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Problems and Potential of Agriculture for Improving Livelihood in Malakand Division, Pakistan

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Problems and Potential of Agriculture for Improving Livelihood in Malakand Division, Pakistan Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Research Review Article Problems and Potential of Agriculture for Improving Livelihood in Malakand Division, Pakistan Ghani Akbar Climate, Energy and Water Research Institute (CEWRI), National Agricultural Research Centre (NARC), Islamabad, Pakistan. Abstract | Malakand division has rich natural resources, having large potential for agriculture and tourism development, while its strategic location indicates a tendency of increasing importance of this region in the near future. Agriculture, one of the main sources of income of 52% of population of Malakand division, is less profitable due to traditional farming methods. Therefore, this paper is aimed to investigate the key agricultural issues and to identify strategies for utilizing the full potential of agriculture for improving livelihood in this region. This study indicated that climate change induced hazards of land degradation and water scarcity due to frequent floods and droughts, decline in traditional springfed Kuhl (gravity channel) irrigation system, low productivity of crops and horticulture, less productive livestock, large postharvest losses and lack of value addition facilities are the main hurdles in utilizing the full potential of agriculture for achieving improved food security and better livelihood in this region. Lack of government spending and less available research facilities are considered the main hindrance in agricultural development in this region. Therefore, this review study was focussed on identification of strategies for the conservation of natural resources, improvement of crops, horticulture, livestock, postharvest management and farm operation sectors in Malakand division. The study illustrated the potential for agricultural improvement, explored key issues and identified strategies and recommendations for agriculture sustainability and improved food security that may lead to better livelihood in Malakand division of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP). Received | June 21, 2018; Accepted | March 13, 2020; Published | June 22, 2020 *Correspondence | Ghani Akbar, Climate, Energy and Water Research Institute (CEWRI), National Agricultural Research Centre (NARC), Islamabad, Pakistan; Email: [email protected] Citation | Akbar, G., 2020. Problems and potential of agriculture for improving livelihood in Malakand Division, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Research, 33(2): 351-361. DOI | http://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjar/2020/33.2.351.361 Keywords | Livelihood, Postharvest management, Agriculture, Livestock, Tourism, Research Introduction this study is aimed to illustrate potential, issues and options for agricultural development in Malakand griculture provides employment to 44% of the division. The salient features of Malakand division labor force (FAO, 2019) and has about 23% that can be instrumental in improving livelihood of contributionA to the GDP of Pakistan (Pletcher, local communities are detailed below. 2019). Agriculture is more important for Malakand division by providing livelihood source for more Study site description than 52% population. However, agriculture is facing Malakand division covers 40% land area and is home low productivity, profitability and sustainability to around 25% population of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa challenges due to population growth, climate change (KP) excluding FATA (GOP, 2019). Malakand, the induced hazards and lack of resources. Therefore, largest division of KP, is comprised of seven districts June 2020 | Volume 33 | Issue 2 | Page 351 Developing agriculture for livelihood in Malkand Division (i.e. Chitral, Upper Dir, Lower Dir, Swat, Shangla, The demographic details of different districts of Bunir and Malakand) that extends from 71.43 to Malakand division are shown in Table 1. 73.85° E longitude and 36.07 to 36.40° N latitude. The land area distribution and layout of different Potential for agricultural development districts of Malakand Division in comparison with Strategic importance of Malakand division: the rest of the areas of KP province and FATA is Malakand division covers majority of the Northern shown in Figure 1. Malakand division is among part of KP province. The KP province in general has the least developed areas of the KP and have faced a diverse landscape stretching from high altitude multiple natural and manmade calamities recently. mountains (Himalayan) in the north to the desert The international support played an important role in the South. It comprises of 10.17 million hectares in the rehabilitation of affected people of Malakand of total geographical area, which is 13% of total area division. Lack