Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Home , Alizai (Pashtun tribe), Bajaur District, Bara River, Bara Subdivision, Halimzai, Khyber District

Public Disclosure Authorized

Qabail Led Community Support Project (QLCSP)

Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) Public Disclosure Authorized

December 21, 2019

To be executed By Planning & Development Department (GoKP) Through

Public Disclosure Authorized Directorate of Projects under the Merged Areas Secretariat (MAS) EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Introduction The Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (GoKP), through Directorate of Projects Planning & Development Department (DP&DD), intends to implement “Qabail Led Community Support Program (QLCSP”) in Khyber district of merged areas (MA) – the erstwhile Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA)1 – and Peshawar and Nowshera districts of KP with the proposed assistance of the World Bank (WB).2 This Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) has been prepared to meet requirements of national legislation of Pakistan and World Bank environmental and social policy requirements to address potential negative impacts from the proposed project. Project Overview Background The Central Asia-South Asia Electricity Transmission and Trade Project (CASA1000) aims to facilitate electricity trade between Central Asia and countries in South Asia by putting in place transmission infrastructure. As part of CASA1000 project, each participating country3 is implementing Community Support Programs (CSPs) to share the benefits associated with the project and to generate support among local communities. Project Area In Pakistan, the CASA1000 transmission line (TL) will pass through approximately 100 kilometer long territory passing through various parts of KP province. The project area accordingly lies in/includes Peshawar and Nowshera districts and Khyber district4 of merged areas (MA). Project Components The Project has four components as briefly described below; and its Project Development Objective (PDO) is “improve access to local infrastructure and strengthen community engagement in the project areas”. COMPONENT 1: Community Outreach and Communications for CASA1000: This component will finance community outreach and awareness campaign, key stakeholders’ workshops, seminars etc. pertaining to the CASA1000 Transmission Line (TL). It will target the communities located within a four-kilometer-wide Corridor of Influence (CoI) along the route of

1 Subject to availability of resources, success of the CSP and contingent on criteria to be specified in the Operations Manual, the project may support activities in adjoining communities or districts of the MA over time, as part of the rollout of the Qabail-Led Community Support Program (QLCSP). 2 “Qabail” is an Urdu and Pushto word that translates as Tribes/Tribal. 3 Participating countries include: (i) Kyrgyz Republic, (ii) Tajikistan, (iii) Afghanistan, and (iv) Pakistan 4 The districts of Newly Merged Areas are: Khyber, Orakzai, Kurram, South Waziristan (SWZ), North Waziristan (NWZ), Bajaur; and Mohmand districts of erstwhile FATA. These districts will interchangeably be referred to as Merged Districts (MDs), Merged Areas (MA) or simply districts in this report. Draft ESMF CSP Page i the TL. The activities will aim to create the conditions for a smooth construction of CASA1000 by establishing two-way communication with communities which may experience inconvenience during construction but will not benefit directly from the transmission line. COMPONENT 2: Community Mobilization and Capacity Building: This component will facilitate community participation in the planning, implementation, and Operations and Maintenance (O&M) of basic community infrastructure schemes in the project areas. In addition, it will include citizen engagement activities to mitigate the risk of conflict, promote social cohesion, and build trust between citizens and the state. The activities will be structured under two sub-components summarized below. Sub-Component 2.1: Mobilization for Implementation of Infrastructure Schemes: This subcomponent will mobilize communities to undertake small-scale infrastructure subprojects financed under Component 3 and build capacity for Qabail led community- driven development in the project areas. It will ensure that communities actively participate in local decision-making and in the use of project sub-grants. This will be achieved through the formation of Community Development Councils (CDCs), which will be the main mechanism for community participation and oversight of project investments in each community. Sub-Component 2.2: Mobilization for Citizen Engagement: This subcomponent will establish citizen engagement activities to promote community participation and mitigate the possibility of conflict in the project areas. In addition, it will promote youth participation in local development activities. The activities will focus on engaging the youth in community affairs to build trust and address state-citizen relations with social activities that go beyond the infrastructure-focused participatory process outlined under Subcomponent 2.1. The trust-building and conflict resolution activities will be spearheaded by the Youth Sub-Committees (YSCs) and will be carried out in close collaboration with existing/ traditional conflict resolution mechanisms in the project communities. COMPONENT 3: Community Investments in Local Infrastructure: This component will provide sub-grants for local infrastructure schemes to address local development priorities, as identified through a participatory needs assessment and selected through participatory decision- making processes outlined above. The activities will support three types of work: (a) rehabilitation of damaged infrastructure; (b) construction of new infrastructure; and (c) Operation & Maintenance (O&M) of the rehabilitated/constructed infrastructure. All such schemes have to be a part of the public infrastructure available (or for provision of access to it), which would benefit multiple number of beneficiaries. As discussed under the previous component, community-led decision making for identification and implementation of infrastructure schemes would be a key principle for this component. Prior to the funding of Sub- projects, each community will provide evidence through the Social Mobilization Partners (SMPs) that the social mobilization process and participatory selection of the Sub-projects have

Draft ESMF CSP Page ii been undertaken genuinely. The eligible subprojects may include, but not be limited to5: i. On-grid and off-grid electricity infrastructure, including renewable energy technologies (e.g. solar, wind, biogas, smokeless stoves, micro-hydro plants, etc.); ii. Street Lighting; iii. School and Health Facility Improvements; iv. Water Supply and Sanitation Infrastructure; v. Rehabilitation of Tertiary Roads and Farm-to-Market Access Roads; vi. Local Farm Irrigation Systems; vii. Local Economic Infrastructure that serve a public purpose, including small-scale processing facilities for horticultural products, cold storage facilities, farm machinery workshops, fruit polishing and packaging units, milk collection and chilling units, and other similar infrastructure. The selected subprojects, including their O&M plans, will need to be technically viable according to a checklist and demonstrate sustainability according to criteria that will be detailed in the project’s Operations Manual. Based on experience from previous community-based projects in the area, most of the schemes are expected to be small scale, costing less than US$ 30,000. On environmental and social safeguard aspects the activities under this Component include civil works and as such are more relevant. COMPONENT 4: Project Management and Monitoring and Evaluation: This component will finance the operational expenditures incurred by the Project Implementation Unit for overall project coordination, management, and supervision of the implementation of subprojects. In addition, it will also finance systems for Procurement and Financial Management, Environmental and Social Safeguards, Monitoring & Evaluation (M&E); and activities including project audits and technical studies. Project Beneficiaries The project beneficiaries are the communities located within a four-kilometers-wide Corridor of Influence (CoI) along the route of the CASA1000 transmission line after it enters Pakistan at Torkham and culminates at the Nowshera Grid Station, as well as selected communities in the other districts of the Newly Merged Areas after identification. Project Implementation Arrangements

5 The menu will include a “positive list” (schemes eligible for support under the project) and a “negative list” (schemes ineligible for support under the project) to maintain fairness and consistency in the size and complexity of the infrastructure schemes financed by the project. The detail will be provided in the project’s Operations Manual Draft ESMF CSP Page iii

A dedicated “Project Management Unit (PMU)” will be established by the Directorate of Projects Planning & Development Department (P&DD) for CASA CSP. The PMU will be responsible for project implementation as well as coordination with involved line directorates of agriculture, livestock, irrigation, public health, and works and services department etc. The PMU will further establish two Field /Sub-offices as proposed below: (i) Sub-office (Peshawar and Nowshera): This Sub-office will oversee project activities in the section of the CoI in KP; (ii) Sub-Office (Khyber District) to oversee project activities in the section of the CoI in the Merged Areas, and If needed, a third location may be set up in the Merged Areas, once the QLCSP support and expansion is determined during the project implementation. Sub-Office (other locations): This sub-office will be established in the Merged Areas for interventions perceived on a gradual basis and based on the need for Qabail led CDD interventions, as determined through a study during the first three months of project implementation. Regulatory and Policy Requirements This ESMF has been prepared to address the requirements defined in the national and provincial regulations, most importantly Pakistan Environmental Protection Act (PEPA) of 1997, which requires under Section 12 (1) of the Act that “no project involving construction activities or any change in the physical environment can be undertaken unless an initial environmental examination (IEE) or an environmental impact assessment (EIA) is conducted, and approval is received from the federal or relevant provincial EP. The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Environmental Protection Act 2014 empowers the provincial Environmental Protection Agency, among others to administer and implement the provisions of the Act and the rules and regulations made there- under to comply with the environmental policies approved by the Council. Whereas Section13 of the Act states that “no proponent of a project shall commence construction and operation unless he has filed with the Agency an initial environmental examination or where the project is likely to cause an adverse environmental effect, an environmental impact assessment, and has obtained from the Agency, environmental approval in respect thereof.” In the same context several other relevant laws, guidelines and policies along with the Institutional Set-up for regulating Environmental and Social aspects have been discussed in Chapter 3. In addition, the ESMF addresses the requirements detailed in the WB operational policies (OPs) addressing environmental and social aspects and considerations. The World Bank’s Operation Policy 4.01 (OP 4.01) requires environmental assessment (EA) of projects proposed for Bank financing to help ensure that they are environmentally sound and sustainable, and thus to improve decision making. The OP defines the EA process and various types of the EA instruments. Other WB operational policies include OP 4.04 for natural habitat, OP 4.36 for forestry, OP 4.09 for pest management, OP 4.37 for safety of dams, OP 7.50 for projects in international waterways, OP 4.11 for physical cultural property, OP 4.10 for indigenous people,

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OP 7.60 for projects in disputed areas, OP 4.12 for involuntary resettlement, and policy on access to information. Of these policies, the OP 4.01, OP 4.04, OP 4.12 and policy on access to information will be applicable to the proposed CSP and the project has been categorized as Category B.

Stakeholders Consultation Consultations was carried out, though limited6, during preparation of the current study primarily owing to the fact that consistent consultations were held during preparation of this project. Such consultations are extensive, wide reaching in terms of identified stakeholders; and provides sufficient base for the current study. The key stakeholders include, GoKP, line departments, NGOs, and potential/past project(s) beneficiaries. Accordingly, the information was collected through several meetings and discussions in case of line departments/ GoKP; and through FGDs and key informants’ interviews in case of communities/NGOs. The outcomes of the consultation remained positive; the stakeholders provided their suggestions in overall project designs, its implementation arrangements and on geographical coverage7. Consultations are key to the Project under Component 1; therefore, these will continue throughout the project implementation period, based on CDD approach. Such approach inherently requires consultations as an integral part of every subproject design, right from inception to completion and even through post completion scenario. Assessment of Potential Impacts and Generic Mitigation Measures Positive Impacts: ESMF assessment finds that the project activities are expected to have wide ranging positive impacts on the physical as well as on socio-economic environment of the project area. For instance, the provision of basic infrastructure, including access to energy supply8, for local communities will help alleviate power shortages by exploiting environment friendly renewable energy resources through schemes like micro hydel, wind energy and biogas. The Project’s CDD approach will not only help empower the poor and marginalized sections of the society but also contribute towards alleviating the vulnerability of groups at risk and those living in conflict affected areas that have experienced violence, strife and unrest. This approach is expected to further ensure that local investments are responsive to community priorities and facilitate the participation of women and youth in local decision-making. The project activities will also promote inclusion through labor-intensive infrastructure works, which will generate paid labor days for unskilled and skilled workers in the short-term and stimulate livelihoods and local economic development in the long-term.

6 Include consultations carried out, or to be carried out by Zahid Amin’s team. Largely revolve around the formal/informal discussions with WB task team, RLCIP staff / the ex-PD in particular 7 Among others, the extended outreach of the project area is one such outcomes. The project area now covers all 7 merged districts as against initially envisioned one merged district involving CoI for main transmission line. 8 CSP PAD Draft ESMF CSP Page v

Further the softer interventions under Component 1 & 2 will promote community participation in decision making, youth inclusion and citizen engagement; all these are expected to contribute in promoting human and social capital development thus enabling communities to take charge of developmental initiatives and uplifting local economic growth. Project support for encouraging local decision-making and direct control of resources by local communities also mitigate conflict and strengthen state legitimacy in conflict-affected areas, especially when they are supplemented with specific measures to promote citizen engagement. Adverse Impacts: Some of the project activities, for example those under Component 3, may have some adverse environmental and social impacts. These activities include, but will not be limited to, renewable energy technologies (e.g. solar, wind, biogas, smokeless stoves, micro- hydro plants, etc., street lighting, school and health facility improvements; water supply and sanitation infrastructure, rehabilitation of tertiary roads and farm-to-market access roads, small irrigation systems; and community economic infrastructure serving a public goods purpose such as small-scale processing facilities for horticultural products and cold storage facilities etc. The potential adverse impacts of the proposed schemes are mostly during civil works implementation phase. These are likely to include contamination of soil, water and air resulting from inappropriate waste disposal into water bodies, dust and smoke from construction machinery/activities, and inappropriate disposal of surplus construction material. In addition other likely impacts include increased noise level, restricted access to services and facilities/routes for communities, particularly for women, children and elderly, health and safety hazards and unavailability of land on voluntary basis, wrong scheme(s) siting leading to conflict/limited or no access for beneficiaries, inequitable distribution of scheme benefits, damage to: public infrastructure, crops, cultivation fields, cultural heritage sites (graveyards etc.) and felling of trees. The impact assessment carried out during the present study has revealed that most of these potential impacts are temporary, localized in nature with low to moderate severity, and are largely reversible. Further, with the help of appropriate mitigation and control measures, most of these potential impacts will either be avoided altogether, or their likelihood of occurrence and severity will be reduced, thus making these schemes environmentally responsible and socially acceptable. Generic Mitigation Measures: ESMF has proposed generic mitigation measures that include sprinkling of water to reduce dust, proper maintenance of machinery/equipment and their operation during day hours to control noise/vibration, soil and water contamination, use of PPEs (helmets, gloves, dust-masks, boots and earmuffs) and hazard awareness raising/training of CDCs members /contractors’ staff on health and safety issues, disposal of effluent from sanitation schemes as per NEQSs and surplus construction material to designated sites; ensuring that the land for the schemes, if needed, is voluntarily donated by the community; avoiding/ minimizing damages to crops and infrastructure and repairing/rehabilitating/compensating any damages; compensatory tree plantation, consultations and consensus building with the

Draft ESMF CSP Page vi beneficiary communities to address siting, providing unrestricted access and ensuring equitable distribution of subproject/schemes’ benefits. Environmental and Social Management Framework As the exact nature, extent and location of the subprojects is not known at this stage, a framework approach has been adopted for the current study. Accordingly, a generic environmental and social assessment has been carried out and this “Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF)” is the outcome of this assessment. Similarly, subproject specific resettlement impacts are not known at this stage and hence “Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF)” has been proposed. During the project implementation, when the exact nature, type, size, and location of individual subprojects are known, environmental and social screening will need to be carried out for each subproject to be considered under the CASA CSP which will recommend the type of safeguard instruments that will need to be prepared before civil works commence, for example checklists/ESMPs or RAP/Abbreviated RAP. ESMF Subproject Screening Procedure All identified subprojects/schemes will be screened for environmental and social impacts using the environmental and social screening checklist. ESMF provides simple screening procedure for the type of safeguard instrument (Checklist/ESMP and RAP/ARAP) to be used before implementing a subproject/scheme. The screening criterion is based on the subproject cost and/or complexity of project design as described below. Whereas for using RAP/ARAP it is based on the significance9 of the resettlement impact. • If the screening process concludes that the subproject is likely to have significant and/ or irreversible negative environmental and/ or social impacts, that subproject will not be financed under the project. • If the screening process concludes that the subproject costs more than USD 30,00010 and/ or complex in nature; and likely to have low to moderate level of negative environmental and social impacts then an “Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP)” and a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP or Abbreviated RAP) shall be prepared prior to initiating subproject. ESMF provides guidance on preparation of site specific ESMP. • For subprojects /schemes costing less than USD 30,000 and potentially causing negligible to low level of environmental and social impacts, only Checklists, provided by ESMF, will be used and appropriate mitigation measures will be taken, if required. Due to nature of the project design it is expected that majority/most of the subprojects/schemes under CSP are likely to fall under this category and will therefore require simple “Check List” as a SG instrument.

9 Explained in Chapter “Resettlement Policy Framework” 10 The cost ceiling has been assessed based on the expected average cost per scheme in PC-I/PAD. The cost may be reassessed during project implementation and development of Project Operational Manual (POM) Draft ESMF CSP Page vii

Table:ES-1 below provides the Subproject Screening Criteria for assessing Safeguard Instrument to be used. Table: ES-1: Subproject Screening Criteria for Assessing Safeguard Instrument Nature of Safeguard Proposed Sr. Environmental Instrument/ Type of Sub-Project Implementati # and Social Document on By Impacts Required 01 Small Scale Beneficiary Likely to have E&S Screening Community Physical Communities / negligible or Checklists Infrastructure Schemes CDCs low scale Adopting Simple (costing less than/ equal environmental mitigation measures, to USD 30,000) and/or social if required, as proposed to be impacts described in the implemented “impact assessment and generic mitigation measures section” ARAP required in case of resettlement impacts 02 Relatively complex Contractor / Likely to have ESMP/ and RAP Infrastructure Schemes Line low to moderate will be prepared as requiring extensive department / environmental per guidelines/ technical support (even CDCs and/or social sample provided in costing less than USD impacts this ESMF 30,000) RAP or ARAP and required in case of Schemes costing more resettlement impacts than USD 30,000

Institutional Arrangements ESMF has proposed a multi-tiered institutional arrangement for implementing safeguard requirements. At Project level, the Project Director (PD) PMU will be responsible for the overall implementation of ESMF as well as environmental and social performance of the Project. The project will hire a dedicated Environmental Specialist and Social Specialist. S/he will support the PD in all technical matters related to Environmental and Social Safeguards. ESS will

Draft ESMF CSP Page viii also be responsible for maintaining an effective GRM, stakeholders’ consultation, organization of training /capacity building programs, monitoring of ESMF compliance. A dedicated Gender Specialists will be hired at PMU level to handle handling the gender-related issues, At Field/Sub-Office level, the Head of each office will be overall responsible for implementation of ESMF and environmental and social performance of the Project in his/her respective area. In each sub-office, the project will nominate a suitable incumbent to act as E&S Focal Person (FP). In addition, all involved line departments including directorates of agriculture, livestock, irrigation, and works and services department shall nominate E&S FPs. These FPs shall maintain a close liaison between/among PMU, field offices and their respective departments. At field/subproject site level, the respective CDC will be responsible for ESMF compliance and all related issues. ESMF Monitoring Mechanism ESMF monitoring will be carried out to ensure that the safeguard documents and mitigation plans are regularly and effectively implemented. It will be carried out at three levels i.e.at the PMU level, Sub/field office level and at project site level. Project Management Unit (PMU) would serve as the lead implementing entity to monitor all project related functions with the support of line departments and field offices. Similarly Sub/Field offices will be responsible for monitoring at their respective project areas with the technical support of respective E&S FP. The project will develop appropriate SG monitoring plan(s) for all levels indicating clear roles, responsibilities, parameters to be monitored and frequency of monitoring. The outcomes of such monitoring will be documented, shared with the management, field staff and beneficiary communities for course correction, if needed and for future reference. Third Party Validation (TPV) / Monitoring In addition to the routine ESMF monitoring as described above, the project will hire an independent firm/consultant to carry out a sample-based Third Party Validation (TPV) on biannual basis. The objective of this TPV will be to review the entire ESMF implementation process and its effectiveness. TPV will further identify any environmental and/or social issues caused by the project that may exist on ground and shall frame recommendations for course corrections for improving ESMF and its various components. Capacity Building / Training To ensure the successful implementation of ESMF and compliance of the environmental and social mitigation measures, strengthening capacity of relevant PMU/Field Office technical staff and beneficiary communities / CDCs is essential. This will be achieved through series of customized trainings and awareness sessions. Training/Capacity building will cover three key areas and include: (i) Environmental and social orientation/ awareness, (ii) ESMF Implementation; and (iii) Environmental and Social Management. Reporting and Documentation

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ESMF proposes a comprehensive and robust reporting mechanism enabling the project to monitor and document the SG implementation progress while timely identifying any issue(s) for course correction. Key reporting and documentation requirements include: monthly/quarterly progress reports, field visit reports, filling of E&S checklists, training reports and TPV reports. Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) The development and implementation of GRM is an integral part of CSP design. The Component 4 “Project Management and Monitoring and Evaluation” will support and finance the maintenance and reporting of the project’s M&E and grievance redress systems11. The latter will track, document and communicate the project’s progress and results as well as capture beneficiary feedback and grievances received through the “Beneficiary Feedback Mechanism (BFM)”, which is expected to be established on priority during early stage of the project initiation. GRM will make use of Project’s overall institutional setup. Institutionally the CSP GRM will function as a multi-tier grievance redress mechanism with designated staff at each level. The project will setup formal Complaint Cell at each level (PMU, Sub/Field office and site office if any) and suitable staff (preferably M&E) will be nominated to take the responsibility of GRM handling. Apart from the electronic database that will be maintained at the PMU level, a manual register of all complaints and actions taken will be maintained at all offices. Directorate of Projects will be the apex forum for redress of a complaint(s). A grievance lodged by an aggrieved person/party at first stage shall be seen by a responsible person at Sub/Field office (FO) level where the cause of grievance had occurred. PMU will ensure that the GRM will be accessible to diverse members of the community, including women, senior citizens and other vulnerable groups. Culturally-appropriate communication mechanisms will be used at all sub-project sites both to spread awareness regarding the GRM process as well as complaints management. PMU through ESS will maintain an electronic database that will provide a summary of complaints received, resolved and mitigations measures taken. The PMU will also provide an analysis of the grievances at each subproject location using a pre-designed M&E template that will give an insight into the type of complaint(s) received with qualitative and quantitative review of grievance redress mechanism. The PMU will periodically (monthly/quarterly) upload the actions and results for each grievance, by subproject location, on Project website under a dedicated GRM tab. ESMF Disclosure Requirements Once finalized, the ESMF with Urdu translation of Executive Summary, will be disclosed on the official websites of GoKP and Directorate of Projects Planning & Development Department (P&DD). Hard copies of these documents will also be maintained at all Sub/field offices. In addition, these documents will be disclosed on WB image bank. ESMF Implementation Budget

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ESMF implementation cost is estimated as PKR 52,200,000. This includes staff (ESS) salary, capacity building, training costs, and cost of TPV and preparation of ESMPs and A/RAPs. The cost of mitigation measures will be included in the respective subproject cost.

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List of Acronyms

PIU Agency Implementation Unit ARAP Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan BFM Beneficiary Feedback Mechanism BISP Benazir Income Support Program CASA Central Asia-South Asia CDCs Community Development Councils CDD Community Driven Development CoI Corridor of Influence CSP Community Support Project Dope/P&DD Directorate of Projects Planning & Development Department EA Environmental Assessment EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EPA Environment Protection Agency ESMF Environmental and Social Management Framework ESS Environmental & Social Safeguard Specialist FATA Federally Administered Tribal Areas FDIHS FATA Development Indicators Household Survey FGD Focus Group Discussions FP Focal Person GoKP Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa GRM Grievance Redress Mechanism HH Households KII Key Informants’ Interviews KP Khyber Pakhtunkhwa LVC Land Valuation Committees M&E Monitoring & Evaluation MAs Merged Areas MAS Merged Areas Secretariat MD Merged District NEQS National Environmental Quality Standards NGO Non-Governmental Organization O&M Operations and Maintenance Ops Operational Policies PAD Project Appraisal Document PD Project Director PDO Project Development Objective PEPA Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency PIU Project Implementation Unit PKR Pakistan Rupees

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PMU Project Management Unit POM Project Operational Manual QLCSP Qabail Led Community Support Project QPR Quarterly Progress Report RAP Resettle Action Plan RLCIP Rural Livelihood and Community Infrastructure Project RPF Resettlement Policy Framework SG Safeguard SMPs Social Mobilization Partners TDPs Temporarily Displaced Persons TPV Third Party Validation USD/US$ United States Dollar VLD Voluntary Land Donation WB World Bank YSCs Youth Sub-Committees

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Table of Contents

CHAPTER:1 INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1 Introduction ...... 1 1.2 Background ...... 1 1.3 Context ...... 3 1.4 Project Overview ...... 4 1.5 The Current Study / Assessment and its Need ...... 5 1.6 Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) ...... 5 1.7 ESMF: Preparation Methodology ...... 6 1.8 Structure of ESMF ...... 7 CHAPTER:2 LEGISLATIVE AND REGULATORY REVIEW ...... 8 2.1 National / Provincial Laws and Regulations ...... 8 2.1.1 Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997 ...... 8 2.1.2 Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency Review of IEE/EIA Regulations, 20009 2.1.3 National Environmental Quality Standards ...... 9 2.1.4 Land Acquisition Act, 1894 ...... 9 2.1.5 Wildlife (Protection, Reservation, Conservation and Management) Act, Ordinances and Rules ...... 10 2.1.6 Forest Act, 1927 ...... 10 2.1.7 Canal and Drainage Act, 1873 ...... 10 2.1.8 Provincial Local Government Ordinances, 2001 ...... 10 2.1.9 Antiquity Act, 1975 ...... 10 2.1.10 Factories Act, 1934 ...... 11 2.1.11 Employment of Child Act, 1991 ...... 11 2.1.12 Pakistan Penal Code, 1860 ...... 11 2.2 The World Bank Operational Policies ...... 11 2.2.1 Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01) ...... 11 2.2.2 Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12) ...... 12 2.2.3 Forestry (OP 4.36) ...... 13 2.2.4 Natural Habitat (OP 4.04) ...... 13 2.2.5 Pest Management (OP 4.09) ...... 13 2.2.6 Safety of Dams (OP 4.37) ...... 14 2.2.7 Projects on International Waterways (OP 7.50) ...... 14 2.2.8 Cultural Property (OP 4.11) ...... 14

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2.2.9 Indigenous People (OP 4.10) ...... 15 2.2.10 Projects in Disputed Areas (OP 7.60) ...... 15 2.2.11 Applicability of Safeguard Policies ...... 16 2.3 Obligations under International Treaties ...... 16 2.4 Institutional Setup for Environmental Management ...... 17 2.5 Environmental and Social Guidelines ...... 18 2.5.1 Environmental Protection Agency’s Environmental and Social Guidelines ...... 18 2.5.2 World Bank Environmental and Social Guidelines ...... 18 CHAPTER:3 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...... 19 3.1 Background ...... 19 3.2 Context ...... 19 3.3 Project Area ...... 19 3.4 Project Need and Rationale ...... 19 3.5 Project Development Objective ...... 20 3.6 Project Components ...... 20 3.7 Project Beneficiaries ...... 26 3.8 Project Implementation Arrangements ...... 27 3.9 Monitoring and Evaluation Arrangements ...... 28 3.10 Third Party Monitoring and other External Monitors ...... 28 CHAPTER:4 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL BASELINE CONDITIONS ...... 30 4.1 Location ...... 30 4.2 Merged Districts (MDs) ...... 31 4.2.1 Geography ...... 31 4.2.2 Terrain ...... 32 4.2.3 Climate ...... 34 4.2.4 Administrative Setup ...... 35 4.2.5 Land Use ...... 36 4.2.6 Flora and Fauna...... 38 4.3 SOCIOECONOMIC BASELINE ...... 40 4.3.1 Demographic Information ...... 40 4.3.2 Culture and People ...... 43 4.3.3 Education ...... 45 4.3.4 Health ...... 46 4.3.5 Women: Marital Status, Maternal Mortality and Fertility ...... 47

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4.3.6 Employment ...... 50 4.3.7 Housing, Assets, information and Communication ...... 51 4.3.8 Use of Cooking Fuel ...... 53 4.3.9 Sources of Information ...... 54 4.3.10 Environment, Water and Sanitation ...... 54 4.3.11 Disability and Social Protection...... 56 4.3.12 Households Getting Micro Credit ...... 56 4.4 KP Districts ...... 57 4.4.1 Geography ...... 57 4.4.2 Administrative Setup ...... 58 4.4.3 Climate and Weather...... 58 4.5 SOCIOECONOMIC BASELINE (KP Districts) ...... 59 4.5.1 Demography and Housing Units ...... 59 4.5.2 Culture and Ethnicity ...... 60 4.5.3 Rivers & Canals ...... 60 4.5.4 Education ...... 61 4.5.5 Health and Nutrition ...... 64 4.5.6 Labor Force and Distribution of Employed Persons by Sector ...... 66 4.5.7 Major Industries ...... 66 4.5.8 Minerals ...... 67 4.5.9 Land Utilization, Agriculture and Cropping Intensity ...... 68 4.5.10 Electricity ...... 69 4.5.11 Water Supply ...... 70 4.5.12 Road Network Infrastructure ...... 71 4.5.13 Telecommunication and Postal Services ...... 71 4.5.14 Irrigation ...... 72 CHAPTER:5 STAKEHOLDERS’ CONSULTATIONS ...... 73 5.1 Consultation during Research Study for CSP Preparation ...... 73 5.1.1 Key Areas and Proposed CSP Interventions ...... 74 5.1.2 Recommendations on CSP Implementation Model ...... 74 5.2 Consultation with Civil Society Organizations (NGOs) ...... 75 5.2.1 Consultation Methodology & Assessment of Organizations ...... 76 5.2.2 Suggestions/Recommendations ...... 76 5.3 Consultation during Benefit Sharing Study ...... 76

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5.3.1 Development Options: Prioritized by Gender...... 78 CHAPTER:6 IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION ...... 79 6.1 Environmental Assessment Process ...... 79 6.1.1 Screening of the Environmental Impacts ...... 79 6.1.2 Potential Impacts and Generic Mitigation ...... 79 6.2 Assessment of Potential Impacts ...... 82 6.3 Potential Impacts and Generic Mitigations ...... 83 6.3.1 Air Quality ...... 83 6.4 Water Quality ...... 84 6.4.1 Surface Water: ...... 84 6.4.2 Ground Water...... 84 6.5 Soil Stability and Erosion ...... 85 6.6 Soil Contamination ...... 85 6.7 Ambient Noise: ...... 86 6.8 Flora ...... 86 6.9 Fauna ...... 87 6.10 Land Acquisition ...... 87 6.11 Health and Safety ...... 87 CHAPTER:7 Resettlement Policy Framework ...... 89 7.1 Basic Principles for Resettlement Planning ...... 89 7.2 Eligibility ...... 89 7.3 Entitlement for Compensation ...... 90 7.3.1 Impacts on Agricultural Land (Permanent Losses) ...... 91 7.3.2 Impacts on Agricultural Land (Temporary land loss) ...... 91 7.3.3 Severely Displaced Persons ...... 91 7.3.4 Residential and Commercial Land ...... 91 7.3.5 All Other Assets and Incomes...... 92 7.4 Entitlement Matrix ...... 92 7.5 Calculation for Compensation Payments ...... 96 7.6 Resettlement Planning Process ...... 97 7.6.1 Social Screening...... 97 7.7 Subproject Category Classification Guidelines...... 98 7.7.1 Cut-off Date ...... 98 7.7.2 RAP/ARAP Preparation...... 99

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7.8 RAP/ARAP Implementation ...... 103 CHAPTER:8 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK ...... 104 8.1 ESMF Subproject Screening Procedure ...... 104 8.2 Institutional Arrangements ...... 105 8.3 ESMF Monitoring Mechanism ...... 107 8.4 Third Party Validation (TPV) / Monitoring ...... 107 8.5 Capacity Building / Training ...... 107 8.6 Reporting and Documentation ...... 108 8.7 Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) ...... 109 8.7.1 Objectives of the GRM ...... 110 8.7.2 Definition of “Grievance/Complaint...... 110 8.7.3 GRM – Complaint lodging and redress procedure ...... 110 8.8 ESMF Implementation Budget...... 112

ANNEXES Annex A: Environmental & Social Screening Checklist Annex B: Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) Annex C: Involuntary Resettlement Screen Checklist Annex D: RAP/ARAP Structure Annex E: National Environmental Quality Standards Annex F: Environmental Code of Practice Annex G: Proposed Environmental and Social Management & Monitoring Plan Annex H: Voluntary Land Donation Procedure/Criteria

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CHAPTER:1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction The provincial government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan, through its Directorate of Projects under the Merged Areas Secretariat (MAS), is planning to undertake Qabail Led Community Support Project (CSP). The project is proposed to be implemented in Peshawar and Nowshera districts in KP; and Khyber district of Merged Area (erstwhile FATA) of KP province.12 In line with the prevailing legislation in the Country, and WB safeguard policies, an environmental and social assessment of the Project has been carried out and the present Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) has been prepared. 1.2 Background13 The Central Asia-South Asia Electricity Transmission and Trade Project (CASA1000) aims to facilitate electricity trade between hydropower-surplus countries in Central Asia and electricity- deficient countries in South Asia. As part of the CASA1000 project, the four participating countries (Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, and Pakistan) are each implementing Community Support Programs (CSPs) to share the benefits associated with the project and to generate support among local communities that will be affected by the construction of the transmission line. In Pakistan, the CASA1000 transmission line will pass through approximately 100 kilometers of territory. It will go through Khyber district of Newly Merged Areas (erstwhile Federally Administered Tribal Areas- FATA) before stretching across Peshawar Subdivision in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) Province and connecting to a grid station in Nowshera, KP. In these areas, the CSP will be implemented in communities that are located within a four-kilometer-wide “Corridor of Influence” (CoI) along the transmission line. In addition, based on available resources and success of Qabail-Led Community Support Program (QLCSP), CSP will cover the other districts of the Merged Areas on a gradual basis (Bajaur, Kurram, Orakzai, Mohmand, South Waziristan and North Waziristan) in an attempt to extend the outreach of community- driven development projects across this region. Pakistan is the largest of the four countries participating in CASA1000 with a population of 208 million people. It has had a robust economic performance and experienced a GDP growth of 5.8 percent in FY18 —the highest level in 11 years.14 Although the country possesses strong development potential, a range of social, economic and security challenges have hindered its progress. The economy suffers from low investment and savings, high cost of doing business, and low labor force participation. Pakistan also remains among the lowest performers in human

12 Subject to availability of resources, success of the CSP, and contingent on criteria to be specified in the Operations Manual, the project may support activities in adjoining communities or districts of the MA over time, as part of the rollout of the Qabail-Led Community Support Program (QLCSP). 13 CSP PAD 14 Based on the ‘Pakistan Development Update - October 2018’, World Bank 2018 ESMF CSP Page 1 development outcomes across South Asia, with adverse impacts on employment, productivity and capital accumulation. While the national poverty rate has declined from 64.3 percent of the population in 2001-02 to 29.5 percent in 2013-14,15 large disparities persist across the country. The poverty rate is twice as high in rural areas than it is in urban areas. Similarly, the rural population is disadvantaged in access to basic services, being 15 percentage points less likely to have an electricity connection and 63 percentage points less likely to have a natural gas connection.16 The northwest region which includes the Newly Merged Areas (MA), recently merged into the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), has historically remained amongst the poorest in Pakistan. The region is located along the border line between Pakistan and Afghanistan. Over the last two decades, security challenges have been a key contributor to the region’s stagnant growth, high unemployment and limited access to services. In the Newly Merged Areas, home to about 5 million people17, over 52 percent of the population lives below the $1.25/day poverty line and 73 percent live in multidimensional poverty. Of the total population of KP, which is about 30.5 million people, those below the $1.25/day poverty line constitute 39 percent and those living in multidimensional poverty make up 49 percent.18 The literacy rate is 39 percent among women in KP, one of the lowest in Pakistan, and only 9 percent in the MA.19 Following the merger, over 30 percent of the population in KP and the MA is comprised of youth between the ages of 15 and 29, indicating a significant youth bulge.20 The youth, however, have limited opportunities—the unemployment rate is 11 percent among male youth and ten percent among female youth. There are persistent gender inequalities in a range of outcomes, including access to basic infrastructure. Over 80 percent of women in KP and 97 percent of women in the MA, for example, report problems in accessing health care due to needing permission to leave for treatment, distance to the treatment facility, and unwillingness to visit the facility alone. Nevertheless, between 2001 and 2014, KP experienced a large decline in poverty as well as making progress in other areas including education and health.21,22 The conditions in the Newly Merged Areas, on the other hand, have deteriorated due to the region’s unique political status, inter-tribal conflicts and militancy crises. The slow pace of progress has undermined citizens’ trust in government institutions. Between 2009 and 2014, former FATA and the southern districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa were

15 Based on the most recent poverty line officially announced in April 2016, the poverty line is set at an expenditure level of Rs. 3,030 per adult equivalence month. 16 Based on the household survey data analysis reported by ‘Pakistan WASH Poverty Diagnostic’, World Bank, 2017. 17 "Pakistan Population Census 2017." Bureau of Statistics, n.d. Web. 18 Based on the ‘Multidimensional Poverty in Pakistan’, June 2016 which includes education, health, and standard of living 19 Sustainable Development Strategy: Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Medium Term Development Framework 2019 - 2023 20 Bureau of Statistics, Government of Pakistan, Population Census 2017 21 Based on the ‘Pakistan Development Update - May 2017, World Bank 2017 22 'When Water Becomes a Hazard: The State of Water Supply, Sanitation and Poverty in Pakistan and its Impact on Child Stunting”, World Bank 2018. ESMF CSP Page 2 affected by heavy military presence, when the Government of Pakistan launched operations against insurgency movements across the region. This resulted in the displacement of about 2 million people, who are referred to as Temporarily Displaced Persons or TDPs.23 After militants were driven out of the territory, more than 95 percent of TDPs were resettled in their communities, but the recovery and rehabilitation processes are still ongoing.24 Many TDPs who returned to their places of origin have lost their homes and livelihoods. Those who stayed behind tend to be just as poor and vulnerable.25 Before the displacement crisis, an estimated 50 percent of adults in the Merged Areas were unemployed and most of them depended on subsistence agriculture. After the crisis, 37 percent of TDPs shifted from stable sources of income such as agriculture and trade to more unstable sources such as daily unskilled labor.26 A similar shift also occurred in KP, whereby household earnings from agriculture declined as earnings from day labor increased.27 Since 2010, both the Government of Pakistan and international donors have channeled increased development assistance to the region, but the reconstruction efforts are ongoing. In May 2018, the semi-autonomous FATA region merged with the KP Province adding seven newly merged districts to the province. Given the need for improved governance and development in the crisis‐affected region, the FATA Reforms Committee established by the Government of Pakistan recommended the integration of the tribal areas with KP Province over a transition period of five years. While KP has had a defined constitutional, legal and administrative system for decades, former FATA was ruled directly by the federal government through executive powers invested in the president and had its own administrative system.28 The seven tribal agencies were run by the chief administrator, who was the representative of the President of Pakistan and was deferential to the local Maliks or notables. Under the merger, the Newly Merged Areas will be brought under the legal system and governmental authority of KP Province, while its citizens will benefit from the basic rights under Pakistan’s Constitution as well as access additional development resources. Since previous efforts to merge these two entities were undermined by political conflicts, the current merger process is also expected to take several years to take hold. 1.3 Context Pakistan’s energy constraints have been persistently diminishing its growth potential. The power sector faces challenges in capacity, governance and financial sustainability. Since the demand exceeds the installed generation capacity, power outages and rationing are common during peak periods. Load shedding in summer months can take 8 to 10 hours per day, and it can reach as

