Antonio Lasciac Tra Oriente E Occidente La Villa Sul Rafut

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Antonio Lasciac Tra Oriente E Occidente La Villa Sul Rafut ANTONIO LASCIAC TRA ORIENTE E OCCIDENTE LA VILLA SUL RAFUT Predica di San Marco ad Alessandria d’Egitto, Gentile e Giovanni Bellini, 1504-1507, Brera, Milano. INTRODUZIONE Qualche anno fa, mi era capitata l’occasione di scrivere l’introduzione a un impegnativo saggio di Francesco Krecic, Arsia, la bianca città del carbone, pubblicato nel 2012 nel n.17 della collana Relazioni, dalla Soprintendenza per i Beni Architettonici e Paesaggistici del Friuli Venezia Giulia, sovrintendente Luca Rinaldi nel quale si raccontava la vicenda di quella città di nuova fonda- zione, realizzata in epoca fascista nella parte dell’Istria che oggi si trova in Croazia. Il progetto per la città di Arsia, Raša in croato, inaugurata col nome di Liburnia il 4 novembre del 1937, è dell’architetto triestino, di origine ungherese e diplomato al Politecnico di Monaco di Baviera, Gustavo Pulitzer-Finali (1887-1967), che lo disegnò su commissione di Guido Segre, im- prenditore piemontese trapiantato a Trieste. Poco tempo dopo, lo stesso Segre lo incaricò anche della progettazione della città nuova di Carbonia, in Sardegna nel Sulcis, successivamente inaugurata il 18 dicembre del 1938. Diversamente da Arsia, la cui chiesa si presenta in forma di carrello da minatore rovesciato e il campanile ricorda le lampade da miniera, Pulitzer-Finali trasfuse in Carbonia elementi storici caratte- rizzanti i nuovi territori conquistati dall’Italia con la prima guerra mondiale, proponendo per la chiesa una copia del campanile di Aquileia, costruito dal patriarca Poppone nel 1301, il quale, assieme alla Basilica, veniva fatto visitare dai fanti italiani affi nché potessero riconoscere, nelle antiche vestigia, il motivo atto a giustifi care le cruente battaglie combattute sull’Isonzo per la presa di Gorizia, con tanta parte di coloro i quali persero poi la vita, tra cui moltissimi coscritti della brigata Sassari. Le due città hanno conosciuto fama diversa, Arsia è rimasta misconosciuta e, fi no al testo di Krecic, in Italia non è mai stata pubblicata una monografi a esauriente sulla sua genesi, diversamente da Carbonia, la cui storia si può incontrare, invece, in numerosi libri e articoli. Considerazioni queste, che impongono una rifl essione al fi ne di comprendere le motivazioni che hanno determinato questa particolare forma di oblio, la cui discriminante va individuata nel “confi ne mobile”, quello che segna il limite orientale del territorio dell’Italia e dell’odierna Venezia Giulia, il nuovo nome attribuito alle terre annesse al Regno d’Italia nel 1920: il Litorale o, più pro- priamente, l’Österreichisches Küstenland, costituito dalla Città immediata di Trieste, la Principesca Contea di Gorizia e Gradisca e il Margraviato d’Istria. Uno dei Länder, gli Stati federati alla Corona austriaca, che già dal 1861 conosceva caratteri di autonomia ben maggiori rispetto a quanto consen- tito oggi alla Regione autonoma del Friuli Venezia Giulia. Un confi ne fi n troppo “mobile”, che nel 1947, con la sconfi tta dell’Italia nella Seconda Guer- ra Mondiale, si è poi ulteriormente spostato, a seguito dei tre anni di dominazione nazista nell’Adria- tisches Küstenland e degli ulteriori due trascorsi sotto l’ Amministrazione militare alleata nell’Allied Military Government, con due terzi della provincia di Gorizia passati alla Jugoslavia assieme alla gran parte del retroterra triestino, mentre il Territorio libero di Trieste rimaneva amministrato dagli anglo-americani, sotto l’egida del Consiglio di Sicurezza delle Nazioni Unite, per tornare all’Italia defi nitivamente solo il 26 ottobre del 1954. 9 Fino al 1918, quando il territorio del Litorale era parte dell’Impero asburgico, per arti e pro- fessioni, commerci ed economia, il riferimento era Vienna. Ai primi del Novecento Vienna era la capitale mondiale della cultura, geografi camente più vicina a Trieste (km 530) di quanto non lo fosse e non lo sia Roma (km 673). Il periodo di amministrazione asburgica, durato oltre mezzo millennio, per quanto riguarda la storia dell’architettura, fu contrassegnato dall’opera di personaggi di indiscussa valenza, come il goriziano Nicolò Pacassi (1716-1790), l’architetto di Maria Teresa d’Austria; il ticinese naturalizza- to triestino Pietro Nobile (1774-1854), per trent’anni architetto di corte a Vienna; il veneziano Carlo Ghega (1802-1860), ingegnere ferroviario autore dell’audace ferrovia del Semmering e del collega- mento Trieste e Vienna; il goriziano Antonio Lasciac (1856-1946), architetto alla Corte del Khedivè d’Egitto e Max Fabiani (1865-1962), che solo grazie agli ultradecennali studi del professor Marco Pozzetto, ha avuto fi nalmente il giusto riconoscimento dalla storiografi a uffi ciale. Personaggi tutti degni di fama internazionale, misconosciuti