I The Changeable Picture in our Society 70 fig. 2 fig. . Library, National Austrian c.1848. 1 fig.

Camera Obscura, Obscura, Camera Lens cross section, drawing: Milos Mladek. Milos drawing: section, cross Lens Voigtländer & Sohn / in Wien /in &Sohn Voigtländer 2 5 , „Voigtländer Wien“ in &Sohn The optical design is uncommon and could not be found in the photographic literature the photographic in found notbe could and uncommon is design The optical a with groups two in glasses three of system an optical is obscura camera the of The lens in a be placed can date, and maker by provenance, that, its obscura camera a treats article This As for the optical design: The heart of the system seems to be a positive meniscus in the rear, in meniscus positive be a to seems system the of The heart design: optical for the As veneer wood corpus, mirror and ground glass (not original), lacquered brass lens with lens hood hood lens with lens brass lacquered (not original), glass ground and mirror corpus, wood veneer Figure 1: Made in Vienna, c Vienna, in 1:Made Figure Voigtländer &Son Vienna A Camera Obscura by Simon Weber-Unger with a focal length of 12 cm and a fixed diaphragm before before it diaphragm afixed and cm of 12 length afocal with fixed intermediate diaphragm, mounted in a beautifully-made, sturdy brass barrel engraved engraved barrel brass sturdy beautifully-made, in a mounted diaphragm, intermediate fixed Detailed description of the camera obscura’s lens by Dr. Milos Mladek,Vienna resemblance to any of the three optical doublets Professor Petzval designed in 1840 (of 1840 in which, designed Petzval Professor doublets optical three of the to any resemblance of 35 about register Description the of camera obscura the data are estimations are data the some of circumstances, given the under as, lens of the description apreliminary only is this that front in group negative added an with aWollaston Meniscus as regarded it be may 2 figure in seen be can whole system the both the portrait lens and the landscape lens were created by combining two of them), no and two by combining were created lens landscape the and lens portrait the both box c good contrast and no apparent distortion no apparent and contrast good cemented meniscus (consisting of a biconvex lens in front and a biconcave lens behind) in front in behind) abiconcavelens front and of in abiconvex lens (consisting meniscus cemented c of these two of these (fig glass magnifier screw-on fitted screw, brass focussing cap, brass and development its and of Austrian period early to the connection direct similar photographic lens was even forthcoming in the following hundred years hundred following the in forthcoming even was lens photographic similar . 22 x . 25 27 cm . 3 x 36 . The focal length of the whole system is about 25 cm, with an approximate lens lens approximate an about is with cm,25 system wholethe of length focal .The . 4 x 30 cm, the relative aperture is probably f about is aperture relative the cm, . 7 cm, total length c length total 7 cm, . 1848, signed on lens “Voigtländer & Sohn / in Wien /in &Sohn on “Voigtländer lens signed .1848, It has rack-and-pinion focusing and renders a sharp image with with image asharp renders and focusing rack-and-pinion .It has . . 49 cm, lens diameter c 49 diameter lens cm,

.

There is a strongly negative negative strongly is a .There . / 65 mm, focusing screen up to screen focusing 65 mm, 9 A suggested cross section of section cross .Asuggested .4) Dimensions: wood wood .Dimensions: Please note .Please . ” Mahogany ” Mahogany There is no .There . At best, best, .At 1 I The Changeable Picture in our Society 72 London: Walton & Maberly, 1855. &Maberly, Walton London: 6 fig. Vienna. Library, National Austrian plate. half Triest 1852. 5 fig. Vienna. Library, National Austrian 4 fig. Vienna. Library, National Austrian 3 fig.