23 FATA Sustainable Return and Rehabilitation Strategy, 2015. 24 Return and Overall TDP Family Statistics (August 2018), FATA Disaster Management Authority 25 Based on the household survey data analysis reported by ‘Food Security and Market Assessment in Crisis Affected Areas of KP and FATA’, World Food Program, 2010. 26 UNHCR, KP and FATA IDP Statistics, 2015. 27 OCHA Multi-Cluster Assessment of IDPs and Returnees KP/FATA, 2016. 28 Until 2018, Articles 246-7 of the Pakistan Constitution extended the executive, but not the legal, power of the State across FATA and provided for special arrangements for governance that do not exist elsewhere in the country. ESMF CSP Page 3 much as 18 to 20 hours in some regions including KP and former FATA. It is a significant disruption to daily economic activities for residential users; similarly, more than 75 percent of firms identify lack of reliable electricity as a major constraint to their operation.29 It is estimated that a 10 percent increase in the duration of outages slows down Pakistan’s growth by two percent per year.30 The CASA1000 project aims to reduce the impact of power shortages in Pakistan by facilitating electricity trade between hydropower-surplus countries in Central Asia and power-deficient countries in South Asia. Even though Pakistan is expected to benefit from the project, communities located along the transmission line route will not be able to derive power supply directly from the high-voltage line. Inability to access power could lead to frustration in local communities. In addition, negative impacts of the project, though they might be minimal, will be experienced by communities along the project route, whereas the benefits will go to communities further away who will not experience any inconvenience. Lack of local ownership and perceptions of unfair distribution of project benefits can make the transmission line a target for parties with negative motives, especially in areas recovering from conflict. Access to reliable energy sources is a major concern in the CASA1000 project areas in KP and the Merged Areas. The geographic characteristics of the northwest region, combined with security conditions and low population density in certain districts and agencies, have impeded access to basic services for a large part of the population. A study conducted in 2012 along the CASA1000 transmission line found that even though the sampled villages were connected to the national grid, they only had 1-4 hours of electricity supply per day.31 In addition, low voltage in peak hours (5-10 pm) was reported as a concern, as households were unable to meet their lighting, cooking, heating or cooling needs. Because the area consists mostly of barren hills and is deficient in fuel wood, majority of households use electric heaters or dung cakes for cooking. Access to other infrastructure and services are also poor, with only 24 percent of the households having access to an in-house pour flush latrine. 1.4 Project Overview The Project Development Objective (PDO) of CSP is to improve access to local infrastructure and strengthen community engagement in the project areas. The project has four components as briefly described below: (1) Community Outreach and Communications for CASA1000: This component will finance community outreach and awareness campaign, key stakeholder workshops, seminars etc. pertaining to the CASA1000 Transmission Line (TL). It will target the communities located within a four-kilometer-wide Corridor of Influence (CoI) along the

29 The World Bank Enterprise Survey 2013. 30 Based on ‘The Impact of Electricity Shortages on Firm Productivity’, Grainger and Zang 2017, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 8130. 31 ‘Options for Sharing CASA1000 Project Benefits with Communities-Enroute’, Social Action Bureau for Assistance in Welfare and Organizational Networking 2012. ESMF CSP Page 4

route of the TL. (2) Community Mobilization and Capacity Building: This component will facilitate community participation in the planning, implementation, and Operations and Maintenance (O&M) of basic community infrastructure schemes in the project areas. In addition, it will include citizen engagement activities to mitigate the risk of conflict, promote social cohesion, and build trust between citizens and the state. (3) Community Investments in Local Infrastructure: This component will provide sub-grants for small infrastructure schemes to address local development priorities, as identified through a participatory needs assessment and selected through participatory decision-making processes outlined above. The activities will support three types of work: (a) rehabilitation of damaged infrastructure; (b) construction of new infrastructure; and (c) Operation & Maintenance (O&M) of the rehabilitated/constructed infrastructure. (4) Project Management and Monitoring and Evaluation: This component will finance the operational expenditures (including selected capital expenditures such as equipment and vehicles) incurred by the Project Implementation Unit for overall project coordination, management, and supervision of the implementation of Sub-projects in project communities. In addition, it will finance the overall systems for Procurement and Financial Management, Environmental and Social Safeguards, as well as all Monitoring & Evaluation (M&E) system and activities, including project audits and technical studies. 1.5 The Current Study / Assessment and its Need The present assessment (study) has been carried out in response to the requirements defined in the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act of 1997 – which requires an environmental assessment to be carried out for each development project listed in scheduled I and/or II of the EIA/IEE Regulations 2000. The World Bank Operational Policy 4.01 (OP 4.01) states that “The Bank requires environmental assessment (EA) of projects proposed for Bank financing to help ensure that they are environmentally sound and sustainable, and thus to improve decision making”. Moreover, the need for land acquisition will be subject to World Bank OP 4.12 Involuntary Resettlement under which sub-projects will be carefully assessed and screened prior to civil works. RAPs or ARAPs will be prepared prior to initiation of civil works where resettlement impacts are foreseen. This assessment has therefore been conducted in response to the above requirements and outcome of this assessment is this Environmental and Social Management Framework. 1.6 Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) Since the nature, extent and location of the project activities requiring physical intervention and thus potentially causing environmental degradation are not known at this stage, a ‘framework’ approach has been adopted during the present environmental assessment/study, and an ESMF has been prepared as the outcome of this study. Projects requiring higher degree of technical ESMF CSP Page 5 skills, such as micro-hydro, lining of channels, access roads, check dams or integrated irrigation projects, will require prior review and support by the relevant line ministries. The specific objectives of the ESMF are to: • Assess the existing environmental and socioeconomic conditions of the Project area, • Identify potential impacts of the proposed project on the natural and human environment of the area, to predict and evaluate these impacts, and determine their significance, in light of technical and regulatory concerns, • Review and assess the national/provincial legal and regulatory requirements and WB OPs relevant to the project activities, • Propose appropriate generic mitigation measures that should be incorporated in the design of the project (and subprojects to be designed/implemented) to minimize if not eliminate the potentially adverse impacts, • Develop methodology for screening of subprojects /schemes and to recommend appropriate safeguard instruments for mitigating and monitoring of environmental, social, and resettlement risks/ impacts associated with each subproject/scheme, • To determine training/ capacity building and costs needed to effectively implement ESMF, • Ensure disclosure of Project information, potential adverse impacts and generic mitigation measures while undertaking public consultation and disclosure; and suggesting grievance redress mechanism (GRM) to address complaints; and • Develop an ESMF providing an environmental and social assessment framework for the subprojects/schemes to be implemented under the project. 1.7 ESMF: Preparation Methodology The ESMF has been prepared employing the generally accepted standard methodology and accomplishing different but well integrated tasks. The key tasks include: • Review of Project details and description to understand project activities likely to impact socio-economic environment, • Review of relevant legislations, policies, and guidelines to determine the policy, legal and institutional environment for the Project; • Review of secondary literature to understand project area, sample SG documents to guide this assessment; and different published development reports for taking stock of environmental and socioeconomic baseline conditions;

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• Scoping, screening and impact assessment while developing interaction between project activities and key environmental aspects to screen out the significance of adverse environmental, biological and social impact; • Identifying potential adverse impacts of high to moderate significance and proposing generic mitigation measures. • Conducting consultation with key stakeholders and potential beneficiary communities 1.8 Structure of ESMF ESMF has been organized as following: • Executive Summary • Introduction • Legal & Institutional Framework • Project Description • Environmental and Social Baseline • Stakeholders Consultation • Impact Assessment and Recommended Mitigation Measures • Environment and Social Management Framework • Annexure

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CHAPTER:2 LEGISLATIVE AND REGULATORY REVIEW This Chapter discusses the policy, legal and administrative framework as well as institutional setup relevant to the environmental and social assessment of the proposed Project. Further, the environmental and social guidelines from the national agencies as well as international donors and other organizations have been described. 2.1 National / Provincial Laws and Regulations Pakistan’s statute books contain a number of laws concerned with the regulation and control of the environmental and social aspects. However, the enactment of comprehensive legislation on the environment, in the form of an act of parliament, is a relatively new phenomenon. Most of the existing laws on environmental and social issues have been enforced over an extended period of time and are context-specific. The laws relevant to the developmental projects are briefly reviewed below. 2.1.1 Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997 The Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997 (the Act) is the basic legislative tool empowering the government to frame regulations for the protection of the environment (the ‘environment’ has been defined in the Act as: (a) air, water and land; (b) all layers of the atmosphere; (c) all organic and inorganic matter and living organisms; (d) the ecosystem and ecological relationships; (e) buildings, structures, roads, facilities and works; (f) all social and economic conditions affecting community life; and (g) the inter-relationships between any of the factors specified in sub-clauses ‘a’ to ‘f’). The Act is applicable to a broad range of issues and extends to socioeconomic aspects, land acquisition, air, water, soil, marine and noise pollution, as well as the handling of hazardous waste. The discharge or emission of any effluent, waste, air pollutant or noise in an amount, concentration or level in excess of the National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) specified by the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (Pak- EPA) has been prohibited under the Act, and penalties have been prescribed for those contravening the provisions of the Act. The powers of the federal and provincial Environmental Protection Agencies (EPAs), established under the Pakistan Environmental Protection Ordinance 32 1983, have also been considerably enhanced under this legislation and they have been given the power to conduct inquiries into possible breaches of environmental law either of their own accord, or upon the registration of a complaint. The requirement for environmental assessment is laid out in Section 12 (1) of the Act. Under this section, no project involving construction activities or any change in the physical environment can be undertaken unless an initial environmental examination (IEE) or an environmental impact assessment (EIA) is conducted, and approval is received from the federal or relevant provincial EPA. Section 12(6) of the Act states that the provision is applicable only to such categories of projects as may be prescribed. The categories are defined in the Pakistan

32 Superseded by Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997.

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Environmental Protection Agency Review of IEE and EIA Regulations, 2000 and briefly described in the following section. The requirement of conducting an environmental assessment of the proposed project emanates from this Act. 2.1.2 Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency Review of IEE/EIA Regulations, 2000 The Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency Review of IEE and EIA Regulations, 2000 (the ‘Regulations’), developed by the Pak-EPA under the powers conferred upon it by the Act, provide the necessary details on preparation, submission and review of the initial environmental examination (IEE) and the EIA. Categorization of projects for IEE and EIA is one of the main components of the Regulations. Projects have been classified on the basis of expected degree of adverse environmental impacts. Project types listed in Schedule I are designated as potentially less damaging to the environment, and those listed in Schedule II as having potentially serious adverse effects. 2.1.3 National Environmental Quality Standards The National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS), promulgated under the PEPA 1997, specify the following standards:

▪ Maximum allowable concentration of pollutants in gaseous emissions from industrial sources,

▪ Maximum allowable concentration of pollutants in municipal and liquid industrial effluents discharged to inland waters, sewage treatment and sea (three separate set of numbers).

▪ Maximum allowable emissions from motor vehicles.

▪ Ambient air quality standards.

▪ Drinking water standards

▪ Noise standards. The above NEQS’s are presented in Tables 1-5 Annex E Some of these standards will be applicable to the gaseous emissions and liquid effluents discharged to the environment as well as noise generation from the activities under the proposed project. 2.1.4 Land Acquisition Act, 1894 The Land Acquisition Act (LAA) of 1894 amended from time to time has been the de-facto policy governing land acquisition and compensation in the country. The LAA is the most commonly used law for acquisition of land and other properties for development projects. It comprises of 55 sections pertaining to area notifications and surveys, acquisition, compensation and apportionment awards and disputes resolution, penalties and exemptions.

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2.1.5 Wildlife (Protection, Reservation, Conservation and Management) Act, Ordinances and Rules This law has been enacted to protect the province’s wildlife resources directly and other natural resources indirectly. It classifies wildlife by degree of protection, i.e. animals that may be hunted on a permit or special license, and species that are protected and cannot be hunted under any circumstances. The Act specifies restrictions on hunting and trade in animals, trophies, or meat. The Act also defines various categories of wildlife protected areas, i.e. National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries and Game Reserve. This Act is applicable to the construction as well as operation and maintenance (O&M) related activities of the Project. 2.1.6 Forest Act, 1927 The Act authorizes Provincial Forest Departments to establish forest reserves and protected forests. The Act prohibits any person to set fire in the forest, quarry stone, remove any forest- produce or cause any damage to the forest by cutting trees or clearing up area for cultivation or any other purpose. The project activities will have to be carried out in accordance with this Act. No activities will be carried out in any protected forests, and no unauthorized tree cutting will be carried out. 2.1.7 Canal and Drainage Act, 1873 The Canal and Drainage Act (1873) prohibits corruption or fouling of water in canals (defined to include channels, tube wells, reservoirs and watercourses), or obstruction of drainage. This Act will be applicable to the construction and operation and maintenance (O&M) works to be carried out during the proposed project. 2.1.8 Provincial Local Government Ordinances, 2001 These ordinances were issued under the devolution process and define the roles of the district governments. These ordinances also address the land use, conservation of natural vegetation, air, water and land pollution, disposal of solid waste and wastewater effluents, as well as matters relating to public health – aspects that are relevant to the proposed project. 2.1.9 Antiquity Act, 1975 The Antiquities Act of 1975 ensures the protection of cultural resources in Pakistan. The Act is designed to protect ‘antiquities’ from destruction, theft, negligence, unlawful excavation, trade and export. Antiquities have been defined in the Act as ancient products of human activity, historical sites, or sites of anthropological or cultural interest, and national monuments. The law prohibits new construction in the proximity of a protected antiquity and empowers the Government of Pakistan to prohibit excavation in any area that may contain articles of archeological significance. Under this Act, the project proponents are obligated to:

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▪ Ensure that no activity is undertaken in the proximity of a protected antiquity, and

▪ If during the course of the project an archeological discovery is made, it should be protected and reported to the Department of Archeology, Government of Pakistan, for further action. This Act will be applicable to the construction and O&M works to be carried out under the proposed project. 2.1.10 Factories Act, 1934 The clauses relevant to the proposed project are those that address the health, safety and welfare of the workers, disposal of solid waste and effluents, and damage to private and public property. The Act also provides regulations for handling and disposing toxic and hazardous substances. The Pakistan Environmental Protection Act of 1997 (discussed above), supersedes parts of this Act pertaining to environment and environmental degradation. 2.1.11 Employment of Child Act, 1991 Article 11(3) of the Constitution of Pakistan prohibits employment of children below the age of 14 years in any factory, mines or any other hazardous employment. In accordance with this Article, the Employment of Child Act (ECA) 1991 disallows the child labor in the country. The ECA defines a child to mean a person who has not completed his/her fourteenth years of age. The ECA states that no child shall be employed or permitted to work in any of the occupation set forth in the ECA (such as transport sector, railways, construction, and ports) or in any workshop wherein any of the processes defined in the Act is carried out. The processes defined in the Act include carpet weaving, biri (kind of a cigarette) making, cement manufacturing, textile, construction and others). The project proponent, participating communities (CDCs) and their contractors will be bound by the ECA to disallow any child labor at the project sites. 2.1.12 Pakistan Penal Code, 1860 The Code deals with the offences where public or private property or human lives are affected due to intentional or accidental misconduct of an individual or organization. The Code also addresses control of noise, noxious emissions and disposal of effluents. Most of the environmental aspects of the Code have been superseded by the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997. 2.2 The World Bank Operational Policies The WB Operational Policies (OPs) relevant to safeguards are discussed in the following sections. 2.2.1 Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01) The World Bank requires environmental assessment (EA) of projects proposed for Bank financing to help ensure that they are environmentally sound and sustainable, and thus to

ESMF CSP Page 11 improve decision making.33 The OP defines the EA process and various types of the EA instruments. The proposed project consists of activities which have environmental and social consequences, including:

▪ Deterioration of air quality,

▪ Water contamination and consumption,

▪ Damage to top soil, land erosion,

▪ Safety hazard.

▪ Restricted Access to services / facilities Since none of the potential impacts of the project are likely to be large scale, unprecedented and/or irreversible, the project has been classified as Category B, in accordance with OP 4.01. The current EA is being carried out in accordance with this OP. As the exact location, design and type of subprojects are not known precisely at this stage; the outcome of the assessment is current ESMF; which identifies the anticipated potential adverse environmental and social impacts and suggests generic mitigation measures to reduce or mitigate the identified impacts. 2.2.2 Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12) The WB’s experience indicates that involuntary resettlement under development projects, if unmitigated, often gives rise to severe economic, social, and environmental risks: production systems are dismantled; people face impoverishment when their productive assets or income sources are lost; people are relocated to environments where their productive skills may be less applicable and the competition for resources greater; community institutions and social networks are weakened; kin groups are dispersed; and cultural identity, traditional authority, and the potential for mutual help are diminished or lost. This policy includes safeguards to address and mitigate these impoverishment risks34. The overall objectives of the Policy are given below.

▪ Involuntary resettlement should be avoided where feasible, or minimized, exploring all viable alternative project designs.

▪ Where it is not feasible to avoid resettlement, resettlement activities should be conceived and executed as sustainable development programs, providing sufficient investment resources to enable the persons displaced by the project to share in project benefits. Displaced persons should be meaningfully consulted and should have opportunities to participate in planning and implementing resettlement programs.

33 Excerpts from WB OP 4.12. WB Operational Manual. January 1999. 34 Excerpts from WB OP 4.12

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▪ Displaced persons should be assisted in their efforts to improve their livelihoods and standards of living or at least to restore them, in real terms, to pre-displacement levels or to levels prevailing prior to the beginning of project implementation, whichever is higher. The Project PMU will exclude those sub-projects that may require large scale land acquisition and/or displacement or damages to private assets/public utilities. Land needed for sub-projects will either be government land, or land which is voluntarily donated by communities under a Voluntary Land Donation (VLD) criteria. VLD procedure/criteria is attached at Annex H. All identified and selected sub-projects will be subject to environmental and social (including resettlement) impact screening. Detailed procedures for these will be included in the project’s Operations Manual. Since the project may cause some involuntary resettlement impacts, the World Bank Operational Policy OP 4.12 Involuntary Resettlement is triggered. 2.2.3 Forestry (OP 4.36) The objective of this Policy is to assist the WB’s borrowers to harness the potential of forests to reduce poverty in a sustainable manner, integrate forests effectively into sustainable economic development, and protect the vital local and global environmental services and values of forests. None of the project components would be located inside any forested areas. Hence the OP 4.36 is not triggered. 2.2.4 Natural Habitat (OP 4.04) The conservation of natural habitats, like other measures that protect and enhance the environment, is essential for long-term sustainable development. The Bank therefore supports the protection, maintenance, and rehabilitation of natural habitats and their functions … 35. It is expected that all the subprojects proposed under the project would be located in areas where the natural habitat has already been significantly modified, as a result of cultivation and associated activities. However, as the nature and location of the project interventions are not finalized at this stage, OP 4.04 is triggered for the sub projects intervention which may affect natural habitat. For instance: complex schemes like developing relatively larger irrigation system for bringing new and uncultivated area under agriculture, 2.2.5 Pest Management (OP 4.09) Through this OP, the WB supports a strategy that promotes the use of biological or environmental control methods and reduces reliance on synthetic chemical pesticides. Though the proposed Project includes activities such as development of irrigation schemes, however these activities are not likely to induce any increased usage of pesticides, which are mostly used in the canal irrigated areas.

35 Excerpts from WB OP 4.04

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Hence the Pest Management OP is not triggered for this Project. 2.2.6 Safety of Dams (OP 4.37) The Policy seeks to ensure that appropriate measures are taken and sufficient resources provided for the safety of dams the WB finances. However, this OP is not relevant since the proposed project does not involve construction of dams. 2.2.7 Projects on International Waterways (OP 7.50) This OP defines the procedure to be followed for projects the WB finances that are located on any water body that forms a boundary between, or flows through two or more states. However, no project components will be located on any such waterways. Hence this OP is not triggered. 2.2.8 Cultural Property (OP 4.11) The World Bank’s general policy regarding cultural properties is to assist in their preservation, and to seek to avoid their elimination. The specific aspects of the Policy are given below36.

▪ The Bank normally declines to finance projects that will significantly damage non-replicable cultural property, and will assist only those projects that are sited or designed so as to prevent such damage.

▪ The Bank will assist in the protection and enhancement of cultural properties encountered in Bank-financed projects, rather than leaving that protection to chance. In some cases, the project is best relocated in order that sites and structures can be preserved, studied, and restored intact in situ. In other cases, structures can be relocated, preserved, studied, and restored on alternate sites. Often, scientific study, selective salvage, and museum preservation before destruction is all that is necessary. Most such projects should include the training and strengthening of institutions entrusted with safeguarding a nation’s cultural patrimony. Such activities should be directly included in the scope of the project, rather than being postponed for some possible future action, and the costs are to be internalized in computing overall project costs.

▪ Deviations from this policy may be justified only where expected project benefits are great, and the loss of or damage to cultural property is judged by competent authorities to be unavoidable, minor, or otherwise acceptable. Specific details of the justification should be discussed in project documents.

▪ This policy pertains to any project in which the Bank is involved, irrespective of whether the Bank is itself financing the part of the project that may affect cultural property. Since the project activities will be carried out in the cultivated fields and inhabited areas, it is unlikely that any sites of cultural, archeological, historical, or religious significance will be affected. Hence this policy is not triggered.

36 Excerpts from the OPN 11.03. WB Operational Manual. September 1986.

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However, as a chance find procedure, in case of discovery of any such sites or artifacts during the project implementation, the work will be stopped at that site and the provisions of this Policy will be followed. Additionally, the provincial and federal archeological departments will be notified immediately, and their advice sought before resumption of the construction activities at such sites. 2.2.9 Indigenous People (OP 4.10) For purposes of this policy, the term “Indigenous Peoples” is used in a generic sense to refer to a distinct, vulnerable, social and cultural group possessing the following characteristics in varying degrees:37

▪ self-identification as members of a distinct indigenous cultural group and recognition of this identity by others;

▪ collective attachment to geographically distinct habitats or ancestral territories in the project area and to the natural resources in these habitats and territories;

▪ customary cultural, economic, social, or political institutions that are separate from those of the dominant society and culture; and

▪ an indigenous language, often different from the official language of the country or region. The OP defines the process to be followed if the project affects the indigenous people. In Pakistan, the only recognized Indigenous People (IP) are “Kalash” who live in three valleys in District Chitral of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. Chitral district is outside the project area. Therefore, this OP is not triggered. 2.2.10 Projects in Disputed Areas (OP 7.60) Projects in disputed areas may raise a number of delicate problems affecting relations not only between the Bank and its member countries, but also between the borrower and one or more neighboring countries. In order not to prejudice the position of either the Bank or the countries concerned, any dispute over an area in which a proposed project is located is dealt with at the earliest possible stage. The Bank may proceed with a project in a disputed area if the governments concerned agree that, pending the settlement of the dispute, the project proposed for country A should go forward without prejudice to the claims of country B38. This OP is not triggered since no part of project area is located in any disputed territory.

37 Excerpts from the OP 4.10. WB Operational Manual. July 2005. 38 Excerpts from the OP 7.60. WB Operational Manual. November 1994.

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2.2.11 Applicability of Safeguard Policies Applicability of the WB safeguard policies – on the basis of the discussion in Sections 2.2.1 to 2.2.10 above - with respect to the environmental and social issues associated with the proposed project is summarized below.

Operational Policy Triggered Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01) Yes Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12) Yes Forestry (OP 4.36) No Natural Habitat (OP 4.04) Yes Pest Management (OP 4.09) No Safety of Dams (OP 4.37) No Projects in International Waters (OP 7.50) No Cultural Property (OP 4.11) No Indigenous People (OP 4.10) No Projects in Disputed Area (7.60) No

2.3 Obligations under International Treaties Pakistan is signatory of several Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs), including:

▪ Basel Convention,

▪ Convention on Biological Diversity, Convention on Wetlands (Ramsar),

▪ Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES),

▪ UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC),

▪ Kyoto Protocol,

▪ Montreal Protocol,

▪ UN Convention to Combat Desertification,

▪ Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs),

▪ Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety. These MEAs impose requirements and restrictions of varying degrees upon the member countries, in order to meet the objectives of these agreements. However, the implementation

ESMF CSP Page 16 mechanism for most of these MEAs is weak in Pakistan and institutional setup mostly nonexistent. The MEA most applicable for the Project is the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), under which certain pesticides such as dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane (commonly known as DDT) cannot be used. 2.4 Institutional Setup for Environmental Management The apex environmental body in the country is the Pakistan Environmental Protection Council, which is presided by the Chief Executive of Pakistan. Other bodies include the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (PEPA), provincial Environment Protection Agencies (EPAs), and environmental tribunals. The Environment Protection Agency of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province was established under the Environmental Protection Ordinance 1983, whose authority was strengthend by the Pakistan Environment Protection Act 1997 and the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Environemnt Protection Act 2014. The provincial EPA has been empowered to receive and review the environmental assessment reports of the proposed projects and subprojects, and provide approval. The Khyber Pakhtunkwa EPA’s other functions are: • Administer and implement the PEPA Act 1997, its rules and regulations, review of IEE/EIA, preparation of procedures and guidelines. • Prepare, revise and enforce National Environment Quality Standards (industries, municipalities, vehicular emission). • Establish and maintain laboratories, certification of laboratories for conducting "tests and analysis". • Assist local councils/authorities, and other government agencies in execution of projects. • Establish a system for surveys, monitoring, examination and inspection to combat pollution. • Conduct trainings for government functionaries and industrial management. • Provide information and education to the public on environmental issues. • Publish the Annual State of the Environment report. • Survey and provide qualitative and quantitative data on air, soil, water, industrial, municipal and traffic emissions. Take measures to promote environment related research and development activities For the current project the KP EPA will be perform its functions as per its mandate with respect to necessary approvals, environmental and social performance monitoring and ensuring compliance.

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2.5 Environmental and Social Guidelines Two sets of guidelines, the Pak-EPA’s guidelines and the World Bank Environmental Guidelines are reviewed here. These guidelines address the environmental as well as social aspects. 2.5.1 Environmental Protection Agency’s Environmental and Social Guidelines The Federal EPA has prepared a set of guidelines for conducting environmental assessments. The guidelines derive from much of the existing work done by international donor agencies and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). The package of regulations, of which the guidelines form a part, includes the PEPA 1997 and the NEQS. These guidelines are listed below.

▪ Guidelines for the Preparation and Review of Environmental Reports,

▪ Guidelines for Public Consultation,

▪ Guidelines for Sensitive and Critical Areas,

▪ Sectoral Guidelines. 2.5.2 World Bank Environmental and Social Guidelines The principal World Bank publications that contain environmental and social guidelines are listed below.

▪ Environment, Health, and Environment (EHS) Guidelines prepared by International Finance Corporation and World Bank in 1997.

▪ Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook 1998: Towards Cleaner Production

▪ Environmental Assessment Sourcebook, Volume I: Policies, Procedures, and Cross-Sectoral Issues.

▪ Social Analysis Sourcebook.

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CHAPTER:3 PROJECT DESCRIPTION39 This Chapter describes the salient features of the proposed Project, including development objectives, location / area, components and implementation arrangements. 3.1 Background The Central Asia-South Asia Electricity Transmission and Trade Project (CASA1000) aims to facilitate electricity trade between hydropower-surplus countries in Central Asia and electricity- deficient countries in South Asia by putting in place the commercial and institutional arrangements and the transmission infrastructure required for this trade. As part of the CASA1000 project, the four participating countries (Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, and Pakistan) are each implementing Community Support Programs (CSPs) to share the benefits associated with the project and to generate support among local communities that will be affected by the construction of the transmission line. 3.2 Context In Pakistan, the CASA1000 transmission line will pass through approximately 100 kilometers of territory. It will go through Khyber district40 (of merged areas) in areas formerly known as Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) – henceforth “Newly Merged Areas” (MA) – before stretching across Peshawar Subdivision in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) Province and connecting to a grid station in Nowshera district of KP. 3.3 Project Area Project area includes Peshawar and Nowshera districts in KP and Khyber district of merged areas (MA) – the erstwhile FATA.41 The CSP will be implemented in communities that are located within a four-kilometer-wide “Corridor of Influence” (CoI) along the transmission line. Based on the needs of adjoining areas, availability of resources and identified need, the Pakistan CSP may cover the other districts of the Merged Areas as well (Bajaur, Kurram, Orakzai, Mohmand, South Waziristan and North Waziristan) over the medium-term – once the CASA-1000 corridor has been fully covered by the project – in an attempt to extend the outreach of community-driven development projects across this region. 3.4 Project Need and Rationale Even though Pakistan is expected to benefit from the CASA1000 project, communities located along the transmission line route will not be able to derive power supply directly from the high- voltage line. Inability to access power could lead to frustration in local communities. In addition,

39 PC-I October-2019 40 Erstwhile FATA agencies are referred to as Merged District (MD) or Merged Area (MA) or simply district interchangeably in this report 41 Subject to availability of resources, success of the CSP and contingent on criteria to be specified in the Operations Manual, the project may support activities in adjoining communities or districts of the MA over time, as part of the rollout of the Qabail-Led Community Support Program (QLCSP). ESMF CSP Page 19 negative impacts of the project, though they might be minimal, will be experienced by communities along the project route, whereas the benefits will go to communities further away who will not experience any inconvenience. A study conducted in 2012 along the CASA1000 transmission line found that even though the sampled villages were connected to the national grid, they only had 1-4 hours of electricity supply per day. In addition, low voltage in peak hours (5-10 pm) was reported as a concern, as households were unable to meet their lighting, cooking, heating or cooling needs. Because the area consists mostly of barren hills and is deficient in fuel wood, majority of households use electric heaters or dung cakes for cooking. Access to other infrastructure and services are also poor, with only 24 percent of the households having access to an in-house pour flush latrine. 3.5 Project Development Objective The Project Development Objective (PDO) is to improve access to local infrastructure and strengthen community engagement in the project areas. The key results indicators are as follows: 1. Number of households in the project areas benefiting from community infrastructure schemes financed by the project (disaggregated by type of infrastructure). 2. Number of community members participating in citizen engagement activities financed by the project (disaggregated by sex & age group) 3. Percentage of households in the CASA-1000 Corridor of Influence who report that QLCSP is an effective response to local impacts of CASA-1000 Transmission Line. 3.6 Project Components The project has four components; the brief description of each component is described here below: COMPONENT 1: Community Outreach and Communications for CASA1000: This component will finance community outreach and awareness campaign, key stakeholder workshops, seminars etc. pertaining to the CASA1000 Transmission Line (TL). It will target the communities located within a four-kilometer-wide Corridor of Influence (CoI) along the route of the TL, starting in Khyber district, going through Peshawar Subdivision, and ending at the site of the CASA1000 Converter Station in Nowshera.42 The activities will aim to create the conditions for a smooth construction of CASA1000 by establishing two-way communication with communities which may experience inconvenience during construction but will not benefit directly from the transmission line. In addition, the activities will establish a platform for the affected communities to engage with the CASA1000 project, provide feedback, and raise any grievances related to the CASA1000 project activities.

42 Since activities under this component are specific to CASA1000 Transmission Line, they will be implemented only in the CoI Communities. Communities that are covered by the CSP but fall outside the CASA1000 transmission line corridor (i.e. those in Orakzai, Kurram, South Waziristan and North Waziristan) will not receive any activities under this component. ESMF CSP Page 20

The World Bank will hire an external communications partner to design the CASA1000 Community Outreach and Communications strategy/plan. The Plan will include a timed and sequenced list of communications and outreach activities, events, tools, messages and products for engaging with the communities about the CASA1000 transmission line. The project will finance the development and rollout of these tools in the project areas. In addition, this component will finance the technical assistance and capacity building activities required by the PIU of the CSP to provide oversight on the implementation of the Plan. The communications and outreach activities under this component will be informed by, and be consistent with, the messages of the other CASA1000 and CSP projects in Afghanistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. They will include the direct and indirect benefits of the transmission line at the national, provincial and community levels as well as the wider provincial and national benefits associated with improved energy supply and regional electricity trade cooperation facilitated by the CASA-1000 project. In addition, the messages will highlight the direct community-wide benefits that will be delivered through the CSP, as well as the indirect benefits of the CASA1000 project such as improved employment opportunities and reduced cost of materials and products. COMPONENT 2: Community Mobilization and Capacity Building: This component will facilitate community participation in the planning, implementation, and Operations and Maintenance (O&M) of basic community infrastructure schemes in the project areas. In addition, it will include citizen engagement activities to mitigate the risk of conflict, promote social cohesion, and build trust between citizens and the state. The activities will be structured under two sub-components summarized below. They will be targeted to communities located within the CASA1000 CoI during the first two years of project implementation; and will be gradually expanded into other districts in the Newly Merged Areas during project implementation, based on a defined eligibility criteria. Sub-Component 2.1: Mobilization for Implementation of Infrastructure Schemes: This subcomponent will mobilize communities to undertake small-scale infrastructure Sub-projects financed under Component 3 and build capacity for Qabail led community- driven development in the project areas. It will ensure that communities actively participate in local decision-making and in the use of project sub-grants throughout the Sub-project cycle. This will be achieved through the formation of Community Development Councils (CDCs), which will be the main mechanism for community participation and oversight of project investments in each community. CDC members will be determined through open elections, with dedicated quotas for women and youth.43. In addition, the project communities will prepare Community Development Plans

43 Recognizing that communities in the Merged Areas are traditionally based on association by tribe or clan, the project will work closely with these existing local structures during the formation of the CDCs. Community institutions to be consulted during the CDC formation process will include agency development councils, peace (Amman) committees, Jirga (council of elders) and tribal elders (Malik). ESMF CSP Page 21

(CDPs), which will outline each community’s development priorities that can be pursued under this project and/or future projects. Under the supervision of the PMU/PIU, the Social Mobilizers (SMs) will help communities form their CDCs and put in place community-based mechanisms for participatory planning and management, participatory monitoring, and participatory Operations & Maintenance (O&M) of infrastructure schemes. The project will cover all SMP costs for mobilization, facilitation, capacity building and technical support as well as provide additional allowances in case of insecurity and remoteness of the targeted communities.44 The main activities will include: (i) forming CDCs or revitalizing existing community groups; (ii) planning of community development priorities and capacity building; (iii) establishment of community governance, social accountability, and conflict resolution systems; (iv) opening of Community Joint Signatory Accounts at local commercial banks; (v) basic book-keeping and contracting for management of schemes; and (vi) establishment of O&M and Participatory Monitoring Committees (PMCs) for sustainability. Sub-Component 2.2: Mobilization for Citizen Engagement: 26. This subcomponent will finance citizen engagement activities to promote community participation and mitigate the possibility of conflict in the project areas. In addition, it will promote youth participation in local development activities. The activities will focus on engaging the youth in community affairs to build trust and address state-citizen relations with social activities that go beyond the infrastructure-focused participatory process outlined under Subcomponent 2.1. The merger of KP and former FATA, and the associated transitional governance arrangement that is currently in place, also present conflict risks that need to be mitigated through effective community engagement measures.45 The trust-building and conflict resolution activities that will be spearheaded by the Youth Sub-Committees (YSCs) will be carried out in close collaboration with existing conflict resolution mechanisms in the project communities. In the Newly Merged Areas, the Jirga and the Maliki systems are strong traditional institutions for the reconciliation and resolution of local disputes, whereas Hujras serve as localized community centers where community members discuss all issues of importance from individual to the community. The YSCs will work closely with these institutions to ensure local ownership and effectiveness of the youth-led trust-building activities. The activities under this subcomponent will be carried out by the Social Mobilizers (SMs) that will be hired by the PMU/PIU, which as discussed above may include third- party entities, and run in parallel to the participatory process. The SMs will organize the

44 These criteria will be detailed in the project’s Operations Manual. 45 Other sources of conflict may include the fact that under this project, only communities that fall within the Corridor of Influence of the CASA1000 transmission line will receive community infrastructure schemes, whereas communities that may have experienced other large infrastructure projects will not receive such benefits from other entities. In addition, recent cancellation of community-based development projects in the former FATA may have led to perceptions of unfairness about the distribution of development benefits and exacerbated social divisions across the region. ESMF CSP Page 22

youth into Youth Subcommittees, which will be provided with training (On Job, as well through institutes) and small funds to take a role in local development and build social cohesion in their communities. The SMs will support the capacity of the YSCs in the following ways: (i) training and certification to undertake community mobilization and participatory monitoring activities; (ii) training to conduct educational events on pertinent issues in the targeted communities, including conflict resolution, trust-building, energy efficiency and technology adoption; and (iii) small grants for the youth to identify and implement miscellaneous projects for the benefit of the whole community. Depending on community context, activities led by the youth may include traditional celebrations to help build community cohesion; health and nutrition campaigns (e.g. vaccination drive to prevent spread of disease or food banks to promote food security in communities); and arts or sports events to provide opportunities for self-expression for the youth46. The SMs will support local institutions (CDCs etc.) with the active participation of the youth. This will be operationalized through three main mechanisms. First, the project will support Social Audits (SAs) which will be conducted twice a year as public forums with the participation of the PMU/PIU and relevant line departments to report back to the communities on the progress, challenges and fiduciary information about the project. The project will fund the technical support needed to prepare, organize and document these community meetings. Second, YSC’s will conduct semiannual Community Scorecards (CSs) to provide feedback and action plans on project implementation. The scorecards will be facilitated by the Participatory Monitoring Committees (PMCs) with the support of youth selected for monitoring and oversight roles and will be conducted along with the SAs. Finally, the project will establish Beneficiary Feedback Mechanism (BFM) to address grievances, comments and feedback regarding the project, which will be detailed in the Operational Manual. COMPONENT 3: Community Investments in Small Infrastructure: This component will provide sub-grants for small infrastructure schemes to address local development priorities, as identified through a participatory needs assessment and selected through participatory decision- making processes outlined above. The activities will support three types of work: (a) rehabilitation of damaged infrastructure; (b) construction of new infrastructure; and (c) Operation & Maintenance (O&M) of the rehabilitated/constructed infrastructure. All such schemes have to be a part of the public infrastructure available (or for provision of access to it), which would benefit multiple number of beneficiaries. As discussed under the previous component, community-led decision making for identification and implementation of infrastructure schemes would be a key principle for this component. Prior to the funding of Sub-

46 The eligible activities and grant amount for the YSCs will be identified in the Operations Manual. ESMF CSP Page 23

projects, each community will provide evidence that the social mobilization process and participatory selection of the Sub-projects have been undertaken genuinely. The sub-projects will be selected by the CDCs through a consultative process detailed under Component 2.1. The sub-projects will be selected from a menu of small-scale infrastructure investments. The menu of investments will include a “positive list” (Sub-projects eligible under the project) and a “negative list” (Sub-projects ineligible under the project) in order to limit the size and complexity of the infrastructure schemes financed by the project47. Where the selected community sub-projects already exist or in cases where they are not technically feasible given the terrain, security constraints or available resources, communities will use their grants to fund other Sub-projects included in the menu of options. It will be possible for communities to address livelihood-related energy needs at the level of “community-clusters”. It will also be possible for neighboring communities to combine their resources and implement joint projects (such as connector roads or renewable energy technologies) 48. The eligible Sub-projects may include, but not be limited to: viii. On-grid and off-grid electricity infrastructure, including renewable energy technologies (e.g. solar, wind, biogas, smokeless stoves, micro-hydro plants, etc.); ix. Street Lighting; x. School and Health Facility Improvements; xi. Water Supply and Sanitation Infrastructure; xii. Rehabilitation of Tertiary Roads and Farm-to-Market Access Roads; xiii. Small-Scale Farm Irrigation Systems; xiv. Community Economic Infrastructure serving a public purpose, including small-scale processing facilities for horticultural products, cold storage facilities, farm machinery workshops, fruit polishing and packaging units, milk collection and chilling units, and other similar infrastructure. The selected Sub-projects, including their O&M plans, will need to be technically viable according to a checklist and demonstrate sustainability according to criteria that will be detailed in the project’s Operations Manual. The sub-grants to the CDCs will be allocated based on community sub-grant distribution criteria that will be detailed in the Operations Manual. This will take into consideration; • Community population;

47 The full criteria will be specified in the Operations Manual. Generally, the project will not finance Sub-projects that require land acquisition or major civil works above a certain monetary threshold. Typically, the financed Sub-projects in CDD operations include community roads, farm-to- market access roads, small irrigation channels, soling, drains, culverts, small-scale flood embankments, check dams, and missing school and health facilities. It would also include end-of-pipe economic infrastructure, such as cold storage facilities, fruit polishing and packaging units, milk collection and chilling units or other similar infrastructure. 48 Along the CASA1000 transmission line, i.e. communities that are located within the CoI, priority will be accorded to rehabilitation and O&M of small-scale electricity infrastructure or renewable energy technologies. However, the ultimate decision for the Sub-project selection will be determined by the CDCs. ESMF CSP Page 24

• Poverty rate; • Lack of access, unavailability or destruction of public infrastructure due to historical neglect, remoteness or insurgency; • Vulnerability to disasters and environmental risks; • Size of displaced or resettled population; • Risk of conflict and insurgency; • Participatory assessment of tertiary infrastructure needs, including sensitivity to the needs of women and youth; and proximity to the CASA1000 transmission line. The distribution formula will also ensure that enough resources will be allocated per community to ensure that the investments have an impact on local economic development. The selection criteria will be implemented in a transparent manner. Based on experience from previous community-based projects in former FATA and KP, most of the schemes are expected to be small scale, costing less than US$ 30,000. A hybrid/participatory CDD/ Qabail led development model would be adopted in the implementation of sub-projects through establishment of joint implementation & monitoring team from CDCs & PIUs for ensuring transparency/accountability and using learning by doing techniques for technical knowledge transfer. Operations Manual will ensure that projects requiring higher degree of technical skills, such as micro-hydro, lining of channels, access roads, check dams or integrated irrigation projects, will require prior review and support by the relevant line ministries. The designs will be vetted by the relevant professionals from the line ministries and will be in accordance to the approved schedule rates. These projects will be required to use community-based skilled and un-skilled labor, material supply and other inputs. In addition, the project will build the capacity of community institutions to identify, plan and implement similar Sub-projects in the future, as well as to operate and maintain local infrastructure assets built by the project, to ensure sustainability. Finally, the Sub-project selection by the CDCs will take into consideration other programs by international donors and Government agencies to ensure that project interventions are complementary. COMPONENT 4: Project Management and Monitoring and Evaluation: This component will finance the operational expenditures (including selected capital expenditures such as equipment and vehicles) incurred by the Project Implementation Unit for overall project coordination, management, and supervision of the implementation of Sub-projects in project communities. In addition, it will finance the overall systems for Procurement and Financial Management, Environmental and Social Safeguards, as well as all Monitoring & Evaluation (M&E) system and activities, including project audits and technical studies.

