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Geography of Pakistan-II Code No B.S/B.Ed./ M.Sc. Level Geography of Pakistan-II Code No. 9353 / 8664/ 4656 Department of Pakistan Studies Faculty of Social Sciences & Humanities Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad i (All Rights Reserved with the Publisher) First Edition: 2020 Quantity: 5000 Price: Type Set by: Muhammad Zaheer Printer: Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad Publisher: Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad ii Course Team Chairperson: Prof. Dr. Samina Awan Compiler: Dr. Khalid Mahmood Writers: Dr. Khalid Mahmood Mrs. Seema Saleem Arshad Iqbal Wani Mr. Azhar Liaquat Mr. Kashif Raza Mr. Waseem Ullah Reviewer: Dr. Altaf Ullah Editor: Mr. Fazal Karim Course Development Coordinator: Dr. Khalid Mahmood iii Foreword Allama Iqbal Open University has the honour to present various programmes from Metric to PhD. level for those who are deprived from regular education due to their compulsions. It is obviously your own institution that provides you the education facility at your doorstep. Allama Iqbal Open University is the unique in Pakistan which provides education to all citizens; without any discrimination of age, gender, ethnicity, region or religion. It is no doubt that our beloved country had been facing numerous issues since its creation. The initial days were very tough for the newly state but with the blessings of Allah Almighty, it made progress day by day. However, due to conspiracy of external powers and some weaknesses of our leaders, the internal situation of East Pakistan rapidly changed, and the end was painful as we lost not only the land but also our Bengali brothers. After the war of 1971, the people and leaders of Pakistan were forced to rethink the future of the remaining country. Pakistan Studies was declared as compulsory subject up to degree level by the government of Pakistan after the dismemberment of East Pakistan. AIOU Islamabad proud to offer BS and MSc in Pakistan Studies for the learners from all corners of the country. Pakistan Studies is the collection of many subjects including history, culture, economy, languages, international relations, politics and geography etc. The recent textbook ‘Geography of Pakistan-I’ is one of the books included in courses of MSc. / B.Ed. and BS. This is the very first version of the said course book and I am hopeful that it would fulfill the requirement of students who enrolled in BS and MSc as well as B. Ed level programmes. I am pleased that Allama Iqbal Open University has committed the aim to provide the quality education to all at their door step. Now, a new course book Geography of Pakistan-II, for the students of BS/ MSc and B. Ed. is now available. The book in your hands is the latest course of Geography of Pakistan-II developed for you. Its units have been written and reviewed by the experts of the subject and I am hopeful after studying the book, you will acquire the authentic information and facts about the Geography of Pakistan. May, 2020 Prof. Dr. Zia Ul-Qayyum (Vice Chancellor) iv Introduction Allama Iqbal Open University Islamabad offers BS, B. Ed and M.Sc. Programmes with specialization in Pakistan Studies. The Department of Pakistan Studies has the honour of developing many courses for the university students from metric to M. Phil levels. This course is developed according to the requirements of Higher Education Commission of Pakistan. The course fulfills the needs of the students regarding their queries about Geography of Pakistan. This course is the continuation of the Geography of Pakistan-I which was offered in the previous semester. It comprises nine units consists of three credit hours. The units of the course have been written and reviewed by the experts of the subject. Geography of Pakistan-II (Part-II of the course) is designed to introduce you about the Power energy resources, Industries, Transport, Trade, Population and Political Geography. Following are the brief details of the topics. Power Energy Resources of Pakistan-I: Deals with coal and petroleum potentials of Pakistan. The coal deposits of Pakistan are available in all provinces. The most famous of them are: Khost-Shahrig-Harnai in Baluchistan, (ii) Thar in Sindh, and (iii) Salt Rang in Punjab. Moreover, Oil and Gas companies have also been working and various oil and gas fields are explored. The refineries are also performing their best in Pakistan. Power Energy Resources of Pakistan-II: Deals with Hydel power, natural gas and nuclear power of the country, Pakistan major plants of Hydel power are Tarbela and Mangla. Natural gas has been discovered at several places in Pakistan. Karachi and Chashma Nuclear power plants in the country are famous. Industry-I: Includes mostly cottage industry or small industrial unit in which the owner and hisfamily