Camera Obscura, Obscura, Camera Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian, Villa Lazarovich, Maximilian, Ferdinand Lazarovich, Villa Archduke Camera obscura with attached magnifier. attached with obscura Camera From: Lardner D., D., Lardner From: 6 Voigtländer & Sohn / in Wien. Wien. /in &Sohn Voigtländer The museum of science and art and science museum of The , The principle of the camera obscura was already described by Aristotle Aristotle (c by described already was obscura camera the The principle of , of Maximilian Ferdinand Archduke of estate the from originates obscura camera The Johann Friedrich Voigtländer (1732–1797) Vienna Voigtländer in Friedrich Johann A short history of developmentthe of camera obscura history A short kann” Papier zu bringen Perspektivisch usages des instrument de mathematique de instrument des usages Since the 15th century, optical drawing aids, so-called so-called aids, drawing optical 15thcentury, the Since Provenance the instrument as follows: “Instrument vermittelt dessen man allerhand Objecta gar leicht gar Objecta allerhand man dessen vermittelt “Instrument follows: as instrument the book mathematical important his in instrument into the of Miramar, estate the from items other with together 1927in integrated, it was of Mexico Maximilian Emperor later the perspectograph, possibly made after Bion’s instructions, was produced by the Mechanikus Mechanikus by the produced was Bion’s after made possibly instructions, perspectograph, him, by Mzi (lat by Mzi him, by artists including Leonardo da Vinci and Albrecht Dürer who employed glass plates with with plates employed who glass Dürer Albrecht Vinciand da Leonardo including by artists grids, and similar instruments to achieve a good perspective agood to achieve instruments similar and grids, collections of the Picture Archive of the Austrian National Library (fig Library National Austrian of the Archive Picture of the collections analysis of the camera obscura camera of the analysis (lat Al-Haitham Ibn al-Hasan Ali Abu optician on paper) perspective, in of objects, century 17th the in were developed perspectographs, as Micius 470–c .Micius . . 3 391 Alhazen’s book Kitab al-Manazir (The book of – de – book of optics (The al-Manazir Kitab book Alhazen’s 3 Still in the second half of the 18th century, such a such century, 18th of the half second the in .Still bc (1709) ) Later, the Arab mathematician, astronomer and and astronomer mathematician, Arab .Later, the 1 (instrument making it easy to reproduce all kinds kinds all to reproduce it easy making (instrument After the death of his widow Charlotte of Belgium of Belgium Charlotte widow of his death the .After The third edition in German (1726) describes describes (1726) German in edition third .The Alhazen c .Alhazen Traite de la construction et des principaux principaux des et Traite construction la de . 2

machines àdessiner machines

Nicolas Bion described such an an such Bion .Nicolas described . 965–1039 or 1040) correct the gave More complicated devices, such such devices, .More complicated .5) . have been used used been have 300 300 . bc ) and, before before ) and, 4 “The Little Street” (1657 Street” Little “The figure in as pictured and size structure obscura’sshape, camera The Aspectibus oder Opticae Thesaurus), translated into Latin, influenced European philosophers philosophers European influenced Latin, into translated Thesaurus), Opticae oder Aspectibus 1632–1675) lens aglass used already obscura 1646; camera however, this walk-in chamber was described in Athanasius Kircher’s book Kircher’s book Athanasius in described was chamber walk-in One of the most famous painters who supposedly used a camera obscura is Jan Vermeer Jan is (before obscura acamera used supposedly who painters famous most One of the Salzkammergut, he used the camera obscura, the Claude Lorrain-Mirror (a black, slightly (a slightly black, Lorrain-Mirror Claude the obscura, camera the he used Salzkammergut, used the camera obscura as well as obscura camera the used is still in the Science Museum in London – when folded it looks like a large leather-bound leather-bound alarge like foldedit London–when looks in Museum Science the in still is (1732–1792), Reynold’s Joshua Sir obscura, camera portable artist’s of an example interesting screen focusing on the image inverted the including Roger Bacon (1214–1292 or 1294), who also gave a description of a camera obscura obscura of acamera adescription gave or 1294), also who (1214–1292 Bacon Roger including book a used have might for the observation of a solar eclipse of asolar observation for the can be associated with Giovanni Antonio Canal (1697–1768) Canal Antonio Giovanni with associated be can 19th century the until remained and century constructions with only a hole for the incoming image were used as a camera obscura a camera as were used image ahole incoming only for the with constructions one of the last users of optical drawing aids just before 1839 before just aids drawing of optical users one last of the Obscura” Camera “Vermeer the and article Schwarz’s Heinrich in precisely discussed A camera obscura with the inscription “A inscription the with obscura .Acamera Among his most significant paintings are “Officer and a Laughing Girl” (1657–1659),Laughing a and are “Officer paintings significant most his .Among camera immobilis camera / 58), and “View of Delft” (1660–1661); the last two mentioned are mentioned are two (1660–1661);58), last of the Delft” “View and In Austria, Ferdinand Georg Waldmüller (1793–1865) Waldmüller Georg was Ferdinand Austria, .In for his two surviving landscape/town-paintings surviving two for his Until the 15th century, whole rooms or other large large wholeor other rooms 15thcentury, .Untilthe . A lens gave a better picture and the mirror turned turned mirror the and picture abetter gave .Alens . Canal” is in the Museo Correr in Venice in Correr and Museo the in is Canal” In his landscape paintings of the of the paintings landscape his .In .