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3.7 Project Beneficiaries The project to be identified beneficiaries are the communities located within a four-kilometers- wide Corridor of Influence (CoI) along the route of the CASA1000 transmission line, as well as selected communities in the other districts of the Merged Areas. The CASA1000 transmission line will pass through approximately 100 km of territory across Khyber District in the Merged Areas and Peshawar Subdivision in KP, before connecting to a grid station near Nowshera. The project will first target these communities in the CASA1000 Corridor of Influence (CoI), whereas it will gradually expand into other districts in the Newly Merged Areas.49 The latter approach will extend the outreach of community-driven development approach across the Merged Areas/districts (MAs/MDs) while attempting to minimize perceptions of unfairness in a conflict-affected region amid a major reform process. Based on the above typology, the beneficiaries will be categorized into two groups and will receive various project interventions under each component. a) CSP intervention (Components 1-3): Residents of all communities affected by the CASA1000 transmission line in Khyber, Peshawar and Nowshera will receive both the Qabail led CDD intervention (Components 2-3) as well as the CASA-related outreach intervention (Component 1). Qabail led CSP intervention (Components 2-3): Residents of selected communities in the Merged Areas/Districts (Bajaur, Mohmand, Kurram, Orakzai, South Waziristan and North Waziristan) will receive the Qabail led CDD interventions.

49 The geographic rollout of the CSP will prioritize the COI communities in Khyber, Peshawar and Nowshera. Within these districts, communities will be prioritized in close coordination with the construction schedule of CASA1000. This approach will ensure that the CSP establishes a relationship with the CoI communities prior to the start of CASA1000 activities. ESMF CSP Page 26

Typology of Beneficiary Communities and Project Interventions

Nowshera (Transmission Line & Converter Station) CASA CSP CASA1000 Corridor Intervention Peshawar of Influence (Components 1, 2, 3) (Transmission Line) Khyber (Transmission Line)

Orakzai

Pakistan Pakistan Program North Waziristan

Qabail Qabail ledCommunity Support Qabail led CDD South Waziristan Other Merged Intervention Districts (Components 2, 3) Kurram

Bajaur

Mohmand

3.8 Project Implementation Arrangements A dedicated “Project Management Unit (PMU)” will be established by the Directorate of Projects Planning & Development Department (P&DD) for CASA CSP. The PMU will be responsible for project implementation as well as coordination with involved line directorates of agriculture, livestock, irrigation, and works and services department. The PMU will further establish three Field /Sub-offices as proposed below: (iii) Sub-office (Peshawar and Nowshera): This Sub-office will oversee project activities in the section of the CoI in KP; (iv) Sub-Office (Khyber District) to oversee project activities in the section of the CoI in Khyber, and (v) If needed, a third location may be set up in the Merged Areas, once the QLCSP support and expansion is determined during the project implementation. Sub-Office (other locations): This sub-office will be established in the Merged Areas for interventions perceived on a gradual basis and based on the need for Qabail led

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CDD interventions, as determined through a study during the first three months of project implementation. Each field office will work in close coordination with the District Commissioner. The head PMU will also communicate and coordinate activities with the Environment and Social Impact Cell (ESIC) within the National Transmission and Dispatch Company Limited (NTDC), which is the responsible agency for overall power transmission across Pakistan and the Implementing Agency for CASA1000 Electricity Transmission and Trade Project. The PMU will be responsible for planning, implementation, coordination, monitoring and reporting of all project activities. The PMU is also responsible for fiduciary management tasks including procurement and financial management of all project components. The PMU will liaise with all the stakeholders at provincial level as well as at agency level. 3.9 Monitoring and Evaluation Arrangements The monitoring and evaluation of project will be the overall responsibility of the PMU. The PMU will be responsible to undertake regular supervision of all project activities and prepare quarterly reports to be shared with the KP’s Directorate of Monitoring and Evaluation, Project Steering Committee, the World Bank, and other stakeholders on need basis. The PMU staff will include a dedicated focal point for M&E and a small team of for regular field monitoring and report preparation. Additionally, the district-level field offices of the PIU will each have focal points for M&E to collect information, prepare district-level updates and facilitate preparation of project’s quarterly reports. The World Bank will organize detailed annual reviews to evaluate implementation progress against the annual work plans approved by the Project Steering Committee. These annual reviews would be held with project staff from PMU and PIUs and the field staff of involved line directorates. A detailed M&E Strategy and Action Plan will be prepared for the Project within the first three months of project effectiveness and will be revised as needed during annual reviews. 3.10 Third Party Monitoring and other External Monitors Given the existing security situation in the project areas, the World Bank task team will not be able to visit most of the project areas. Until such time as regular monitoring visits by World Bank staff are allowed, a third-party, participatory and technology-based monitoring arrangement will be used by the project. Following tiers will be involved in project implementation monitoring. a) First, the project will involve local communities and beneficiaries in monitoring of project outreach and performance of various components. Periodic social audits, community report cards and beneficiary surveys will be used for this purpose. Additionally, the project will have a complaint handling system and involve the youth in M&E activities at the community level through the Participatory Monitoring Committees (PMCs).

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b) Second, the Bank will recruit independent third-party monitors for the project who would interact with the communities, local administration, project staff, line directorates and other stakeholders for independent appraisal of project performance and impact evaluation. The third-party monitors will be hired in the first year of the project implementation and would remain engaged during the remainder of the project period. They will collect information on quality assurance and verification of the reported progress and report directly to the Project Steering Committee on a 6-monthly basis. Third, the project will make use of technology-based monitoring tools, e.g. Global Positioning System (GPS)-enabled cameras for geo-referencing and physical verification of project interventions.

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CHAPTER:4 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL BASELINE CONDITIONS This chapter describes the baseline conditions of the Project Area and covers the existing physical, biological, and socio-economic environment. Information on these aspects has largely been derived from the desk review of latest available data, published studies, and discussions with the Project staff and consultation with the Government departments/other agencies. 4.1 Location The entire project area falls in KP province of Pakistan. (See Figure 4.1 with red boundary). In context with the proposed route of Transmission Line (TL); the project area however could be categorized into two distinct types (of districts): a) Newly Merged Districts50 (erstwhile FATA Agencies) – include: (1) Khyber; (2) Orakzai; (3) Kurram; (4) South Waziristan (SWZ); (5) North Waziristan (NWZ); (6) Bajaur and (7) Mohmand MDs. b) KP Districts - include: (i) Nowshera; and (ii) Peshawar district The baseline conditions have been described separately for two distinct categories of districts as explained above.

Figure 4.1: Project Area in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

50 Though these districts are in KP province; yet for the purpose of better clarity; these would be referred to as Merged Districts (MDs) -or Merged Area districts or simply districts in this report- as explained in an earlier footnote; because these were until recently (May-2018) part of erstwhile FATA and termed as FATA Agencies. ESMF CSP Page 30

4.2 Merged Districts (MDs) 4.2.1 Geography51 Orakzai-MD Orakzai merged district is bordered in the north with Khyber district, in the east with Kohat district, in the south with Kohat and Hangu and in the west with Kurram-MD. It is spread over an area of 1,538 square kilometers. Khyber-MD Khyber merged district is bounded on the North West by Afghanistan on the north by Mohmand- MD, on the east by Peshawar District, on the south by Orakzai-MD and Kohat District, and on the west by Kurram-MD. Total area of Khyber agency is 2,576 sq.-km. The main entry point to the Khyber-MD is through Peshawar via Torkham road. This road enters the district near Jamrud and leaves at Torkham at the Afghan border crossing through the Khyber Pass. The two rivers flows in the district are Bara and Kabul. The Bara River flows in the southern part, while the Kabul River making northern boundary between Mohmand and Khyber merged districts. Kurram-MD Kurram district takes its name from the Kurram River. It is the most scenic valley in the entire belt on Durand Line. It is located in the northwest of Pakistan and more specifically in central region of merged districts. It is bordered with Afghanistan in the north and west, Kohat in the southeast, North Waziristan in the south and Khyber and Orakzai merged districts in the east. The total area of the district is 3,380 square kilometers. South Waziristan-MD South Waziristan-MD is the largest of all newly merged districts with total area of 6,620 km. It borders with North Waziristan-MD in the north, Bannu and Lakki Marwat Districts in the northeast, Tank District and D.I. Khan in the east and Zhob district of Balochistan in the south. It also shares about 70 km border with Paktia Province of Afghanistan. North Waziristan-MD The North Waziristan-MD borders in the north with Kurram-MD and Kohat district, in the east with Kohat and Bannu districts, in the south with the South Waziristan-MD and in the west with Afghanistan. The NWZ is the second largest among all the merged districts with an area of 4,707 square kilometers. Bajaur-MD The total area of Bajaur is 1,290 square kilometers. It is surrounded by Dir district in north east through Khar-Munda road, Afghanistan in North West, Mohmand district in south west through

51 https://fata.gov.pk/ accessed July 9, 2018 and May 23, 2019

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Khar-Nawagai road and Malakand district in south east. It falls in the western tip of Kohistan, North-Western Himalayan zone, running roughly east-west, following the course of Bajaur River The Bajaur and Mohmand hills of this northern region can be considered as a transition zone. This zone lies between the towering mountains of the Hindu Kush, with their off shoots, extending on the south from Khyber and northward to the valley of the Jandul River in Dir. Mohmand-MD The total area of Mohmand district is 2,296 square kilometers. It is bounded on the north by Bajaur district, on the east by Malakand Protected Area and Charsadda District, on the south-east by Peshawar District, on the south by Khyber district and on the west by Afghanistan. 4.2.2 Terrain Orakzai-MD Orakzai-MD is a hilly region with a fertile valley. Its territory comprises of a mountainous tract, dissected by numerous dry water courses. The elevation of the hills varies from over 10,000 feet (3,000 m) in the west and to less than 6,650 feet (2,030 m) in the east, while that of the plain area varies from 5,200 to 5,500 feet (1,700 m), above sea level. Important peaks are Sangla (6325 ft.) and Chara Kandaco (5643 ft.). The major valleys in Orakzai are: Khanki, Mastura and Khurmana, whereas two major streams are Mastura and Khanki Toi, both originating from hills in the west and running to east. Khyber-MD Major part of the Khyber-MD is barren, rocky and dry for a large proportion of its area with the very notable exception of the beautiful valley of Tirah. The cultivable land of Khyber is mostly Barani and in case of sufficient rains gives good agriculture production. Wheat and maize crops are cultivated in the areas where sufficient water is available. Off-season and seasonal vegetables are also grown. The major Rabi crops are wheat, maize and sugarcane and in Kharif mostly vegetables are grown. Kurram-MD Kurram-MD is mostly hilly and mountainous. The Sufaid Koh Mountain forms the territorial boundary between Kurram-MD and Afghanistan. The other famous mountains are the Sur-Ghar and Spin-Ghar mountains, which used to be dense with forests, but now there is limited forest cover in these mountains. The notable valleys and streams in the MD include: Peiwar, Shalozan, Shian, Zeran, and Daradar. The other important feature is the Kurram valley. The valley is well irrigated, highly populated, and crowded with small fortified villages, orchards and groves, with dark pine forests and alpine snows of the Sufaid Koh Range. After that the valley opens up into the Parachinar Plateau, which is a large oval shaped plain sloping towards southeast.

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The main river is the Kurram River, which extends into the Khurmana and the Kirman rivers that are prone to violent flooding. South Waziristan-MD South Waziristan is mostly a mass of rugged and complex rocky terrains and ridges. There are no regular mountain alignments like the northern part of MDs and hills appear to be zig-zag in every direction. The highland area of North and South Waziristan jointly, takes the shape of a somewhat irregular parallelogram, 250 km long and almost 100 km wide. The hills for the most part are barren and treeless. Most rivers and streams in Waziristan run along a horizontal axis, and are generally flanked by hills and small valleys. There is very limited land available for agriculture in these valleys, as little water flows in the streams of South Waziristan. The key plains or valleys are the Wana plain, the Zarmilan, which lies northeast of Domandi, the Bermand, and the Spin. North Waziristan-MD North Waziristan is a hilly area with deep and rugged valleys. The average height of the Waziristan hills is about 1,500 to 2,500 meters above sea level. The mountains do not belong to regular mountain alignments, and the hills appear to run zig-zag in every direction and are geographically apart from the larger Koh-e-Sufaid mountain range in the north and the Sulaiman Range in the south. The Waziristan hills were subject to volcanic eruptions in the past. The highly mineralized zone of Razmak is connected with these hills. The main valleys include: Kaitu, Tochi, Kurram and Khaisora. The main plains are: Dandi, Sheratala and Dana kiwi. The Tochi River, also called Gambila River, is the main source of surface water and runs through the most fertile area of Tochi Valley. Other streams include; Khaisora, Kaitu and Kurram Bajaur-MD For the most part, Bajaur district is exceedingly wild. The main topographic feature is an endless maze of dry ravines, flanked by row upon row of rocky hills and mountains which make up around forty percent of the total area. The adjacent Mohmand hills, are completely devoid of anything but the most drought resistant species of vegetation, and present all the aspects of a true desert region. Bajaur, on the other hand has some diminishing forests in its difficult terrain in the north and northwest as well as those of Kemoor in the south. The terrain of the district is mountainous and hilly. In the northern part, mountain ranges are 3 kilometers high. Towards the south, the height gradually decreases and on the southern border, peaks are slightly over 2.5 kilometers high. Roughly 40% of Bajaur is covered by barren mountains and the remaining 60% by wide valleys. The valley area is mostly broad, open and used as agricultural land. The most important plains in Bajaur are those of Nawagai, Loesam, Khar, Jar, Lal, and Wara Mamand. Mohmand-MD Generally speaking, the Mohmand district is dry and barren. Most of the relief of this area is mountainous and those mountains themselves are brown and rocky with little vegetation. There are patches of flat plains and during the spring time, the region becomes somewhat greener for a

ESMF CSP Page 33 time. This region has no rivers, canals nor rich underground water reservoirs. In recent decades, many inhabitants of the agency have migrated southwards to more fertile regions. An important feature between the Mohmand and Khyber district is the Warsak Dam on river Kabul. Its lake feeds 3.1 miles from the irrigation tunnel on the right bank and provides 800 cusecs. On the left bank another tunnel provides 45 cusecs. These tunnels irrigate 110,000 and 12,000 acres of land, respectively. 4.2.3 Climate Orakzai-MD The climate conditions in the whole district are generally favorable during most of the summer; however in winters the minimum temperature can drop below -10 degrees Celsius. Summer season starts from May and lasts till October. June, July and August are the hottest months. On the other hand, winter starts from November and continues till April. The annual rainfall ranges between 250 to 500 mm. Due to the geographical position of Orakzai and its thick forest cover, it rains almost throughout year. Khyber-MD Khyber-MD has extreme climate with cold to severe cold winters and warm to hot summers. In the highlands, precipitation in the form of snow is common in winter. During summer months, the Tirah region is the most pleasant. In rest of the Agency, it is hot during the daytime in the open, but is pleasant in the shaded hilly areas. The summer nights are moderately cool. The rainfall is very scanty. The winter rain is caused by climatic changes in the western regions, while the summer rain is associated with monsoon. Kurram-MD The climatic conditions in the whole Kurram-MD are generally favorable during the summer; however, in winters the minimum temperature is usually below freezing point and, occasionally, can drop below -10 degrees Celsius. Parachinar is among the coldest cities in Pakistan. Northern and western heights of the valley receive snowfalls in winters and snow can be seen even in June on peaks of the mountains. Parachinar receives about 30 inches of rainfall per annum. South Waziristan-MD South Waziristan is mostly a mass of rugged and complex rocky terrains and ridges. There are no regular mountain alignments like the northern part of MDs and hills appear to be zigzag in every direction. The highland area of North and South Waziristan jointly, takes the shape of a somewhat irregular parallelogram, 250 km long and almost 100 km wide. The hills for the most part are barren and treeless. Most rivers and streams in Waziristan run along a horizontal axis, and are generally flanked by hills and small valleys. There is very limited land available for agriculture in these valleys, as little water flows in the streams of South Waziristan. The key plains or valleys are the Wana plain, the Zarmilan, which lies northeast of Domandi, the Bermand, and the Spin.

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North Waziristan-MD North Waziristan is a hilly area with deep and rugged valleys. The average height of the Waziristan hills is about 1,500 to 2,500 meters above sea level. The mountains do not belong to regular mountain alignments, and the hills appear to run zig-zag in every direction and are geographically apart from the larger Koh-e-Sufaid mountain range in the north and the Sulaiman Range in the south. The Waziristan hills were subject to volcanic eruptions in the past. The highly mineralized zone of Razmak is connected with these hills. The main valleys include: Kaitu, Tochi, Kurram and Khaisora. The main plains are: Dandi, Sheratala and Dana kiwi. The Tochi River, also called Gambila River, is the main source of surface water and runs through the most fertile area of Tochi Valley. Other streams include; Khaisora, Kaitu and Kurram Bajaur-MD Bajaur MD, due to its mountainous terrain has an extreme climate. The winter season begins in November and lasts up to March. Winters are extremely cold and sometimes from December through February the temperature plunges below freezing point. Bajaur is located at the extreme end of the Himalayan Range, which creates variation and uncertainty in the monsoon rains. Nevertheless, on account of the peculiar geographical position of the area, Bajaur does get its share of rain, with winter and spring rainfall being more predictable than rainfall at other times of the year. The main agricultural areas in the valleys of Bajaur receive about 800 mm of average rainfall per annum. Mohmand-MD The climate is hot and dry in summer and cold and dry in winter. The summer season commences in April and continues until October. June, July and August are the hottest months. The mean maximum and minimum temperatures for this period are 34C and 23C respectively. The winter season lasts from November to March with December, January and February being the coldest months. The mean maximum and minimum temperatures for this period are 13C and 2C respectively. The rainfall is scanty. Most of the rainfall occurs during the winter months. 4.2.4 Administrative Setup Orakzai-MD Administratively Orakzai-MD falls under Kohat Division of KP province. The district is sub divided into 4 Tehsils namely: Central Orakzai, Ismailzai, Lower Orakzai; and Upper Orakzai Tehsils. The district has its headquarter at Giljobazar. Deputy Commissioner is the administrative head of the District who is supported by Assistant Commissioners at Tehsil level. Khyber-MD The Khyber merged district comes under Peshawar Division of KP province with Landi Kotal as district headquarter. The district is administratively divided into 4 Tehsils, namely: Bara, Jamrud,

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Landi Kotal and Mule Gori Tehsils. Deputy Commissioner is the Administrative head of the District who is supported by Assistant Commissioners at Tehsil level. Kurram-MD Administratively Kurram-MD falls under Kohat Division of KP province. The district is sub divided into 3 Tehsils namely: Central Kurram, Lower Kurram and Upper Kurram. The district has its headquarter at Parachinar. Deputy Commissioner is the Administrative head of the District who is supported by Assistant Commissioners at Tehsil level. South Waziristan-MD Administratively SWZ-MD falls under DI Khan Division of KP province. The district is sub divided into 8 tehsils namely: Birmil, Ladha, Makin, Sararogha, Serwekai, Tiarza, Toi Khulla, and Wana Tehsils. Wanna is the district headquarters; and Deputy Commissioner is the Administrative head of the District; who is supported by Assistant Commissioners at Tehsil level. North Waziristan-MD Administratively NWZ-MD falls under Bannu Division of KP province. The district is sub divided into 9 Tehsils namely: Datta Khel, Dossali, Gharyum, Ghulam Khan, Mir Ali, Miran Shah, Razmak, Spinwam; and Shawal Tehsils. The district has it’s headquarter at Miranshah. Deputy Commissioner is the Administrative head of the District who is supported by Assistant Commissioners at Tehsil level. Bajaur-MD The administrative headquarter of Bajaur district is Khar town, at a distance of 140 kilometers north of Peshawar, connected through a metaled road via Mohmand district and Malakand district. Administratively, Bajaur MD comprises two sub-divisions, namely, Khar sub-division and Nawagai sub-division. Khar sub-division has further been divided into three Tehsils, namely, Khar, Salazai, and Uthmankhel, while Nawagai subdivision consists of four tehsils, namely, Chamarkand, Nawagai, Mamund and Barang. Deputy Commissioner is the Administrative head of the District who is supported by Assistant Commissioners at Tehsil level. Mohmand-MD Mohmand MD is geographically divided for administrative convenience into Upper and Lower Mohmand areas. The district is sub-divided into seven Tehsils, Halimzai, Painiali, Safi, Upper Mohmand, Barangg Khar, Yakaghund and Ambar. Deputy Commissioner is the Administrative head of the District who is supported by Assistant Commissioners at Tehsil level. 4.2.5 Land Use In Orakzai-MD 11% (17,470 ha) of total area is cultivated (2012-13). The irrigated area is around 2,500 ha which 14% of total cultivated area is. Forest area is 4,900 ha which 3.19% of total area of the MD. Is

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In Khyber-MD 8% (20,479 ha) of total area is cultivated (2012-13). The irrigated area is quite high (54%) – 11,041 ha as compared to 36% for overall FATA. Forest area is 54,004 ha which 1.98% of total district area. In Kurram-MD 7% (22,962 ha) of total area is cultivated (2012-13). The irrigated area is quite high (51%) – 11,806 ha as compared to 36% for overall MDs. Forest area is 3.86% of total district area. In SWZ-MD cultivated area is the lowest among all merged districts and stands only 3% (19,450 ha) of total area. That is why the maximum area, about 86%, is irrigated. As compared to 36% for overall merged districts average. Forest area is 2,130 ha which only 0.32% of total district area. In NWZ-MD cultivated area is the second lowest among all merged districts and stands only 4% (17,335 ha) of total area. The irrigated area is quite low (14%) – 2,500 ha as compared to 36% for overall merged districts average. Forest area is the least among all MDs and is about 0.07% 350 ha of total district area. In Bajaur-MD total cultivated area of the agency is (75,350 ha), while the uncultivated area is 53,685 hectares. Land under irrigation is around 14,061 hectares and un-irrigated area is over 54,000 hectares. The total area under forest is 87,169 acres. In Mohmand-MD 11.5% (75480 ha) of the total geographic area is cultivated, while more than 82% of the land is not available for cultivation. Forests constitute only 3% of the area of the agency. Wheat is the major crop, followed by maize and barley. Rice, grape and mustard, onion and masoor are emerging as important crops. The table below illustrates the land use statistics for merged districts of Project area. Table 4-1 Merged Districts (MDs) - Land Use Indicators (2012-13) Overall S. N. Land Use Khyber Kurram Orakzai Bajaur Mohmand MDs Waziristan Waziristan Geographical 2,722,042 257,654 338,052 662,000 470,696 153,761 129035 229620 area (ha) Cultivated 227,162 20,479 22,962 19,450 17,335 17,470 75480 22524 Area (ha) % of Cultivated 8 8 7 3 4 11 58 10 Area (%) Irrigated Area 80,800 11,041 11,806 6,575 14,850 2,500 13890 9770 (ha) % of Irrigated Area against 36 54 51 34 86 14 18 43 Cultivated Area (%) Current 64,844 5,304 9,515 3,294 2,185 10,470 20860 1664 Fallow (ha)

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Current Fallow as % 29 26 41 17 13 60 28 7 of Cultivated Area (%) Forest Area 54,004 2,090 13,020 2,130 350 4,900 20210 9993 (ha) Forest Area as percent of 1.98 0.81 3.85 0.32 0.07 3.19 15.66 4.35 geographical area (%) Source: Socio Economic Indicators of FATA 2013; Planning & Development Department FATA Secretariat(March- 2014) 4.2.6 Flora and Fauna52 Orakzai-MD Flora Orakzai-MD falls under dry temperate region, which has very weak monsoons and severe winters. The flora is specifically of dry temperate type. The terrain, being mountainous, has varying species of plants available at different altitudes. The low lying areas i.e. foot of hills have scrub forest with species like Sanatha, Kao (wild olive), Phulai, Gurgora, Quercus Incuna, Pinus Wallichiana, Eucalyptus, Robinia, Kachnar, Poplar, Sheeshum, Ailanthus, Chir Pine, Walnuts, Apple Snickers and occasional occurrence of Wild Pomegranate. Above these scrub forests are pure forests of Oak species. The higher altitudes are covered by Deodar and Kail Forest, mixed with Oak species. The total forest is on 330 hectares. Fauna The wildlife of the area comprises of Bear, Wild Boar, Ibex, Porcupine, Taboit, Jackal, Squirrel and various types of birds. Khyber-MD Flora Some of the widely distributed plant species include but not limited to Chinar, Poplar, Phulai, Walnut, Kao, Zizippus, Gorgora, Blue Pine, Sanatha, Prosopis, Cedar, Kikar, Ailanthus, Shisham, Dilenthus, and Oak. The forest department usually plants Eucalyptus in the plain areas and Phial in the mountains. The area is also known for producing medical herbs. Vernacular names of some plants with medicinal value include Zeera, Ispaghol, Karkhuchuk, Mukhkak, Olive, Multas and Sardaro. Fauna The area has variety of fauna comprising of Pheasant, Leopard, Jackal, Crane, Brown Monkey, Sissi, Squirrel, Bear, Murgh-e-Zarrin and other migratory birds.

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Kurram-MD Flora Kurram-MD has pockets of thick forest and vegetation cover. The mountain terrain, good forest and vegetation cover provide favorable habitats to flora (and fauna). Dwarf Alm, Mulberry, Poplar, Willow, Ailanthus, Robinia Platinus, Walnut, Oleander, Oak, Pistacia. Eucalyptus, Phulai, Beri, Cynopylla and different species of Conifers like Cedar and Pine etc. are found in the area. Fauna The main species include: Monal Pheasant, Woodcock, Grey and Black Partridge, Red Legged Partridge (Chikor), Sissi, Wild Pigeon, and seasonal migratory birds such as Water Fowl, Siberian Cranes etc. are the major birds found in Kurram Agency. In addition to these, Ibex, Urial, Hog Deer, Markhore, Jackals, Rabbits, Porcupines, Wild Cats and Rodents are also found in the area. South Waziristan-MD Flora Chalghoza Pines, Olive plants; Partal and Wild Beri grow on the mountains of South Waziristan- MD. Other native species include Chirr Pine, Pistachio, Walnut, Kawoo, Phulai, Olive and Gurgura. The forest department has maintained nurseries to distribute seedlings such as Eucalyptus, Poplar, Phelcensis, Robinia, Almond and others. The district also produces Dwarf palm called Mazari. Fauna Chikor, Grey and Black Partridges, Sissi are among the commonly found wildlife of South Waziristan-MD. Lying enroute to Afghanistan and Central Asia, migratory birds like Cranes, Falcons, Bustards and Ducks cross South Waziristan on seasonal basis. Moreover, animals like Markhor, Ibex, Urial and Chinkara are also found in the remote mountains of South Waziristan. North Waziristan-MD Flora The vegetation of NWZ MD consists of several kinds of trees, plants and different varieties of grass. Trees found are Phial, Grugru, Shisham, Mulberry, Ghaz Sunzela, Serrai, Bair, Poplar, Jaman, Robinia, Eucalyptus, Wools, Pine, Nakhtar, Nergessa, Chinar, Kikar, Srind, Mandata, Monra, Badoom, Walnuts, Almanzai, Dates, Peaches, Apricots, Plums, Lukat, Srind, Malta, Narangi and Nashpati. The plants are Shapianga, Sperkai, Spulmai, Berera, Sponda, Zeera, Ispeghol, Pamenna, Temon, Maraghinra, Spelaghzai, Muzur and Aghzai. The varieties of grass found are Bervezza, Surgerra Durgs, Weizha, Chibrai and Khurkonra. The flowers found are Zindagulla, Gulab, Bobrai, Rebdana and Ganderai. Fauna

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Wild animals of the MD are Jackal, Fox, Monkey and Wild Goat; Pet animals like Sheep, Goat, Buffalo, Cow, Camel, Horse, and Donkey are also found in abundance. Bajaur-MD Flora The important plant species indigenous to the district includes Olive, Gorgora, Phulai, Sanatha, Bung, Chir, Bair, Chinar, Poplar, Puns, Apricot, Peach, Walnut, Plum and Almond. The forest department has established several nurseries which along with the above mentioned species are planting new verities such as Eucalyptus, Ailanthus, Robinia, Shisham, Bottle Brush, Kachnar and Persian Pine. Fauna The fauna of Bajaur district consists of Brown Monkey, Jackal, Wild Goat, Porcupine, Pheasant and other migratory birds.

Mohmand-MD Flora Mohmand district is mostly a dry area with mountains of barren slopes. The most extensive part of the territory lies in glens and valleys. In Mohmand MD, dry ravines between long rows of rocky hills scantly clothes with coarse grass, shrubs wood and dwarf palm (Mazari) are commonly found. There is very little natural forest in Mohmand district; however, the common shrubs are Sanatha, Oak, Small Red Poppy Spera, Camel Thorn, Paighambari Gul and Drab Grass. Amongst the trees are included Mesquite, Bair, Sanather, Manas, Mulberry, Eucalyptus, Phulai, Bakain and various specimens of Acacia and Jhands, Gurgura. There are innumerable herbs also found in Mohmand district; like Polli, Chaulai, etc. Fauna The wild life in Mohmand includes Wild Pigs, Rabbits and Jackals. Game birds such as Chakore, Partridge, Sissi, Duck, Snipe, Quail, Wild Goose and Sand Grouse are common in Mohmand district. Ducks are found along the Kabul River. Mahsher and Rahu species of fish are found in the streams and rivers of Mohammad district. 4.3 SOCIOECONOMIC BASELINE53 4.3.1 Demographic Information Khyber-MD Total population of Khyber is 986,973 (2017), with 51.2 % male and 49.8% female population. As such against every 100 females there are 109 males. With population density of 383 persons per sq.-km, the rural population is 90% as compared to 97% for overall merged districts (MDs).

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Table below illustrates the Khyber-MD population by gender and by rural / urban divide. Table 4-2 Khyber-MD Population by Gender (2017) Khyber Rural Urban Total Population 889,433 97,540 986,973 Male 454,605 50,870 505,475 Female 434,817 46,670 481,487 Transgender 11 - 11 Household 99,799 11,759 111,558 MD: Merged District Source: Census- 2017

Orakzai-MD Total population of Orakzai is 254,356 (2017), with 50.1 % male and 49.9% female population showing almost the same percentage for both gender. With population density of 165 persons per sq.-km, about 100% population is rural as compared to 97% for overall MDs. Table below illustrates the Orakzai-MD population by gender and by rural / urban divide. Table 4-2A Orakzai-MD: Population by Gender (2017) Orakzai Rural Urban Total Population 254,356 - 254,356 Male 127,477 - 127,477 Female 126,879 - 126,879 Transgender - - - Household 31,253 - 31,253 MD: Merged District Source: Census- 2017

Kurram-MD Total population of Kurram district is 619,553 (2017), with 49.8 % male and 50.2% female population. About 94% population is rural as compared to 97% for overall MDs. Table below illustrates the Kurram-MD population by gender and by rural / urban divide. Table 4-2B Kurram-MD: Population by Gender (2017) Kurram Rural Urban Total Population 579,556 39,997 619,553 Male 288,364 20,340 308,704 Female 291,189 19,657 310,846 Transgender 3 - 3 Household 63,235 4,009 67,244 MD: Merged District Source: Census- 2017

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Total population of SWZ-MD is 679,185 (2017), with 52.7 % male and 47.3% female population. About 100% population is rural as compared to 97% for overall MDs. Table below illustrates the SWZ-MD population by gender and by rural / urban divide. Table 4-2C S. Waziristan-MD: Population by Gender (2017) South Waziristan Rural Urban Total Population 679,185 - 679,185 Male 357,889 - 357,889 Female 321,294 - 321,294 Transgender 2 - 2 Household 80,717 - 80,717 MD: Merged District Source: Census- 2017

North Waziristan-MD Total population of NWZ-MD is 543,254 (2017), with 51.6 % male and 48.4% female population. Only 1% population lives in urban areas while 99% population is rural as compared to 97% for overall MDs. Table below illustrates the NWZ-MD population by gender and by rural / urban divide. Table 4-2 D North Waziristan-MD: Population by Gender (2017) North Waziristan Rural Urban Total Population 538,893 4,361 543,254 Male 276,990 3,242 280,232 Female 261,896 1,119 263,015 Transgender 7 - 7 Household 58,647 356 59,003 MD: Merged District Source: Census- 2017

Bajaur-MD Total population of Bajaur-MD is 1,093,684 (2017), with 50.90% male and 49.1% female population. About 100% population is rural as compared to 97% for overall MDs. Table 4-2 E Bajaur-MD: Population by Gender (2017) Orakzai Rural Urban Total Population 1,093,684 - 1,093,684 Male 557,160 - 557,160 Female 536,520 - 536,520 Transgender 4 - 4 Household 120,457 - 120,457 MD: Merged District Source: Census- 2017

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Mohmand-MD Total population of Mohmand-MD is 466,984 (2017), with 51% male and 48.4% female population. About 100% population is rural as compared to 97% for overall MDs. Table 4-2 F Mohmand-MD: Population by Gender (2017) Orakzai Rural Urban Total Population 466,984 - 466,984 Male 238,003 - 238,003 Female 228,981 - 228,981 Transgender - - - Household 48,118 - 48,118 MD: Merged District Source: Census- 2017

4.3.2 Culture and People54 Orakzai-MD Presently the Orakzai tribes consist of original Orakzai tribes; Ismailzai, Daulatzai, Alizai, Muhammad Khel, Sultanzai, Ali Khel, Malla khel, Mishti and Sheikhan. In total, there are about twenty four major sections of these tribes. The largest tribe is Ali Khel. The Orakzais are in the habit of constructing double-storey houses; made of stones and mud. The lower story is used for cattle and storage of grain and the upper story is used for sleeping and cooking purposes and also as 'Morchas’ (bunkers) for defense purpose. Just like other tribal agencies, literacy rate is low in Orakzai-MD as well. Most of the tribes accordingly engage themselves in meager agriculture and raising of livestock. A sizable number of people have traveled to the Middle East to work there. Khyber-MD Khyber merged district is inhabited by four tribes; Afridi, Shinwari, Mullagori and Shilmani. The Afridi tribe is further divided into eight clearly distinct clans. Like other Pathans, these tribes have observed their own code of honor since time immemorial. People of Khyber-MD mostly live in houses made from mud and stones. Dwelling houses of all the tribesmen are alike and are in the shape of fortresses having towers. As a part of Pakhtun culture, every cluster of houses has Hujra where the male members discuss their local issues and spend most of their time. It is a common place to be used as guest room also. Majority of the people of Khyber are not literate. Significant numbers of people are in the middle cast for their earnings and brought prosperity to the area. Most of the people earn their livelihood from retail and wholesale trading and transport sectors.

