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Reflection of Technology on the Inherited Conceptual Design of Mosques

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Reflection of Technology on the Inherited Conceptual Design of Mosques Ain Shams University Faculty of Engineering Department of Architecture REFLECTION OF TECHNOLOGY ON THE INHERITED CONCEPTUAL DESIGN OF MOSQUES A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Engineering - Ain Shams University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Master of Science Degree in Architecture By Radwa Ahmed Omar Abuel Seoud B.Sc. Architecture-Ain Shams University, 2006 Under the supervision of Prof. Dr. Khaled Dewidar Professor - Department of Architecture Faculty of Engineering - Ain Shams University Prof. Dr. Shaimaa Kamel Professor - Department of Architecture Faculty of Engineering - Ain Shams University Dr. Somaya Bahy Eldin Lecturer - Department of Architecture Faculty of Engineering - Ain Shams University 2013 Statement I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name: Radwa Ahmed Omar Abuel Seoud Signature: Date: Ain Shams University Faculty of Engineering Department of Architecture Submitted by: Radwa Ahmed Omar Abuel Seoud Thesis Title: Reflection of Technology on the Inherited Conceptual Design of Mosques Supervising Committee: Signature Prof. Dr. Khaled Dewidar Professor - Department of Architecture Faculty of Engineering - Ain Shams University Prof. Dr. Shaimaa Kamel Professor - Department of Architecture Faculty of Engineering - Ain Shams University Dr. Somaya Bahy Eldin Lecturer - Department of Architecture Faculty of Engineering - Ain Shams University Examining Committee: Prof. Dr. Ayman Hassan Mahmoud Professor - Department of Architecture Faculty of Engineering - Cairo University Prof. Dr. Amr Farouk El Gohary Professor - Department of Architecture Faculty of Engineering - Ain Shams University Research Date Discussion Date / / 2012 10 / 01 / 2013 Post Graduate Studies: Approval Stamp Approved / / 2013 Faculty Council Approval University Council Approval / / 2013 / / 2013 In the Name of God, The Most Gracious, The Most Merciful “The mosques of Allah shall be visited and maintained by such as believe in Allah and the Last Day, establish regular prayers, and practice regular charity, and fear non except Allah. It is they who are expected to be on true guidance” God Almighty has spoken the truth Al-Tawba (9:18) Acknowledgment First, I would like to thank God Almighty for accomplishing this work. I am indebted to many people who have directly and indirectly influenced and inspired me through the different phases of this research. Without their guidance, enthusiasm, and support this work wouldn’t have been successfully achieved. I would like to express my deepest gratitude and appreciation to my supervisors, Prof. Dr. Khaled Dewidar, Prof. Dr. Shamiaa Kamel, and Dr. Somaya Bahy Eldin, for their valuable time, constant support, constructive discussions and considerate supervision. I would also like to thank Prof. Dr. Amr El Gohary for all the ideas and inspirations he gave me for the thesis. I would also like to thank my friends and colleagues for their great effort and assistance in accomplishing the thesis through its different stages, who without, I couldn’t have over come the hard times of pressure and depression. And last but not least, I would also like to mention my gratefulness to my parents for their generous support and encouragement, which helped me throughout this study. Radwa Ahmed Omar Abuel Seoud January 2013 Abstract Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the potentials of the new technology and its contribution in developing design concepts and the inherited values of mosques. Also the purpose of this study was to classify mosques architecture according to the architectural design approaches and describe the characteristics and development of each approach. The thesis also introduced the latest twenty first century technology applications, including materials, construction systems and techniques, building facilities, using computer aided software, and proposed the appropriate tools and techniques that can be used in mosques design in general. In this research, the analytical study was conducted in two procedures; firstly, thirty mosques projects, selected in a timeline from 1975 to 2010 A.D, were analyzed and evaluated accordingly in terms of a design analysis framework (Design concept, design approach, functional values, symbolic, aesthetic aspects and technology used). Secondly, a comparative analysis table was plotted to show the weight of the technologies used in mosques case studies on each value using the same framework. Finally, a detailed analysis was illustrated to verify the new technologies used in the case studies, and how it affected the inherited values of the mosque. The results showed that the use of technologies advanced and developed the innovative aspects of architects imaginations and design concept, which led to a new mosque images and types, and also developed the technological aspects represented in the use of new innovative construction elements, configuration elements, materials and building facilities that utilized rapid development in building systems and integrated services, ensuring a degree of comfort for its occupants, rather than a concern for aesthetic emotions or spiritual contemplation, which are the main essence of Islam. Key words: Inherited Values of Traditional Mosque Architecture, Spirituality and Mosque Architecture, Traditional Typologies of Mosques, Mosque Design Approaches, Technologies of Mosques Architecture. i Contents List of Contents Abstract .............................................................................................................i List of Contents ................................................................................................ii . List of Figures ................................................................................................vi... List of Tables .....................................................................................................xviii List of Diagrams ...............................................................................................xix Glossary of Terms ............................................................................................xx Introduction ......................................................................................................xxv Research Problem ............................................................................................xxvi Research Goal ................................................................................................xxv... i i Research Objectives .........................................................................................xxvii Research Scope and Limitations .....................................................................xxvi ii Research Methodology .....................................................................................xxviii Research Contents ............................................................................................xxx Chapter One Historical Background of Mosque Architecture Introduction ....................................................................................................2 1.1 Definitions ................................................................................................3 . 1.1.1 Mosque ...........................................................................................3 1.1.2 Tradition.........................................................................................3 1.2 The Mosque: Meaning and Function .....................................................3 1.2.1 Defining Mosques’ Key Concepts and Principles Derived From Quran and Hadith ..............................................................5 1.2.1.1 The Mosque in Quran ................................................................5 1.2.1.2 The Idea of the Mosque in the Hadith .......................................5 1.2.1.3 Prayer and the Mosque ..............................................................5 1.2.1.4 The Mosque and the Spatiality of Prayer ..................................6 1.2.1.5 Prayer as Visualization ..............................................................6 1.2.2 Islamic Values of Architectural Expressions ..............................7 1.2.2.1 Islamic Values ........................................................................7 1.2.2.2 Techniques and Elements Adopted by Muslims ....................8 1.3 The Historical Development of Mosques’ Architecture .......................9 1.3.1 The Mosque of the Prophet, Historical Background .................10 1.3.2 A Brief History of Mosques Architecture During Islamic Periods ............................................................................................11 1.4 The Traditional Architectural Typologies of Mosques .........................15 1.4.1 The Hypostyle Mosque ................................................................16.. 1.4.2 The Dominant Central-Dome Mosque ........................................17 1.4.3 The Four Iwan Mosque ................................................................18. 1.4.4 The Triple-domed Mosque ...........................................................19 1.4.5 The Detached Pavilions Mosque ..................................................20 ii Contents 1.5 The Inherited Values of Traditional Mosque Architecture .................22 1.5.1 The
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