His nephew Bernardo Bellotto Bellotto Bernardo nephew .His Ars Magna Lucis et Umbrae et Lucis Magna Ars 6 appeared around the 17th 17th the around 6 appeared An .An . Such a .Such 5 5 Vermeer

4 in in

5 Simon Weber-Unger: A Camera Obscura by Voigtländer 73 I The Changeable Picture in our Society 74 Austrian National Library, Vienna. Library, National Austrian oval. cm 18 print, Albumen during his 1859/60). trip Brazil outfit Maximilian Ferdinand in his(Archduke tropical 1859/60 Brasilienreise seiner während Tropenadjustierung 7 fig.

A. Jellinek, Jellinek, A. Erzherzog Ferdinand Maximilian in in Maximilian Ferdinand Erzherzog 7

The interests and voyages Archduke of Ferdinand Maximilian Austria of After marrying Princess Charlotte of Belgium in Brussels in 1857, Governor- in named he Brussels was in of Belgium Charlotte Princess marrying After Anton Jellinek, Georg Fraunenfeld, Johann Zelebor, Eduard Schwarz, and the painter Joseph painter the and Schwarz, Zelebor, Eduard Johann Fraunenfeld, Georg Jellinek, Anton Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian Joseph was born in 1832 as a younger brother of Archduke of brother Archduke ayounger 1832 in as born Josephwas Maximilian Ferdinand Archduke (Cachoeira) in mid-January in (Cachoeira) (1799–1858) voyage was documented by the young photographer Franz Mai and 38 impressive photographs photographs 38impressive and Mai photographer Franz young by the documented was voyage Lombardo-Venetia was lost after the battle of Solferino in 1859 in of Solferino battle the after Lombardo-Venetia lost was Portugal, Madeira, Morocco (Tangier), Algeria, Medeah, and Malta in 1853 and, as commander commander as 1853 in and, Malta and Medeah, (Tangier), Morocco Algeria, Madeira, Portugal, He supported the circumnavigation of the globe by the by the globe of the circumnavigation the He supported ­ Hungarian Navy Joseph Franz Emperor later the JosephKarl, Franz In 1850, he travelled to Smyrna in Asia Minor (today’s Izmir in Turkey) which was Greek Turkey) (today’s Greek in Minor was Asia Izmir in which to Smyrna 1850,In he travelled was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Imperial and Royal Navy and soon accomplished accomplished soon and Navy Royal and Imperial of the Commander-in-Chief appointed was General of Lombardo-Venetia and moved his court to Milan of court Lombardo-Venetia moved his and General Selleny number of arms on board was reduced to create more space for the expedition and collected collected and expedition for the more space to create reduced was on board of arms number inspect the project that was planned by the Austrian engineer Alois Negrelli Negrelli Alois engineer Austrian by the planned was project that Canal Suez the inspect and, Dullinger Ignaz from drawing-lessons had Bombelles, Franz Heinrich by Count taught that fact the later, from the painter Peter Johann Nepomuk Geiger Nepomuk Peter Johann later, painter the from survived have Austro- Royal and Imperial the in function and training to his related –partly he made many important reforms important many in seen be can technique of this idea basic the that and credo aesthetic of the apart became convex, mirror), or the camera lucida mirror),convex, camera or the concludes that the will for photography was given at the moment when the focal point moment focal atthe the when given for photography was will the that concludes on board the steamer steamer the on board objects due to illness to participate unable he was although exercise to , Greece, Lebanon, Palestine (where he went to Jerusalem) and Egypt to Egypt (where and he went to Jerusalem) Palestine Lebanon, to Italy, Greece, exercise S ship of the by Geiger accompanied time, at the sciences) and arts of the patron and connoisseur (a brilliant Künste” und Förderer und Wissenschaften der Kenner a “geistvoller equipment artists’ son of Dom Pedro objects ethnographic and (or minerals parts), animals including specimens, In almost two-and-a-half years, they collected about 23,700 individual natural natural 23,700 about individual collected they years, two-and-a-half almost .In The scientific commission, headed by Karl Scherzer, comprised Ferdinand Hochstetter, Hochstetter, Ferdinand comprised Scherzer, Karl by headed commission, scientific .The Negrelli became technical director of the in 1857 in Company Canal Suez of the director technical became .Negrelli . machines àdessiner machines M . 9