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Kurram-MD The population of Kurram valley consists of a number of tribes namely Turi, Bangash, and Parachamkani, Massozai. Alisherzai, Maqabals, Jajis, Zaimusht, Mangal, Kharotai, Ghalgi, Hazara. Among all them Turi tribes are in majority followed by Bangash and others. Approximately 44% of the population is said to be Shia; who are settled in the upper Kurram and the rest are Sunni, settled in the lower Kurram. With settlement of Afghan refugees in the area, the population structure of the MD has been altered and has also led to creating tension between the Shia and Sunni. Most of the houses are made of clay and are clustered in villages as well as towns. The quality and construction of the houses have improved with the prosperity brought in the people working mostly in the Middle East countries. Generally, people are not literate and earn living by farming as tenants on land owned by others. South Waziristan-MD In South Waziristan area, Mahsuds and Wazirs are the two main tribes. Wazirs include both Mehsuds and Darwesh Khels (claim descent from one Musa, called Darwesh on account of his pious habits). There are also some Dotanis and other Powindah settlers in the south west corner of the Agency between Thati to Zarmelan. The Bhittanis inhabit a strip of country along the south-east border of the MD. History of the last few generations is of the struggle between the Powindas and the Darwesh Khel Wazirs. The houses in settlements of South Waziristan area are built of Pucca bricks plastered with mud and give appearance like a fort with a tower for defense. North Waziristan-MD The chief tribes in North Waziristan are the gallant and valiant Utmanzai Wazirs and Daurs. Besides these, there are small tribes like the Gurbaz, Kharsins, Saidgis and Malakshi; and Mahsuds. The Daurs live in houses closed together in a compact area. In case of Wazirs a large joint family lives either in one and the same house called Ket or Kot or in houses adjacent to one another but separated from the houses of the other families. A walled enclosure of mud or mud and stones, three to five meters high is called Kot. Most of the Kots have fort like structure with a tower in the center of every Kot used as a strategic point for fighting with the enemy when hostilities break out. Every section in a village has a mosque and a common sitting place. One or several households have a private guest house Hujra attached to the house. In a house there may be one or several rooms. Bajaur-MD The two main tribes inhabiting Bajaur district are the Utmankhels and the Tarkanris, along with a small population of Safis. The Utmankhels, who are in the majority, occupy the Salarzai, Mamund and Nawagai tehsils. The dominant tribe of Bajaur district is the Salarzai, which is a

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sub-branch of the Tarkalanri tribe. The ruling family of lbrahimkhel and Bramkhel (Khankhel) are a branch of the Salarzais and occupy lands in Khar, Jar, Raghagan, Loesum, Pashad and Babukara, as explained above Mohmand-MD The major tribes in Mohmand are Mohmand, Safi and Utmankhel. They live in the Mohmand MD and the Kunar Province of Afghanistan. The Mohmands live on both sides of the Afghanistan-Pakistan border. They are well-educated and settled at the gate of the Mohmand Agency. The Safis, because of their association with the Mohmand, are also called Safi Mohmands. The sub-tribes of Safi are Qandhari, Gurbaz, Masood, and Shinwari. The Safi population has been divided in upper Mohmand and lower Mohmand. 4.3.3 Education The overall literacy rate for merged districts (MDs) is 33.3% which is far less than the national average of 58% (2013-14). Similarly the adult literacy rate in MDs is 28.4% while the national average is 57%. There is a marked gender gap in literacy: male adult literacy rate in MDs is 45% while the female rate is just 7.8%. The Gross Enrolment Rate (GER) at primary level (age 6-10 years) is 77.4% for MDs overall: in the rest of Pakistan it is 91%. Again there is a big gender gap: 94.0% for boys, 55.4% for girls. Primary level Net Enrolment Rate (NER) for both sexes is 52.1% in MD compared to 65% in Pakistan. At middle and matric level, MDs GER and NER remain far short of the national average, and the gender gap persists. Distance to School for Currently Enrolled Children: The average distance to school for currently enrolled children (aged 6-15 years) of both sexes in MDs is 1.8 km; this is lower than for KP (3.4 km). In terms of time, the average time taken to travel to school for currently enrolled children of this age group for both sexes in MDs overall is 23 minutes (slightly more in Agencies overall at 22.7 minutes). The average distance to school for currently enrolled children aged 5-14 years (both sexes) is 1.7 km and average time is 22.7 minutes. Only a small proportion (2.3%) of currently enrolled children aged 6-15 (both sexes) in MDs attend religious schools; 68.6% are in government schools and 29.1% in private schools. The Table below gives the education related indicators for MDs of project area with comparison with overall MDs. Table 4-3 Education Sector Statistics by Merged Districts (MDs) (% of total Households) S. N. Overall EDUCATION Khyber Orakzai Kurram Bajaur Mohmand Waziristan Waziristan MDs Literate Population

(10 Years And Above) Both Sexes 49.4 34.6 34.8 31.3 16.25 19.6 27.9 33.3 Male 76.3 48.7 53.5 43.7 26.26 29.9 41.3 49.7

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Female 16.6 17.3 12.5 12.3 3.15 7.8 10.8 12.7 Adult Literate Population (15 years and above) Both Sexes 44.6 27.4 30.3 23.1 - 12.1 25.2 28.4 Male 72.6 40.8 48.9 36.1 - 20.6 40 45 Female 11 11.7 9 4.7 - 2.4 7 7.8 Population (10 years and above) that has completed 38.9 25.4 25.7 26.6 - 11.7 25.3 26.1 Primary or Higher Education Source: FATA Development Indicators Household Survey (FDIHS) - 2013-14: Bureau of Statistics P&DD (October- 2015) * For NWZ Socio Economic Indicators -2013- (MICS 2007)

4.3.4 Health Health indicators for all MDs paint a similar picture as for Education. The proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel is 29.5% for entire MDs area; which is far below the national average of 86%. The maternal mortality ratio (MMR) for all MDs is 395 per 100,000 – this compares to 275 per 100,000 for KP. The total fertility rate for all MDs is 5; it is 3.8 in Pakistan. The share of fully immunized children under 12-23 months in MDs is 33.9% while the figure for Pakistan is 76%. Antenatal and Post-natal Care: The proportion of women aged 15-49 in MDs area as a whole who received antenatal care from skilled health personnel at least once during their last pregnancy is 49.5%. These MDs statistics are low in comparison to the national average (72%); KP (63%), Punjab (75%), Sindh (76%) and Balochistan (52%). In the entire MDs area, only 29.5% of births were attended by skilled health personnel; which falls far short of the national average (86%), KP (69%), Punjab (90%), Sindh (80%) and Balochistan (63%). The proportion of births delivered in a health facility is 31.6% in MDs as a whole; again low compared to the national average (49%), KP (46%), Punjab (51%), Sindh (52%) and Balochistan (32%). Khyber-MD performs best in relation to both delivery attended by skilled personnel and delivery in a health facility (63.3% and 63% respectively). With regards to post-natal care, the proportion of women who were seen by a health provider within six weeks after delivery is 26.5% for MDs as a whole. These figures are somewhat lower than the national average (29%), Punjab (29%) and Sindh (35%) but higher than KP (22%) and Balochistan (17%) - (Government of Pakistan, 2015).

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Again, Khyber-MD performs best (42.8%) among individual MDs and Bajaur-MD the worst (14.8%). The proportion of children aged 0-11 months protected against neonatal tetanus through immunization of the mother is 42.2% for all MDs, which is lower than the national average (62%), KP (57%), Punjab (72%) and Sindh (52%) but higher than Balochistan (23%)(Government of Pakistan, 2015). Immunization of Children: The proportion of fully immunized children aged 12-23 months in MDs as a whole is 33.9%. This is low compared to the national average (76%), KP (75%), Punjab (85%), Sindh (61%) and Balochistan (41%). Among individual MDs, the figure is highest for Kurram-MD (67.8%) and lowest in Orakzai-MD (12.3%). The major reasons reported for not immunizing the children include: (a) no mobile team had visited (53.4% response); (b) lack of permission by elders (12.3% responses); and (c) health facilities were located too far away (9.9% responses). Malnutrition: In MDs as a whole the prevalence of wasting for both sexes is 14.7%, with a slight gender gap in favor of girls - 15.3% for males and 13.5% for females. Corresponding figures are 12% in KP (MICS 2009) and 10.8% in Pakistan (2013). The prevalence of stunting in both sexes in MDs as a whole is 48.6% (47.9% for males and 49.4% for females); this is higher than the national average 44.8%) and KP (41.9%). Similarly, the underweight prevalence among both sexes in MDs overall is 29.3% (31.2% and 28.6% for males and females respectively). According to MICS FATA (2009), the underweight prevalence in MDs was 33.2% (Government of Pakistan, 2009) while the figure for Pakistan was 30% and for KP 26.1% (2013) 4.3.5 Women: Marital Status, Maternal Mortality and Fertility In MDs as a whole, 19.9% were married by the age of 15 while women married by the age of 18 are 75.7%. Among individual districts, Bajaur-MD has the highest share of women married by age 15 (31.9%) and by age 18 (82.3%); Kurram-MD has the lowest share of women married by age 15 (7.0%) and by age 18 (40.6%) (Government of Pakistan, 2009). The maternal mortality ratio (MMR) for MDs overall is 395 per 100,000 – this compares to 275 per 100,000 for KP. The total fertility rate for MDs overall is 5, higher than Pakistan (3.8), KP (3.9), Punjab (3.8), Sindh (3.9) and Balochistan (4.2) (Government of Pakistan, 2013a). Availability of Health Facility and Perceptions of Quality: With regard to government facilities, in MDs as a whole the availability of an MD (/Agency) Headquarter Hospital (AHQ) facility is 57.9% (i.e. 57.9% of households reported availability of an AHQ); availability of other types of facility was less. However, the average distance households have to travel to access AHQ – 16.3 km for MDs as a whole is much greater than for other types of health facility.

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By contrast, Basic Health Units, the second most common type of government facility which people reported as available (36.2% in MDs overall), are located at an average distance of 6.7 km. Among private institutions, the health facility of 'chemist/store' is available to 43.8% of all households in MDs as a whole. Private Doctors and private hospitals are also available to a large proportion of households in MDs overall to 42.1% and 39.3% of HHs respectively. However, the average distance to a chemist shop, 3.3 km, is around half that to a doctor (6.2 km) or a hospital (6.6 km). As well as issues with availability of health facilities and distances that have to be travelled to access them, local communities reported that the main problem in health care facilities is lack of equipment. In MDs as a whole, availability of male doctors in government hospitals is 98.0%. However, use of private health facilities is also very high: in MDs as a whole, 98.3% reported using private hospitals/clinics and 97.9% private doctors. The FDIH Survey (2013-14) found that 27.9% of children aged 0-59 months had experienced illness in the preceding 30 days. However, 93.4% of the children of this age group who had experienced any illness in overall MDs reported seeking medical treatment. Figures for childhood malnutrition (wasting, stunted growth, underweight) in MDs are only slightly higher than for the rest of Pakistan. Table below gives status against various health indicators for merged districts of project area with overall MDs comparison. Table 4-4 Health Sector Statistics: by Merged Districts(MDs) (% of total households) S. Overall Description Khyber Orakzai Kurram Bajaur Mohmand Waziristan MDs Skilled attendant at 63.3 1.9 56 15.8 18.6 20 29.5 delivery Births delivered in 63 28.1 62.3 14.2 13.6 23 31.6 a health facility Women aged 15 -49 received prenatal care at least once during 67.5 37.5 63.7 48 34.7 59.6 49.5 last pregnancy by skilled health personnel

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Women who are seen by a health provider 42.8 19.8 40 31.7 14.8 22.3 26.5 after delivery (within 6 weeks) Children aged 0 -11 months protected against neonatal 65.2 14.3 64.6 34.7 29.1 56.3 42.2 tetanus through immunizati on of their mother HH visited LHW/ family planning 6.8 12.9 47 2.9 13.4 16.8 worker in last 3 months Fully immunized children 56.9 12.3 67.8 17.7 24.4 44.6 33.9 under 12 - 23 months Children aged 0 -59 months with Acute respiratory 1.4 2.2 13.6 0.5 1.8 6.2 - infections/ pneumonia in the last 30 days Children aged 0 -59 months with contracting 3.4 5.7 2.3 0.1 2.6 1.9 - malaria in the last 30 days Children aged 0 -59 months with 17.6 5.8 17.8 6.5 7.5 23 12 diarrhea in the last 30 days %

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Children aged 0-59 months who Got acute 99.7 99.7 98 99.7 84.4 92.7 3.3 respiratory infections and consulted Children aged 0-59 months who 93.2 84.7 96.8 88 94.3 96.4 - Got diarrhea and treated Source: FATA Development Indicators Household Survey (FDIHS) - 2013-14: Bureau of Statistics P&DD (October-2015)

4.3.6 Employment Employment Status of Children: For all merged districts, 6.9% of children (both sexes) aged 5- 14 are involved in child labor (employed and unemployed). The corresponding figure for Khyber Pakhtunkhwa was 5.8% in 2008. Figures for males and females are generally comparable. Among individual MDs, Bajaur-MD has the highest share of children involved in the labor force (11.6%) and Khyber-MD the lowest (1.4%). Unemployment Rate and Underemployment: The unemployment rate among people aged 10- 64 for all MDs are 7.3%. The figure for all MDs as a whole is higher than the national average of 5.96%, KP (8.36%), Punjab (6.37%), Sindh (4.17%) and Balochistan (3.96%) (Government of Pakistan, 2015). The underemployment (defined as working less than 35 hours per week) among people aged 10- 64: in all MDs for both sexes the rate is 5.2%. The prevalence of high unemployment among young people is confirmed by FDIHS (2013). For all MDs, the highest rate is seen in the 15-19 and 20-24 age groups (10.8% in each). Status of Employed Workers Employment Status: The majority of workers aged 10-64 years are paid workers: 63.0% in Overall MDs area; the second biggest category is own account workers - 27.5% for entire MDs area. Slightly smaller shares (42.0%) of female workers are in elementary occupations for all MDs as a whole. Households having Members Working Abroad or Outside Agency/FR: The proportion of households with members working abroad or outside MDs is 7.5% of households. This figure is high as compared to KP (1.38%), Sindh (2.28%) and Balochistan (0.06%) but similar to Punjab (7.4%) (Government of Pakistan, 2013). Table below provides the employment statistics by MDs of project area.

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Table 4-5 Employment Statistics by Merged Districts (% of total Households) S. Overall Description Khyber Orakzai Kurram Bajaur Mohmand Waziristan MDs Labor Force participation of Age 10 - 64 Population 22.4 2 1.5 24.7 20.8 25.5 25.4 24.2 (Crude Activity Rate) Both Sexes (%) Labor Force participation of Age 10 - 64 Population 32.1 30.9 33.5 31.7 39.7 35.4 35.2 (Refined Activity Rate) Both sexes (%) Children aged 5-14 Involved in Child Labor (Employed 1.4 3 3.8 3.5 11.6 6.2 6.9 and Unemployed ) Both sexes (%) Unemploym ent Rate in Adult (aged 15 -64) 5.3 4 5.6 2.6 10.2 5.5 7.1 Population Both sexes (%) Source: FATA Development Indicators Household Survey (FDIHS) - 2013-14: Bureau of Statistics P&DD (October-2015)

4.3.7 Housing, Assets, information and Communication Home Ownership: Levels of home ownership in MDs are very high: as a whole 90.1% of households own their homes MDs areas. This compares to a national average of 86%, KP 87.25%, Punjab 86%, Sindh 82% and Balochistan 90.5% (Government of Pakistan, 2014). The share of households living in rented accommodation in MDs is correspondingly low and reflects that about 5.1% households are renting, low compared to the national average (7.19%), KP (6.5%), Punjab (6.33%) and Sindh (10.17%) but higher than Balochistan (4.3%) (Government of Pakistan, 2014). The figure for MDs however represents an increase from the

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1998 Census FATA (MDs) in which 2.81% households reported renting their homes (Government of Pakistan, 1998). A tiny proportion of households have subsidized rent: 0.4% in MDs overall which is lower than Pakistan (1.08%), KP (1.16%), Punjab (0.8%), Sindh (1.62%) and Balochistan (1.69%) (Government of Pakistan, 2014). The proportion of rent-free households has fallen from 7.11% in the 1998 Census (Government of Pakistan, 1998) to 5.2% (MDs overall). This figure is again less than the national average (6%), Punjab (5.34%) and Sindh (5.73%) but higher than KP (5.09%) and Balochistan (3.5%) (Government of Pakistan, 2014). Table below provides the home ownership status in project MDs. Table 4-6 Home Ownership by Merged Districts Subsidized Merged District Owner On Rent Rent Free Total Rent Khyber 91.9 0.8 0.3 7 100 Orakzai 97.9 1.9 0.2 0 100 Kurram 73.5 15.7 1.4 9.4 100 South Waziristan 92 8 0 0 100 Bajaur 84.8 4.9 0.5 9.9 100 Mohmand 98.7 0.5 0.1 0.8 100 Overall MDs 90.1 5.1 0.4 5.2 100 Source: FATA Development Indicators Household Survey (FDIHS) - 2013-14: Bureau of Statistics; Pⅅ FATA Secretariat (October-2015)

Housing Structure: For overall MDs area, the majority of households (74.8%) have a kacha structure, while 16.1% are mixed and 9.2% are pacca houses. The share of kacha housing in MDs is higher than in Pakistan (34.52%), KP (38.26%), Punjab (29.96%), Sindh (34.55) and Balochistan (71.77%) (Government of Pakistan, 1998). The share of pacca houses in MDs is correspondingly less than in Pakistan (56.64%), KP (56.15), Punjab (62%) and, Sindh (46.7) and Balochistan (14.19%) (Government of Pakistan, 1998). Mixed structure houses in MDs are more than Pakistan (10.84%), KP (5.58%), Punjab (8.03%) and Balochistan (14.04%) but less than Sindh (18.95%) (Government of Pakistan, 1998). Among individual MDs, Orakzai-MD has the highest share of kacha houses (94.4%) and Kurram-MD the highest share of pacca housing (13.3%) closely followed by Khyber-MD (12.5%). The Table below provides the housing statistics for project MDs. Table 4-7 Housing Statistics by Merged Districts (% of total Households) Overall Description Khyber Orakzai Kurram S.Waziristan Bajaur Mohmand MDs Home Ownership (%)

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Owner 91.9 97.9 73.5 92 84.4 98.7 90.1 On Rent 0.8 1.9 15.7 8 4.9 0.5 5.1 Housing Structure (%) Katcha 62.3 9 4.4 74.8 89.6 78.9 89.7 74.8 Pacca 12.5 2.7 13.3 9.2 5 3.9 9.2 Mix 25.2 2.9 12 1.2 16.2 6.4 16.1 Source: FATA Development Indicators Household Survey (FDIHS) - 2013-14: Bureau of Statistics P&DD (October-2015)

Households with Facilities: While a large proportion (85.35%) of households in MDs overall area reported having an electricity connection; the average availability of electricity is very low – 3.4 hours/day in summer and 3.5 hours/day in winter. This compares to the national average for electricity connection of 93.2%, KP 93.9% Punjab 95.06%, Sindh 90.85% and Balochistan 79.23% (Government of Pakistan, 2014). The share of households in MDs overall with a telephone connection is low at 11.4%, but the proportion of households with solar power is high at 48.2%. The Table below provides the household facilities (electricity and telephone) in MDs of project area. Table 4-8 Household Facilities by Merged Districts (% of total Households) Descriptio S. N. Overall Khyber Orakzai Kurram Bajaur Mohmand n Waziristan Waziristan MDs Electricity 93.6 100 99.5 28.6 59.77 84.9 100 85.3 connection Telephone 2.8 4 3.7 17.3 4.3 - 0.2 3.1 11.4 connection Source: FATA Development Indicators Household Survey (FDIHS) - 2013-14: Bureau of Statistics P&DD (October-2015) *For NWZ Socio Economic Indicators -2013

4.3.8 Use of Cooking Fuel Source of Cooking Fuel: The predominant source of cooking fuel in MDs is charcoal/ dung/ shrubs/ crop residue/solar power: 81.1% households in MDs overall areas use this. While this represents a drop from the 1998 Census FATA (MDs) -91.68%- (Government of Pakistan, 1998), the figure is far higher than the national average (45.2%), KP (67.7%), Punjab (39.7%), Sindh (42.9%) and Balochistan (68.7%) (Government of Pakistan, 2014). The share of households using gas/LPG for cooking is correspondingly low: 15.1% in MDs. Again this is up from the 1998 Census (1.74%) but much less than the national average (38.31%), KP (26.31%), Punjab (36.03%), Sindh (52.84%) and Balochistan (22.98%) - (Government of Pakistan, 2014). Table below illustrates the type of fuel used in Project area MDs.

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Table 4-9 Cooking Fuel Statistics by Merged Districts (% of total Households) Source of S. N. Overall Khyber Orakzai Kurram Bajaur Mohmand Cooking Waziristan Waziristan MDs Fuel (%) Charcoal/ Crop Residual/ 43.7 80.3 85.8 97.2 38.92 92.9 98.5 81.1 Dung/ Shrub/So lar LPG-Gas 56.2 2.3 2.6 2.6 - 6.7 0.6 15.1 Others 0.2 17.4 11.6 0.2 1.31 0.4 0.9 3.7 Source: FATA Development Indicators Household Survey (FDIHS) - 2013-14: Bureau of Statistics P&DD (October-2015) *For NWZ Socio Economic Indicators -2013

4.3.9 Sources of Information With regard to sources of information, by far the major one in MDs is radio: the share of households using this is 71.8% in overall MDs area. Radio use in MDs is comparable to the national average in 2008 (91%), KP (94%), Punjab (90%), Sindh (91%) and Balochistan (81%) (Government of Pakistan, 2008). However, use of other modes of information in MDs is low to negligible: for overall MDs area, 9.5% households get information from television, only 2% from newspapers and 0.1% from the internet; 16.4% get information from mobile telephones. These figures are much lower than the rest of Pakistan (67% TV and 27% newspapers), KP (53% TV and 22% newspapers), Punjab (88% TV and 30% newspapers), and Sindh (65% TV). The Table below provides major sources of information for households in project related MDs. Table 4-10 Mode of Major Information Source by Merged Districts (% of total Households) Agency Radio Television Newspaper Internet Mobile Others Khyber 69.3 11.8 6.6 0.1 12.1 0.1 Orakzai 88.6 10.4 0 0 1 0 Kurram 71 13.6 0.3 0.1 14.7 0.3 S.Waziristan 97 1 1.1 0 1 0 Bajaur 59.5 2.7 0.4 0.2 36.4 0.7 Mohmand 53.8 8.3 6 0 31.8 0.2 Overall MDs 71.8 9.5 2 0.1 16.4 0.3 Source: FATA Development Indicators Household Survey (FDIHS) - 2013-14: Bureau of Statistics: Pⅅ FATA Secretariat (October-2015)

4.3.10 Environment, Water and Sanitation Mode of Garbage Collection: The majority of households in MDs reported there was no formal system for garbage collection. For overall MDs area, 40.1% households said garbage was

ESMF CSP Page 54 collected privately. Municipal collection of garbage in MDs is negligible and reported as 0.7% of total households. a. Source of Drinking Water and Distance With regard to sources of drinking water, 31.4% households in overall MDs area use canal/ pond/ river/ stream/spring/rainwater, 25.3% hand pumps, and 23.2% open wells. Piped water accounts for only 8.9% households' drinking water in overall MDs area. This is much lower than the national average for piped water (30%), KP (44%), Punjab (22%), Sindh (43%) and Balochistan (34%) (Government of Pakistan, 2014). Conversely, use of canal/pond, etc. water is much lower in other parts of the country than in MDs: 9% in Pakistan and 18% in KP. In overall MDs area, 50.6% of water is within the house, and 39.4% within a distance of 1 km. Table below provides sources of drinking water by project area MDs. Table 4-11 Drinking Water Statistics by Merged Districts (% of total Households) Sources of Overall Drinking Khyber Orakzai Kurram S.Waziristan Bajaur Mohmand MDs Water (%) Piped water 5.7 0.7 43.6 2.8 5.4 9.5 8.9 Hand Pump 27.8 10.4 11.3 51.5 14.8 8.2 25.3 Motor 19.5 9.4 0.6 6 7.4 7.4 Pump Open well 21.1 25.1 0 0.5 30.3 49.5 23.2 Canal/ pond/ river/strea 16.9 49.8 24.7 44.6 42.7 14.8 31.4 m/ spring/ Rain water and others Source: FATA Development Indicators Household Survey (FDIHS) - 2013-14: Bureau of Statistics P&DD (October-2015)

b. Water Delivery Systems The FDIHS found that the government/municipal authorities account for installation of the largest share (30.6%) of water delivery systems in overall MDs area; followed by 28.9% by households themselves, 21.6% by communities and 18.9% by NGOs. c. Type of Latrine The majority (51.7%) of latrines in overall MDs area are pit latrines. This is higher than the national average (14 %,) KP (15%), Punjab (5%) and Sindh (29%), (Government of Pakistan, 2014). The proportion of houses with flush latrines in overall MDs area is 38.3%. These figures are lower than the national average (71%), Punjab (77%), KP (71%) and Sindh (63%) but higher

ESMF CSP Page 55 than Balochistan (30%) (Government of Pakistan, 2014). Fewer households in MDs reported having no toilet – 10.0% in MDs overall – than in the rest of the country: Pakistan 15%, Punjab 18%, KP 13% and Balochistan 15% (Government of Pakistan, 2014). This 'no toilet' figure for MDs is also far less than in the 1998 Census FATA (MDs) which was 57.04% showing an increase trend of having toilets within house (Government of Pakistan, 2014). Table below illustrates the type of toilets used by households in Project MDs. Table 4-12 Sanitation Statistics by Merged Districts (% of total Households) Type of Overall Khyber Orakzai Kurram S.Waziristan Bajaur Mohmand Latrine MDs Flush 17.5 26.4 41.2 83.1 30.6 12.5 38.3 Latrine Pit 82.4 70.6 46.2 16.3 46 69.1 51.7 Latrine No 0.1 3 12.6 0.7 23.4 18.4 10 Toilet Source: FATA Development Indicators Household Survey (FDIHS) - 2013-14: Bureau of Statistics P&DD (October-2015)

d. Status of Drainage/ Sewerage System The bulk of households (64.3%) in MDs area reported having no drainage system. Further 20.8% households in overall MDs area have open drainage systems. Only 6.3% households in overall MDs area have underground drainage/sewerage systems. These figures compare to Pakistan: underground systems 21%, open systems 42%, and no drainage system 33% (Government of Pakistan, 2014). 4.3.11 Disability and Social Protection Disability of Children: The FDIHS asked people about prevalence of at least one disability in children aged 2-9. The results show that about 0.7% of households reported such disability in overall MDs area. There is also a small gender gap with female disability level (0.9%) in MDs is slightly higher than the male rate (0.6%). The disability figures seemed to be underreported in the survey and possibly households avoid reporting disabilities because of the social stigma associated with this. 4.3.12 Households Getting Micro Credit Assistance from Safety Net Programs: The share of households acquiring micro-credit is 29.0% in overall MDs area. The biggest source of loans is relatives (44.1% in overall MDs) followed by friends (36.0%); banks account for a tiny 0.3% of borrowing. The average amount borrowed overall from all sources is PKR 47,960 (for overall MDs area); while moneylenders and banks account for a tiny proportion of loans, the amounts involved are much higher – PKR

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252,095 average loan from a moneylender and PKR 172,810 from banks, compared to PKR 58,515 from relatives and PKR 39,812 from friends. With regards to the purposes for which people borrow money: daily consumption is the biggest reason and in 36.9% of HHs reported this reason; followed by livestock farming (20.4%) and agribusiness (13.0%) as the key reasons for borrowing. In overall MDs area, 26.1% households receive funds from the Benazir Income Support Program (BISP). As such this program contributes for overwhelming majority (87.9%) of social protection support going to households in MDs area: other programs such as Zakat, pensions and EOBI are helping with much smaller share of households. Table 4-13 Social Protection Statistics by Merged Districts (% of total Households) Overall Description Khyber Orakzai Kurram S.Waziristan Bajaur Mohmand MDs Households getting Assistance from 46.8 4.9 17.7 22.7 38.5 61.3 29.7 various safety programs (%) HHs who get micro 42.1 12 57.8 9.2 29.2 55.6 29 credit loan Source: FATA Development Indicators Household Survey (FDIHS) - 2013-14: Bureau of Statistics P&DD (October-2015)

4.4 KP Districts55 4.4.1 Geography Nowshera District District Nowshera consist of 3 tehsils and 47 Union covering an area of 1748 sq.-km between latitude 33ᵒ 42, to 34ᵒ d 09’, longitude 71ᵒ 41’ to 72ᵒ 15’. Nowshera was a sub Tehsil of District Peshawar till 1988 when it was notified as a District. Strategically District Nowshera lies at an important location with District Peshawar lies on it West, Charsadda, Mardan on its Northwest, Swabi on the east and at its South East the district touching the Attock district of Punjab Province. Peshawar District Peshawar is the capital of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province and is located at the north-west end of Pakistan, about 160 km west of federal capital Islamabad. Peshawar has a geo-

55 District Disaster Risk Management Plan Nowshera (2014): District Disaster Management Unit Nowshera ESMF CSP Page 57 strategically important location and an enriched history. Peshawar is bounded by tribal agencies on its three borders. It is situated near the eastern end of the Khyber Pass. The total area of district is 1,257 square km. Peshawar lies between 33° 44’ and 34° 15’ north latitude and 71° 22’ and 71° 42’ east longitude. The flood Plains/zones are the areas between Kabul River and Budni Nala. 4.4.2 Administrative Setup At district level, the Deputy Commissioner (DC) is the head of administrative structure managing planning & finance activities of various developmental projects. This includes: allocation of funds for various civic amenities, education, healthcare, Works & Communication (C&W), agriculture etc. DC is supported by Additional DC (ADC), Assistant Commissioner (AC) in Tehsils. Nowshera District Administratively the whole district has been divided in 3 Tehsils, 47 union councils (UCs) and into 62-Patwar Circles administered by Patwaris. At the UC level the current administrative set up is that Assistant Director Local government is the head and UC secretaries come under him. Generally as per current local government structure; Union council is divided in three to five village councils in rural areas while in urban areas it has been divided in 3-5 wards. The union council is headed by an elected body i.e. Chairman whereas same is applied at the village level. Following Table presents the administrative units of District Nowshera. Table 4-14 Administrative Units District Nowshera (No.) Tehsils Union Patwar Municipal Town Cantonment Councils Circles Committees Committees (UC) 3 47 62 4 1 3 Source: District Disaster Risk Management (DDRM) Plan Nowshera (2014): DDRM Unit Nowshera

Peshawar District Under the latest revision of Pakistan's administrative structure, promulgated in 2001, Peshawar was given the status of a City district, and divided into four towns. Each town in turn consists of a number of union councils. There are a total of 92 union councils in district Peshawar. There is only one tehsil in the district i.e. Peshawar tehsil. District Peshawar has been divided into 279 mouzas (Revenue Villages), out of which 236 are rural, 15 are urban and 28 mouzas are partly urban. Also, there are 30 police stations in the district. 4.4.3 Climate and Weather Nowshera District The average rainfall for Nowshera as per nearby rain gauges at Risalpur and Cherat during 1981 to 2013 is 684 and 585 mm respectively. The area receives maximum rainfall (about 60%) in the

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month of February, March, July and August. Climate of district Nowshera is warm, sub humid, Average temperature is 30 degree Celsius (oC) in summer the weather is too hot as it touches 40o C to 45 oC; while in winter the weather is too cold as sometimes it comes to 1o C. Peshawar District Winter in Peshawar starts from mid-November and lasts till the end of March. Summer months are May to September. The mean maximum temperature in summer is over 40 °C (104 °F) and the mean minimum temperature is 25 °C (77 °F). The mean minimum temperature during winter is 4 °C (39 °F) and maximum is 18.35 °C (65.03 °F). 4.5 SOCIOECONOMIC BASELINE56 (KP Districts) 4.5.1 Demography and Housing Units Nowshera District Total population of Nowshera district is 1.5 million (2017) with male and female ratio of 51.5% to 48.5%. The population density is 869 persons per sq.-km as compared to KP province overall population density of 410 persons per sq.-km. About 78% (1.179 m) of total population is rural as against 81% rural population for overall KP province. There are 198,808 households in district Nowshera. Table below provides a break up of Nowshera population by gender and by urban/rural areas. Table 4-15 Demographical Statistics for Nowshera District (2017) Nowshera Rural Urban Total Population 1,179,890 338,650 1,518,540 Male 598,236 183,486 781,722 Female 581,649 155,129 736,778 Transgender 5 35 40 Household 152,066 46,742 198,808 Urban/Rural % 78% 22% 100% Source: Census-2017

Peshawar District Total population of Peshawar district is 4.269 million (2017) with male and female ratio of 51.6% to 48.4%. The population density is very high -3,396 persons per sq.-km -as compared to KP province overall population density of 410 persons per sq.-km. More than half 54% (2.299 m) of total population is rural as against 81% rural population for overall KP province. There are 489,843 households in district Peshawar. Table below provides a break up of Peshawar population by gender and by urban/rural areas.

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Table 4-16 Demographical Statistics for Peshawar District (2017) Peshawar Rural Urban Total Population 2,299,037 1,970,042 4,269,079 Male 1,175,112 1,026,145 2,201,257 Female 1,123,915 943,676 2,067,591 Transgender 10 221 231 Household 253,787 236,056 489,843 Urban/Rural % 54% 46% 100% Source: Census-2017

4.5.2 Culture and Ethnicity Peshawar is one of the most ancient cities of this region and for centuries has been a center of trade between Afghanistan, South Asia, and Central Asia as well as the Middle East. It is a conservative Islamic city with a rich history. Peshawar's inhabitants consist mainly of Pashtun and Hindkowans. In addition, many Punjabis, Chitralis, Tajiks, Uzbeks and Hazaras can be found in the city. Though Pashto followed by Hindko is the main language spoken in the district, other languages such as Urdu, Persian, Saraiki and Punjabi are also spoken by some of the residents of the district. Over 99% of the city's population is Sunni Muslim, along with some Twelve percent Shias and other sects. Its famous markets such as the Qissa Khawani Bazaar (market of story tellers) are emblematic of this mixture of culture and offer a variety of goods including gold and silver ornaments, traditional carpets, pottery, and clothing to artwork in wood, brass and precious stones. Even today, Peshawar is the commercial, economic, political and cultural capital of the Pashtuns as well as a major center of Hindko culture in Pakistan. 4.5.3 Rivers & Canals The major rivers, “Nowshera and Kabul”, as they enter Peshawar basin are divided into distributaries, which include Jindai and Khyali (River Nowshera), Sardaryab, Naguman and Shah Alam (River Kabul). Other notable rivers include Kalpani from north of Mardan and Bara from south of Peshawar. Except for Kalpani and Jindi rivers, rest of these distributaries rivers converge into main Kabul river within a stretch of 5 km immediately upstream the Kabul river bridge on M1 Motorway. Bara River joins the Kabul River immediately after passing the M1 Kabul river bridge; while Jindai and Kalpani distributaries join the Kabul River further downstream near Nowshera. Therefore, within a stretch of about 15 km between M1 Kabul River Bridge and Nowshera, Kabul River is primarily a confluence area for 7 major river courses, which not only makes this region most vulnerable to flood hazards, but is supplier of an influx of flood water for Nowshera district.