of effective research facilities, interest, of Pakistan (GOP, 2001). The major portion of the assessment studies, and low capability of communities province area is occupied by high peaks, hills, valleys, to respond to miscellaneous calamities are the plateaus and sloppy lands. Interestingly the South main causes of poor livelihood, food insecurity, and is only 250 m above mean sea level but the rise in agricultural sustainability issues (Ahmad et al., 2016a, altitude quickly reaches 7708 m (Tirchmir in Chitral 2016b). Limited research facilities are the main district) within few hundred kilometres towards constraint in highlighting the emerging issues of the North (GoKP, 2005). Malakand Division, in significant importance and in diverting government/ particular is more important, because of its strategic policy makers’ attention towards the development of and economic importance as it can link Pakistan with this region. The rapidly emerging issues of degrading China, Afghanistan and Central Asian countries. natural resources, climate change induced risks, The diverse landscape of Malakand division hosts declining water resources, especially drying of the precious natural resources, vital for the economy traditional spring/seasonal river fed Kuhl (Gravity of the country. The Malakand Division is a major channel) irrigation system, less productive agriculture stake holder in the ongoing mega project of China and livestock urgently demands for strong research Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), as it not only facilities, skilled human resources and better linkages hosts the existing route but also the recently approved between provincial and federal governments for the alternative safe route linking Mardan, Dir, Chitral and development of agriculture and livelihood in this Gilgit to China. Similarly, a narrow belt of Wakhan in region on priority basis. Afghanistan, around 13 km wide, separate Tajikistan from Chitral, which illustrate huge economic and strategic prospects of this region for Pakistan in the near future. Therefore, agricultural, economic, and social development in this region is in the best interest of the government of Pakistan in general and local people in particular. Tourism potential of Malakand division: Malakand division is famous for the scenic spots and tourism. For instance, Kalam valley and Malam Jabba in Swat, Kumrat valley, Lawari top and Usharay dara in Upper Dir, Ben Shahi point along border area with Afghanistan and Laram peak in lower Dir, Kalash area and Shandur polo ground in Chitral and many other historic places attracts thousands of local, national and international tourists each year. Being associated with multiple subsectors like transportation, hotels, restaurants, tourist shops, travel guides, tour operators, etc., the sector has economic implications and a role Figure 1: Land area distribution and layout of seven districts of in creating employment opportunities. Travel and Malakand division in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province. tourism also acts as a bridge for bringing people from June 2020 | Volume 33 | Issue 2 | Page 352 Developing agriculture for livelihood in Malkand Division Table 1: Demographic and social information of seven districts of Malakand division. Districts Population (2017) Population density (persons/km2) Growth rate (%) M/F ratio (%) % Urban Area (km2) Chitral 447362 30 1.80 102 13 14850 Dir Upper 946421 256 2.64 97 5 3699 Dir Lower 1435917 907 3.71 97 3 1583 Swat 2309570 433 3.24 103 43 5337 Buner 897319 481 3.05 99 0 1865 Shangla 757810 478 2.96 104 0 1586 Malakand 720295 757 2.47 101 10 952 Total/Ave 7514694 477.42 2.41 100.43 10.57 29872 different cultures and traditions together. However, agriculture in many areas of Malakand division. Many due to long insurgency, bad law and order situation, areas producing rice and maize in the near past are no worse natural and manmade calamities, climate longer capable to produce a single wheat crop during change induced hazards, over grazing, erosion and a whole year due to non availability of irrigation water deforestation negatively affected tourists attraction or uncertain water supply during peak demand period. and overall aesthetic value of these tourist spots, thus Interestingly, there is huge potential for agriculture reduced income for the local population in particular improvement through developing the perennial river and the related sectors of the country in general. fed Kuhl irrigation system for replacing the declining Sustainable management of watersheds may lead to traditional spring fed system due to population increased aesthetic value of these scenic tourist areas, growth and climate change induced hazards. The which will ultimately enhance income generating river fed Kuhl irrigation system has shown positive opportunities in the country in general and Malakand impacts on productivity and water availability of division in particular. dying
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