Corvette Minerva, to Albania and Dalmatia and to Albania Minerva, .Corvette . . i and Maria Leopoldina of Austria, Maximilian’s aunt Maximilian’s of Austria, Leopoldina Maria .and S .M .S. .M S In 1855, he commanded a squadron comprising 17 ships on a naval on anaval ships 17 comprising asquadron 1855, .In he commanded He later visited his cousin Dom Pedro cousin his .Hevisited later Elisabeth to Brazil, where he made an expedition to the jungle jungle to the expedition an he where made to Brazil, Elisabeth , the camera obscura and the mirror, were integrated into the into the mirror, were integrated the and obscura camera , the . He travelled to Italy and Spain in 1851, in to Sicily, Spain Spain, and to Italy .He travelled 8 A reason for this reputation definitely lies in the voyages the voyages in lies definitely reputation for this Areason . 6 In his famous lecture lecture famous his In i On Ferdinand Maximilian’s orders, the the orders, Maximilian’s .On Ferdinand .of Austria . 7 In 1860 the archduke is described as as described is archduke the 1860 In S .M . .M S . In 1854, as a 22-year old, he a22-year as 1854, .In Frigate Novara (1857–1859) Novara Frigate

Before 1839 Before In 1860, the Archduke travelled travelled Archduke the 1860, .In He, as well as his brother, his was as well .He, as ii . , Emperor of Brazil – the –the of, Emperor Brazil , Heinrich Schwarz Schwarz , Heinrich The voyage was was .The voyage .