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4.5.4 Education The literacy ratio (for population age 10 years and above) in KP province is 53%. A wide gender gap is seen between male (71%) and female (35%) literacy ratio. The overall urban and rural gap though significant (16% point) however lower than the gender gap. Nowshera district has 56% and Peshawar district has 61% literacy ratio. The Table below illustrates the literacy ratios for overall KP province and compared with Nowshera and Peshawar districts by gender and rural / urban division. Table 4-17 Literacy Ratio (%) of Population (10 Yrs. and above) in KP (2014-15) Description KP Nowshera Peshawar

Urban Male 80 75 83 Female 52 46 51 Total 66 60 68

Rural Male 69 69 73 Female 31 38 31 Total 50 54 52

Total 66 Male 71 71 78 Female 35 41 42 Total 53 56 61 Source: Socio Economics Indicators of KP 2017; Bureau of Statistics P&DD KP (March- 2017)

Enrolled Population There are about 3 million children (of school going age 5-9 yrs.) in KP province. As against average participation (enrolled) rate for KP province of 61%, the figure for both Nowshera (57%) and Peshawar (46%) are lower for primary level Schools. The table below gives participation statistics of various levels of institutions for KP and districts (Nowshera and Peshawar). Table 4-18 Participation rates (%) of School Going Age Group population of KP (2015-16) Description KP Nowshera Peshawar

Govt. Primary School Enrolled Population (No.) 3,037,605 132,091 281,527 Estimated Population- Aged 5-9 4,937,699 231,019 614,904 Yr. (No.) Participation Rate (%) 61.52 57.18 45.78

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Govt. Middle School Enrolled Population (No.) 211,326 8,412 15,525 Estimated Population- Aged 10-12 2,663,745 128,844 342,489 Yr. (No.) Participation Rate (%) 7.93 6.53 4.53

Govt. High level School Enrolled Population (No.) 667,761 33,138 55,556 Estimated Population- Aged 13-14 1,371,293 70,130 181,816 Yr. (No.) Participation Rate (%) 48.70 47.25 30.56 Source: Socio Economics Indicators of KP 2017; Bureau of Statistics P&DD KP (March-2017)

Educational Institutions (2015-16) In district Nowshera there are 762 primary schools with total enrolment of 132,091 and 3,083 teaching staff; 86 middle schools with total enrolment of 8,412 students and 485 teaching staff; 103 high schools with total enrolment of 33,138 students and 1,264 teaching staff. Whereas in District Peshawar, there are 1,041 primary schools with total enrolment of 281,527 and 3,083 teaching staff; 146 middle schools with total enrolment of 15,525 students and 883 teaching staff; 149 high schools with total enrolment of 55,556 students and 1,900 teaching staff. The Tables below gives the educational institutions statistics of districts Nowshera and Peshawar while comparing with overall KP province for Primary, Middle and High School level educational institutions. Table 4-19 Primary Level (Functional) Education Statistics of KP (2015-16) Description KP Nowshera Peshawar Schools Both Sex 22,044 762 1,041 Male 13,579 414 599 Female 8,465 348 442

Enrolment Both Sex 3,037,605 132,091 281,527 Male 1,919,519 70,578 157,016 Female 1,118,086 61,513 124,511

Teaching Staff Both Sex 70,876 3,083 5,390 Male 44,869 1,718 3,270 Female 26,007 1,365 2,120

Student Per School Both Sex 138 173 270 Male 141 170 262 Female 132 177 282

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Source: Socio Economics Indicators of KP 2017; Bureau of Statistics P&DD KP (March-2017)

Table 4-20 Middle Level (Functional) Education Statistics of KP (2015-16) Description KP Nowshera Peshawar

Schools Both Sex 2,579 86 146 Male 1,491 39 80 Female 1,088 47 66

Enrolment Both Sex 211,326 8,412 15,525 Male 132,524 3,785 9,602 Female 78,802 4,627 5,923

Teaching Staff Both Sex 15,207 485 883 Male 9,175 230 478 Female 6,032 255 405

Student Per School Both Sex 82 98 106 Male 89 97 120 Female 72 98 90 Source: Socio Economics Indicators of KP 2017; Bureau of Statistics P&DD KP (March-2017)

Table 4-21 High (Functional) School Education Statistics of KP (2015-16) Description KP Nowshera Peshawar Schools Both Sex 2,175 103 149 Male 1,412 72 85 Female 763 31 64

Enrolment Both Sex 667,761 33,138 55,556 Male 435,190 23,122 32,132 Female 232,571 10,016 23,424

Teaching Staff Both Sex 28,186 1,264 1,900 Male 19,665 972 1,148 Female 8,521 292 752

Student Per School Both Sex 307 322 373 Male 308 321 378 Female 305 323 366

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Source: Socio Economics Indicators of KP 2017; Bureau of Statistics P&DD KP (March-2017)

Nowshera is also home to the Pakistan Army “School Of Artillery”, School of ASC, ASC center, Armor center and School of Armor. Pakistan Air force Academy and Military College of Engineering are also two important institutes in Risalpur Cantt of Nowshera. Military College of Engineering is one of the most renowned institutes offering Masters in Disaster Management in collaboration with National University of Science & Technology. 4.5.5 Health and Nutrition Health Facilities Health is an important social sector; Economic development and social progress are closely linked with the state of health of the population of a country. Health facilities are essential not only to provide disease free atmosphere to live but also to enhance the efficiency and productivity of population. In 2016 there were 1,616 total health institutions57 in KP including 166 public sector hospitals and 449 dispensaries. In district Peshawar, as of Jan-2016, there are 132 health institutions in total. Of these: 20 are public hospitals; 4 RHC, 37 civil dispensaries, 4 MCH centers, 48 BHUs and 4 TB clinics in district Peshawar. Whereas in district Nowshera there are 62 total health institutions including: 7 public hospitals, 16 dispensaries and 7 RHCs. Table 4-22 Government Health Institutions (As of Jan 1, 2016) Description KP Nowshera Peshawar Total Institutions 1,616 62 132 Hospitals 166 7 20 Dispensaries 449 16 52 T.B Clinics 40 1 4 R.H.Cs 91 7 3 S.H.Cs 23 1 - B.H.Us 765 28 48 M.C.H. Centers 56 2 4 Leprosy Clinic 26 - 1 Population per Health Institution 18,024 23,481 28,544 Source: Socio Economics Indicators of KP 2017; Bureau of Statistics P&DD KP (March-2017)

Medical and Paramedical Staff

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In KP there are 3,644 qualified doctors working in different public sector institutions. Other medical/Para medical staff include: Nurses 3,673, Radiologists 10, Dental Surgeons 122 and TBAs (Traditional Birth Attendants) 1,308. In Nowshera district there are 118 doctors, 89 Nurses and 70 TBAs. In Peshawar 455 doctors are serving in different public sector hospitals and 1,430 nurses, 15 Dental Surgeons and 52 TBA. Table 4-23 Number of medical/ Paramedical Staff actually working in government Health Institutions of KP (As of Jan 1, 2016) Description KP Nowshera Peshawar Doctors 3,644 118 455 Radiologists 10 1 2 Dental Surgeon 122 4 15 Nurses 3,673 89 1,430 Nurse Dias (TBA) 1,308 70 52 Dias (TBA) 1,975 48 352 LHVs 1,096 44 104 Other Para med. Staff 13,446 434 2,592 Population per Doctor 7,993 12,337 8,281 Source: Socio Economics Indicators of KP 2017; Bureau of Statistics P&DD KP (March-2017)

Malaria Control Activities In 2015 a total of 32,465 cases of malaria were registered in district Nowshera whereas in Peshawar the cases stand at 33,970. The table below illustrates the malaria control activities in KP province and two project area districts Nowshera and Peshawar. Table 4-24 Malaria Control Activities in KP (2015) Description KP Nowshera Peshawar Blood Slides Examined 654,649 32,465 33,970 Malaria Cases 64,374 3,167 1,638 Malaria Cases Treated 64,374 3,167 1,638 Population Protected 22,818,984 1,147,210 2,831,020 Houses Sprayed (%) 33 50 80 Source: Socio Economics Indicators of KP 2017; Bureau of Statistics P&DD KP (March-2017)

ORS Distribution In 2015, more than 1 million packets of oral rehydration salt (ORS) were distributed in KP province. Of these Nowshera received about 19,200 packets. Table 4-25 Distribution of Oral Rehydration Salt (ORS) Packets (2015)

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Description KP Nowshera Peshawar

Packet of Oral Rehydration Salt (ORS) 1,039,426 19,200 - Distributed

Source: Socio Economics Indicators of KP 2017; Bureau of Statistics P&DD KP (March-2017)

4.5.6 Labor Force and Distribution of Employed Persons by Sector Agriculture is the major sector that employs more than 34% of total work force. Whole sale and retail trading sectors employ 15.5% while the construction sector is the third largest sector in the province that employs about 12.5% of labor force. Table below reflects the percent distribution of employed persons (10 yrs. and above) in 2014-15 by major sectors. Table 4-26 Percentage Distribution of Employed Persons (10 years & above) by Major Sectors in KP (2014-15) All Area Rural Urban Sector Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Agriculture, 34.6 21.5 13.1 33.8 20.9 12.9 0.7 0.6 0.1 Forestry & Fishing Whole Sale & 15.5 15.3 0.2 10.6 10.5 0.1 4.9 4.9 0.1 Retail trade, Repair of Motor vehicle, motorcycles Construction 12.5 12.4 0.1 10.9 10.8 0.1 1.6 1.6 - Electricity, Gas 11.3 9.4 1.9 8.0 6.6 1.5 3.3 2.8 0.5 Steam & Air conditioning Supply Transport, Storage 8.2 8.2 - 6.6 6.6 - 1.6 1.6 - Education 6.1 4.4 1.7 4.5 3.4 1.1 1.6 1.0 0.6 Mining & 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.01 0.01 0.01 - Quarrying Source: Socio Economics Indicators of KP 2017; Bureau of Statistics P&DD KP (March-2017)

4.5.7 Major Industries There are 673 major industrial units in KP province (2005-06). Of these; industries related to food products and beverages are highest in number (118) and contribute about 18% of total industrial units. Other industries include; textiles, tobacco products, wearing apparel & leather products, wood and wood products, paper and paper products and chemicals etc. The table below gives the industry wise number of units in KP province during the year 2005-06 as reported in “Socio Economics Indicators of KP 2017; Bureau of Statistics P&DD KP (March- 2017”. Table 4-27 Statistics of Major Groups and Industries: KP (2005-06) Description No. of Units

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All Industries 673 Food Products and Beverages 118 Textiles 74 Tobacco Products 8 Wearing Apparel and Leather Products 4 Wood and wood Products 12 Paper and paper products 27 Publishing, printing and reproduction 4 Chemicals and related products 71 Rubber and Plastic Products 32 Other non-metallic mineral products 238 Basic metals 12 Fabricated Metal products 9 Machinery, Equipment, NEC 14 Electrical Machinery and apparatus 9 Furniture 41 Source: Socio Economics Indicators of KP 2017; Bureau of Statistics P&DD KP (March-2017)

4.5.8 Minerals KP province is rich in producing different types of minerals. Accordingly, mineral sector supports a large part of livelihood activities in different districts of KP. The table below reflects the mineral production (in tons) for district Nowshera and Peshawar and for overall production at provincial level. Table 4-28 Mineral Production in KP (2015-16) in Tons Mineral KP Nowshera Peshawar Antimony 21 - - Bartyes 2,770 - - Bentonite 9,040 2,490 6,550 Bauxite 3,985 - - Calcite 1,610 - - Chromite 4,022 - - Coal 87,892 4,530 - Copper - - - Dolomite 652,457 38,070 - Emerald 3,105 - - Feldspar 316,289 - - Fire Clay 10,861 566 - Shale Clay 2,209,961 456,011 - Silica Sand 85,485 - - Silt Stone 200 - - Slate Stone 465,109 42,150 - Soap Stone 117,485 2,550 - Latrite 413,499 22,761 - Lead 50 - - Lime Stone 13,162,470 2,780,965 - Magnasite 2,688 - - Manganese 70 - - Marble 2,472,398 2,588 -

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Source: Socio Economics Indicators of KP 2017; Bureau of Statistics P&DD KP (March-2017)

4.5.9 Land Utilization, Agriculture and Cropping Intensity In district Nowshera total reported areas is 178,000 ha of which cultivated area is about 30% (53,000 ha). The irrigated area is 50,000 ha; which is about 47% of total cultivated area; while cultivation in the remaining is dependent upon rainfall. In district Peshawar the percent of cultivated area (62%) is quite high as compared to average percent cultivated area (29%) for KP province against the reported area. Reported area for district Peshawar is 127,000 ha; cultivated area is 79,000 ha; of which 75,000 ha is irrigated area which becomes about 95% of total cultivated area in district Peshawar. Table below illustrates the land utilization in districts Nowshera and Peshawar compared with overall figures for KP province. Table 4-29 Land Utilization of KP and Districts 2015-16 (000 ha) Land Utilization KP Nowshera Peshawar Reported Area 5628 178 127 Cultivated Area 1634 53 79 Cultivated area as % of Reported 29.03 29.78 62.2 Area Irrigated Area 869 25 75 Irrigated Area as % of Cultivated 53.18 47.17 94.94 Area Current Fallow 503 23 2 Current Fallow as % of Cultivated 30.78 27 2.53 Area Source: Socio Economics Indicators of KP 2017; Bureau of Statistics P&DD KP (March-2017)

Forest area in district Nowshera is 9,000 ha; which is 16.67% of reported area. The land use intensity is little over 51% and cropping intensity is about 102%. In Peshawar district the forest area is only 0.13% (100 ha) of total reported area. The land use intensity is about 80% while the cropping intensity stands at 100%. The table below gives the forest area, land use and cropping intensities for district Nowshera and Peshawar compares with over KP province. Table 4-30 Cropped Area and Cropping Intensity KP and Districts 2015-16 (000 ha) Land Utilization KP Nowshera Peshawar Cropped Area 1632 54 79 Forest Area 1256 9 0.1 Forest Area as % of Reported Area 76.96 16.67 0.13

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Land Used Intensity (%) 60.3 51.46 79.8 Cropping Intensity (%) 99.88 101.89 100 Source: Socio Economics Indicators of KP 2017; Bureau of Statistics P&DD KP (March-2017)

Wheat is the major crop in KP province and in district Nowshera and Peshawar. During the year 2015-16 in district Nowshera total wheat produced was 52,671 tons reflecting a yield of about 2,106 kg per ha. In district Peshawar during the same year about 80,000 tons of wheat was produced giving 2,139 kg per ha yield. Per hectare (ha) yield for both districts (Nowshera and Peshawar) is better than the provincial average of 1,907 kg per ha. Table below reflects the wheat production and related statistics for Nowshera and Peshawar districts and compares with similar data for overall KP province. Table 4-31 Wheat Production and Yield per ha for KP and Districts 2015-16 (000 ha) Land Utilization KP Nowshera Peshawar Area (000 ha) 677.24 25.007 37.544 Production (000 tons) 1291.168 52.671 80.306 Yield Per ha (kg) 1907 2106 2139 Production per Capita 44.33 36.18 21.31 % share of total area 100 3.69 5.54 % share of total Yield/Production 100 4.08 6.22 Source: Socio Economics Indicators of KP 2017; Bureau of Statistics P&DD KP (March-2017)

4.5.10 Electricity In district Nowshera total electricity connections were 171,309 (2014-15). Of these: about 96% connections were of domestic/commercial type while others include industrial and for irrigation purposes. About 1,286 villages were reported as electrified and total electric consumption in the district was 592 million kWh. In district Peshawar total electricity connections were 421,887 (2014-15). Of these: about 97% connections were of domestic/commercial type while others include industrial and for irrigation purposes. About 1,637 villages were reported as electrified and total electric consumption in the district was 1,566 million kWh. Table below illustrates the electricity connections and number of villages electrified in districts Nowshera and Peshawar and compares with the overall statistics for KP province. Table 4-32 Electricity Connections, Consumption and Villages Electrified in KP (2014-15) Description KP Nowshera Peshawar No. of Electricity Connections Total 2,886,597 171,309 421,887 Domestic / Commercial 2,834,084 165,127 413,147 Industrial 28,967 2,362 6,238

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Irrigation 21,688 3,561 1,828 Bulk 848 191 294 Others 1,010 68 380 No. of Villages Electrified 25,558 1,286 1,637 Total Consumptions (m KWH) 6,862 592 1,566 Source: Socio Economics Indicators of KP 2017; Bureau of Statistics P&DD KP (March- 2017)

4.5.11 Water Supply In district Nowshera, overall water supply coverage is for 94% of total households. Maximum percent (40%) of household rely abstracting water through motor pumps; 24% on tap water, 22% on hand pumps and 8% on dug well. In district Peshawar; overall water supply coverage is for 99% of total households. Maximum percent (49%) of households get water through house connections (taps), 14% from hand pumps and 22% of households get water from motor pumps. Tables below give the percent of households with water supply coverage by source; for (a) overall for the district, (b) urban areas only; and (c) rural areas only. Table 4-33 Overall Water Supply Coverage (%) of Households by Source in KP (2014-15) Water Source KP Nowshera Peshawar Total 82 94 99 Tap Water 35 24 49 Hand Pump 12 22 14 Motor Pump 26 40 27 Dug well 8 8 9 Source: Socio Economics Indicators of KP 2017; Bureau of Statistics P&DD KP (March-2017)

Table 4-34 Urban Water Supply Coverage (%) of Households by Source in KP (2014-15) Water Source KP Nowshera Peshawar Total 97 99 99 Tape Water 55 27 79 Hand Pump 7 22 4 Motor Pump 32 47 17 Dug well 4 2 - Source: Socio Economics Indicators of KP 2017; Bureau of Statistics P&DD KP (March-2017)

Table 4-35 Rural Water Supply Coverage (%) of Households by Source in KP (2014-15) Water Source KP Nowshera Peshawar Total 78 92 99

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Tape Water 30 23 14 Hand Pump 14 22 27 Motor Pump 25 37 39 Dug well 9 10 19 Source: Socio Economics Indicators of KP 2017; Bureau of Statistics P&DD KP (March-2017)

4.5.12 Road Network Infrastructure In KP there are about 15,121 km (2014-15) of roads of various types. Black top roads with 10,241 km take the major share (67%) and followed by 4,917 km Shingle roads. Peshawar is a starting point for three major road networks of Pakistan i.e., Motorway (M1), Grand Trunk (GT) road, and Indus Highway (N55). M1 is from Peshawar to Islamabad. It is a 155 km access-controlled motorway with 6 lanes. Grand Trunk (GT) road has its historical significance as it connects Afghanistan, Pakistan and India. The Indus Highway, also known by its technical designation N-55 and is a 1,264 km long four-lane highway that runs along the Indus River connecting Peshawar with the port city of Karachi in the south of Pakistan. Table below gives the road network by type of road in KP province and for districts Nowshera and Peshawar. Table 4-36 Road availability by Type of Roads in KP (2014-15) Description KP Nowshera Peshawar Total 15,121 521 421 Black Topped 10,204 464 380 Shingled Road 4,917 57 41 Roads density (km / sq.-km) 0.2 0.3 0.3 Source: Socio Economics Indicators of KP 2017; Bureau of Statistics P&DD KP (March- 2017)

4.5.13 Telecommunication and Postal Services In 2015-16, there were more than 292,600 telephone connections in KP province; whereas in the telephone connection figures for districts Nowshera and Peshawar were 10,245 and 95,517 respectively. The population as against one telephone connection was 100 persons for KP, 142 for Nowshera and 41 persons for Peshawar district. There are 1,947 Post offices in the KP province including 161 in Peshawar and 72 in district Nowshera. The Table below gives the detail of telephone connections, post offices and population per post office in KP and districts Nowshera and Peshawar. Table 4-37 Tele Communication and Postal Services in KP (2015-16)

Description KP Nowshera Peshawar

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Population (000 no.) 29,126 1,456 3,768 Telephone Connections 292,610 10,245 91,517 Population per Tel. Connection 100 142 41 Post Offices (No.) 1,947 72 161 Population per Post Office 14,959 20,222 23,404 Source: Socio Economics Indicators of KP 2017; Bureau of Statistics P&DD KP (March-2017)

4.5.14 Irrigation Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province lies between river Indus and the Sulaiman hills that form the western barrier of Pakistan. Canal irrigation system in KP is much smaller when compared with the great irrigation works of the Punjab province. The only ones of any importance are in the Peshawar valley. These draw their supplies from the Kabul, Bara, and Swat rivers, but the first two rivers irrigate only a small portion of cultivated area of the district. In 2016, the irrigated area reported in KP is 869,098 ha. Of this predominantly (79%) was irrigated by canals; whereas the other sources of irrigation include: tube wells, open wells, tanks and lift pumps. The Table below illustrates the total irrigated area and key sources of irrigation for different years. Table 4-38 Irrigated Area and Main Sources of Irrigation in KP (ha) Total Canals Lift Year Irrigated Tanks Tube wells Wells Others Pump Area Govt. Private 2013-14 833,209 419,630 232,991 2,519 83,517 40,000 26,222 28,330 2014-15 861,670 419,701 262,176 2,531 83,576 39,798 26,059 27,829 2015-16 869,098 429,414 257,712 2,531 79,923 36,061 26,027 31,517 Source: Development Statistics of KP 2017: Bureau of Statistics P&DD KP (March-2017)

In Peshawar the agriculture is also largely dependent on canals. Moreover, tube wells irrigation is also available in some places. The irrigated land in district Peshawar constitutes a large percentage as compared to other districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. About 73% of the rural mouzas (villages) are irrigated by Canals while 15-20 % villages are irrigated by other sources including river, Tube-wells, ravine, and spring stream etc.

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CHAPTER:5 STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS Consultations58 were held during preparation of this project which provided a sufficient base for the current study. Moreover, an extensive communications outreach is underway leading to a Communication Strategy for the Project which will guide consultations and citizen engagement during project implementation phases. Key stakeholders include GoKP, line departments, NGOs, and potential/past project(s) beneficiaries. Accordingly, information was collected through several meetings and discussions in case of line departments/GoKP; and through FGDs and key informants’ interviews in case of communities/NGOs. As consultation is a continuous process, it will therefore continue throughout the project implementation period. The process is well complimented by project implementation approach based on CDD. Such approach inherently requires consultations as an integral part of every subproject design, right from inception to completion and even through post completion scenario. The consultation process and key findings are described in the following sections. 5.1 Consultation during Research Study for CSP Preparation As a part of project preparation, a research study59 was conducted by adopting a consultative process with various stakeholders including: Government departments (Local Government), civil society organizations (NGOs); and Director General Projects erstwhile FATA Secretariat. The study was aimed, among others, to better understand the rapidly changing scenario in the wake of: (a) transition process undergoing as a result of FATA merger into KP province, (b) return of TDPs (Temporary Displaced Persons) to their hometowns located in erstwhile FATA following the improved security situation; and (c) changing regional security. All these occurrences will/likely to have a strong link and impact on the structure and implementation of CSP. The KP Government expressed keen interest in the CSP and gave the following advice as a way forward. • The assessment should involve all the stake holders including KP Government, Local Government, Project staff, PCNA, MDTF, World Bank Task Team to identify the shortcomings and way forward. • An alternate approach to CDD should be considered that may include: (a) exclusively run by KP government; and/or (b) employing a hybrid implementation model. • The project should adopt a built-in flexibility mechanism to accommodate the different needs of the geographical area of the erstwhile FATA as the demands may vary from district to district. • The CSP should cover all the newly merged districts in its operation.

58 Largely revolve around the formal/informal discussions with WB task team, RLCIP staff – the ex-PD in particular 59 Initial Research & Consultative Paper for Community Support Program (CSP) by Momina Sanam: World Bank Consultant & Specialist Conflict & Peace (April-2019) ESMF CSP Page 73

• The GoKP has acknowledged the significant role of women in the project and has expressed desire to encourage it further; as the CSP has a wide range of activities for the women and youth. • The GoKP has also expressed that the CSP must pay special attention to the cultural and regional sensitivities while approaching women through social mobilization; implementing other female based activities. The project design duly incorporated all feasible suggestions made by GoKP. For instance, all MDs have been included in the project area/activities. Similarly the project design proposes proactive involvement of women in development process and has suggested many measures. For instance the members of CDC (to be formed under Project Component 2.1) will be determined through open elections, with dedicated quotas for women and youth. More specifically the Women60 in the CDCs will be supported by Social Mobilization Partners (SMPs) and NGOs who will be sensitized to the local gender norms and CDD gender best practices to target and engage women.61 Social Mobilization partners will be given a “Train the Trainer” class on how to effectively engage women to build confidence, have basic skills to organize themselves into groups and communicate with men and or other authoritative figures. 5.1.1 Key Areas and Proposed CSP Interventions KP government proposed five priority areas with key interventions62 to possibly include in CSP design. These areas include: (i) Social Capital Development; (ii) Community Basic Infrastructure Development; (iii) Livelihoods Improvement; (iv) Natural Resource Management; and (v) Youth Engagement Program 5.1.2 Recommendations on CSP Implementation Model Govt. of KP has given following suggestions/recommendations with regards to CSP design, implementation and its implementation model. A. Based on the viability of the merged districts, multipronged implementation strategy would be effective to reach out to the disadvantaged target groups & access the remote underdeveloped areas within the Corridor of Influence (COI). B. Conduct a detailed baseline study by districts covering the socio-economic status, basic services availability & opportunities inclusively. C. Citizen consultation should be done though Jirgas at UC/Tehsil level and through Focused Group Discussion (FDGs) etc.

60 CSP PAD 61 GSDRC, 2014. Gender in community-driven development. 62 Detail of interventions by key areas is attached at Annex-B ESMF CSP Page 74

D. Hybrid implementation/operational Model, CDD along with Participatory approach as per the community organization and quality/sustainability of the sub-project should be adopted. E. Flexible criterion should be preferred for inclusion of larger Sub-projects/schemes to maximize the output benefits to larger population of the area. F. Special focus is required on poorest of poor, widows, special person with disabilities. G. Soft grants should be offered for supporting livelihoods opportunities, Continuing education of the best student in the MA. Efforts have been made through various Technical Missions and in-depth deliberations for making the project design entirely inclusive and fully owned by the GoKP by agreeing and incorporating suggestions on implementation arrangements. For instance: the project activities though will be largely implemented through CDD approach; but concerned line departments will be fully on-board throughout the project implementation process. Further relatively complex and large projects will be implemented in the close supervision of the concerned department. Further the citizen’s engagement will remain an integral part of the overall project implementation strategy. 5.2 Consultation with Civil Society Organizations (NGOs) The Directorate of Projects arranged interaction with local NGOs on March 26th, 2019 in Peshawar. Nine organizations participated in the meeting. Table below presents the list of organizations participated in the consultative process. All of these organizations have past experience working in erstwhile FATA with varied level of engagement and geographical outreach. Table 5-1 List of Civil Society Organizations Consulted Experience in S. Organization’s Name Website / Web Link MDs/Mas No. (Yes/No) Foundation For Rural http://www.frd.org.pk/Home Yes 1 Development (FRDP). Support With Working http://swws.org.pk/ Yes 2 Solutions (SWWS) Association For Community https://acd.org.pk/new/ Yes 3 Development (ACD) Women Empowerment http://www.weopak.org/ Yes 4 Organizations (WEO) - https://pakngos.com.pk/ngo/particip Yes Participatory Rural atory-rural-development-society- 5 Development Society (PRDS) prds Sarhad Rural Support Program http://ww3.srsp.org.pk/ Yes 6 (SRSP) Initiative For Development And http://www.idea.org.pk Yes 7 Empowerment (IDEA)

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Centre for Excellence And https://www.cerdpakistan.org/ Yes 8 Rural Development (CERD) Society For Human http://shed.org.pk/ Yes Empowerment And 9 Development (SHED)

5.2.1 Consultation Methodology & Assessment of Organizations The meeting comprised of presentation followed by questions and answers. The organizations were asked to prepare the presentation as per guidelines that include: (i) since when the organization is operational in the tribal district; (ii) Past experience in post crises rehabilitation and reconstruction; and (iii) what is the existing implementing structures they have. 5.2.2 Suggestions/Recommendations • It is recommended to consider the local NGOs with experience in the field to engage as a Social Mobilization Partner (SMP) in implementing CSP. • Having more than one SMP will create an atmosphere of competition instead of having monopoly of one. Competition always leads to healthy and positive results. All these organizations have spent good amount of time and gained quality experience that can be harnessed for the CSP. • Considering medium size organizations will help in institutional and capacity building of these organizations. Moreover, the organizations expressed concern that small NGOs are completely ignored by the donors; and only larger NGOs are hired. No small organization is given an opportunity or funding to develop itself. • Relatively smaller organizations may be given priority for local level works when compared with larger SMP like SRSP. 5.3 Consultation during Benefit Sharing Study Consultation was carried out as a part of study conducted for assessment and prioritization of needs of the communities situated close to the transmission line. The process was carried out in a socially inclusive and consultative manner to ward off any form of “elite capture”. A total 5,659 persons were consulted among 7 different categories, largely from households covered under “sample villages for HH survey”; while others include: “Focus Group Discussions (FGDs)”, and Key Informants’ Interviews (KIIs). The Table below illustrates the number of persons consulted by category.

Table 5-2 Persons Consulted by Category No. Of S.No Category Persons 1 Reconnaissance Survey of the entire route 10 2 Data Collection of 13 villages ( Local Data Collectors) 52 3 30% households from sample villages for HH survey 5,470

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4 Focus Group Discussion Participants 93 5 Key Informants from 13 villages 13 6 Government Officials from FATA and Peshawar 6 7 NGO and other Interest Groups 15 Total 5,659 Source: SABAWON-2012: Options For Sharing Casa-1000 Project Benefits With Communities – En-route; Final Report

The outcomes of the FGDs and KIIs helped in determining and understanding the communities’ development priorities in sample villages. Here are the key features of consultation. • There were 10 FGDs (8 male, 2 female); and 8 Key Informant Interviews (8 male, 2 female) • The household survey sampled homes drawn proportionately from each of the four economic status categories of high income, medium income, poor and very poor identified by the communities themselves. • The FGD participants were selected from all sections of the village community i.e. the constituent clans and neighbourhoods and the rich, middle income and poor. • 2 FDGs were conducted with women, representing all income categories. • Out of the total of 9 Key Informant Interviews conducted, 3 KIIs were with women.

The shortlisted development priorities articulated during the FGDs and the KIIs are given as under: • Education: including construction of primary school or up-gradation of existing schools to middle or high school level, provision of school teachers especially for girl schools, establish girls’ child schools. • Health: The list of health related issues included establish Basic Health Units, Mother and Child care centers, provision of doctors, availability of ambulance to meet emergencies, paramedical staff etc. • Safe Drinking Water: Shortage of safe drinking water has been raised as a major issue and communities made complaints about the non-coverage and low efficiency of public sector water supply schemes. The electricity stoppages for longer periods directly impacts delivery of safe drinking water especially in summer. • Electricity Distribution: All the CoI villages are electrified. The households are connected legally or through illegal connections or through the courtesy of neighbours. Longer hours electricity stoppages and low voltage is the major problem. • Sanitation: Communities lack proper disposal of waste water. That also impact on the construction of pour flush latrine. The low coverage of pour flush latrine is also directly associated with shortage of water. • Unemployment: The rural and essentially tribal society lacks employment opportunities for the bread earners. The higher level of unemployment leads the youth to either join band of extremists’ forces, smugglers or drug dealers.

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5.3.1 Development Options: Prioritized by Gender The study ranked the priority list of options proposed by the FGDs and KIs’ participants by gender. Below are the key findings: • Both male and female FGDs and KIIs have given top priority to electricity (1st) employment/ improvement in the sources of income (2nd) and water (3rd) respectively. • Some of the priorities for instance “peace” and in the larger community context and “employment generation” were even specially emphasised by women FGDs. The women show more concern for peace (5th priority) than men (7th priority) • The women also facing more problems with health facilities (4th priority) than men in the communities.

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CHAPTER:6 IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION This Chapter assesses the potential impacts of the proposed project on environment and people. Further the generic mitigation measures are proposed to minimize if not eliminating the potentially negative impacts, in order to ensure that the interventions under the proposed project do not cause environmental and/or social impacts beyond the acceptable level. 6.1 Environmental Assessment Process The environmental assessment process that was employed during the preparation of this ESMF is discussed below. 6.1.1 Screening of the Environmental Impacts As part of the environmental impact assessment process, a screening matrix was developed tailored specifically to the proposed project, focusing the environmental impacts potentially anticipated during design, construction and operation phases. The matrix examined the interaction of project activities with various components of the environment. The impacts were broadly classified as physical, biological and social, and then each of these broad categories further divided into different aspects. The potential impacts thus predicted were characterized as follows: • High negative (adverse) impact, • Low negative impact, • insignificant impact, • High positive (beneficial) impact, • Low positive impact, and • No impact.

The matrix is provided in Table 6.1 6.1.2 Potential Impacts and Generic Mitigation The project will be implemented through a demand driven approach and hence type(s) of subprojects are not precisely known at this stage. CSP however has identified key types of infrastructure subprojects based on the experience of similar projects implemented in the area and through technical discussions with the key stakeholders. The ESMF has accordingly assessed the potential impacts for these types of schemes/subprojects and suggests the generic mitigation measures. Further it sets the procedures if different type of scheme is identified during project implementation. Project design63 has initially identified following schemes: (i) On-grid and off-grid electricity infrastructure, including renewable energy technologies (e.g. solar, wind, biogas, smokeless stoves, micro-hydro plants, etc.);

63 CSP PAD/PC-I (Oct-2019) ESMF CSP Page 79

(ii) Street lighting; (iii) School and health facility improvements; (iv) Water supply and sanitation infrastructure; (v) Rehabilitation of tertiary roads and farm-to-market access roads; (vi) Small-scale farm irrigation systems; and (vii) Community livelihoods infrastructure, including small-scale processing facilities for horticultural products, cold storage facilities, farm machinery workshops, fruit polishing and packaging units, milk collection and chilling units, and other similar infrastructure.

Table below assesses the significance64 of potential physical, biological and social impacts against the type of subproject/schemes. The potential impacts thus predicted were characterized as follows:

64 As explained and characterized in earlier section – Screening of Impacts ESMF CSP Page 80

Table 6.1: Environmental and Social Screening Matrix

Physical Biological Social & Socioeconomic

Type of Schemes

Vegetation

Water

Wildlife

Network

Air Quality

Soil Erosion/

Public Health

Safety Hazard Gender Issues

Contamination

Cultural Issues Cultural

Aesthetic Value Aesthetic

Restricted Access Restricted

Livestock Grazing Livestock

Natural Natural

Noise and Vibration Noise

Compensation Issues Compensation

Impacts on Irrigation onIrrigation Impacts

Groundwater Quality Groundwater

Surface Water Quality Surface Water

Blocked Access Routes Blocked Access

Impacts on Impacts Agriculture Availability/Consumption Renewable Energy Schemes Micro hydro -1 -1 -1 0 -1 -1 0 -1 -1 0 -1 0 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 0 0 Wind Energy -1 1 0 0 0 0 -1 -1 -1 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0 1 0 0 Biogas Technology 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 -1 -1 1 0 0 0 -1 0 0 1 0 0 Smokeless stoves 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 Street Lights -1 0 -1 0 0 -1 0 -1 0 -1 -1 0 0 -1 -1 -1 0 -1 -1 School & Health Facility Improvement -2 -1 -2 -2 0 -1 -1 -1 -1 0 -1 0 -1 -1 -1 -2 -1 -1 0 Water Supply Schemes -1 0 -1 0 -1 -1 0 -1 -1 -1 -1 0 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 Sanitation Schemes -2 -1 -2 -2 0 -1 -1 -1 0 0 -1 0 -1 -1 -1 -2 -1 -1 0 Rural road construction -1 -1 -1 0 0 -1 0 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 0 -1 0 Small scale farm Irrigation System -1 0 -1 0 -1 -1 0 -1 0 -1 -1 0 0 -1 -1 -1 0 0 0 Community Livelihoods Infrastructure Fruit Polishing and Packing units -1 0 -1 -1 -1 -1 0 -1 0 -1 -1 0 0 -1 -1 -1 0 -1 0 Milk Collection and chilling units -1 0 0 0 0 -1 0 -1 0 0 -1 -1 0 0 -1 0 0 -1 0 Livestock schemes 0 0 -1 0 -1 -1 0 -1 0 -1 0 1 0 -1 0 -1 0 0 0 Farm Machine workshops -1 -1 -1 0 0 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 0 0 -1 -1 -1 0 0 0 Key: -2: High negative impact; -1: Low negative impact; 0: insignificant/negligible impact; +1: low positive impact; +2: High positive impact, N: no impact.

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6.2 Assessment of Potential Impacts Positive Impacts: ESMF assessment finds that the project activities are expected to have wide ranging positive impacts on the physical as well as on socio-economic environment of the project area. For instance the provision of basic infrastructure, including access to energy supply65, for local communities will help alleviate power shortages by exploiting environment friendly renewable energy resources through schemes like micro hydel, wind energy and biogas. The Project’s CDD approach will not only help empowering the poor and marginalized sections of the society but also contribute towards alleviating the vulnerability of groups at risk and those living in conflict affected areas that were traditionally remained under violence and militancy. This approach is expected to further ensure that local investments are responsive to community priorities and facilitate the participation of women and youth in local decision-making. The project activities will also promote inclusion through labor-intensive infrastructure works, which will generate paid labor days for unskilled and skilled workers in the short-term and stimulate livelihoods and local economic development in the long-term. Further the softer interventions under Component 1 & 2 will promote community participation in decision making, youth inclusion and citizen engagement; all these are expected to contribute in promoting human and social capital development thus enabling communities to take charge of developmental initiatives and uplifting local economic growth. Project support for encouraging local decision-making and direct control of resources by local communities also mitigate conflict and strengthen state legitimacy in conflict-affected areas, especially when they are supplemented with specific measures to promote citizen engagement. Adverse Impacts: Some of the project activities may have some adverse environmental and social impacts. These activities are proposed under Component 3 of the Project that will support provision of small scale community infrastructure schemes. These include, but not limited to, renewable energy technologies (e.g. solar, wind, biogas, smokeless stoves, micro- hydro plants, etc., street lighting, school and health facility improvements; water supply and sanitation infrastructure, rehabilitation of tertiary roads and farm-to-market access roads, small irrigation systems; and community livelihoods infrastructure such as small-scale processing facilities for horticultural products and cold storage facilities etc. The potential adverse impacts of the proposed schemes are mostly during civil works implementation phase. These are likely to include contamination of soil, water and air resulting from inappropriate waste disposal into water bodies, dust and smoke from construction machinery/activities, and inappropriate disposal of surplus construction material. In addition other likely impacts include increased noise level, restricted access to services and facilities/routes for communities, particularly for women, children and elderly, health and safety hazards and unavailability of land on voluntary basis, wrong scheme(s) siting leading to conflict/limited or no access for beneficiaries, inequitable distribution of scheme benefits, damage to: public infrastructure, crops, cultivation fields, cultural heritage sites (graveyards etc.) and felling of trees.

65 CSP PAD ESMF CSP Page 82

The impact assessment carried out during the present study has revealed that most of these potential impacts are temporary, localized in nature with low to moderate severity, and are largely reversible. Further, with the help of appropriate mitigation and control measures, most of these potential impacts will either be avoided altogether, or their likelihood of occurrence and severity will be reduced, thus making these schemes environmentally responsible and socially acceptable. 6.3 Potential Impacts and Generic Mitigations The adverse impacts of some significance as identified through above screening matrix are further described in the following sections with the generic mitigations measures against each. 6.3.1 Air Quality Impacts During construction period, the impacts on air quality are mainly due to material movement and the actual construction activities. Due to loading/ unloading and stocking of construction material, the air quality over the immediate influence area will be affected and the PM levels in ambient air might increase, though not in significant levels. The emissions from diesel generator sets, construction equipment and vehicles may deteriorate the air quality in the area. The atmospheric pollution and pollution causing activities during the construction phase are as follows: • Transportation of construction and excavated material to and from the site in diesel fueled trucks would cause the production of combustion gases (CO, CO2, NOx, SOx). Considering the scale of construction, the scarce population, and the relatively clean environment, moderate impact is expected from this activity. However, the emissions would be of temporary nature. • Considerable amount of dust would be generated from slope cutting activity and also from other activities such as site clearance, excavation and transportation of excavated and construction material and concrete batching, but its effect would be localized and temporary in nature. The possibility of excessive dust generation may be reduced by adopting the best construction practices, precaution such as periodic watering, covering of construction material and usage of low emissions equipment during construction. Therefore the impact is rated as temporary and low. • The concrete mixer used during concreting also causes above mentioned emissions. Due to moderate scale of construction and frequency of the operation, the impact of emissions is also assessed to be temporary and moderate. Generic Mitigation / Environmental Enhancement Measures • In order to reduce the dust emissions in the construction area due to material transport and construction activities, provisions will be made for

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sprinkling of water in the area where earth filling and excavation is being carried out. It will be ensured that the construction debris is removed daily. • During windy conditions stockpiles of fine material will be wetted or covered with plastic. • PPEs such as dust masks will be made available to the construction workers at the site to avoid potential health hazards. • Idling of delivery trucks or other equipment will not be permitted during periods of unloading or when they are not in active use. • In no case, loose earth will be allowed to pile up along the approach roads/ public access areas. • All vehicles and other equipment used during construction will be properly and regularly tuned and maintained. • All permanently deployed vehicles exhausts will be monitored against NEQS. 6.4 Water Quality Impacts 6.4.1 Surface Water: The construction of the sub-project may have impacts on the surface water quality of the area. The impact may be in the form of increased turbidity of water streams, as a result of potential discharge of anthropogenic or construction waste in to the streams. The activity that may cause impact on surface water is mainly washing of construction equipment and machinery. Further, in the absence of the sewage drainage system, any wastewater generated from sub-project site (contractors’ camp) can ultimately find its way into the same water resource. This will not only put additional burden on already scarce water resources, but will also result in contaminating the available water resource. 6.4.2 Ground Water Ground water pollution can take place if chemical substances and oily waste get leached by precipitation of water and percolate to the ground water-table. Generic Mitigation / Environmental Enhancement Measures The construction activities will preferably be scheduled during non-monsoon season. • Surplus earth will be transported from the construction site and no other disposal will be allowed. • Spillage of fuel/oils and other construction materials shall be contained with best handling/construction practices and strict skilled supervision. • Appropriate sanitation and water supply facilities will be provided in the labor camps.