però dopo il 1920, cioè dopo l’annessione all’Italia dei territori conquistati. Troppo “tedeschi” per gli italiani e troppo “italiani” per i tedeschi, immersi in un oblio, dai fl utti del quale con grande diffi coltà le loro opere a volte rie- scono a emergere, ancorché abbiano segnato profondamente la storia dell’architettura della regione Giulia e della Mitteleuropa, destino che non ha risparmiato i tanti allievi che molto hanno poi costru- ito, grazie agli insegnamenti appresi. Gli studi sui villaggi operai ricordano sempre Crespi d’Adda in provincia di Bergamo, voluto dall’industriale Benigno Crespi nel 1878, oppure il nuovo quartiere operaio di Schio, realizzato dalla Lanerossi tra il 1872 e il 1890 e, qualche volta anche il villaggio Leumann, realizzato a Collegno nei pressi di Torino, tra il 1875 e il 1907 dall’industriale svizzero Napoleone Leumann. Relativamente e in conseguenza del “confi ne mobile”, nella storia dell’architettura che si insegna, mai viene ricordato, invece, il villaggio di Strazzig voluto dai Ritter de Zahony, famiglia di imprenditori illuminati originaria di Francoforte sul Meno, attivi prima a Trieste e quindi a Gorizia, dove vollero realizzare la loro Colonia operaia nel 1872 secondo il progetto pubblicato a Lipsia lo stesso anno, sulla rivista Illustrirte Zeitung nell’articolo intitolato Die Arbeitercolonie bei Görz. Il misconoscimento di questi personaggi illustri, assieme agli stimoli forniti da Marco Poz- zetto, fi no alla sua scomparsa avvenuta nel 2006, costituiscono le basi motivazionali del presente studio, focalizzato sulla valorizzazione di uno di loro: l’architetto goriziano Antonio Lasciac, noto in Egitto e agli studiosi europei che hanno dedicato i loro sforzi allo studio dell’architettura moderna di quel Paese, ma ancora troppo poco conosciuto in Italia, nonostante le tante, notevolissime, opere di cui fu artefi ce nella terra del Nilo. Per cercare di comprendere quanto più possibile la fi gura di Lasciac, del quale sono andati perduti quasi tutti i disegni e documenti privati, ho visitato archivi, biblioteche e fondazioni, in Italia, Slovenia, Francia ed Egitto, con il rinvenimento di documenti spesso inediti. E’ infatti emersa la sua attività giovanile quale progettista nella città natale, prima dell’an- data in Egitto nel 1882, con il rinvenimento di numerosi progetti depositati all’Archivio di Stato di Gorizia, del tutto sconosciuti e rimasti ignoti fi no alla mostra dedicata all’architetto nel dicembre del 2014: Antonio Lasciac Disegni goriziani Goriške risbe. Goritian drawings, tenutasi presso le sale espositive della Biblioteca Statale Isontina di Gorizia e corredata dal relativo catalogo . La mostra è stata effettuata a margine della Conferenza Internazionale Antonio Lasciac. Un architetto tra Italia, Egitto e Slovenia. Storia Disegno, Tecnica organizzata dal Dipartimento di Inge- gneria e Architettura dell’Università di Trieste unitamente al Corso di Dottorato in Scienze dell’In- gegneria e Architettura e al Corso di Studi in Architettura, svoltasi a Gorizia il 10 e 11 dicembre del 2014, nella Sala della Torre della Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio di Gorizia e nell’Aula Magna 10 del Polo Universitario Goriziano, che ha offerto l’occasione di conferire nuova luce sull’attività professionale prestata dall’architetto goriziano in Italia e in Egitto, attraverso l’utile confronto tra i maggiori esperti provenienti da Egitto, Francia, Slovenia e Italia. Presso l’Archivio dei Musei Provinciali di Gorizia, è emerso il grande formato del disegno autografo del Piano regolatore e di ampliamento del capoluogo isontino, del quale era nota unica- mente una riproduzione fotografi ca, inserita in un album contenente le immagini delle sue opere e custodito a Roma, presso l’Accademia di San Luca alla quale venne donato nel 1929 dallo stesso Lasciac, in occasione della sua nomina ad Accademico. L’analisi puntuale del rinvenuto elaborato originale di Piano, che, dall’interpretazione della fotografi a era sempre stato ritenuto del 1905, ha permesso di postdatare correttamente il progetto a una data successiva al 1912, dopo il secondo col- legamento ferroviario della città con Trieste e l’Austria, la linea della Transalpina, Bohinjska proga in sloveno e Wocheinerbahn in tedesco, inaugurata nel 1906 dall’Arciduca Francesco Ferdinando d’Austria-Este, l’erede al trono assassinato a Sarajevo pochi anni dopo. A Parigi, nell’archivio privato di Mercedes Volait, eminente esperta francese del patrimonio monumentale egiziano tra Otto e Novecento, è stato possibile visionare il fondo di una cinquantina di disegni di mano dell’architetto goriziano, defi niti dalla proprietaria fonds d’atelier, la gran parte dei quali ancora inedita e riguardante molti degli edifi ci tra i più importanti realizzati da Lasciac in Egitto nel primo quarto del XX secolo,
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