.The1855 “Voigtländer & Sohn in Wien und Braunschweig” Wien und in &Sohn “Voigtländer Wien” in &Sohn “Voigtländer The company was named “Friedrich Voigtländer Optikus und Mechanikus” until Johann Johann until und Mechanikus” Optikus “Friedrich named Voigtländer was company The new his to theocean andcrossed in 1864 Emperor of Mexico proclaimed was Archduke The The optical instrument makers Johann Friedrich and Central=Zeitung für Optik und Mechanik und Optik für Central=Zeitung Voigtländer Emperor’s inauguration in Puebla and Maximilian sent seven copies to his brother Emperor Emperor brother to his copies sent seven Maximilian and Puebla in Emperor’s inauguration Friedrich Voigtländer’s son Peter Wilhelm Friedrich took it over in 1837 and it was renamed renamed took it it Voigtländer’s 1837 over was and in Friedrich Friedrich son Peter Wilhelm Joseph Franz which Maxing” his “Chalet in shown first was architecture in interest Maximilian’s Ferdinand In 1756, Johann Christoph Voigtländer (1732–1797) founded a company for scientific for scientific acompany (1732–1797) Voigtländer founded 1756, Christoph In Johann led forces by Republican capture his after executed was of Mexico 1867 Maximilian Emperor In Vienna Schönbrunn, in Garden Royal and Imperial was built after he received his first allowance in 1848 allowance first his he received after built was first taught by Mechanicus Siebrecht in Berlin (1800) and, then, Mechanicus Baumann in Baumann then, Mechanicus and, (1800)Berlin in Siebrecht by Mechanicus taught first Dr Prof Dr Prof 1805 (1802/03), Londonin in staying before Stuttgart realm on the on the realm Sources Peter Wilhelm Friedrich Voigtländer in Vienna in Vienna and guided the company towards photography and photographic instruments photographic photography and towards company the guided and Vienna in interests on influence optical Voigtländer’s Vienna in instruments 1856–1860 near 1866 in 1802 in Stuttgart in stay his by Benito Juárez by Benito closed and Voigtländer continued producing cameras in Braunschweig in cameras producing continued Voigtländer and closed of Miramar castle Votive of the the 1856–1879 Vienna and in design Church and construction opened production facilities in Braunschweig in 1849 in Braunschweig in facilities production opened Voigtländer export-market, increasing the and Vienna in Revolution March of the a result H Johann Mechanikus and Optikus Stuttgart famous of the daughter the Tiedemann, Franziska Amalie married and 1807 in instruments mechanical and optical England and to (1779–1857) travelled Friedrich son Johann third his death, Maly Franz gardener the and v by Wilhelm accompanied .H Harting, ‘Zur Geschichte der Familie Voigtländer, ihrer Werkstätten und ihrer Mitarbeiter’ in: in: Mitarbeiter’ ihrer und Werkstätten ihrer Voigtländer, Familie der Geschichte ‘Zur .Harting, .E . 11 .

Stenger, ‘175 Jahre «Voigtländer»’ in: in: «Voigtländer»’ ‘175 Jahre Stenger, : 200 Jahre 1756–1956 Jahre : 200 S .M . .M S i in Vienna .in . Frigate Novara Frigate . He produced miners’, surveying, and drawing instruments drawing and miners’, .He produced surveying, 12

. , Sonderdruck aus: aus: , Sonderdruck 13 Tegetthoff, as well as navy surgeon Heinrich von Fernsee Heinrich Wawra surgeon navy as .Tegetthoff,as well

/

On their field trip, they collected seed and rootstocks for the for and rootstocks seed collected they trip, field .On their 03, Tiedemann and his daughter might have had an important important an had have might daughter his and 03, Tiedemann Peter Wilhelm had studied at the atthe studied had .Peter Wilhelm , Berlin: 1924/25 , Berlin: The local M photographer .The local der Satrap der der Photohändler der .

. , Heft 8, 1931 8, , Heft In 1868, the remaining branch in Vienna was was Vienna in branch remaining 1868, the .In . Later he played an important role in the rolethe in important an he played .Later After that, all instruments were signed were signed instruments all that, .After 10 / Botanical research results were published were published results research Botanical 06 1956 He established his company for company his .He established

. . . Rizo made photographs of the of the photographs made Rizo K.k. Polytechnisches Institut Polytechnisches K.k. .Tiedemann . After his his .After . 14 was .He was During During As .As

5 Simon Weber-Unger: A Camera Obscura by Voigtländer 75 I The Changeable Picture in our Society 76 Southern Oregon Historical Society. Historical Oregon Southern 1865. camera, Sohn & Voigtländer first 10 fig. (ed.), Dingler 9 fig. 1852. Martin, Anton 8 fig. 8

Voigtländers neue große Camera Obscura, Obscura, Camera große neue Voigtländers Voigtländers neue große Camera Obscura, Obscura, Camera große neue Voigtländers Peter Britt (Jacksonville, (Jacksonville, Britt Peter Polytechnisches Journal Polytechnisches Handbuch der gesammten Photographie gesammten der Handbuch usa ) with his ) with , October 1842, 128ff. 1842, , October from: from: from: from:

, Voigtländer’schen photographischen Apparate photographischen Voigtländer’schen The brightness of this “Porträtobjektiv” was much higher than the Daguerre (Chevalier) lens (Chevalier) theDaguerre than higher much was “Porträtobjektiv” this of The brightness The first detailed and illustrated description of a wooden camera by “Voigtländer & Sohn” can Sohn” & by camera “Voigtländer wooden description ofa illustrated and detailed first The Photographie, The first photo cameras photo The first Viennain At the end of 1840, Voigtländer produced the first all-metal camera and published an extensive extensive an and published camera all-metal first the produced Voigtländer end of 1840, the At Ludwig) Archduke the in article An After Louis Jacques M Jacques Louis After Museum Voigtländer’s early cameras wooden compared to Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian’s camera obscura Ettingshausen’s suggestion, Joseph Petzval mathematically developed a portrait lens, which was was which lens, aportrait developed mathematically JosephPetzval suggestion, Ettingshausen’s apparatus demonstration philosophical made mainly (or Hanacek) Hanaczek and Eckling cameras were constructing supplier Hanaczek university the and Eckling Petzval portrait-lens is 35 is portrait-lens Petzval Ferdinand Ferdinand In 1840, Anton Martin was still being asked to make portrait- with this lens lens this with portrait-daguerreotypes to make asked being still was Martin Anton 1840, In acamera using was and technique new the studied already had 1839, Martin summer Anton In wooden “Voigtländer & Sohn” camera can be seen in Anton Martins Martins Anton in seen be can &Sohn” camera “Voigtländer wooden that was fixed to a simple, square-conical cardboard back with a “baumschraube” mounting mounting “baumschraube” a with back cardboard square-conical to a simple, fixed was that diameter inch inches – that is c is –that inches of up to 5 pictures make could and früheren”) dem bei wie sind groß so einmal noch (“… available one of previously the size the obscura) camera big new (Voigtländers obscura” Camera neue große camera buy aDaguerre invention and new this to study to Paris travelled produced by Voigtländer &Sohn by Voigtländer produced built by Simon G built back upper the in plates or the screen focussing slot for the the is there of and walnut-wood made Journal Dingler’s in Polytechnical seen be from the Imperial and Royal Bombardiers Corps assisted in the calculations (on ordersof the calculations the in assisted Corps Bombardiers Royal and Imperial the from camera had already been described in an interesting article by Dr article interesting an in described been already had camera description in the “Verhandlungen des Niederösterr des “Verhandlungen the in description of 3 Paris “Daguerreotyp-Linsen” offered he still and Voigtländer Friedrich to Johann assistant daguerreotype studies himself studies daguerreotype screw (usually used for telescopes) used (usually screw Einrichtung” übrigen “gewöhnlichen the shape) with This slot can be closed using a brass plate supported by clips by supported plate a brass using closed be can slot .This .

i of Austria and Count Klemens Wenzel Metternich, Andreas v Andreas Wenzel Metternich, Klemens Count and .of Austria 1852 16 in his 1856 his catalogue in .14 Österreichischer Zuschauer Österreichischer Ploessl (lost) .Ploessl 24 .

as part of the catalogue catalogue of the part as . 9 x Daguerre had sent two of his first Daguerreotypes to Emperor to Daguerreotypes first of his sent two had .Daguerre . 11 ½ Paris lines – that is c is –that lines ½ Paris 5 cm, assuming the Paris inch is meant is inch Paris the assuming 5 cm, . 21 .Simon G Two corporals (“Oberfeuerwerker”) and eight bombardiers bombardiers eight and .Two (“Oberfeuerwerker”) corporals . 18 Today, this prototype camera is in the Vienna Technical Technical Vienna the in is Today, camera prototype this .