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• Treating and disposing the sewage in a manner that the soil and water (particularly the drinking water) is not contaminated (e.g., provision of septic tanks, oxidation ponds etc.) 6.5 Soil Stability and Erosion Impacts Significant excavation and slope cutting is not expected because of small scale of subprojects/schemes. However, some works may alter the topography and may lead to soil erosion. Generic Mitigation / Environmental Enhancement Measures • Construction work will be avoided during monsoon to the extent possible. • It will be ensured that no soil is left unconsolidated after completion of work. • Photographic record will be maintained for pre-project, during- construction and post-construction condition of the sites to ensure pre-post subproject conditions intact. 6.6 Soil Contamination Impacts Soil may be contaminated as a result of fuel/oils/chemicals spillage and leakage, and inappropriate disposal of surplus construction material. The waste would be generated from site clearance, excavation, concrete-batching, concrete conveyance and construction of substructures and superstructures. The generated solid waste would be in the form of: • Excavated soil, • Residual from construction material (construction debris etc.) • Residual from equipment cleaning (oily rags, used oil, worn out spare parts etc.). • Domestic solid waste from labor camp Appropriate construction practices and management actions as mitigation measures will greatly minimize the soil contamination potential. The significance of the residual impacts is therefore expected to be ‘low’. Generic Mitigation / Environmental Enhancement Measures • The surplus soil from the excavation activity may be reused within the site or recycled to other intervention sites. • Clearance waste and construction debris should be sent to designated land fill site.

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• While waste from equipment cleaning and maintenance should be segregated and stored in color-coded containers, these can be resold or reprocessed. • No accumulation of solid waste at site shall be allowed.

6.7 Ambient Noise: Impacts The major sources of noise pollution during construction activities would be vehicles, construction equipment (concrete mixer, vibrators, drill machines etc.) and generators. During construction phase, the increase in traffic may also lead to increase in noise levels. However this increase in noise level during construction activities would be of temporary nature and would fade away with the completion of the project. Generic Mitigation / Environmental Enhancement Measures Enhanced noise levels could be prevented and mitigated by careful planning of machinery operations, use of low noise equipment and scheduling of operations only during the day time in order to reduce these levels. Though the impact of noise may be of temporary nature and low significance, the following measures shall be considered and implemented. • High noise emitting equipment if any will be fitted with noise reduction devices such as mufflers and silencers wherever possible. • For protection of construction workers, ear plugs will be provided to those working very close to the noise generating machinery. • High noise emitting equipment if any will be used during regular working hours so as to reduce the potential of creating a noise nuisance during the night. • Regular inspection and maintenance of the construction vehicles and equipment will be carried out. 6.8 Flora Impacts The risk and significance of the impact on flora from project construction activity is considered low. Plantation around the project interventions will improve the ecology and aesthetics of the surroundings. Generic Mitigation / Environmental Enhancement Measures • Compensatory plantation will be carried out with a ratio of five trees for each tree fell/cut. • Plant species suitable/indigenous for the area will be planted at the onset of monsoon season.

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• The plants will be provided with adequate protection from animals and proper monitoring will be carried out to ensure their survival and growth. 6.9 Fauna Impacts The construction activity may result in disturbance to, and small scale loss of wildlife habitats. However, the impact is likely to be small and wild life will be able to adjust its niche using its intrinsic phenotypic plasticity. Generic Mitigation / Environmental Enhancement Measures No engineered mitigations are needed for protection of fauna during construction stage. At the administrative level, the construction contractors will be responsible to provide necessary awareness to its workers as to how to handle any “chance encounter” with fauna and wild life during construction. Under no circumstances, hunting or preying of animals will be allowed to the contractors’ workers in and around the project area. 6.10 Land Acquisition Impacts Since the exact details of project activities are not known, sub-project construction might require land acquisition. In most of the proposed interventions, land requirement will be minimal and should be fulfilled through Government lands or Voluntary Land Donation (VLD) approach. No private land acquisition requirement is envisaged at this stage. This use of voluntary donation option will be limited to small scale community infrastructure subprojects. Under no circumstances, shall the titleholder be subjected to any pressure, directly or indirectly, to part with the land. The project will ensure that the process of voluntary donation of land is meticulously documented to avoid confusions, misunderstandings, litigations, etc. at a later stage. VLD procedure/criteria is attached at Annex H. Generic Mitigation / Environmental Enhancement Measures A Resettlement Policy Framework for the project has been developed as part of this ESMF in accordance with OP 4.12 Involuntary Resettlement. The RPF provides principles for land acquisition and compensation, and a framework to guide the preparation of future RAPs or ARAPs for sub-projects that can potentially cause resettlement and livelihood impacts. 6.11 Health and Safety Impacts Various activities during the construction phase of the project could have health and safety impacts on workers and the people living in the nearby vicinity. Generic Mitigation / Environmental Enhancement Measures During the construction phase, careful planning and precautionary measures will include the following: • Provisions of proper signboards and informing the local people about the activity will be important.

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• In addition, personal protective equipment (PPE) such as helmets, gloves, dust-masks, boots and earmuffs will be provided to the workers. • Adequate water-supply and sanitation facilities will be provided to labor/workers. • Caution signboards for the road users and surrounding people will be provided to avoid any accidents at the work site. • In case of traffic diversions, proper sign boards will be provided sufficiently ahead of the worksite. • The ECoP will be followed.

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CHAPTER:7 RESETTLEMENT POLICY FRAMEWORK This Chapter presents the RPF that has been prepared for all CSP subprojects causing resettlement impacts. The exact nature and locations of these subprojects are not decided yet hence the exact scope and scale of resettlement aspects cannot be determined either. Therefore, sub-project-specific resettlement planning cannot be carried out nor can the associated RAPs or ARAP be prepared at this stage. Instead, the present RPF has been prepared that provides a framework to guide the preparation of future RAPs or ARAPs for CSP subprojects that can potentially cause resettlement impacts. 7.1 Basic Principles for Resettlement Planning To meet the requirements of the WB’s involuntary resettlement policy and guidelines, the following basic principles will be followed during the resettlement planning and implementation: • Adverse impacts on PAPs would be avoided or minimized to the extent possible. • Where the adverse impacts are unavoidable, the PAPs will be compensated. • Vulnerable groups will be identified and assisted to improve their standard of living. • The project will make cash compensation to the PAPs for their affected land, structures and other assets. • The owners of affected structures, in addition to cash compensation for the structure on replacement cost will be allowed to salvage their building material. This applies to the owners including absentee owners of all categories of immovable structures. • Before taking possession of the acquired land and properties, compensation/ assistance will be made in accordance with the Bank Policy. • Appropriate GRM will be established at field and project level to ensure speedy resolution of disputes. • All PAPs are eligible for compensation and livelihood/income restoration irrespective to possession of land title. A title would however be required for payment of compensation for land. • All compensation will be paid at replacement value for assets without deducting depreciation and salvage value. • All PAPs and stakeholders will be consulted to improve the design of the project, for preparation of the safeguards documents and over the life of the project. 7.2 Eligibility The following persons would be eligible for compensation and/or resettlement assistance: • All land owning affected persons losing land or non-land assets, whether covered by legal title or customary land rights, whether for temporary or permanent acquisition. • Tenants and sharecroppers, whether registered or not, for all non-land assets, based on prevailing tenancy arrangements;

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• Persons losing the use of structures and utilities, including titled and non-titled owners, registered, unregistered, tenants and lease holders plus encroachers and squatters. • Persons losing business, income and salaries of workers, or a person or business suffering temporary effects, such as disturbance to land, crops, and business operations both permanently and also temporarily during construction; • Loss of communal property, lands and public infrastructure; • Vulnerable persons identified through the census/ impact assessment survey/ analysis; • In case of relocation, all affected persons will receive transitional and other support to re-establish their livelihoods. 7.3 Entitlement for Compensation To address the resettlement impacts, the present RPF has been prepared to be followed by subproject-specific RAPs or ARAPs that will be prepared once specific details of the respective subprojects are known. The RAPs/ARAPs will include the measures to ensure that the PAPs are: • Informed about their options and rights pertaining to resettlement; • Consulted on, offered choices among, and provided with technically and economically feasible resettlement alternatives; • Provided prompt and effective compensation at full replacement cost66 for losses of assets67 attributable directly to the project. • Provided assistance (such as moving allowances) during relocation. • Provided with residential housing, or housing sites, or, as required, agricultural sites for which a combination of productive potential, locational advantages, and other factors is at least equivalent to the advantages of the old site. • Offered support after displacement, for a transition period, based on a reasonable estimate of the time likely to be needed to restore their livelihood and standards of living68 • Provided with development assistance in addition to compensation, such as land preparation, credit facilities, training, or job opportunities. • The entitlements given below are applicable for the PAPs losing land, structures, other assets, and incurring income losses. These displaced persons are eligible for rehabilitation subsidies and for the compensation of lost land, structures and utilities along with loss of livelihood. There will also be special provisions for vulnerable displaced persons.

66 “Replacement cost” is the method of valuation of assets that helps determine the amount sufficient to replace lost assets and cover transaction costs 67 If the residual of the asset being taken is not economically viable, compensation and other resettlement assistance are provided as if the entire asset had been taken 68 Support may include short-term jobs, subsistence support/ allowances/ assistance ESMF CSP Page 90

7.3.1 Impacts on Agricultural Land (Permanent Losses) • Legal/ legalizable landowners (including who may have customary rights) are compensated either in cash at replacement cost plus a 15 percent compulsory acquisition surcharge (CAS) free of taxes and transfer costs. • Leaseholders of public land will receive rehabilitation in cash equivalent to the market value of the gross yield of lost land for the remaining lease years (up to a maximum of three years). • Encroachers will instead be rehabilitated for land use loss through a special self- relocation allowance equivalent to one year of agricultural income or through the provision of a free or leased replacement. 7.3.2 Impacts on Agricultural Land (Temporary land loss) Legal/ legalizable owners and tenants or encroachers will receive cash compensation equal to the average market value of each lost harvest for the duration of the loss, and for the restoration of both, cultivable and uncultivable land, to pre-construction conditions. Through specification in the contract agreements contractors will be required to carry out restoration works before handling land back to the original occupiers, or PAPs will be provided with cash to rehabilitate the land. 7.3.3 Severely Displaced Persons • Vulnerable households, legal/ legalizable owners, tenants or encroachers will be entitled to one vulnerable impact allowance equal to the market value of the harvest of the lost land for one year (summer and winter), in addition to the standard crop compensation. • The aim of this payment is to assist severely displaced persons to overcome the short term adverse impacts of land and asset loss, and help them to readjust to their changed circumstances while they are making replacement earning arrangements. There will be a need to closely monitor such severely displaced persons. The one-time payment should, at the absolute minimum be adequate to provide them with equivalent level of livelihood than they had previously. • Other options can be considered, including non-cash based livelihood support and employment, both temporary and permanent. Other additional income restoration measures can be considered based upon the findings of the Social Impact Analysis.

7.3.4 Residential and Commercial Land • Residential and commercial land will be compensated at replacement value for each category of the PAPs. • Residential and commercial land owners will be entitled to the following: o Legal/ legalizable owners will be compensated by means of either cash compensation for lost land at replacement cost based on the market value of the lost land plus a 15 percent CAS, free of taxes and transfer costs; or in the form of replacement land of comparable value and location as the lost asset.

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o Renters are compensated by means of cash compensation equivalent to three months of rent or a value proportionate to the duration of the remaining lease, including any deposits they may lose. o Encroachers/squatters are compensated through either a self-relocation allowance covering six months of income or the provision of a leased replacement plot in a public owned land area. They will be compensated for the loss of immovable assets, but not for the land that they occupy. 7.3.5 All Other Assets and Incomes • Structures will be compensated in cash at replacement cost plus 15 percent CAS. There will also be a 10 percent electrification allowance and any transaction costs will be paid. Materials that can be salvaged are allowed to be taken by the owner, even if compensation has been paid for them. • Renters or leaseholders of a house or structure are entitled to cash compensation equivalent to three months’ rent or a value proportionate to the duration of the remaining lease period. • Crops will be compensated for owners, tenants and sharecroppers based on their agreed shares. The compensation will be the full market rate for one year of harvest including both rabi and kharif seasons. • Fruit and other productive trees will be compensated based on rates sufficient to cover income replacement for the time needed to re-grow a tree to the productivity of the one lost. Trees used as sources of timber will be compensated for based on the market value of the wood production, having taken due consideration of the future potential value. • Businesses will be compensated for with cash compensation equal to one year of income for permanent business losses. For temporary losses, cash compensation equal to the period of the interruption of business will be paid up to a maximum of six months or covering the period of income loss based on construction activity. • Workers and employees will be compensated with cash for lost wages during the period of business interruption, up to a maximum of three months or for the period of disruption. • Relocation assistance is to be paid for PAPs who are forced to move from their property. The level of the assistance is to be adequate to cover transport costs and also special livelihood expenses for at least one month or based on the severity of impact. • Community structures and public utilities, including mosques and other religious sites, graveyards, schools, health centers, hospitals, roads, water supply and sewerage lines, will be fully replaced or rehabilitated to ensure their level of provision is, at a minimum, to the pre-project situation. 7.4 Entitlement Matrix The compensation and rehabilitation entitlements are summarized in the Entitlement Matrix presented in Table 7.1. This will be carefully reviewed while preparing the subproject-specific

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RAPs and revised as appropriate. Table 7.1: Entitlement Matrix Affected Type of Loss Specification Compensation Entitlements69 Persons Temporary impacts on Access is not Farmers/ • No compensation for land arable land (essentially for restricted and Titleholders provided that the land is the construction phase of existing or rehabilitated/ restored to its sub-projects, typically 3-4 current land former quality following months). use will completion of works; remain • Compensation, in cash, for all unchanged damaged crops and trees. • Compensation, in cash, for income loss if any for the duration of the temporary impacts. Leaseholders • No compensation for land (registered or provided that the land is not) rehabilitated/ restored to its former quality following completion of works; • Compensation, in cash, for all damaged crops and trees. • Compensation, in cash, for income loss if any for the duration of the temporary impacts. Sharecroppers • Compensation, in cash, for all (registered or damaged crops and trees. not) • Compensation, in cash, for income loss if any for the duration of the temporary impacts. Agricultural • Cash indemnity corresponding to workers their salary (including portion in kind) for the period of temporary disturbance due to Project activities. Squatters • Compensation, in cash, for all damaged crops and trees, where these are owned by the squatters. • Compensation, in cash, for income loss if any for the duration of the temporary impacts. Permanent impacts on All adverse Farmers/ • Land for land compensation with arable land where access effects on Titleholders plots of equal value and is restricted and/or land land use Landowners productivity to the plots lost; use will be affected independent with customary ensuring economic viability of of severity of rights the new land and also ensuring impact that the PAPs’ livelihood is not negatively affected or; • Cash compensation plus 15%

69 Compensation for all assets will be paid to the owner of the asset.

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Affected Type of Loss Specification Compensation Entitlements69 Persons CAS for affected land at replacement cost based on market value free of taxes, registration, and transfer costs Leaseholders • Renewal of lease contract in (registered or other plots of equal value/ not) productivity of plots lost, or • Cash equivalent to market value of gross yield of affected land for the remaining lease years (up to a maximum of 3 years). Sharecroppers • Cash equivalent to market value (registered or of the lost harvest share once not) (temporary impact) or twice (permanent impact). • Provision of livelihood restoration support (i.e., inclusion in the Livelihood Restoration Plan). Agricultural • Cash indemnity corresponding to workers losing their salary (including portions in their contract kind) for the remaining part of the agricultural year. • Provision of livelihood restoration support (i.e., inclusion in the Livelihood Restoration Plan). Squatters • One rehabilitation allowance equal to market value of 1 gross harvest (in addition to crop compensation) for land use loss. Additional Farmers/ • One severe impact allowance provisions for Titleholders equal to market value of gross severe Leaseholders harvest of the affected land for 1 impacts year (inclusive of winter and (Land loss summer crop and additional to more than standard crop compensation). 10% of land Sharecroppers • One severe impact allowance holding) (registered or equal to market value of share of not) harvest lost (additional to standard crop compensation) Squatters • One severe impact allowance equal to market value of gross harvest of the affected land for 1 year (inclusive of winter and summer crops and additional to standard crop compensation) Residential or Titleholders/ • Land for land compensation Commercial Land People with through provision of a plot customary comparable in value/ location to rights plot lost or • Cash compensation plus 15% CAS for affected land at full

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Affected Type of Loss Specification Compensation Entitlements69 Persons replacement cost free of taxes, registration, and transfer costs. Renters/ • 3 months’ rent or a value Leaseholders proportionate to the duration of the remaining lease, including any deposits they may lose. Squatters • Accommodation in available alternate land/ or a self-relocation allowance equivalent to one month of official minimum wage. Houses/ Full loss of Owners • Cash compensation at Structures structures; replacement rates for affected partial loss of structure and other fixed assets structures; free of salvageable materials, moving minor depreciation and transaction structure; costs. kiosks and • In case of partial permanent temporary impacts full cash assistance to structure restore remaining structure, in addition to compensation at replacement cost for the affected part of the structure. Houses/ Full loss of Tenants • Affected tenants will receive Structures structures; cash compensation of a value partial loss of proportionate to the duration of structures; the remaining lease period, or moving minor three months, whichever is structure; higher. kiosks and temporary structure Crops Crops affected All PAPs • Crop compensation in cash at full owning crops market rate for one harvest (including (either winter or summer) by squatters) default for impacts caused by the Project activities. • All other crop losses will be compensated at market rates based on actual losses. Trees Trees affected All PAPs • For timber/ wood trees, the owning trees compensation will be at market (including value of tree's wood content. squatters) • Fruit trees: cash compensation based on lost production for the entire period needed to re- establish a tree of equal productivity. Business/ Temporary or All PAPs • Business owner: (i) Cash Employment permanent (including compensation equal to one year loss of squatters, income, if loss is permanent; ii) business or agriculture in case of temporary loss, cash employment workers) compensation equal to the period

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Affected Type of Loss Specification Compensation Entitlements69 Persons of the interruption of business up to a maximum of six months or covering the period of income loss based on construction activity. • Workers/ employees: Indemnity for lost wages for the period of business interruption up to a maximum of three months (to be calculated on the basis of Cost of Basic Needs (CBN), which is currently PKR 3,030 per person per month). Relocation Transport and All PAPs • Provision of sufficient allowance transitional affected by to cover transport expenses and livelihood relocation livelihood expenses for one costs month (to be calculated on the basis of CBN per person). Community assets Mosques, foot Affected • Rehabilitation/ substitution of bridges, community affected structures/ utilities (i.e., roads, mosques, footbridges, roads, schools, schools, health centers). health center Vulnerable PAPs Households All vulnerable • Lump sum one time livelihood livelihood below poverty PAPs assistance allowance (to be line; female calculated on the basis of CBN headed per person) on account of households; livelihood restoration support. disable • Temporary or permanent persons. employment during construction or operation, where ever feasible. • Provision of one time PKR. 15,000 moving assistance to cover transport expenses, where applicable. Unidentified Losses Unanticipated All PAPs • Deal appropriately during Project impacts implementation according to the WB OPs.

7.5 Calculation for Compensation Payments Individual and household compensation will be made in kind and/or in cash (refer to Table 7.2). Although the type of compensation may be an individual’s choice, compensation in kind will be preferred, if available, when the loss amounts to more than 20 percent of the total loss of assets. Compensations for land and other assets (buildings and structures) are determined as follows: Table 7.2: Forms of Compensation Compensation Notes Cash Payments Compensation will be calculated and paid in the national currency. Rates will be based on the market value of land and/or

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Compensation Notes assets when known, or estimated when not known, plus compensation for the value of standing crops. In-Kind Compensation may include items such as land, houses, and other buildings, building materials, seedlings, agricultural inputs and financial credits for equipment. Assistance Assistance may include moving allowance, transportation and labour.

Land will be valuated following a valuation process and the provisions of RPF. For land valuation, Land Valuation Committees (LVCs) will be formed comprising members from PMU, local administration, Jirga/Notables and local NGO / SM (if any) with a mandate to fix the rates based on market survey and negotiation with the communities. 7.6 Resettlement Planning Process A separate RAP or ARAP will be prepared for each subproject involving resettlement impacts and shall be based on the following principles: • identify possibility of land acquisition and resettlement during screening of subprojects; • minimize resettlement through relocation/realignment of the project site, where possible; • if resettlement is unavoidable, prepare a RAP or ARAP in line with WB OP 4.12; • undertake meaningful consultation with PAPs; • ensure PAPs are clearly identified including those with no formal rights; • restore their livelihood; • pay compensation in time before land is acquired, • establish an accessible and culturally sensitive GRM at the subproject level for handling complaints that may arise as a result of resettlement process; and • disclose all relevant information. The PMU may engage consultants for preparing these RAPs/ARAPs. The Project will also engage a third party for validation of RAP implementation. 7.6.1 Social Screening Early screening will be carried out for every subproject right after its identification. This will help to select sites where lands will be free from all encumbrances. Resettlement will be avoided or, where this is not possible, then minimized. If resettlement is likely to occur, a social impact assessment (SIA) survey will be conducted to assess the type and magnitude of resettlement impacts. A RAP/ARAP will be prepared based on the detailed design of the proposed subproject by following the principle laid down in the present RPF. The RAP/ARAP with a detailed compensation and/or rehabilitation plan will be implemented before access to the land for civil works is allowed. A rapid social and resettlement impacts screening exercise of indicative subprojects will be conducted to identify possible adverse social impacts. Efforts will be made to avoid, minimize,

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and/or mitigate/compensate resettlement impacts and a screening mechanism will be laid down. This will allow the possibility to exclude certain activities/sub-projects if their environmental or social impacts are significant. The involuntary resettlement screening checklist will be filled to examine the status of land acquisition, ownership, number of owners/ PAPs, land use category, magnitude of impact on the livelihood and type/ nature and magnitude of resettlement impacts. The involuntary resettlement screening checklist is provided in Annex C of this document. 7.7 Subproject Category Classification Guidelines Based on the screening data on the extent of likely impacts, the sub-project safeguard requirements will be categorized as follows: • Significant impact – If as a result of the sub-project, 200 or more people may experience major impacts, that is, being physically moved from housing, or losing 10 percent or more of their productive (income-generating) assets, a full scale RAP will need to be prepared to commensurate the impacts; • Non-significant impact – If as a result of the subproject, less than 200 people will be physically displaced from housing or lose less than 10 percent of their productive (income-generating) assets, an ARAP will need to be prepared to commensurate the impacts; • No impact– If the subproject does not require permanent/or temporary land acquisition, and there are no impacts including the loss of land, structures, crops and trees, businesses or income (livelihood), RAP/ARAP will not be prepared. However, this category of sub-projects may include insignificant/temporary social impacts which are generally mitigated as a part of construction activities in consultation with the PAPs. Thus, any subproject that may cause significant resettlement impacts70 (Category A) will be excluded from CSP financing, while in case of Category B subproject, an ARAP will be required. In case of Category C subproject, the temporary/ minor impacts are generally mitigated during the project implementation as a part the contractors’ contract. 7.7.1 Cut-off Date The cut-off date shall be set to prevent false claims for compensation or rehabilitation. Normally, this cut-off date is the date when the census begins. Compensation eligibility will be limited by a cut‐off date for each sub-project on the day of the beginning of the census survey for the impact assessment in order to avoid an influx of outsiders. Each affected person will be identified and issued with an identification which confirms their presence on the proposed site of a sub-project prior to the cut‐off date. The cut‐off date will be announced through local means of communication including face‐to‐face communication with communities. Any persons who would settle/or build assets on encroached lands in the affected areas after the cut‐off date will not be eligible for compensation.

70 As defined under first bullet of this Section ESMF CSP Page 98

7.7.2 RAP/ARAP Preparation The RAP/ARAP preparation activities will be initiated as part of the preparation of each new subproject involving resettlement impacts. The requirement will be to take the completed detailed design of proposed subproject and carry out a measurement survey and enumeration. The ESMP Consultants will acquire map of the land from the Revenue Department and overlay subproject detailed design with clear demarcation of government land, and also carryout demarcation on the ground in the presence of local community representatives in a transparent manner to avoid any confusion. After assessment of all impacts of a subproject, a RAP or ARAP will be prepared to compensate/mitigate the identified impacts. Any unforeseen or additional impacts will be mitigated in the light of principles and procedures laid down in the present RPF. The RAP/ARAP preparation will entail the following steps: • Description of sub-project: The following sub-project information/data would be needed to prepare sub-project-specific RAPs/ARAPs: o Objective of sub-project o Location of subproject and detailed design with a clear demarcation of the project footprint. o Activities involved during implementation (e.g., construction) o Activities involved during operation and maintenance o Need of any land take (project component wise requirement of land covering both permanent and temporary acquisition) o Detailed GIS maps o Description of implementing agency o Implementation schedule o Manpower requirements. • Socioeconomic Survey: A socio‐economic survey of 25 percent project affected households (AHs) will be carried out to provide a detailed socio‐economic profile of the population in the Project areas. The information gathered will focus on: o household composition and demography; o ethnicity, religion and language; o education; o livelihood patterns and income baseline; o land ownership patterns; o displaced persons income levels and expenditure patterns; o poverty levels of the area; o household possessions;

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o agriculture and cropping patterns (if agriculture is practiced in that area); o livestock; o housing; o gender analysis; o available social/public amenities; o cultural, religious and other structures; o migration; o credit availability and banking facilities; o specific impacts on the poor, women and other vulnerable groups o displaced persons’ views on the subproject and various resettlement and rehabilitation options. o Any legacy issues such as court cases and disputes pertaining to acquisition (or sale/purchase) of land for the industrial zones or existing connective transport infrastructure. • Gender disaggregated data will be gathered to identify specific gender related issues. The survey will be used to investigate PAPs’ socio‐economic condition, identify the Project impacts on PAPs and to establish a benchmark for monitoring and evaluating the implementation of a subproject’s compensation and rehabilitation program. • Census Survey: A census of all AHs will be undertaken based on the categorizations in the entitlement matrix. The Census will determine the exact number of AHs/PAPs and how they will be affected by the specific impacts of a sub-project. The Census will also identify all severely and vulnerable AHs. • Impacts Assessment and Inventory: This task will be based on a Detailed Measurement Survey (DMS) which identifies the nature and magnitude of loss. The survey will include all losses including encroached land (residential and agricultural), immovable structures, communal, public and cultural/religious facilities, crops, trees and business incomes and wages. The impact assessment will also include a survey of compensation rates as detailed above and also the incomes of the AHs. • Gender Impacts, Social Inclusion and Mitigation Measures: The RAP/ARAP will include measures ensuring that the socio‐economic needs and priorities of women and other marginalized groups are identified, addressed and mitigated. The gender provisions will be incorporated to safeguard the specific needs and problems of women, displaced persons or other marginalized during sub-project implementation. The socio‐ economic data gathered will be gender‐disaggregated. Gender roles will be analyzed and the needs, aspirations and priorities of women will be taken into consideration during consultation and preparing mitigation measures and reported in the RAP/ARAP. Female staff will be hired to collect data and assist women in consultations, resettlement options and activities where appropriate. Female household heads will be registered as the recipients of compensation and rehabilitation measures due to their households. Women ESMF CSP Page 100

and marginalized groups will be included in the consultation process through meetings and will be encouraged to participate in the RAP planning and implementation process. Due consideration will be given to complaints and grievances lodged by women and marginalized PAPs following the procedures outlined in this RPF. • Stakeholder Consultation: Consultations will be carried out particularly with affected persons, beneficiaries and other key stakeholders during preparation and implementation of each RAP. The timing and nature of these consultations will vary depending upon the implementation program. Subproject specific stakeholders will be identified through the initial SIA of each sub-project. Stakeholder consultations will be carried out during the preparation of the subproject through community meetings, focus group discussions and interviews of key informants for their views and recommendations for the sub‐project preparation and implementation. These recommendations will be included in RAP and with description of actions defined to address them. • Specific consultations will be carried out with the PAPs of each subproject to identify their needs and preferences for compensation and rehabilitation measures. In this regard the affected persons, including the displaced persons, will be thoroughly informed on the results of the census and impact assessment and their preferences for compensation and other resettlement assistance will be given due consideration. The processes and mechanisms ensuring the active involvement of PAPs and other stakeholders will be detailed in the RAPs, with the list of participants, the location, date and minutes of consultation meetings. • To ensure involvement of re-settlers and host communities, the subproject-specific RAPs/ARAPs will need to include the following: o a description of the strategy for consultation with and participation of re-settlers and hosts in the design and implementation of the resettlement activities; o a summary of the views expressed and how these views were taken into account in preparing the resettlement plan; o a review of the resettlement alternatives presented and the choices made by displaced persons regarding options available to them, including choices related to forms of compensation and resettlement assistance, to relocating as individuals, families, or as parts of preexisting communities or kinship groups, to sustaining existing patterns of group organization, and to retaining access to cultural property (e.g. places of worship, pilgrimage centers, cemeteries); and o institutionalized arrangements by which displaced people can communicate their concerns to project authorities throughout planning and implementation, and measures to ensure that such vulnerable groups as IP, ethnic minorities, the landless, and women are adequately represented. • Valuation of Assets. Land if acquired for the Project will be valued at the replacement cost of land of approximately equal type and quality determined through replacement cost survey for the period of no more than one year preceding the cut-off date for the Project.

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o Buildings and other structures will be valued based on precise measurement, quality and measurement of materials and will be calculated based on replacement cost (i.e., cost of new building materials and labor) with no depreciation for age and deduction for salvageable materials, sufficient to cover the cost of materials and labor. o Crops will be valued at the current market rates for the net harvest actually lost. Trees will be compensated on the basis of their local market values to reflect replacement income. The cost of wood trees will be calculated based on the average volume of wood produced, quality of wood size classes, as determined by girth, diameter at breast height or volume. o Fruit bearing trees will be compensated based on the compensation for loss of fruit trees at current market value depending on type and productive age of the fruits trees and market value of the produce for the time required to grow a tree of equivalent productive capacity. • Resettlement Entitlement and Policy Matrix: An entitlement matrix consistent with the RPF will be developed. For the restoration of the living standards of the PAP, provision will be made so that people should be provided proper compensation and assistance to restore their livelihoods. • Implementation Arrangements: For effective implementation, RAP/ARAP will describe the implementation arrangements. Identification of critical path actions, preparation of RAP implementation arrangements, compensation procedures and resettlement process will be described for an efficient and smooth implementation of RAP. • Preparation of Monitoring, Evaluation and Reporting Plan: The mitigation measures are effective only if properly monitored. For this purpose, proper Monitoring, Evaluation and Reporting plan will be prepared. • GRM: Under the GRM, RAP/ARAP will describe the options available to affected persons for grievance redressal they may have about the process, the identification of eligible people for compensation, the valuation and compensation and any other complaints they may have against the entire process. The GRM will be consistent with the provisions of RPF. • Cost Estimates: The RAP/ARAP preparation and implementation costs, including cost of compensation, various eligible allowances, monitoring & evaluation, grievances redress and LAR administration, as well as contingencies, will be estimated and included in the RAP/ARAP and will be considered an integral part of Project cost. • Cost estimation will be made during preparation of RAP/ARAP. The RAPs/ARAPs will include a budget section indicating (i) unit compensation rates for all affected items and allowances, (ii) methodology followed for the computation of unit compensation rates, and (iii) a cost table for all compensation expenses including administrative costs and contingencies.

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• RAP/ARAP Compilation. Subsequent to the tasks described above, RAP/ARAP will be compiled documenting the process and outcome of the resettlement assessment. The RAPs/ARAPs may need to be updated to take into account changes in the final designs or any unforeseen or additional impacts during the construction phase. The RAPs/ARAPs should be updated (i) on the completion of detailed engineering design but prior to the award of civil works contracts and (ii) during the sub-project civil works where design changes during construction result in changes to the resettlement impacts. Land will not be possessed until all amended RAPs/ARAPs or addendum to a RAP/ARAP get approved by the WB, payments made and PAPs vacate the land within the agreed notice period, mentioned in the RAP/ARAP of a sub-project. The RAPs/ARAPs will include a time bound program which is related to the date that the land is required for construction purposes. The RAP/ARAP will include an entitlement matrix spelling out the exact amount of compensation to be paid to each household against each type of eligibility and loss. RAPs/ARAP will also detail resettlement and rehabilitation strategy, their implementation and institutional arrangements, M&E requirements, documentation protocols, and a GRM. Each RAP/ARAP will also include details of the resettlement impacts, a livelihood restoration plan, estimates for compensation and assistance, list of PAPs with their respective resettlement impact and associated compensation. The structure of RAP/ARAP is provided in Annex D of this document. All RAPs/ARAPs prepared for CSP subprojects will need to be cleared by the WB. The executive summary of each approved RAP/ARAP will be translated in Urdu and available for public review at suitable locations including project office, offices of the concerned government department/agency. RAPs/ARAPs and Urdu translations of their executive summaries will be placed on the official websites of GoKP and MA Secretariat. 7.8 RAP/ARAP Implementation Implementation arrangements for RAP /ARAP and the roles and responsibilities will be the same as for overall ESMF as described in the Chapter 8 “Environmental and Social Management Framework”.

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CHAPTER:8 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK This chapter presents the Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for the proposed project. As the exact nature, extent and location of the subprojects are not known at this stage a framework approach has been adopted for the current study. Accordingly a generic environmental and social assessment, as discussed in Chapter 6, has been carried out. During the project implementation, when the exact nature, type, size, and location of individual subprojects are known, a site-specific environmental and social screening will need to be carried out for each subproject to be considered under the CASA CSP. The project will not finance subprojects with potentially significant negative environmental and social impacts (e.g. inside any environmentally and or social critical areas or protected areas; involving large quantities of waste disposal; large scale or linear infrastructural works; substantial health and safety risks; potential impacts likely to extend beyond the immediate vicinity of the site). On the basis of this screening, the nature and extent of the subproject-specific environmental and social assessment will be determined. 8.1 ESMF Subproject Screening Procedure All identified subprojects/schemes will be screened for environmental and social impacts using the environmental and social screening checklist given at Annex A. ESMF provides simple screening procedure for the type of safeguard instrument (Checklist or ESMP) to be used before implementing a subproject/scheme. The screening criterion is based on the subproject cost and/or complexity of project design as described below. • If the screening process concludes that the subproject is likely to have significant and/ or irreversible negative environmental and/ or social impacts, that subproject will not be financed under the project. • If the screening process concludes that the subproject costs more than USD 30,00071 and/ or complex in nature; and likely to have low to moderate level of negative environmental and social impacts then an “Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP)” and an Abbreviated/Resettlement Action Plan (A/RAP) shall be prepared prior to initiating subproject. An Indicative “Table of Contents” for ESMP is given in Annex B. • For simple community based infrastructure projects /schemes costing less than USD 30,000 and potentially causing negligible to low level of environmental and social impacts, then only Checklists (at Annex A) will be used and appropriate mitigation measures will be taken, if required. Due to nature of the project design it is expected that majority/most of the subprojects/schemes under CSP are likely to fall under this category and will therefore require simple “Check List” as a SG instrument. Table: 8.1 below provides the Subproject Screening Criteria for assessing Safeguard

71 The cost ceiling has been assessed based on the expected average cost per scheme in PC-I/PAD. The cost may be reassessed during project implementation and development of Project Operational Manual (POM) ESMF CSP Page 104

Instrument to be used.

Table: 8.1 Subproject Screening for Assessing Safeguard Instrument

Nature of Safeguard Proposed Sr. Type of Sub- Environmental Instrument/ Implementation # Project and Social Document By Impacts Required

01 Small Scale Beneficiary Likely to have E&S Screening Community Communities / negligible or low Checklists Physical CDCs scale Infrastructure environmental Adopting Simple Schemes (costing and/or social mitigation measures, less than/ equal to impacts if required, as USD 30,000) described in the proposed to be “impact assessment implemented and generic mitigation measures section”

RAP or ARAP required in case of resettlement impacts

02 Relatively complex Contractor / Line Likely to have ESMP/ and RAP Infrastructure department / low to moderate will be prepared as Schemes requiring CDCs environmental per extensive technical and/or social guidelines/sample support (even impacts provided in this costing less than ESMF USD 30,000) RAP or ARAP and required in case of resettlement impacts Schemes costing more than USD 30,000

8.2 Institutional Arrangements The project has proposed establishing a dedicated “Project Management Unit (PMU)” by the Directorate of Projects Planning & Development Department (P&DD) for CASA CSP. The PMU will be responsible for project implementation as well as coordination with involved line directorates of agriculture, livestock, irrigation, and works and services department.

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The PMU will further establish three Field /Sub-offices72 for: (a) Peshawar and Nowshera districts, (b) Khyber District; and If needed, a third location may be set up in the Merged Areas, once the QLCSP support and expansion is determined during the project implementation. : The ESMF implementation arrangements have been suggested to keep it well aligned and synergetic with the overall project implementation and institutional setup as described below: At Project level, the Project Director (PD) PMU will be responsible for the overall implementation of ESMF as well as environmental and social performance of the Project. The PMU will be responsible for planning, implementation, coordination, monitoring and reporting of all E&S related activities. The project will hire a dedicated Environmental & Social Safeguard Specialist (ESS). S/he will support the PD in all technical matters related to Environmental and Social Safeguards. S/he will be responsible for implementing all E&S related requirements including SG compliance monitoring, documentation and reporting. ESS will also be responsible for maintaining an effective GRM, handling the gender related issues stakeholders’ consultation, organization of training /capacity building programs, monitoring and evaluation, coordination with field offices/ line departments; and hiring of consultant/s for Third Party Validation (TPV) of SG compliance.

The PMU will also communicate and coordinate activities with the Environment and Social Impact Cell (ESIC) within the National Transmission and Dispatch Company Limited (NTDC), which is the responsible agency for overall power transmission across Pakistan and the Implementing Agency for CASA1000 Electricity Transmission and Trade Project. At two Field/Sub-Office level, the Head of each office will be overall responsible for implementation of ESMF and environmental and social performance of the Project in his/her respective area. In each sub-office, the project will nominate a suitable incumbent to act as E&S Focal Person (FP). The FP of each office will support day to day operations (like E&S assessments for each subproject/scheme, filling of checklists etc.) and implementation of ESMF and shall maintain horizontal and vertical linkages in E&S compliance monitoring and reporting arrangements. In addition, all involved line departments including directorates of agriculture, livestock, irrigation, and works and services department shall nominate E&S FPs. These FPs shall maintain a close liaison between/among PMU, field offices and their respective departments. At field/subproject site level, the respective CDC will be responsible for ESMF compliance and all related issues. It is expected that Social Mobilization Partner(s) hired for implementing other project activities will also build capacity of CDCs for: (i) raising E&S awareness, and (ii) taking charge of environmental management at field level including monitoring, implementing mitigation measures and reporting non-compliances. To each CDC technical guidance will be provided by respective FP of field office.

