Unit NDP, WAPDA, Lahore. DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY GC UNIVERSITY, LAHORE ETHNOECOLOGICAL STUDIES OF WILD FLORA OF CENTRAL PUNJAB, PAKISTAN Submitted to GC University, Lahore in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Award of the Degree of Ph.D. In Botany By ARIFA ZEREEN Roll No. 061-GCU-PhD. Bot-2008 Session 2008-2011 Department of Botany, GC University, Lahore RESEARCH COMPLETION CERTIFICATE Certified that the research work contained in this thesis titled “ETHNOECOLOGICAL STUDIES OF WILD FLORA OF CENTRAL PUNJAB, PAKISTAN” has been carried out and completed by Mrs. Arifa Zereen, Roll No. 061-GCU-PhD-Bot-2008 under my supervision during her Ph.D. (Botany) Studies. Dated: _______________ ____________________________ Supervisor Dr. Zaheer-ud-din Khan Professor of Botany, GC University, Lahore. _______________________ ____________________________ Submitted Through: Controller of Examination Chairperson, Department of Botany, GC University, Lahore. GC University, Lahore. Declaration I, Arifa Zereen, Roll No. 061-GCU-PhD-Bot-2008 student of Ph.D. in the subject of Botany 2008-2011, hereby declare that the matter printed in the thesis titled “ETHNOECOLOGICAL STUDIES OF WILD FLORA OF CENTRAL PUNJAB, PAKISTAN” is my own work and has not been printed, published and submitted as research work, thesis or publication in any form in any University, Research Institution, etc. in Pakistan or abroad. Dated: ___________________ _______________________ Signature of Deponent CONTENTS Page No. LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ix LIST OF FIGURES x LIST OF TABLES xii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xiii ABSTRACT xv CHAPTER- 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Ethnoecology 1 1.2 History 1 1.3 Principles 2 1.4 Traditional Ecological Knowledge 2 1.5 Ecology of the Study Area 3 1.6 Ethnoecological Studies 6 1.7 The Study Area 10 1.7.1 Climate and Bio-climatic Regions 10 1.7.2 Hydrology 14 1.7.3 Geology and Geomorphology 15 1.7.4 Physiography and Landform 15 1.7.5 Soils 16 1.7.6 Vegetation 19 1.7.7 Sampling Areas 19 1.7.8 Location of Sampling Areas 20 1.7.9 Climate of Sampling Areas 23 1.8 Objectives of the Study 29 CHAPTER- 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 30 CHAPTER- 3 MATERIAL AND METHODS 45 3.1 Selection of Sampling Sites 45 3.2 Schedule of Sampling in Selected Sites 43 3.3 Vegetation Studies 47 3.3.1 Size of Quadrat 47 3.4 Ethnobotanical Value of Plants 48 3.5 Determination of Land Use by GPS Receiver 48 3.6 Interpretation of Climatic Elements 48 3.7 Soil Studies 48 3.7.1 Soil Sampling 48 3.7.2 Soil Analysis 49 3.8 Water Sampling and Analysis 50 3.9 Multivariate Analysis 50 3.9.1 TWINSPAN Analysis 51 3.9.2 CCA Analysis 51 CHAPTER- 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 53 RESULTS 53 4.1 Ethnobotanical Studies 53 4.1.1 Ethnobotanical Data on Wild Flora of Central 53 Punjab 4.2 Soil Studies 147 4.3 Water Studies 149 4.4 Vegetation Sampling 150 4.5 Vegetation profile of Central Punjab 151 4.5.1 Overall Distribution of Vegetation in Central 152 Punjab 4.5.1.1 Species Composition of Pakpattan 152 4.5.1.2 Species Composition of Vehari 154 4.5.1.3 Species Composition of Faisalabad 156 4.5.1.4 Species Composition of Nankana Sahib 157 4.5.1.5 Species Composition of Lahore 159 4.5.1.6 Species Composition of Sahiwal 160 4.5.1.7 Species Composition of Narowal 161 4.5.1.8 Species Composition of Sialkot 163 4.6 Classification of Vegetation 165 4.6.1 TWINSPAN Classification 165 4.5.1.1 TWINSPAN Analysis of Pakpattan 166 4.6.1.2 TWINSPAN Analysis of Vehari 170 4.6.1.3 TWINSPAN Analysis of Faisalabad 174 4.6.1.4 TWINSPAN Analysis of Nankana 179 Sahib 4.6.1.5 TWINSPAN Analysis of Lahore 185 4.6.1.6 TWINSPAN Analysis of Sahiwal 190 4.6.1.7 TWINSPAN Analysis of Narowal 194 4.6.1.8 TWINSPAN Analysis of Sialkot 199 4.7 CCA Analysis 203 4.7.1 District Wise Canonical Correspondence 204 Analysis 4.7.1.1 Biplot Diagram of Species and 204 Environmental Variables for Pakpattan 4.7.1.2 Biplot Diagram of Species and 205 Environmental Variables for Vehari 4.7.1.3 Biplot Diagram of Species and 206 Environmental Variables for Nankana Sahib 4.7.1.4 Biplot Diagram of Species and 207 Environmental Variables for Faisalabad 4.7.1.5 Biplot Diagram of Species and 208 Environmental Variables for Lahore 4.7.1.6 Biplot Diagram of Species and 209 Environmental Variables for Sahiwal 4.7.1.7 Biplot Diagram of Species and 211 Environmental Variables for Narowal 4.7.1.8 Biplot Diagram of Species and 212 Environmental Variables for Sialkot 4.8 DISCUSSION 214 4.9 RECOMMENDATIONS 227 REFERENCES 230 Plates 1-14 254 ANNEXURE –I (a,b,c) GIS Map of Research Area, Central Punjab 256 ANNEXURE –II (a,b,c) Landforms and Soil Maps ANNEXURE –III Questionnaire for the Documentation of Ethnoecological and Ethnobotanical Data ANNEXURE –IV Moisture Content ANNEXURE –V Soil Texture ANNEXURE –VI Water pH ANNEXURE –VII DTW Map for Bari Doab ANNEXURE –VIII DTW Map for Rechna Doab ANNEXURE -IX Abbreviations for Plant Species List of Acronyms and Abbreviations CANOCO Canonical Community Ordination CCA Canonical Correspondence Analysis cm Centimeter DCA De-Trended Correspondence Analysis GIS Geographic Information System GPS Global Positioning System m Meter o.d.wt Oven Dried Weight PARC Pakistan Agricultural Research Council ppm Parts Per Million S. EC Soil EC S. pH Soil pH TWINSPAN Two-Way Indicator Species Analysis W. EC Water EC W. pH Water pH WAPDA Water and Power Development Authority Water Co Water Content Water Ta Water table List of Figures Fig. Page Title No. No. 1.1 Map Showing Pakistan‟s Land Cover Based on Satellite Imagery 4 1.2 Map Showing Locations of Study Areas in Different Climatic Regions 13 of Central Punjab 1.3 Regional Climatic Diagrams of Central Punjab 27- 28 4.1 Most Abundant Species Along with Their Frequencies in District 153 Pakpattan 4.2 Most Frequent Species Along with Their Cover in District Pakpattan 154 4.3 Most Abundant Species Along with Their Frequencies in District Vehari 155 4.4 Most Frequent Species Along with Their Cover in District Vehari 155 4.5 Most Abundant Species Along with Their Frequencies in District 156 Faisalabad. 4.6 Most Frequent Species Along with Their Cover in District Faisalabad 157 4.7 Most Abundant Species Along with Their Frequencies in District 158 Nankana Sahib. 4.8 Most Frequent Species Along with Their Cover Values in District 158 Nankana Sahib. 4.9 Most Abundant Species Along with Their Frequencies in District Lahore 159 4.10 Most Frequent Species Along with Their Cover in District Lahore 160 4.11 Most Abundant Species Along with Their Frequencies in District 161 Sahiwal 4.12 Most Frequent Species Along with Their Cover in District Sahiwal 161 4.13 Most Abundant Species Along with Their Frequencies in District 162 Narowal 4.14 Most Frequent Species Along with Their Cover in District Narowal 163 4.15 Most Abundant Species Along with Their Frequencies in District Sialkot 164 4.16 Most Frequent Species Along with Their Cover in District Sialkot 165 4.17 TWINSPAN Analysis of Species at Pakpattan District 167 4.18 TWINSPAN Analysis of Species at Vehari District 172 4.19 TWINSPAN Analysis of Species at Faisalabad District 175 4.20 TWINSPAN Analysis of Species at Nankana Sahib District 181 4.21 TWINSPAN Analysis of Species at Lahore District 186 4.22 TWINSPAN Analysis of Species at Sahiwal District 191 4.23 TWINSPAN Analysis of Species at Narowal District 195 4.24 TWINSPAN Analysis of Species at Sialkot District 200 4.25 Biplot Diagram of Species and Environmental Variables for Pakpattan 205 4.26 Biplot Diagram of Species and Environmental Variables for Vehari 206 4.27 Biplot Diagram of Species and Environmental Variables for Nankana 207 Sahib 4.28 Biplot Diagram of Species and Environmental Variables for Faisalabad 208 4.29 Biplot Diagram of Species and Environmental Variables for Lahore 209 4.30 Biplot Diagram of Species and Environmental Variables for Sahiwal 210 4.31 Biplot Diagram of Species and Environmental Variables for Narowal 212 4.32 Biplot Diagram of Species and Environmental Variables for Sialkot 213 4.33 Comparative Percentage of Plants Used for Different Purposes 218 4.34 Comparative Percentage of Plants Used for Different Ailments 219 List of Tables Table Page Title No. No. 1.1 Locations of Study Areas 20 1.2 Climatic Data of Selected Stations in the Arid, Semi- arid and 26 Sub- humid Regions of Central Punjab, Pakistan 3.1 Vegetation and Soil/ Water Sampling (February- April) 46 3.2 Vegetation and Soil/ Water Sampling (September- November) 46 4.1 Chemical and Physical Properties of Soils from Different 148 Districts of Central Punjab 4.2 Chemical Characteristics of Water by District in Central Punjab 150 4.3 Variation in % age Frequency of ten Species Showing 151 Dominance throughout Central Punjab 4.4 4.6 Variation in % age Cover of ten Species Showing Dominance 152 throughout Central Punjab ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS All praise to God Almighty, the most Beneficent, Who provided me the strength and ability to complete my research work. I am honored by offering thanks for the Holy Prophet (PBUH) who is always a beacon of guidance and knowledge for mankind as a whole.
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