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Bab Al-Nasr • Is the Massive Fortified Gate with Rectangular Stone Towers Flanking the Semicircular Arch of the Eastern Portal

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Bab Al-Nasr • Is the Massive Fortified Gate with Rectangular Stone Towers Flanking the Semicircular Arch of the Eastern Portal كلية السياحة والفنادق)قسم اﻻرشاد السياحي( مادة اثار مصر اﻻسﻻمية 1كود المقرر ر.س 326 الفصل الدراسي الثاني الفرقة الثالثة إرشاد سياحي أ.د سماح عبد الرحمن اﻻستاذ بالقسم القائمه علي تدريس المقرر [email protected] 01010119940 Bab Zuwayla (Bab al-Mitwalli) المحاضرة اﻻولي .(1092A.D/485A.H) • One of the three Fatimid gates that remain standing, this one at the south end of al- Qahira is perhaps the least interesting structurally. An attack from Syria was expected from the north, not the south. Visually, however, with its crowning fifteenth-century minarets, it is the most dramatic and it gives into abazaar quarter that is as full of life today as it was in the middle Ages المحاضرة اﻻولي • Bab Zuwayla, also called Bab al-Mitwalli, dates from 1092. It was part of the city fortifications put up by the Armenian wazir Badr al-Gamali and his Anatolian or Mesopotamian Christian architects. The gate was named after Fatimid soldiers from the Berber tribe al-Zawila who were quartered in the vicinity after the building of the original gate in 969, when alQahira was founded. The name Bab al-Mitwalli dates from Ottoman times, when the wali, or Ottoman officer, charged with maintaining public order, had his residence and headquarters near here. المحاضرة اﻻولي • The gate's projecting, rounded towers connected by a covered passageway over the large, arched opening are northern Syrian or Byzantine, not Arab, in inspiration and spirit. The two minarets that spring from the towers belong to the Mosque of al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh, just inside the gate, which forms the wall to the west. East of the gate the ruins of the Fatimid city wall extend for about one hundred meters. The objects hanging on the east tower that resemble weights and barbells are exactly that; they were used in the medieval period by members of special fraternal societies to keep fit. المحاضرة الثانية:Bab al-Nasr • is the massive fortified gate with rectangular stone towers flanking the semicircular arch of the eastern portal. The original Bab al-Nasr was built south of the present one by General Jawhar al- Siqilli when the city was first laid out. Later, Wazir Badr al-Gamali enlarged the city and replaced the first gate with the present one, naming it Bab al- 'Izz ('gate of glory'), despite this, the inhabitants have shown preference for the original name, meaning 'gate of victory.' which has remained in use to this day. المحاضرة الثانية:Bab al-Nasr • Passing through Bab al-Nasr is al-Gamaliya Street, which runs almost parallel with al-Muizz Street. Here many commercial establishments can still be found. When Bulaq was developed as the main port in place of al-Fustat, Goods from the Red Sea were transported overland and passed by the north wall to reach their destination. During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, this area saw the construction of many wikalas that dealt in spices, coffee, and textiles. Mashhad of Al Juyushi المحاضرة الثالثة • One of the oldest Muslim monuments in Egypt sits high up on the plateau of the Muqattam hills overlooking the cemetery of Cairo, as well as Cairo itself. This is the sanctuary of Badr al-Jamali (Badr al-Gamali, al-Jammali), an Armenian who was prior to his time in Egypt, the governor of Acre. Al-Jamali became not only vizier to the Fatimid Caliph al-Mustansir (1036-1094), who had requested his help in restoring order to Egypt, but also held the honored title • The Great Master, Prince of Armies". He is notable for having rebuilt al-Qahira's (Cairo) defenses. In order to reach this mosque, one must take the road which turns right off Salah Salim to Muqattam City, opposite the eastern entrance to the Citadel fortress. • This monument is somewhat of a mystery to us. We refer to it as a mosque, but an inscription on its foundation above the entrance describes it as a Mashhad, or shrine, though no one is known to be buried here, and there is no indication in whose memory it was built. Yet, there is a small domed chamber projecting from the northern side of the sanctuary that could have at least been intended as a mausoleum. Creswell thought this was a later addition, but Farid Shafi'i proved that it was part of the original construction. The Description de L'Egypte defined the monument as the "chapel of Shaykh Badr" on a map, which could have been a popular version of al-Jamali's name. A street in the same area is called Shaykh Najm, and Abu 'l-Najm was one of the honorific titles of Badr al-Jamali. However, Maqrizi tells us that Badr al-Jamali was buried outside Bab al-Nasr (Gate of Victory) • This is a symmetrical