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8.3 ESMF Monitoring Mechanism ESMF monitoring will be carried out to ensure that the SG documents and mitigation plans are regularly and effectively implemented. It will be carried out at three levels i.e.at the PMU level, Sub/field office level and at project site level. Project Management Unit (PMU) would serve as the lead implementing entity to monitor all project related functions with the support of line departments and field offices. Accordingly PMU will also take lead in monitoring of ESFM compliance with the technical support of ESS and respective E&S FPs. Similarly Sub/Field offices will be responsible for monitoring at their respective project areas with the technical support of respective E&S FP. The project will develop appropriate SG monitoring plan(s) for all levels indicating clear roles, responsibilities, parameters to be monitored and frequency of monitoring. The outcomes of such monitoring will be documented, shared with the management, field staff and beneficiary communities for course correction, if needed and for future reference. A Monitoring Plan for Environmental and Social Management has been proposed and is attached at Annex-G. The plan suggests generic mitigation measures against assessed E&S impacts, guides on monitoring parameters and assigns routine as well as Supervision responsibilities. This monitoring plan may be adjusted for each subproject, if required. 8.4 Third Party Validation (TPV) / Monitoring In addition to the routine ESMF monitoring as described above, the project will hire an independent firm/consultant to carry out a sample-based Third Party Validation (TPV). This will be done on annual basis to evaluate the overall effectiveness of ESMF implementation for the sub-projects financed under CSP. PMU will ensure the timely hiring and engaging a suitable consultant/firm. For the purpose ESS will be responsible for coordination; arranging site visits and providing necessary support to the TPV consultant/firm. The objective of this TPV will be to review the entire ESMF implementation process and its effectiveness, to identify any environmental and/or social issues caused by the project that may exist on ground, and to frame recommendations for course correction and to improve ESMF and its various components. 8.5 Capacity Building / Training To ensure the successful implementation of ESMF and compliance of the environmental and social mitigation measures, strengthening capacity of relevant PMU/Field Office technical staff and beneficiary communities / CDCs is essential. This will achieved through series of customized trainings and awareness sessions. The objectives of the environmental and social trainings include providing basic knowledge and information on the key environmental and social issues associated with the proposed interventions to the key project personnel and CDCs. Training/Capacity building will cover three key areas and include: (i) Environmental and social orientation/ awareness, (ii) ESMF Implementation; and (iii) Environmental and Social Management. Table below provides capacity building / training framework for the project.

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Table: 8.2 Capacity Building and Training Framework Potential Frequency of Key Areas Key Aspects to Cover Participants Training Environmental • Environmental and Social ESS & FPs from At the start of the and awareness; PMU, Field project; and Social • Key environmental and Offices and Line Orientation / social issues associated Departments Refresher Awareness with project afterwards as and • ESMF findings; when required. • Checklist /ESMP and its components; • GRM & GBV • ESMF • ESMF components FPs At the start of the Implementation • Subprojects specific project; and environmental and social issues and their mitigation Afterwards as and measure when • Subprojects mitigation required measures compliance and monitoring requirements and monitoring Checklists used in field • GRM & GBV • Checklist /ESMP implementation • Documentation and reporting

Environmental • Environmental and Social Subproject On-going/informal and Mitigation Plans; Beneficiaries/ Social • Waste disposal; CDCs / Management • Health and Safety issues Communities during construction and • Mitigation Measures and their implementation Contractors’ staff • Importance of safe drinking water; • Personal hygiene; • Water conservation; • Prevention and cure of diseases such as malaria and dengue.

8.6 Reporting and Documentation A robust reporting mechanism can enable project progress to be followed up, any prevalent hindrances to program implementation to be identified and rectification measures to be setup if

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so required. Such a system will allow project staff and WB to track the advancement of the program and reconcile these with the overall objectives and targets of the Project. Regular and comprehensive reporting will be conducted during the subprojects execution. ESS and respective E&S FPs shall ensure a constant surveillance of the project progress and deliverables through preparation and submission of these reports. This will include the following:

Table: 8.3 Reporting Requirements S. Type of Reporting Frequency Responsibility No.

1 Visit Reports and consultation with Monthly/ ESS and FPs communities including women (with date, Weekly time, venue and photographs) 2 Environmental and Social Screening Monthly/ ESS and FPs Checklists and Screening Reports Weekly 3 Environmental and Social Monitoring Monthly/ ESS and FPs Checklists Weekly 4 ESMF Progress Reports Quarterly and PD / ESS biannual73 5 Training reports Quarterly ESS and FPs 6 TPV Reports Bi-annually PD / ESS 7 ESMF Annual Progress Report Annually PD / ESS

8.7 Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) The Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) of the project is an institutional arrangement that provides an avenue to address complaints and issues raised by the targeted community groups or project stakeholders. It also provides important feedback on the operational activities of the project. The main purpose of the GRM for the project is to put in place an appropriate mechanism whereby the aggrieved/affected individual(s) or community (ies) who believe that they have mistreated or deprived of their due rights by any act of the management or connected implementation system, is provided a fair opportunity to record and redress their concerns. The development and implementation of GRM is an integral part of CSP design. The Component 4 “Project Management and Monitoring and Evaluation” will support and finance the maintenance and reporting of the project’s M&E and grievance redress systems74. The latter will track, document and communicate the project’s progress and results as well as capture beneficiary feedback and grievances received through the “Beneficiary Feedback

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Mechanism (BFM)”, which is expected to be established on priority during early stage of the project initiation. The PMU will capture community-based participatory monitoring and social audit findings, as well as feedback and grievances received through the BFM, in the MIS and in the project semiannual reports. Further the project’s overall communication strategy – designed and formulated separately for branding CASA CSP – would also be fully utilized for making GRM effective and meaningful. 8.7.1 Objectives of the GRM The objectives of the GRM shall be: • To establish an organizational framework to address and resolve the grievances of individuals or communities, fairly and equitability. • To provide enhanced level of satisfaction to the aggrieved party or person (s). • To provide easy access to the aggrieved/affected individual or community for an immediate grievance redress, especially vulnerable groups (such as women, children, elderly, disabled, sexual minorities). • To identify systemic flaws in the operational system of the project and suggest corrective measures for effective implementation. 8.7.2 Definition of “Grievance/Complaint A Grievance/Complaint is defined as any formal communication that expresses dissatisfaction about an action or lack of action, standard of service, works, or ineffectiveness of service of the project management and its implementation mechanism. 8.7.3 GRM – Complaint lodging and redress procedure GRM will make use of Project’s overall institutional setup. Institutionally the CSP GRM will function as a multi-tier grievance redress mechanism with designated staff at each level. The project will setup formal Complaint Cell at each level (PMU, Sub/Field office and site office if any) and suitable staff (preferably M&E) will be nominated to take the responsibility of GRM handling. Apart from the electronic database that will be maintained at the PMU level, a manual register of all complaints and actions taken will be maintained at all offices. Directorate of Projects under the Merged Areas Secretariat (MAS) will be the apex forum for redress of a complaint(s). A grievance lodged by an aggrieved person/party at first stage shall be seen by a responsible person at Sub/Field office (FO) level where the cause of grievance had occurred. Any complaint from the community related to any of the CSP interventions would be formally submitted to the FO and addressed by it in a stipulated timeframe at the field level. Whereas if a complaint of an aggrieved party/community that relates to the field staff/office is lodged, it will be addressed by the PMU. The PD CSP is responsible to address the issue to the full satisfaction of the aggrieved person or party, but in case the PMU is unable to address that, then it is referred to the highest forum i.e. Directorate of Projects under the Merged Areas Secretariat (MAS). In case, the complaint is regarding PMU, then it will also be addressed by Directorate of Projects under the Merged Areas Secretariat (MAS). All types of redress depend upon the nature of complaint whereas responsibilities to hear and resolve issues/complaints

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rests with the concerned office as mentioned above. The final processes and procedures for the GRM will be translated into local languages (Pasto/Urdu) and disseminated at all offices/subproject locations. These shall be made available in all /combination or either of leaflet, poster format, audio /video and text messages; as appropriate. PMU will ensure that the GRM will be accessible to diverse members of the community, including women, senior citizens and other vulnerable groups. Culturally-appropriate communication mechanisms will be used at all sub-project sites both to spread awareness regarding the GRM process as well as complaints management.

Record and Documentation: PMU through ESS will maintain an electronic database that will provide a summary of complaints received, resolved and mitigations measures taken. The PMU will also provide an analysis of the grievances at each subproject location using a pre- designed M&E template that will give an insight into the type of complaint(s) received with qualitative and quantitative review of grievance redress mechanism. The PMU will periodically (monthly/quarterly) upload the actions and results for each grievance, by subproject location, on Project website. The project will look into the possibility of establishing a dedicated mobile application that could be used to communicate grievances and shall help providing basis for recording complaints at all levels.

The GRM proposed here will be applicable throughout the course of project during the entire project implementation and will cater to both the directly and indirectly affected populations. However the GRM proposed by ESMF will be periodically evaluated and assessed for its effectiveness; any gaps identified shall be addressed during project implementation and should be reflected accordingly in Project Operational Manual (POM).

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8.8 ESMF Implementation Budget ESMF implementation cost is estimated as PKR 27000,000. The details are provided in the table below. This cost will be included in the overall project cost.

Table: 8.4 ESMF Implementation Cost Estimate Unit Cost Total Cost S.No. Description Unit Remarks / Notes (PKR) (PKR) Environment Safeguard per 1 For 2 & half years Specialist (ESS) month 300,000 90,000,000

Social Sector development per 2 For 2 half years /Safeguards Specialist month 300,000 90,000,000

per 3 Gender Specialist (GS) For 2 & half years month 300,000 90,000,000

Total 27000000

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ANNEXES

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Annex A Environmental & Social Screening Checklist Screening Questions Yes No Remarks

A-Project Sitting

Is the Subproject area adjacent to or within any of the following environmentally sensitive areas?

• Cultural Heritage Site

• Protected Area

• Wetland

• Mangrove

• Estuarine

• Buffer Zone of Protected area

• Special Area of Protecting Biodiversity

B-Potential Environmental Impacts

Will the activities* under the subproject cause?

*Pl use the appropriate/ applicable activities and facilities for relevant subproject

• Ecological disturbances arising from establishment of a plant or facility complex in or near sensitive habitats?

• Loss of precious ecological values (e.g. result of encroachment into forests, swamplands or historical/cultural buildings, areas, disruption of hydrology of natural waterways, regional flooding, drainage hazards)?

• Eventual degradation of water bodies due to discharge of wastes and other effluents from plant or facility complex?

• Serious contamination of soil and groundwater?

• Aggravation of solid waste problems in the area?

• Public Health risks from discharge of waste and poor air quality?

• Quality: noise and foul odor from plant emissions?

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• Short-term construction impacts (e.g. soil erosion, deterioration of water and air quality, noise and vibration from construction equipment)?

• Environmental degradation (e.g. disruption of wildlife habitat) from intensification of agricultural land used to supply raw materials for plant operations; and modification of natural species diversity as a result of the transformation to monoculture practices

• Water pollution from discharge of liquid effluents?

• Air pollution from all plant operations?

• Accidental release of potentially hazardous solvents, acidic and alkaline materials?

• Uncontrolled in-migration with opening of roads to forest area and overloading of social infrastructure?

• Occupational health hazards due to fugitive dust, materials handling, noise, or other process operations?

• Disruption of transit patterns, creation of noise and congestion, and pedestrian hazards aggravated by heavy trucks?

• Disease transmission from inadequate waste disposal?

C-Potential Social Impacts

Will the activities* under the subproject cause?

*Pl use the appropriate/ applicable activities and facilities for relevant subproject

• Dislocation or involuntary resettlement of people?

• Social conflicts arising from influx of laborers from other areas?

• Impediments to movements of people and animals?

• Disproportionate impacts on the poor, women and children, indigenous people or other vulnerable groups?

• Potential social conflicts arising from land tenure and land use issues?

• Noise from construction and plant equipment?

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• Risks to community health and safety due to the transport, storage and/or disposal of materials such as explosives, fuels and other chemicals during construction and operation?

• Does the subproject require land?

• If yes, will the subproject cost be shared between the project and landowner? (Complete documentation will be maintained for land procurement or donation)

• Will the private land be obtained through land cost paid by the community through willing buyer-willing seller arrangement? (Complete documentation will be maintained for land procurement)

• Will the land be obtained through private voluntary donations, provided the donation will have minimal livelihood impact on the concerned person (less than 10%)? (Complete documentation will be maintained for land donation)

Note: If any of the response requires mitigation measures, then measures suggested in the main text will be referred to.

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Annex B Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) Methodology The subproject specific ESMPs will be prepared using generally accepted standard methodology, as briefly listed below. • Scoping – studying the subproject details and preparing long list of potential issues and concerns • Site surveys and data collection – recording key environmental and social aspects of the area, identifying any environmental/social hot spots or key concerns, carrying out consultations with the community. • Screening – on the basis of the above, short listing the key concerns and potential impacts of the subproject on environment and people. • Impact assessment – assessing the significance of each potential impact and identifying appropriate mitigation measures. Assessment of cumulative impacts of a cluster of subprojects. • ESMP compilation – documenting the process and outcome of the study. Proposed ESMP Structure The ESMP will follow the standard structure as given below. • Introduction, including background, a brief description of the Project, an overview of the relevant legal and policy framework • A simplified description of the subproject, including its layout and location, resource requirements, wastes to be generated, manpower requirement, a brief description of construction activities, and a brief description of operation and maintenance activities. • Baseline description, primarily describing the proposed site and its immediate surrounding aided with maps, photographs and schematics, key environmental and social aspects/resources of the surroundings such as land form and land use, land ownership, water resources, settlements, any critical habitat or protected area, any cultural heritage sites or graveyards, any sensitive receptor such as schools and hospitals, access routes, and other relevant details. • Stakeholder consultations, recording the key concerns and suggestions of the community regarding the subproject and its potential impacts, and a description of the way these concerns will be addressed. • Impact assessment: The anticipated impacts are identified and summarized. • Mitigation plans, listing all the impacts, their mitigation measures, assigning responsibility of implementing these measures, and also assigning responsibility for monitoring. Also identifying cumulative impacts if applicable. • Monitoring plan, describing the monitoring requirements, frequency, and responsibility of conducting the monitoring.

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• Training plan, describing the training requirements, contents, frequency, training recipients, and responsibility of conducting these trainings. • Documentation and reporting, describing the requirement, frequency, and responsibility of documentation and reporting. • Grievances redress mechanism (GRM). • ESMP implementation budget, providing the cost estimate of its implementation.

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Annex C Involuntary Resettlement Screening Checklist Name of Enumerator:______Date: ______Province:______District:______Subproject:______Sector:______Project Categorization: A/ B / C75

Potential Impacts Yes No Expected Remarks Does the sub-project involve any physical construction work, i.e. rehabilitation, reconstruction or new construction? Specify in “remarks” column. Does the sub-project involve impacts on land, assets and people, if “Yes” try to quantify the impacts and check following items. If “No” impacts, explain the situation in “remarks” and move to section 2. Potential impacts Land (quantify and describe types of land in “remarks column”. Government or state owned land free of occupation (agriculture or settlement) Private land • Residential • Commercial • Agriculture • Communal • Others (specify in “remarks”). Land-based assets: • Residential structures • Commercial structures (specify in “remarks”) • Community structures (specify in “remarks”) • Agriculture structures (specify in “remarks”) • Public utilities (specify in “remarks”) • Others (specify in “remarks”) Agriculture related impacts • Crops and vegetables (specify types and cropping area in “remarks). • Trees (specify number and types in “remarks”). • Others (specify in “remarks”). Affected/Displaced Persons (DPs) • Number of DPs • Males

75 Category A (significant impacts): 200 or more people physically displaced from housing or losing more than 10 percent of their productive assets (income generating). Category B: Impacts not significant, resettlement plan required. Category C: No impact.

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Potential Impacts Yes No Expected Remarks • Females • Titled land owners • Tenants and sharecroppers • Leaseholders • Agriculture wage laborers • Encroachers and squatters (specify in remarks column). • Vulnerable DPs (e.g. women headed households, minors and aged, orphans, disabled persons and those below the poverty line). Specify the number and vulnerability in “remarks”. • Others (specify in “remarks”) Section 2 Others (specify in “remarks”. Are there any indigenous or other minority groups affected by land acquisition or project activities? If “Yes” check the following items • Indigenous groups (specify groups in “remarks”). Describe nature of impacts • Minority groups (specify in “remarks”). Describe nature of impacts

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Annex D RAP/ARAP Structure The suggested structure of the sub-project-specific RAP/ARAP is given below. i) Executive Summary This non-technical executive summary will provide brief description of the sub-project, its resettlement impacts, entitlement and eligibility criteria, estimates of compensation and assistance, and finally results of stakeholder consultations. ii) Introduction This Chapter will introduce the RAP and describe its objective, scope, methodology of preparation, and document structure. iii) Project Description Provide a description of the subproject to place the RAP/ARAP in the relevant context. This would include a summary of the background to the overall project and the different components, focusing on component requiring resettlement. The description will then provide greater details of the specific subproject for which the RAP /ARAP is being prepared. iv) Government of Pakistan’s Legal and Institutional Guidelines and Requirements This Chapter will present a review of the national and provincial laws governing land acquisition and other assets. It shall also look at the various land tenure and ownership systems in Pakistan especially in Sindh, the different legal instruments regarding government and individual acquisitions and resettlement and compensation policies. The RAP /ARAP shall describe any discrepancies identified in the different legal instruments. The RAP /ARAP shall also identify the legally mandated institutions associated with these legal instruments and their respective roles. This should be at all levels where implementation of project activities is likely to take place. Particular attention should be given to local institutions and structures at the project site(s). The institutional arrangements will include implementation and monitoring mechanisms that ensure inclusiveness and participation of all affected people, groups and communities. v) World Bank Safeguards Policies The RAP /ARAP shall spell out the WB’s policy on Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12) and assess how this applies in the specific case of Component 2 of the Project. The RAP shall present the gaps between the WB safeguard policy on involuntary resettlement and the GoP Legislations. Practical measures and recommendations to bridge the gap between the two sources of legislations should be explored. vi) Baseline Conditions This Chapter of the RAP /ARAP will require an estimated number and types of people likely to be affected or displaced by the sub-project activities. The different categories of affected persons may include those who may be losing legal title to land and those without legal title but who use the land for economic activities or for residential purposes. There may be those who may be losing temporary access to property or business sites. These are only examples of those who are likely to be affected through displacement. The RAP /ARAP will identify the right categories based on the impacts noted or expected. The RAP /ARAP will present

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findings from a social and economic survey at the proposed sites for the sub-project activities. The survey will cover information on the social structure, economic activities, social characterization of potential affected persons, and the numbers likely to be involved, the different social institutions, social capital and mechanism for social cohesion, and any legacy issues pertaining to land acquisition and associated activities. This information will serve as critical baseline data for a future M&E activities. vii) Eligibility Criteria for various Categories of Affected People The RAP /ARAP Consultants will determine the method for setting a cut-off date for eligibility for compensation and also as a means for making this information (on cut-off date) reach the wider public. In addition, the RAP /ARAP Consultants will determine the compensation type for the different categories, losses and affected persons. These may include persons affected by land acquisition, rights of access to resources or properties such as housing, businesses, water sources, loss of livelihood, and loss of cultural properties. The RAP /ARAP shall take particular note of the multidimensional impact of the sub-project and factor that into the analysis especially with regard to different sites and different forms of social impacts. The RAP /ARAP shall pay particular attention to the different forms of impacts as a result of the nature of the sub-project and explore the relevant issues appropriately. The criteria for compensation should be in line with national legal requirements and provisions, WB OP 4.12, social sustainability and poverty reduction factors and fairness to avoid conflict and dissatisfaction. The section should also identify and document the unit of compensation that is whether individuals, families or groups and indicate the scenarios or cases for the application of each unit of analysis or a combination of units where appropriate. viii) Entitlement Matrix for proposed Resettlement and Compensation Policy Following from the above, the RAP /ARAP shall develop a matrix that presents the type of compensation that each identified PAP will be entitled to and a rationale as part of the matrix explaining the reasoning behind the entitlement. ix) Methods for Valuing Affected Assets This Chapter shall describe in detail the methods used in valuing those assets that will be eligible for compensation either as per national or WB policy on Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12). This process should capture the methodology for taking of inventory of assets, values assigned and agreement reached with each identified PAP and consider inflationary realities in the final determination of values. The RAP /ARAP shall include a clear statement alluding to the possibility of revised values should there be major discrepancies between dates for value determination and actual date for payments. Valuing of assets should be a process of engagement with PAPs and not an imposition. The RAP /ARAP shall demonstrate that the methods used for the exercise in its entirety were fully participatory and acceptable to all stakeholders. x) Resettlement Impacts This Chapter will detail the resettlement impacts to be caused by the sub-project. The details will include various types of resettlement impacts with quantification; complete list of PAPs will be provided in an annex. The Chapter will also provide overall estimates for the

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resettlement compensations to be paid to the PAPs; compensation amount for each PAP will be provided in the above-mentioned annex. The Chapter will also include the Livelihood Restoration Plan. xi) Organizational Arrangements and Procedures for Delivery of Entitlements The RAP /ARAP will describe the process for organizational arrangements, responsibilities and roles. It will describe the Project and sub-project based institutional structure required for implementing all aspects of the resettlement process. Key staff positions and their roles will be presented (detailed ToRs of positions can be presented in an annex). The RAP /ARAP will describe the approval processes for the various stages of the compensation work including the various actors and their roles and responsibilities. This section will also spell out the actual process for delivering the entitlement including the roles for the different agencies and reporting formats. xii) Consultation with and participation of Affected People The RAP /ARAP will provide process and outcome of consultation and participation by the PAPs in the resettlement planning and implementation process until they have received their entitlements. This process should be elaborate and clear to avoid and minimize confusion and suspicion. This could be done according to the different levels of consultations, the expected outcome form the different stages of the consultation and participation approach that would be adopted. The RAP should categorically emphasize the importance of documentation for the consultation and participation process for RAPs. The record of consultation and participation for the RAP should be attached as an annex to the final RAP /ARAP. As part of this, the consultant will develop a program for the disclosure of the RAP to facilitate the work of the client on this matter. The responsibility for both the disclosure and dissemination however lies with the client. xiii) Grievance Redress Mechanisms A GRM should be outlined in this section with clear roles, timelines, procedures and responsibilities. It should also describe the options available to PAPs for grievance redress during the resettlement process. The RAP /ARAP shall indicate how these would be disseminated and accessible in a way that is clear and comprehensible to the PAPs. The GRM should also have an in-built monitoring mechanism to check on responsiveness to complaints or grievances lodged. The different forms of receiving the complaints should be clearly described together with the different stages of going through the process. In addition, the redress mechanism shall indicate alternatives, in case the proposed mechanism, for any reason, does not respond to all grievances and complaints xiv) Budget and Funding Arrangements The RAP /ARAP should clearly state the sources of funding for its implementation and payment of compensation and assistance, an overall cost estimates for resettlement including for monitoring of the resettlement activities. The financial responsibility of the relevant stakeholders, where applicable, should be categorically stated to avoid ambiguity of source of funds for resettlement activities. These budgets should take into consideration inflationary tendencies.

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xv) Monitoring Arrangements The RAP /ARAP shall provide an appropriate monitoring framework. Methodologies for monitoring should be spelled out. The roles of different players like the PAPs, civil society, and local government authorities among others, in the implementation and monitoring process will need to be clarified. The RAP shall develop, as part of this, a template for monitoring with indicators based on the main issues identified and spelt out in the RPF. xvi) Implementation Schedule To avoid confusion with cut-off dates and other time lines especially because compensation will have to be paid prior to commencement of any civil works, it is important for the RAP /ARAP to set out implementation schedule for the resettlement.

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Annex E National Environmental Quality Standards

The National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS), promulgated under the PEPA 1997, specify the following standards: • Maximum allowable concentration of pollutants in gaseous emissions from industrial sources, • Maximum allowable concentration of pollutants in municipal and liquid industrial effluents discharged to inland waters, sewage treatment and sea (three separate set of numbers). • Ambient air quality standards. • Drinking water standards • Noise standards. The above NEQS’s are presented in Tables A.1 to A.5 below. Only a few of these standards will be applicable to the gaseous emissions and liquid effluents discharged to the environment from the activities under the proposed project. Table A.1: Selected NEQS for Waste Effluents Standards Parameter Unit (Maximum Allowable Limit) Temperature increase 0C < 3 pH value (acidity/basicity) pH 6-9 5-day biochemical oxygen demand mg/l 80 (BOD) at 20 0C Chemical oxygen demand (COD) mg/l 150 Total suspended solids mg/l 200 Total dissolved solids mg/l 3,500 Grease and oil mg/l 10 Phenolic compounds (as phenol) mg/l 0.1 Chloride (as Cl) mg/l 1,000 Fluoride (as F) mg/l 10

Sulfate (SO4) mg/l 600 Sulfide (S) mg/l 1.0

Ammonia (NH3) mg/l 40

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Cadmium mg/l 0.1 Chromium (trivalent and hexavalent) mg/l 1.0 Copper mg/l 1.0 Lead mg/l 0.5 Mercury mg/l 0.01 Selenium mg/l 0.5 Nickel mg/l 1.0 Silver mg/l 1.0 Total toxic metals mg/l 2.0 Zinc mg/l 5 Arsenic mg/l 1.0 Barium mg/l 1.5 Iron mg/l 8.0 Manganese mg/l 1.5 Boron mg/l 6.0 Chlorine mg/l 1.0

Notes:

1. The standard assumes that dilution of 1:10 on discharge is available. That is, for each cubic meter of treated effluent, the recipient water body should have 10 m3 of water for dilution of this effluent.

2. Toxic metals include cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, selenium, nickel and silver. The effluent should meet the individual standards for these metals as well as the standard for total toxic metal concentration. Source: Government of Pakistan (2000) (SRO 549 (I)/2000).

Table A.2: NEQS for Industrial Gaseous Emissions Standards Parameter Source of Emission (Maximum Allowable Limit) Smoke Smoke opacity not to exceed 40% or 2 Ring Lemann Scale or equivalent smoke number

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Particulate matter 1 (a) Boilers and furnaces: i. Oil fired 300 ii. Coal fired 500 iii. Cement Kilns 300 (b) Grinding, crushing, 500 clinker coolers and related processes, metallurgical processes, converters, blast furnaces and cupolas Hydrogen Chloride Any 400 Chlorine Any 150 Hydrogen Fluoride Any 150 Hydrogen Sulphide Any 10 Sulphur Oxides 2,3 Sulfuric acid/ Sulphonic acid 5,000 plants Other Plants except power 1,700 Plants operating on oil and coal Carbon Monoxide Any 800 Lead Any 50 Mercury Any 10 Cadmium Any 20 Arsenic Any 20 Copper Any 50 Antimony Any 20 Zinc Any 200 Oxides of Nitrogen 3 Nitric acid manufacturing unit 3,000 Other plants except power plants operating on oil or coal: 400 i. Gas fired 600 ii. Oil fired 1,20 iii. Coal fired 0

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Explanations:

1. Based on the assumption that the size of the particulate is 10-micronor more.

2. Based on 1% Sulphur content in fuel oil. Higher content of Sulphur will cause standards to be pro-rate.

3. In respect of emissions of Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, the power plants operating on oil and coal as fuel shall in addition to NEQS specified above, comply with the standards provided separately. Source: Government of Pakistan (2000) (SRO 549 (I)/2000).

Table A.3: National Environmental Quality Standards for Ambient Air

Time- Concentration in Ambient weight Air Pollutant ed Effective Effective Method of s Averag from 1st July from 1st Measurement e 2010 January 2013 Annual Sulfur 80 µg/m3 80 µg/m3 Dioxide Average* Ultraviolet Fluorescence (SO2) 24 hours** 120 µg/m3 120 µg/m3

Annual Oxides of 3 3 40 µg/m 40 µg/m Gas Phase Chem Nitrogen as Average* luminescence (NO) 24 hours** 40 µg/m3 40 µg/m3

Oxides of Annual 3 3 40 µg/m 40 µg/m Gas Phase Chem Nitrogen as Average* luminescence (NO2) 24 hours** 80 µg/m3 80 µg/m3

Ozone Non dispersive 1 hour 180 µg/m3 130 µg/m3 (O3) UV absorption Suspended Annual 400 µg/m3 360 µg/m3 High Volume Particulate Average* Sampling, (Average flow rate not less Matter 3 3 24 hours** 550 µg/m 500 µg/m 3 (SPM) than1.1 m /minute). Respirable Annual 200 µg/m3 120 µg/m3 Particulate Average* β Ray absorption Matter. 3 3 PM10 24 hours** 250 µg/m 150 µg/m

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Annual Reparable 25 µg/m3 15 µg/m3 Average* Particulate β Ray absorption Matter. 24 hours** 40 µg/m3 35 µg/m3 PM2.5 1 hour 25 µg/m3 15 µg/m3 Annual ASS Method after 1.5 µg/m3 1.0 µg/m3 Average* sampling using EPM Lead (Pb) 2000 or equivalent Filter 3 3 24 hours** 2.0 µg/m 1.5 µg/m paper

Carbon 8 hours** 5 mg/m3 5 mg/m3 Non-Dispersive Monoxide 3 3 Infra-Red (NDIR) (CO) 1 hour 10 mg/m 10 mg/m *Annual arithmetic mean so f minimum 104 measurements in a year taken twice a week 24 hourly at uniform interval. ** 24 hourly /8 hourly values should be met 98% of the in a year. 2% of the time, it may exceed but not on two consecutive days. Source: Government of Pakistan (2010) (SRO 1062 (I)/2010). Table A.4: National Standards for Drinking Water Quality Properties/Parameters Standard Values for Pakistan Bacterial All water intended for drinking (E.Coli or Must not be detectable in any 100 ml Thermo tolerant Coli form bacteria) samples Treated water entering the distribution Must not be detectable in any 100 ml system (E.Coli or thermo tolerant coli samples form and total coli form bacteria) Treated water in the distribution Must not be detectable in any 100 ml system (E.Coli or thermo tolerant samples coliform and total coliform bacteria) In case of large supplies, where sufficient samples Are examined, must not be present in 95% of the samples taken throughout any 12- month period. Physical Color ≤15 TCU Taste Non objectionable/Accept able Odor Non objectionable/Accept able

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Turbidity < 5 NTU Total hardness as CaCO3 < 500 mg/l TDS < 1000 pH 6.5 – 8.5 Chemical Essential Inorganic mg/Litre Aluminum (Al) ≤0.2 Antimony (Sb) ≤0.005 (P) Arsenic (As) ≤ 0.05 (P) Barium (Ba) 0.7 Boron (B) 0.3 Cadmium (Cd) 0.01 Chloride (Cl) <250 Chromium (Cr) ≤0.05 Copper (Cu) 2 Toxic Inorganic mg/Litre Cyanide (Cn) ≤0.05 Fluoride (F)* ≤1.5 Lead (Pb) ≤0.05 Manganese (Mn) ≤ 0.5 Mercury (Hg) ≤0.001 Nickel (Ni) ≤0.02

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Properties/Parameters Standard Values for Pakistan Nitrate (NO3)* ≤50 Nitrite (NO2)* ≤3 (P) Selenium (Se) 0.01 (P) Residual chlorine 0.2-0.5 at consumer end; 0.5-1.5 at source Zinc (Zn) 5.0 Organic Pesticides mg/l PSQCA No. 4639-2004, Page No. 4 Table No. 3, Serial No. 20- 58 may be consulted.** Phenolic compound (as phenols) mg/l WHO standards: ≤ 0.002 Poly nuclear Aromatic hydrocarbon (as WHO standards: ≤ 0.01v(by GC/MS PAH) g/L method) Radioactive Alpha Emitters bq/L or pCi 0.1 Beta Emitters 1

* Indicates priority health related inorganic constituents which need regular monitoring. ** PSQCA: Pakistan Standards Quality; Control Authority. Source: Government of Pakistan (2010) (SRO 1063(I)/2010).

Table A.5: National Environmental Quality Standards for Noise Limit in dB(A) Leq * Category of Effective from 1st July 2010 Effective from 1st July Area/Zone 2012 Day Night time Day Night time time time Residential area 65 50 55 45 Commercial 70 60 65 55 area Industrial area 80 75 75 65 Silence zone 55 45 50 45

Notes:

1. Day time hours: 6:00 a.m. to 10:00p.m.

2. Night time hours: 10:00 p.m. to 6:00a.m.

3. Silence zone: Zones that are declared as such by the competent authority. An area comprising not less than 100 m around the hospitals, educational institutions, and courts.

4. Mixed categories of areas may be declared as one of the four above- listed categories by the competent authority.

* dB(A) Leq: Time weighted average of the level of sound in decibels on Scale A which is relatable to human hearing. Source: Government of Pakistan (2010) (SRO 1064(I)/2010).

Annex F Environmental Code of Practice Introduction The objective of the ECoPs is to address all potential and general construction related impacts during implementation of the subprojects. The ECoPs will provide guidance for best operating practices and environmental management guidelines to be followed by the contractors/ CDCs for sustainable management of all environmental issues. These ECoPs shall be annexed to the general conditions of all subproject contracts awarded to the contractors and with TOPs76 if implemented by CDCs. The list of ECoPs prepared for the Project is given below. ECoP 1: Waste Management ECoP 2: Fuels and Hazardous Goods Management ECoP 3: Water Resources Management ECoP 4: Drainage Management ECoP 5: Soil Quality Management ECoP 6: Erosion and Sediment Control ECoP 7: Top Soil Management ECoP 8: Topography and Landscaping ECoP 9: Air Quality Management ECoP 10: Noise and Vibration Management ECoP 11: Protection of Flora ECoP 12: Protection of Fauna ECoP 13: Road Transport and Road Traffic Management ECoP 14: Construction Camp Management ECoP 15: Cultural and Religious Issues ECoP 16: Workers Health and Safety Contractors will prepare site specific management plans, namely Construction Environmental Management Plan (CEMP), in compliance with WB and GoKP guidelines and based on the guidance given in the ECoPs. The CEMP will form the part of the contract documents and will be used as monitoring tool for compliance.

76 Terms of Partnership

ECoP 1: Waste Management Project Environmental Mitigation Measures/ Management Activity/ Impacts Guidelines Impact Source General Waste Soil and water pollution The Contractor77 shall from the improper • Develop site specific waste management management of wastes plan for various specific waste streams and excess materials (e.g., reusable waste, flammable waste, from the construction construction debris, food waste etc.) sites. prior to commencing of construction and submit to supervision consultant for approval. • Organize disposal of all wastes generated during construction in the designated disposal sites approved by the Project. • Minimize the production of waste materials by 3R (Reduce, Recycle and Reuse) approach. • Segregate and reuse or recycle all the wastes, wherever practical. • Vehicles transporting solid waste shall be covered with tarps or nets to prevent spilling waste along the route. • Train and instruct all personnel in waste management practices and procedures as a component of the environmental induction process. • Provide refuse containers at each worksite. • Request suppliers to minimize packaging where practicable. • Place a high emphasis on good housekeeping practices. • Maintain all construction sites in a cleaner, tidy and safe condition and provide and maintain appropriate facilities as temporary storage of all wastes before transportation and final disposal. • Potable water should be supplied in bulk containers to reduce the quantity of plastic waste (plastic bottles). Plastic bag use should be avoided. Hazardous Health hazards and The Contractor shall Waste environmental impacts • Collect chemical wastes in 200 liter due to improper waste drums (or similar sealed container),

77 Also include here and elsewhere the CDCs if implemented by the beneficiary communities themselves

Project Environmental Mitigation Measures/ Management Activity/ Impacts Guidelines Impact Source management practices appropriately labeled for safe transport to an approved chemical waste depot. • Store, transport and handle all chemicals avoiding potential environmental pollution. • Store all hazardous wastes appropriately in bunded areas away from water courses. • Make available Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs) for hazardous materials on-site during construction. • Collect hydrocarbon wastes, including lube oils, for safe transport off-site for reuse, recycling, treatment or disposal at approved locations. • Construct concrete or other impermeable flooring to prevent seepage in case of spills.

ECoP 2: Fuels and Hazardous Goods Management Project Environmental Mitigation Measures/ Management Activity/ Impacts Guidelines Impact Source Fuels and Materials used in The Contractor shall hazardous construction have a • Prepare spill control procedures and goods. potential to be a submit them for supervision consultant source of approval. contamination. • Train the relevant construction personnel Improper storage and in handling of fuels and spill control handling of fuels, procedures. lubricants, chemicals • Store dangerous goods in bonded areas on and hazardous top of a sealed plastic sheet away from goods/materials on- watercourses. site, and potential • Refueling shall occur only within bonded spills from these areas. goods may harm the • Store and use fuels in accordance with environment or health MSDSs. Make available MSDS for of construction chemicals and dangerous goods on-site. workers. • Transport waste of dangerous goods, which cannot be recycled, to a designated disposal site. • Provide absorbent and containment material (e.g., absorbent matting) where hazardous material are used and stored; and ensure personnel trained in the correct use. • Provide protective clothing, safety boots, helmets, masks, gloves, goggles, to the construction personnel, appropriate to materials in use. • Make sure all containers, drums, and tanks that are used for storage are in good condition and are labeled with expiry date. Any container, drum, or tank that is dented, cracked, or rusted might eventually leak. Check for leakage regularly to identify potential problems before they occur. • Store and use fuels in accordance with MSDSs. • Store all liquid fuels in fully bonded storage containers, with appropriate volumes, a roof, a collection point and appropriate filling/decanting point. • Store hazardous materials above flood level considered for construction purposes • Put containers and drums in temporary

Project Environmental Mitigation Measures/ Management Activity/ Impacts Guidelines Impact Source storages in clearly marked areas, where they will not be run over by vehicles or heavy machinery. The area shall preferably slope or drain to a safe collection area in the event of a spill. • Take all precautionary measures when handling and storing fuels and lubricants, avoiding environmental pollution. • Avoid the use of material with greater potential for contamination by substituting them with more environmentally friendly materials.