members work and usually no hired labour is employed. Cloth, utensils, pottery, articles of wood, iron, brass, embroidery and knitwear are its products. Industry-II: Among the light or small-scale industries of Pakistan are included Cotton industry, wool, Silk, Jute, Cement, Fertilizer, Leather, Glass, Oil products industry, Chemicals, Sugar, Biscuits and Tobacco. Sports goods, Surgical instruments and Carpets are largely the products of light industries in Pakistan. v Industry-III: Heavy or large-scale industry is one in which there is no limit to investment made and to the number of workers employed. The heavy engineering, Karachi Shipyard and Engineering works. Heavy Mechanical Complex is the example of large-scale industries in Pakistan. Transport: In Pakistan there are four major modes of transport. They are; (i) Roads, (ii) Railway(iii) Water transport or shipping and (iv) Air Transport. Seaports like Karachi, Port Qasim and Gwadar are also sub-topics of this unit. Lahore, Faisalabad, Rawalpindi, Sialkot, Multan, Peshawar, Quetta and Hyderabad are the famous dry ports of Pakistan. Trade: Trade in Pakistan has two types; internal and external or foreign trade. Major items of foreign trade are; raw cotton. Cotton-fabrics and skins, ring, wool, chrome, sports goods and cutlery. Import includes petroleum, petroleum products, machinery, manufacturing goods, minerals, fertilizers, edible oil, tea and foods. Trade relations with world countries like Asia, Europe, America, Africa, Middle East, China, Japan, Hong Kong, Sri Lanka, UK. And Canada are well established. Population of Pakistan: In unit number 8 population structure, population growth rate and causes of population growth are included. Problems of population growth are also highlighted. Settlement covers a wide range of habitations hamlet, village, township, town, city metropolis and megalopolis. Political Geography: Political geography means a country geographical situation and economic potential in the worlds. Pakistan’s position in South Asia is of unique character. In this unit you will study Pakistan geographical situation, economic potential and varied Physiography. Dear students, I am hopeful that the course will be highly fruitful for those who wish to gain more information about Geography of Pakistan. I have tried my best to provide you authentic knowledge and vast information as you have tolearn as non-formal students of Allama Iqbal Open University Islamabad. Course Development Coordinator Department of Pakistan Studies Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad [email protected] 051‐9057831 vi Objectives This course is developed for the students of BS / B.Ed. / MSc. Pakistan Studies Programme offered by Allama Iqbal Open University Islamabad. The course comprises 9 units of 3 Credit-Hours as per H.E.C approved criteria. The aim is to provide brief introduction to the students regarding the Geography of Pakistan. The course is designed with the following objectives. 1. To have broad knowledge about the Power Resources of Pakistan 2. To have a clear idea of immediate neighbours of Pakistan. 3. To describe the features of Cottage Industries of Pakistan. 4. To explain the need and importance of Small-Scale Industries of Pakistan. 5. To highlight the benefits of Heavy Industries for the country. 6. To highlight different aspects of trade of Pakistan. 7. To identify the issues of population of Pakistan. 8. To point out the significance of Political Geography of the country. vii Contents Title Page No. Foreword ...................................................................................................... v Introduction ...................................................................................................... vi Objectives ...................................................................................................... ix Unit 1: Power Energy Resources of Pakistan-I ....................................... 1 Unit 2: Power Energy Resources of Pakistan-II ..................................... 47 Unit 3: Industries-I (Cottage Industries in Pakistan) ............................... 69 Unit 4: Industries-II (Small Scale Industries in Pakistan) ....................... 97 Unit 5: Industries-III (Large Scale Industries in Pakistan) ..................... 149 Unit 6: Transport ..................................................................................... 177 Unit 7: Trade .......................................................................................... 217 Unit 8: Population of Pakistan ............................................................... 237 Unit 9: Political Geography ..................................................................... 265 viii Unit-1 POWER ENERGY RESOURCES OF PAKISTAN-I Written by: Dr. Khalid Mahmood Reviewed by: Dr. Altaf
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