rectangular structure measuring 22.5 by 17 meters, built of rubble masonry and brick. It is built around a very small courtyard. One enters it through a plain door, significantly lacking a portal, underneath the minaret situated on the axis of the prayer hall. المحاضرة الرابعة Al-Aqmar Mosque • Location:- • Aqmar Mosque is located in al-Muizz li Din Allah Street, in the Gamaliya district. At the time it was built, its location was to the north of the Eastern Fatimid Palace, which is now extinct, Cairo, Egypt • Date of Monument:- • 519A.H / 1125AD • Architect(s) / master-builder(s):- • Abu 'Abdullah Muhammad ibn Fatik supervised construction of the building and was vizier to Caliph al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah. His name was written along with that of Caliph al-Amir in the foundation text on the building’s façade. • Period / Dynasty:- • Fatimid period. • Patron(s):- • Caliph al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah (495–525 AH / 1101–31 AD). • Description:- • Al-Aqmar Mosque is considered one of the most beautiful Fatimid mosques and the oldest of the remaining examples of small mosques in Egypt. Perhaps the most prominent of its distinctive features is its western façade, among the oldest stone facades, decorated in this rich varied style, in Islamic architecture in Egypt. Possibly the decorative elements on the façade of the projecting portal of al-Hakim Mosque in Cairo (built AH 403 / AD 1012) influenced the construction and decoration of the entrance to this building. • The façade also consists of chamfered-edged niches (muqarnas); a new architectural element to be introduced into Egyptian Islamic architecture, and a device previously seen only on a gate, Bab al-Futuh in Cairo (built AH 480 / AD 1087). The façade is also embellished with inscription bands carved in the floriated Kufic script. To the left of the entrance is a minaret that was constructed in AH 799 / AD 1396, built by order of Amir Yalbugha al-Salimi, who was in the service of Sultan al-Zahir Barquq who reigned twice (AH 784–91 / AD 1382– 9 and in AH 792–801 / AD 1390–9). • The mosque's interior measures 28 m x 17.50 m. At the centre is an open square courtyard whose length at the side is 10 m, and which is surrounded by four roofed areas with rows of columns. The deepest of these is the qibla area, which consists of three colonnades, while there is only one colonnade in each of the other three areas. All the arches of the colonnades are made of brick. The colonnades of the mosque – with the exception of that, which precedes the mihrab – are covered with small shallow domes, built of brick. The transition zones of all the domes consist of spherical- triangular pandetives, a style previously applied in Bab al-Nasr and Bab al-Futuh in Cairo, and both built in the Fatimid period, in around AH 480 / AD 1087. The style was used subsequently in the Mamluk period for the construction of Khanqah Faraj ibn Barquq in Cairo (built AH 813 / AD 1410). The convention of spherical- triangular pandetives became widespread in Ottoman mosques where a number of small domes were used to cover the colonnades. • The mosque was exposed to encroachments in the AH 13th / AD 19th century, the most prominent of which led to the loss of the right- hand side of the western façade, which was replaced by a residential building. In the 20th century the building that had encroached on the mosque was pulled down. The façade of the mosque was then restored to its original form based on the features of the left-hand side of the façade, which was supposed to be identical to that on the right Mashhad of Sayyida Ruqiyya المحاضرة الخامسة 527A.H / 1133A.D • Location:- • The Shrine is located in al-Ashraf Khalil Street, in the south of old city, close to the Congregational Mosque of Ibn Tulun, Cairo, Egypt. • Date of Monument:- • Hegira 527 / AD 1133 • Period / Dynasty:- • Fatimid period. • Patron(s):- • Al-Sayyida Ulam al-Amiriyya, the wife of the Fatimid caliph, al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah (r. AH 495–524 / AD 1101–30). • Description:- • The Shrine is associated with the venerated lady known as Al-Sayyida Ruqiyya, daughter of the Imam 'Ali Ibn Abi Talib, the fourth Righteously Guided Caliph (Rashidun). This monument was also used as a viewing platform where visitors could climb to the roof and view the new moon. In this way the beginning of the Arabic months in the Islamic calendar could be pinpointed. • What remains of the building is rectangular with a tripartite structure. The biggest, middle section is square in plan with all four sides measuring 12 m, and it is covered by a dome. It opens out onto two side bay, which are rectangular in shape, by means of two entrances with horizontal lintels, One of the most important and distinctive features of this monument is in the middle section's transition zone from the square to the drum of the dome.
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