ECoP 3: Water Resources Management Project Activity/ Environmental Mitigation Measures/ Management Impact Impacts Guidelines Source Hazardous Water pollution from The Contractor shall material and the storage, handling • Follow the management guidelines Waste and disposal of proposed in ECoPs 1 and 2. hazardous materials • Minimize the generation of sediment, oil and general and grease, excess nutrients, organic construction waste, matter, litter, debris and any form of and accidental spillage waste (particularly petroleum and chemical wastes). These substances must not enter waterways or storm water systems. Discharge Construction activities, The Contractor shall from sewerages from • Install temporary drainage works construction construction sites and (channels and bunds) in areas required for sites work camps may affect sediment and erosion control and around the surface water storage areas for construction materials. quality. The • Install temporary sediment basins, where construction works appropriate, to capture sediment-laden will modify run-off from site. groundcover and • Divert runoff from undisturbed areas topography changing around the construction site. the surface water • Stockpile materials away from drainage drainage patterns of lines the area. These • Prevent all solid and liquid wastes changes in entering waterways by collecting solid hydrological regime waste, oils, chemicals, bitumen spray lead to increased rate waste and wastewaters from brick, of runoff, increase in concrete and asphalt cutting where sediment and possible and transport to an approved contaminant loading, waste disposal site or recycling depot. increased flooding, and • Wash out ready-mix concrete agitators effect habitat of fish and concrete handling equipment at and other aquatic washing facilities off site or into biology. approved bonded areas on site. Ensure that tires of construction vehicles are cleaned in the washing bay (constructed at the entrance of the construction site) to remove the mud from the wheels. This should be done in every exit of each construction vehicle to ensure the local roads are kept clean. Soil erosion Soil erosion and dust The Contractor shall and siltation from the material • Stabilize the cleared areas not used for stockpiles will increase construction activities with vegetation or the sediment and appropriate surface water treatments as

Project Activity/ Environmental Mitigation Measures/ Management Impact Impacts Guidelines Source contaminant loading of soon as practicable following earthwork surface water bodies. to minimize erosion. • Ensure that roads used by construction vehicles are swept regularly to remove dust and sediment. • Water the loose material stockpiles, access roads and bare soils on an as required basis to minimize dust. Increase the watering frequency during periods of high risk (e.g. high winds). Drinking Untreated surface The Contractor Shall water water is not suitable • Provide the drinking water that meets for drinking purposes NEQS standards. Drinking water to be due to presence of chlorinated at source, and ensure suspended solids and presence of residual chlorine 0.1 ~ 0.25 ecoli. ppm as minimum after 30 minutes of chlorine contact time.

ECoP 4: Drainage Management Project Environmental Mitigation Measures/ Management Activity/ Impacts Guidelines Impact Source Excavation and Lack of proper The Contractor shall earth works, drainage for • Prepare drainage management procedures and rainwater/liquid and submit them for supervision construction waste or wastewater consultant approval. yards owing to the • Prepare a program to prevent/avoid construction activities standing waters, which supervision harms environment in consultant will verify in advance and terms of water and confirm during implementation. soil contamination, • Provide alternative drainage for rainwater and mosquito growth. if the construction works/earth-fillings cut the established drainage line. • Establish local drainage line with appropriate silt collector and silt screen for rainwater or wastewater connecting to the existing established drainage lines already there. • Rehabilitate road drainage structures immediately if damaged by contractors’ road transports. • Build new drainage lines as appropriate and required for wastewater from construction yards connecting to the available nearby recipient water bodies. Ensure wastewater quality conforms to NEQS, before it is being discharged into the recipient water bodies. • Ensure that there will be no water stagnation at the construction sites and camps. • Provide appropriate silt collector and silt screen at the inlet and manholes and periodically clean the drainage system to avoid drainage congestion. • Protect natural slopes of drainage channels to ensure adequate storm water drains. • Regularly inspect and maintain all drainage channels to assess and alleviate any drainage congestion problem. Ponding of Health hazards due to • Do not allow ponding of water especially water mosquito breeding near the waste storage areas and construction camps. • Discard all the storage containers that are capable of storing of water, after use or store them in inverted position.

ECoP 5: Soil Quality Management Project Activity/ Environmental Mitigation Measures/ Management Impact Source Impacts Guidelines Storage of Spillage of hazardous The Contractor shall hazardous and and toxic chemicals • Strictly manage the wastes management toxic chemicals will contaminate the plans proposed in ECoP1 and storage of soils materials in ECoP2. • Construct appropriate spill contaminant facilities for all fuel storage areas. • Establish and maintain a hazardous material register detailing the location and quantities of hazardous substances including the storage, and their disposals. • Train personnel and implement safe work practices for minimizing the risk of spillage. • Identify the cause of contamination, if it is reported, and contain the area of contamination. The impact may be contained by isolating the source or implementing controls around the affected site. • Remediate the contaminated land using the most appropriate available method. Construction Erosion from The Contractor shall material stock construction material • Protect the toe of all stockpiles, where piles stockpiles may erosion is likely to occur, with silt contaminate the soils fences, straw bales or bunds.

ECoP 6: Erosion and Sediment Control Project Environmental Mitigation Measures/ Management Activity/ Impacts Guidelines Impact Source Clearing of Cleared areas and slopes The Contractor shall construction are susceptible for • Prepare site specific erosion and sites erosion of top soils, sediment control measures and submit which affects the growth them for supervision consultant of vegetation and causes approval. ecological imbalance. • Reinstate and protect cleared areas as soon as possible. • Cover unused area of disturbed or exposed surfaces immediately with mulch/grass turf/tree plantations. Construction The impact of soil The Contractor shall activities and erosion are (i) Increased • Locate stockpiles away from material run off and drainage lines. stockpiles sedimentation causing a • Protect the toe of all stockpiles, where greater flood hazard to erosion is likely to occur, with silt the downstream, and (ii) fences, straw bales or bunds. destruction of aquatic • Remove debris from drainage paths environment by erosion and sediment control structures. and/or deposition of • Cover the loose sediments of sediment damaging the construction material and water them spawning grounds of if required. fish • Divert natural runoff around construction areas prior to any site disturbance. • Install protective measures on site prior to construction, for example, sediment traps. • Install ‘cut off drains’ on large cut/fill batter slopes to control water runoff speed and hence erosion. • Observe the performance of drainage structures and erosion controls during rain and modify as required. Soil erosion Soil erosion and dust The Contractor shall and siltation from the material • Stabilize the cleared areas not used stockpiles will increase for construction activities with the sediment and vegetation or appropriate surface contaminant loading of water treatments as soon as surface water bodies. practicable following earthwork to minimize erosion. • Ensure that roads used by construction vehicles are swept regularly to remove sediment. • Water the material stockpiles, access roads and bare soils on an as required

Project Environmental Mitigation Measures/ Management Activity/ Impacts Guidelines Impact Source basis to minimize dust. Increase the watering frequency during periods of high risk (e.g. high winds).

ECoP 7: Top Soil Management Project Mitigation Measures/ Management Activity/ Environmental Impacts Guidelines Impact Source Land clearing Earthworks will impact the The Contractor shall and earth works fertile top soils that are • Strip the top soil to a depth of 15 enriched with nutrients cm and store in stock piles of required for plant growth height not exceeding 2m. or agricultural • Remove unwanted materials from development. top soil like grass, roots of trees and similar others. • The stockpiles will be done in slopes of 2:1 to reduce surface runoff and enhance percolation through the mass of stored soil. • Locate topsoil stockpiles in areas outside drainage lines and protect from erosion. • Construct diversion channels and silt fences around the topsoil stockpiles to prevent erosion and loss of topsoil. • Spread the topsoil to maintain the physio-chemical and biological activity of the soil. The stored top soil will be utilized for covering all disturbed area and along the proposed plantation sites. • Prior to the re-spreading of topsoil, the ground surface will be ripped to assist the binding of the soil layers, water penetration and re- vegetation Transport Vehicular movement • Limit equipment and vehicular outside Project area or movements to within the temporary access roads approved construction zone. will affect the soil fertility • Plan construction access to make of the agricultural lands use, if possible, of the final road alignment.

ECoP 8: Topography and Landscaping Project Mitigation Measures/ Activity/ Environmental Impacts Management Guidelines Impact Source Land clearing Construction activities The Contractor shall and earth works especially earthworks will • Prepare landscaping and change topography and plantation plan and submit the disturb the natural plan for supervision consultant rainwater/flood water approval. drainage as well as will • Ensure the topography of the change the local landscape. final surface of all raised lands (construction yards, approach roads and rails, access roads, etc.) are conducive to enhance natural draining of rainwater/flood water. • Keep the final or finished surface of all the raised lands free from any kind of depression that causes water logging. • Undertake mitigation measures for erosion control/prevention by grass-turfing and tree plantation, where there is a possibility of rain-cut that will change the shape of topography. • Cover immediately the uncovered open surface that has no use of construction activities with grass-cover and tree plantation to prevent soil erosion and bring improved landscaping. • Reinstate the natural landscape of the ancillary construction sites after completion of works.

ECoP 9: Air Quality Management Project Activity/ Environmental Mitigation Measures/ Management Impact Impacts Guidelines Source Construction Air quality can be The Contractor shall vehicular adversely affected by • Prepare air quality management plan traffic vehicle exhaust (under the Pollution Prevention Plan) and emissions and submit the plan for supervision consultant combustion of fuels. approval. • Fit vehicles with appropriate exhaust systems and emission control devices. Maintain these devices in good working condition. • Operate the vehicles in a fuel efficient manner. • Cover hauls vehicles carrying dusty materials moving outside the construction site. • Impose speed limits on all vehicle movement at the worksite to reduce dust emissions. • Control the movement of construction traffic. • Water construction materials prior to loading and transport. • Service all vehicles regularly to minimize emissions. • Limit the idling time of vehicles not more than 2 minutes. Construction Air quality can be The Contractor shall machinery adversely affected by • Fit machinery with appropriate exhaust emissions from systems and emission control devices. machinery and Maintain these devices in good working combustion of fuels. condition in accordance with the specifications defined by their manufacturers to maximize combustion efficiency and minimize the contaminant emissions. Proof or maintenance register shall be required by the equipment suppliers and contractors/subcontractors. • Focus special attention on containing the emissions from generators. • Machinery causing excess pollution (e.g. visible smoke) will be banned from construction sites. • Service all equipment regularly to minimize emissions. • Provide filtering systems, duct collectors

Project Activity/ Environmental Mitigation Measures/ Management Impact Impacts Guidelines Source or humidification or other techniques (as applicable) to the concrete batching and mixing plant to control the particle emissions in all its stages, including unloading, collection, aggregate handling, cement dumping, circulation of trucks and machinery inside the installations. Construction Dust generation from The Contractor shall activities construction sites, • Water the material stockpiles, access material stockpiles roads and bare soils on an as required and access roads is a basis to minimize the potential for nuisance in the environmental nuisance due to dust. environment and can Increase the watering frequency during be a health hazard, periods of high risk (e.g. high winds). and also can affect the Stored materials such as gravel and sand local crops; shall be covered and confined to avoid their being wind-drifted. • Minimize the extent and period of exposure of the bare surfaces. • Restore disturbed areas as soon as practicable by vegetation/grass-turfing. • Store the cement in silos and minimize the emissions from silos by equipping them with filters. • Establish adequate locations for storage, mixing and loading of construction materials, in a way that dust dispersion is prevented because of such operations. • Not water as dust suppression on potentially contaminated areas so that a liquid waste stream will be generated. • Crushing of rocky and aggregate materials shall be wet-crushed, or performed with particle emission control systems. • Not permit the burning of solid waste.

ECoP 10: Noise and Vibration Management Project Activity/ Environmental Mitigation Measures/ Management Impact Impacts Guidelines Source Construction Noise quality will be The Contractor shall vehicular deteriorated due to • Prepare a noise and vibration traffic vehicular traffic management plan (under the Pollution Prevention Plan) and submit the plan for supervision consultant approval. • Maintain all vehicles in order to keep it in good working order in accordance with manufactures maintenance procedures. • Make sure all drivers will comply with the traffic codes concerning maximum speed limit, driving hours, etc. • Organize the loading and unloading of trucks, and handling operations for the purpose of minimizing construction noise on the work site. Construction Noise and vibration may The Contractor shall machinery have an impact on • Appropriately site all noise generating people, property, fauna, activities to avoid noise pollution to livestock and the natural local residents. environment. • Use the quietest available plant and equipment. • Maintain all equipment in order to keep it in good working order in accordance with manufactures maintenance procedures. Equipment suppliers and contractors shall present proof of maintenance register of their equipment. • Install acoustic enclosures around generators to reduce noise levels. • Fit high efficiency mufflers to appropriate construction equipment. • Avoid the unnecessary use of alarms, horns and sirens. Construction Noise and vibration may The Contractor shall activity have an impact on • Notify adjacent landholders prior any people, property, fauna, typical noise events outside of daylight livestock and the natural hours. environment. • Educate the operators of construction equipment on potential noise problems and the techniques to minimize noise emissions. • Employ best available work practices

Project Activity/ Environmental Mitigation Measures/ Management Impact Impacts Guidelines Source on-site to minimize occupational noise levels. • Install temporary noise control barriers where appropriate. • Notify affected people if major noisy activities will be undertaken, e.g. blasting. • Plan activities on site and deliveries to and from site to minimize impact. • Monitor and analyze noise and vibration results and adjust construction practices as required. • Avoid undertaking the noisiest activities, where possible, when working at night near the residential areas.

ECoP 11: Protection of Flora Project Activity/ Environmental Mitigation Measures/ Management Impact Impacts Guidelines Source Vegetation Local flora are The Contractor shall clearance important to provide • Prepare a plan for protection of flora shelters for the birds, and submit the plan for supervision offer fruits and/or consultant approval. timber/fire wood, • Minimize disturbance to surrounding protect soil erosion and vegetation. overall keep the • Use appropriate type and minimum size environment very of machine to avoid disturbance to friendly to human- adjacent vegetation. living. As such damage • Get approval from supervision to flora has wide range consultant for clearance of vegetation. of adverse • Make selective and careful pruning of environmental impacts. trees where possible to reduce need of tree removal. • Control noxious weeds by disposing of at designated dump site or burn on site. • Clear only the vegetation that needs to be cleared in accordance with the engineering plans and designs. These measures are applicable to both the construction areas as well as to any associated activities such as sites for stockpiles, disposal of fill a, etc. • Not burn off cleared vegetation – where feasible, chip or mulch and reuse it for the rehabilitation of affected areas, temporary access tracks or landscaping. Mulch provides a seed source, can limit embankment erosion, retains soil moisture and nutrients, and encourages re-growth and protection from weeds. • Return topsoil and mulched vegetation (in areas of native vegetation) to approximately the same area of the roadside it came from. • Avoid work within the drip-line of trees to prevent damage to the tree roots and compacting the soil. • Minimize the length of time the ground is exposed or excavation left open by clearing and re-vegetate the area at the earliest practically possible. • Ensure excavation works occur progressively and re-vegetation done at

Project Activity/ Environmental Mitigation Measures/ Management Impact Impacts Guidelines Source the earliest • Provide adequate knowledge to the workers regarding nature protection and the need of avoid felling trees during construction • Supply appropriate fuel in the work camps to prevent fuel wood collection.

ECoP 12: Protection of Fauna Project Activity/ Mitigation Measures/ Management Environmental Impacts Impact Guidelines Source Construction The location of The Contractor shall activities construction activities • Prepare a plan for protection of fauna can result in the loss of and submit the plan for supervision wild life habitat and consultant approval. habitat quality • Limit the construction works within the designated sites allocated to the contractors. • check the site for animals trapped in, or in danger from site works and use a qualified person to relocate the animal. Impact on migratory The Contractor shall birds, its habitat and its • Not be permitted to destruct active nests active nests or eggs of migratory birds. • Minimize the tree removal during the bird breeding season. If works must be continued during the bird breeding season, a nest survey will be conducted by a qualified biologist prior to commence of works to identify and locate active nests. • If bird nests are located/ detected within the ledges and roadside embankments then those areas should be avoided. • Petroleum products should not come in contact with the natural and sensitive ecosystems. Contractor must minimize the release of oil, oil wastes or any other substances harmful to migratory birds’ habitats, to any waters, wetlands or any areas frequented by migratory birds. Vegetation Clearance of vegetation The Contractor shall clearance may impact shelter, • Restrict the tree removal to the feeding and/or breeding minimum numbers required. and/or physical • Relocate hollows, where appropriate. destruction and severing • Fell the hollow bearing trees in a of habitat areas manner which reduces the potential for fauna mortality. Felled trees will be inspected after felling for fauna and if identified and readily accessible will be removed and relocated or rendered assistance if injured. After felling, hollow bearing trees will remain unmoved overnight to allow animals to move of their own volition.

Project Activity/ Mitigation Measures/ Management Environmental Impacts Impact Guidelines Source Night time Lighting from The Contractor shall lighting construction sites and • Use lower wattage flat lens fixtures that construction camps may direct light down and reduce glare, thus affect the visibility of reducing light pollution, night time migratory • Avoid flood lights unless they are birds that use the moon absolutely required. and stars for navigation • Use motion sensitive lighting to during their migrations. minimize unneeded lighting. • Use, if possible, green lights that are considered as bird’s friendly lighting instead of white or red colored lights. • Install light shades or plan the direction of lights to reduce light spilling outside the construction area. Construction Illegal poaching The Contractor shall camps • Provide adequate knowledge to the workers regarding protection of flora and fauna, and relevant government regulations and punishments for illegal poaching. • Ensure that staff and Subcontractors are trained and empowered to identify, address and report potential environmental problems.

ECoP 13: Road Transport and Road Traffic Management Project Activity/ Mitigation Measures/ Management Environmental Impacts Impact Guidelines Source Construction Increased traffic use of The Contractor shall vehicular road by construction • Prepare a traffic management plan and traffic vehicles will affect the submit the plan for supervision movement of normal road consultant approval. traffics and the safety of • Strictly follow the Project’s ‘Traffic the road-users. Management Plan’ and work with close coordination with the Traffic Management Unit. • Prepare and submit additional traffic plan, if any of his traffic routes are not covered in the Project’s Traffic Management Plan, and requires traffic diversion and management. • Include in the traffic plan to ensure uninterrupted traffic movement during construction: detailed drawings of traffic arrangements showing all detours, temporary road, temporary bridges temporary diversions, necessary barricades, warning signs / lights, road signs etc. • Provide signs at strategic locations of the roads complying with the schedules of signs contained in the Pakistan Traffic Regulations. Accidents and spillage of The Contractor shall fuels and chemicals • Restrict truck deliveries, where practicable, to day time working hours. • Restrict the transport of oversize loads. • Operate vehicles, if possible, to non- peak periods to minimize traffic disruptions. • Enforce on-site speed limit.

ECoP 14: Construction Camp Management Project Activity/ Mitigation Measures/ Management Environmental Impacts Impact Guidelines Source Siting and Campsites for The Contractor shall Location of construction workers are • Prepare a construction camp construction the important locations management plan and submit the plan camps that have significant for supervision consultant's approval. impacts such as health and • Locate the construction camps

Project Activity/ Mitigation Measures/ Management Environmental Impacts Impact Guidelines Source safety hazards on local within the designed sites or at areas resources and which are acceptable from infrastructure of nearby environmental, cultural or social point communities. of view; and approved by the supervision consultant. • Consider the location of construction camps away from communities in order to avoid social conflict in using the natural resources such as water or to avoid the possible adverse impacts of the construction camps on the surrounding communities. • Submit to the supervision consultant for approval a detailed layout plan for the development of the construction camp showing the relative locations of all temporary buildings and facilities that are to be constructed together with the location of site roads, fuel storage areas (for use in power supply generators), solid waste management and dumping locations, and drainage facilities, prior to the development of the construction camps. • Local authorities responsible for health, religious and security shall be duly informed on the set up of camp facilities so as to maintain effective surveillance over public health, social and security matters. Construction Lack of proper Contractor shall provide the following Camp infrastructure facilities, facilities in the campsites Facilities such as housing, water • Adequate housing for all workers. supply and sanitation • Safe and reliable water supply, which facilities will increase should meet NEQS. Drinking water to pressure on the local be chlorinated at source, and ensure services and generate presence of residual chlorine 0.1 ~ substandard living 0.25 ppm as minimum after 30 minutes standards and health of chlorine contact time (World Health hazards. Organization -WHO guideline). • Hygienic sanitary facilities and sewerage system. The toilets and domestic waste water will be collected through a common sewerage. Provide separate latrines and bathing places for

Project Activity/ Mitigation Measures/ Management Environmental Impacts Impact Guidelines Source males and females with total isolation by location. The minimum number of toilet facilities required is one toilet for every ten persons. • Treatment facilities for sewerage of toilet and domestic wastes. • Storm water drainage facilities. • Paved internal roads. • Provide child crèches for women working construction site. The crèche should have facilities for dormitory, kitchen, indoor and outdoor play area. Schools should be attached to these crèches so that children are not deprived of education whose mothers are construction workers. • Provide in-house community/common entertainment facilities. Dependence of local entertainment outlets by the construction camps to be discouraged/prohibited to the extent possible. Disposal of Management of wastes is The Contractor shall waste crucial to minimize • Ensure proper collection and disposal impacts on the of solid wastes within the construction environment camps. • Insist waste separation by source; organic wastes in one container and inorganic wastes in another container at household level. • Store inorganic wastes in a safe place within the household and clear organic wastes on daily basis to waste collector. Establish waste collection, transportation and disposal systems with the manpower and equipment/vehicles needed. • Do not establish site specific landfill sites. All solid waste will be collected and removed from the work camps and disposed in approval waste disposal sites. Fuel supplies Illegal sourcing of fuel The Contractor shall for cooking wood by construction • Provide fuel to the construction camps purposes workers will impact the for their domestic purpose, in order to

Project Activity/ Mitigation Measures/ Management Environmental Impacts Impact Guidelines Source natural flora and fauna discourage them to use fuel wood or other biomass. • Made available alternative fuels like natural gas or kerosene on ration to the workforce to prevent them using biomass for cooking. • Conduct awareness campaigns to educate workers on preserving the protecting the biodiversity and wildlife of the Project area, and relevant government regulations and punishments on wildlife protection. Health and There will be a potential The Contractor shall Hygiene for diseases to be • Provide adequate health care facilities transmitted including within construction sites. malaria, exacerbated by • Provide first aid facility round the inadequate health and clock. Maintain stock of medicines in safety practices. There the facility and appoint fulltime will be an increased risk designated first aider or nurse. of work crews spreading • Provide ambulance facility for the sexually transmitted laborers during emergency to be infections (STIs) and transported to nearest hospitals. Human • Initial health screening of the laborers Immunodeficiency coming from outside areas. Virus/Acquired Immune • Train all construction workers in basic Deficiency Syndrome sanitation and health care issues and (HIV/AIDS). safety matters, and on the specific hazards of their work. • Provide HIV awareness programming, including STIs and HIV information, education and communication for all workers on regular basis. • Provide adequate drainage facilities throughout the camps to ensure that disease vectors such as stagnant water bodies and puddles do not form. Regular mosquito repellant sprays during rainy season in offices and construction camps and yards. • Not dispose food waste openly as that will attract rats and stray dogs. • Carryout short training sessions on best hygiene practices to be mandatorily participated by all workers. Place display boards at

Project Activity/ Mitigation Measures/ Management Environmental Impacts Impact Guidelines Source strategic locations within the camps containing messages on best hygienic practices. Safety In adequate safety The Contractor shall facilities to the • Provide appropriate security personnel construction camps may (police or private security guards) and create security problems enclosures to prevent unauthorized and fire hazards entry in to the camp area. • Maintain register to keep a track on a head count of persons present in the camp at any given time. • Encourage use of flameproof material for the construction of labor housing / site office. Also, ensure that these houses/rooms are of sound construction and capable of withstanding wind storms/cyclones. • Provide appropriate type of firefighting equipment suitable for the construction camps • Display emergency contact numbers clearly and prominently at strategic places in camps. • Communicate the roles and responsibilities of laborers in case of emergency in the monthly meetings with contractors. Site Restoration of the The Contractor shall Restoration construction camps to • Dismantle and remove from the site all original condition requires facilities established within the demolition of construction construction camp including the camps. perimeter fence and lockable gates at the completion of the construction work. • Dismantle camps in phases and as the work gets decreased and not wait for the entire work to be completed. • Give prior notice to the laborers before demolishing their camps/units. • Maintain the noise levels within the national standards during demolition activities. • Different contractors should be hired to demolish different structures to promote recycling or reuse of

Project Activity/ Mitigation Measures/ Management Environmental Impacts Impact Guidelines Source demolished material. • Reuse the demolition debris to a maximum extent. Dispose remaining debris at the designated waste disposal site. • Handover the construction camps with all built facilities as it is if agreement between both parties (contactor and land-owner) has been made so. • Restore the site to its condition prior to commencement of the works or to an agreed condition with the landowner.

ECoP 15: Cultural and Religious Issues Project Mitigation Measures/ Management Activity/ Environmental Impacts Guidelines Impact Source Construction Disturbance from The Contractor shall activities near construction works to the • Communicate to the public through religious and cultural and religious community consultation regarding the cultural sites sites, and contractors lack scope and schedule of construction, as of knowledge on cultural well as certain construction activities issues cause social causing disruptions or access restriction. disturbances. • Not block access to cultural and religious sites, wherever possible. • Restrict all construction activities within the foot prints of the construction sites. • Stop construction works that produce noise (particularly during prayer time) should there be any mosque/religious/educational institutions close to the construction sites and users make objections. • Take special care and use appropriate equipment when working next to a cultural/religious institution. • Stop work immediately and notify the site manager if, during construction, an archaeological or burial site is discovered. It is an offence to recommence work in the vicinity of the site until approval to continue is given. • Provide separate prayer facilities to the construction workers. • Show appropriate behavior with all construction workers especially women and elderly people. • Allow the workers to participate in praying during construction time. • Resolve cultural issues in consultation with local leaders and supervision consultants. • Establish a mechanism that allows local people to raise grievances arising from the construction process. • Inform the local authorities responsible for health, religious and security duly informed before commencement of civil works so as to maintain effective surveillance over public health, social and security matters.

ECoP 16: Worker Health and Safety Project Activity/ Mitigation Measures/ Management Environmental Impacts Impact Guidelines Source Best practices Construction works may The Contractor shall pose health and safety • Prepare an OHS plan and submit the plan risks to the construction for supervision consultant's approval. workers and site visitors • Implement suitable safety standards for leading to severe injuries all workers and site visitors which should and deaths. The not be less than those laid down on the population in the international standards (e.g. International proximity of the Labor Office guideline on ‘Safety and construction site and the Health in Construction; WBG’s construction workers ‘Environmental Health and Safety will be exposed to a Guidelines’) and contractor’s own number of (i) national standards or statutory biophysical health risk regulations, in addition to complying with factors, (e.g. noise, dust, Pakistan standards. chemicals, construction • Provide the workers with a safe and material, solid waste, healthy work environment, taking into waste water, vector account inherent risks in its particular transmitted diseases construction activity and specific classes etc.), (ii) risk factors of hazards in the work areas. resulting from human • Provide personal protection equipment behavior (e.g. STD, HIV (PPE) for workers, such as safety boots, etc.) and (iii) road helmets, masks, gloves, protective accidents from clothing, goggles, full-face eye shields, construction traffic. and ear protection. Maintain the PPE properly by cleaning dirty ones and replacing them with the damaged ones. • Safety procedures include provision of information, training and protective clothing to workers involved in hazardous operations and proper performance of their job. • Appoint an EHS manager to look after the health and safety of the workers. • Inform the local authorities responsible for health, religious and security duly informed before commencement of civil works and establishment of construction camps so as to maintain effective surveillance over public health, social and security matters. Child and pregnant labor The Contractor shall • Not hire children of less than 14 years of age and pregnant women or women who delivered a child within 8 preceding

Project Activity/ Mitigation Measures/ Management Environmental Impacts Impact Guidelines Source weeks. Accidents Lack of first aid facilities The Contractor shall and health care facilities • Ensure health care facilities and first aid in the immediate vicinity facilities are readily available. will aggravate the health Appropriately equipped first-aid stations conditions of the victims should be easily accessible throughout the place of work. • Document and report occupational accidents, diseases, and incidents. • Prevent accidents, injury, and disease arising from, associated with, or occurring in the course of work by minimizing, so far as reasonably practicable, the causes of hazards, in a manner consistent with good international industry practice. • Identify potential hazards to workers, particularly those that may be life- threatening and provide necessary preventive and protective measures. • Provide awareness to the construction drivers to strictly follow the driving rules. • Provide adequate lighting in the construction area, inside the tunnels, inside the powerhouse cavern and along the roads. Construction Lack of proper The Contractor shall provide the following Camps infrastructure facilities, facilities in the campsites to improve health such as housing, water and hygienic conditions as mentioned in supply and sanitation ECoP 16 Construction Camp Management facilities will increase • Adequate ventilation facilities pressure on the local • Safe and reliable water supply. services and generate • Hygienic sanitary facilities and sewerage substandard living system. standards and health • Treatment facilities for sewerage of toilet hazards. and domestic wastes • Storm water drainage facilities. • Recreational and social facilities • Safe storage facilities for petroleum and other chemicals in accordance with ECoP 2 • Solid waste collection and disposal system in accordance with ECoP1. • Arrangement for trainings • Paved internal roads.

Project Activity/ Mitigation Measures/ Management Environmental Impacts Impact Guidelines Source • Security fence at least 2 m height. • Sick bay and first aid facilities Water and Lack of Water sanitation The contractor shall sanitation facilities at construction • Provide portable toilets at the facilities at the sites cause construction sites, if about 25 people are construction inconvenience to the working the whole day for a month. sites construction workers and Location of portable facilities should be affect their personal at least 6 m away from storm drain hygiene. system and surface waters. These portable toilets should be cleaned once a day and all the sewerage should be pumped from the collection tank once a day and should be brought to the common septic tank for further treatment. • Provide safe drinking water facilities to the construction workers at all the construction sites. Other ECoPs Potential risks on health The Contractor shall follow the following and hygiene of ECoPs to reduce health risks to the construction workers and construction workers and nearby community general public • ECoP 2: Fuels and Hazardous Goods Management • ECoP 4: Drainage Management • ECoP 10: Air Quality Management • ECoP 11: Noise and Vibration Management • ECoP 13: Road Transport and Road Traffic Management Trainings Lack of awareness and The Contractor shall basic knowledge in • Train all construction workers in basic health care among the sanitation and health care issues (e.g., construction workforce, how to avoid malaria and transmission of make them susceptible to STIs HIV/AIDS. potential diseases. • Train all construction workers in general health and safety matters, and on the specific hazards of their work. Training should consist of basic hazard awareness, site specific hazards, safe work practices, and emergency procedures for fire, evacuation, and natural disaster, as appropriate. • Implement malaria, HIV/AIDS and STI education campaign targeting all workers hired, international and national, female and male, skilled, semi- and unskilled

Project Activity/ Mitigation Measures/ Management Environmental Impacts Impact Guidelines Source occupations, at the time of recruitment and thereafter pursued throughout the construction phase on ongoing and regular basis. This should be complemented by easy access to condoms at the workplace as well as to voluntary counseling and testing.

Annex G Proposed Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan S/N Anticipated Social Mitigation Measures (S) Monitoring Responsibil Supervision /Environmental Impacts ity

1 Air quality deterioration • Tractor/ vehicle loads should be covered • Inspect vehicle mobility CDC / E&S E&S FPs / ESS due to dust emission & with any suitable material/protection. • Inspect construction site FP / excavation activities • Soil and temporary spoil piles should be • Inspect fencing Contractor covered or sprayed with water if generating dust. • Construction sites including soil piles should be fenced to avoid material escape, generation of dust and access to children 2 Surface and Ground • It will be ensured that the wastes are not Inspect discharge point of CDC / E&S E&S FPs / ESS Water Quality released into any drinking water source, toilets /other effluent source FP / deterioration due to runoff cultivation fields, or critical habitat. Contractor from labor toilets / • Effluents from the construction sites will construction machinery not be released to drinking water sources, operations cultivation fields, irrigation channels, and critical habitats.

• Appropriate effluent treatment arrangements such as settling tanks will be made at sites.

3 Surplus material /Solid • Construction sites should be equipped Inspect waste disposal CDC / E&S E&S FPs / ESS Waste Management with temporary refuse bins/ dumping arrangements FP / during subproject places Contractor construction and operation. • Disposal of surplus material /solid waste Inspect waste disposal will be carried out in a manner that does arrangements not negatively affect the drinking water

sources, cultivation fields, irrigation channels, natural drainage paths, and the existing waste management system in the area, local routes, and general aesthetic value of the area

• Wastes should be routinely collected Inspect waste disposal CDC / E&S E&S FPs / ESS from the temporary bins/ designated arrangements FP / area and disposed at waste disposal Contractor facilities

Possible Noise emissions • Machinery operation and high noise Inspect construction CDC / E&S E&S FPs / ESS from running of activities should be carefully planned activities near Communities FP / Construction machinery. and scheduled. Contractor

• Where that is not possible, high noise Inspect working hours CDC / E&S E&S FPs / ESS activities should cease between 22:00 FP / and 06:00 hrs. Contractor

5 Occupational Health and • Environmental Code of Practice Audit ECOPs CDC / E&S E&S FPs / ESS Safety (ECoPs) (attached at Annex F) will be FP / Implemented Contractor

• The construction contracts will include Inspect bidding documents Health E&S FPs / ESS appropriate clauses to protect Department environment and public health. The

Present ESMF will be included in the bidding document.

• Avoid stagnation of water and initiate Inspect construction site CDC / E&S E&S FPs / ESS drainage/clean-up of stagnant water. FP / E&S FPs / ESS Contractor

• Provide for the provision of Inspect first aid provision CDC / E&S E&S FPs / ESS appropriately stocked first-aid FP /

equipment at work sites; Contractor

• Provide for the provision of appropriate Inspect PPEs provision CDC / E&S E&S FPs / ESS personal protective equipment (PPE) to FP / minimize risks, such as but not limited Contractor to appropriate outerwear, boots and gloves; safety helmets;

• Provide training for workers for the use Check training records CDC / E&S E&S FPs / ESS of PPE FP / Contractor

6 Impacts on Women • It will be ensured that the subprojects do Check procedures of CDC / E&S E&S FPs / ESS (including privacy, not have any negative impacts on women, awareness raising and FP / Pardah issues and GBV), children and vulnerable groups outreach activities Contractor Children, and Vulnerable • There will be communication outreach to GRM monitoring Groups users and community members on the Community consultation renovation/construction before and during the civil work. • Labor will be trained not to interfere with the local community • Local community (especially women and children) will be informed before construction activities and entry of labor at site areas • GRM will be established at the sub projects site to resolve the public grievances and complaints 7 Change in land use due to Public Consultation before execution of sub- Inspect site before and CDC / E&S E&S FPs / ESS site clearance, pavement project and pay compensation in case of during execution FP / works any loss/damage to private properties Contractor

8 Solid waste generation Disposal of solid waste will be carried out in a Inspect camp site CDC / E&S E&S FPs / ESS storage deposits, excavation manner that does not negatively affect the FP / debris and solid waste, and drinking water sources, cultivation fields, Contractor waste water from camp site irrigation channels, natural drainage paths, of labor may cause pollution and the existing waste management system in the area, local routes, and general aesthetic value of the area

9 Impact on Community Restoration or relocation of affected Inspect site during CDC / E&S E&S FPs / ESS Infrastructure due to infrastructures. execution FP / demolition of Information signboard will be placed (Such Contractor Structures / movement of as School area, Speed limit, drive slowly) vehicles/ construction machinery 10 Odour, water quality use of infiltration gallery for effluent disposal Inspect site during CDC / E&S E&S FPs / ESS degradation, aesthetics buffer zones execution FP / Simple O&M Contractor

11 Disruption of transit Workers/laborers will be ensured to use PPEs Inspect during execution CDC / E&S E&S FPs / ESS patterns, creation of noise Community information and awareness on daily basis FP / and congestion, and mechanism before execution of civil Contractor pedestrian hazards works activities aggravated by heavy trucks Traffic management plans 12 Impediments to Traffic management plans will be displayed at Site inspection CDC / E&S E&S FPs / ESS movements of people and main points Public consultation FP / animals Local communities will be informed about it Contractor timely 13 Accidental release of Use of PPEs will be made sure. Community Emergency CDC / E&S E&S FPs / ESS potentially hazardous Community emergency plan will be made Plan check FP / solvents, acidic and alkaline Rescue services contact information will be Site visits Contractor materials (from construction displaced at prominent places of project First Aid Box monitoring material/activities) execution site First Aid box will be ensured at each site

Annex H Voluntary Land Donation Procedure/Criteria The project will, in most cases, not finance schemes that require land acquisition other than Voluntary Land Donation (VLD) or publicly owned land. This use of voluntary donation option will be limited to small scale community infrastructure subprojects. Under no circumstances, shall the titleholder be subjected to any pressure, directly or indirectly, to part with the land. The project will ensure that the process of voluntary donation of land is meticulously documented to avoid confusions, misunderstandings, litigations, etc. at a later stage. Original copies of all documentation of voluntary donation of land will be kept with the relevant Land Revenue Department of KP/Merged Areas Secretariat. Complete documentation along with a copy of the final document will be sent to PMU for records and for inspection at a later date. For land donation the following rule will apply: • The Titleholder should not belong to the vulnerable sections. • Households (with a valid proof), as per provincial poverty line for rural/urban areas; • Households without a proof of the same and belonging to the following social categories: o Women headed households with women as sole earner o Minority / Handicapped persons, and is subject to any of the following impacts; ▪ Loses land holding, ▪ Loses shelter and ▪ Loses source of livelihood. • The Titleholder should be holding more than the minimum prescribed land, • The impacts must be minor. The voluntary donation should not be more than 10 percent of the area of that particular holding of the Titleholder in that category. • This should not require any physical relocation of the Titleholder. The land donated should not be more than 1 acre in case of dry land, 0.5 acre in case of wet land and 0.25 acre in case of commercial/ residential. • The land must be jointly identified by the Revenue Department / Project Affected Committee / PIU Representative or project authorities. However the project technical authorities should ensure that the land is appropriate for sub-project purposes and that the sub-project will not invite any adverse social, health, environment, safety, etc. related impacts by procuring this land. • The land in question must be free of squatters, encroachers, or other claims or encumbrances. • Buildings/structures on the land donated are not accepted as donation.

• Verification of the voluntary nature of land donations must be obtained from each of the persons donating land. This should be in the form of notarized witnessed statements. • In case of any loss of income or physical displacement is envisaged, verification of voluntary acceptance of community devised migratory measures must be obtained from those expected to be adversely affected. • The land title must be vested in the project/PID for public services and appropriate guarantees of public access to services must be given by the private Titleholder. • The Titleholder donating land should be provided access on priority basis, subject to eligibility, to the Government housing/ poverty reduction/ livelihoods/ etc. programs operating in the area. • The Titleholder donating land should made to understand that they will have equal access to the infrastructure built on the donated land like any other community member and that they cannot claim for any priority treatment. • Grievance Redress Mechanism must be available. • The donations and the process followed is documented, monitored and reflected in the monitoring reports.