Ploessl (1794–1868) worked from 1812–1823 as an an as (1794–1868) 1812–1823 .Ploessl from worked 22

and is described as the “neueste Form” the as (newest described is and 17 bei welchem die Dimensionen der Hauptbestanteile Hauptbestanteile der Dimensionen die welchem bei from October 1842; this camera “Voigtländers “Voigtländers camera this 1842; October from i i i (16 . Beschreibung und Preistarif der neuesten neuesten der Preistarif und Beschreibung .12 . 80 1839) says that the instrument makers makers instrument .1839) the that says . .Gewerbevereins” 08 mm (fig mm 08 (other standard equipment) (fig (other standard

.9) The box-shaped corpus is corpus box-shaped .The .JosephBerres, The diameter of the of diameter .The Another illustration of a illustration .Another 23 Handbuch der gesammten gesammten der Handbuch was obviously double obviously was 19 .Aportrait- 1841 in Johann Michael Michael .Johann . 15 Ettingshausen .Ettingshausen

20 who made made who ½ . 8) x . 4 At .At ¼ . The front of the box and type of wood of this “newest shape” remind us of the Archduke’s the us of remind shape” this “newest of of wood type and frontboxthe The of Polytechnisches Institut Polytechnisches K.k. According to an article on the Voigtländer Company, Voigtländer on the article to an According Jacksonville (Oregon, Jacksonville Voigtländer and Simon Stampfer Plössl Voigtländer Friedrich Society Historical It appears likely that Prof that likely It appears aPolar-Planimeter Miller, with Stampfer invented various instruments such as the Stroboskop or Fantaskop (built by Johann by Johann (built or Fantaskop Stroboskop the as such instruments invented various Stampfer 1840s the in Voigtländer from ordered who Peterit directly Britt, emigrant Swiss the the one for the possible latest the being as year that assume 1849, in we can changed instruments Oregon in photographers important most the one of 1852 became in and Jacksonville in studio photographic Peter his opened Britt plains, the production of Britt’s camera and the Archduke’s camera obscura obscura camera Archduke’s the and of Britt’sproduction camera “No signed is camera on lens the portrait himself with it as late as in 1865 (fig in as late it as with himself for him – might have been his first Voigtländer camera first his Voigtländer been have –might for him camera obscura and make it possible to date it it to date possible make and obscura camera had scientific relations with his father Johann Friedrich Friedrich Voigtländer Johann father his with relations scientific had already scientific influence onW influence scientific Polytechnisches Institut Polytechnisches K.k. 29 ), an improved surveying level developed together with Starke and, in collaboration collaboration in and, Starke with together developed level ), improved surveying an 9 . 27 usa and, still in 1851, in by Wenzel Prokesch still and, .Fr Simon Stampfer (1792–1864) might have had an important important an had have (1792–1864) might .Simon Stampfer ) in 1956 and has been identified as the first camera of the famous famous the camera of first the as identified been 1956) in has and and, after 1866, by Starke & Kammerer) and seems to have been a been to have seems and &Kammerer) 1866, by Starke after and, Voigtländer’s mathematical calculations .Voigtländer’s mathematical in Vienna, W Vienna, in 30 (both built by Christoph Starke in the workshops of the of the workshops the in Starke by Christoph built (both .10) The camera is in the collection of the Southern Oregon Oregon Southern the of collection the in is camera .The .2115 . One of the reasons for this career – particularly –particularly career for this reasons .One of the Fr Knowing that the signature on Voigtländer’s signature the that .Knowing / &Sohn Voigtländer . by Stampfer taught was Voigtländer 25 a similar camera was rediscovered in in rediscovered was camera asimilar This could be why Britt portrayed portrayed whybe Britt could .This 28 ), Optometer, byan Simon (built / in Wien”/ in During his studies at studies his .During .

After crossing crossing .After The Petzval .The Petzval 26 who who 10

5 Simon Weber-Unger: A Camera Obscura by Voigtländer 77 I The Changeable Picture in our Society 78 W After getting his first allowance in 1848, Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian possibly used part of part used possibly Maximilian Ferdinand Archduke in 1848, allowance first his getting After Petzval had stopped his collaboration with Voigtländer in 1844/45 in Voigtländer with collaboration his stopped had Petzval It is possible that Stampfer made the calculations for the lens of this camera obscura not only obscura camera of this lens for the calculations the made Stampfer that It possible is 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 G Epilogue telescopes early two are there by Simon time same the atabout made was which estate his from instrument special another is equipment as his for and interests own his for instruments of scientific arange it to purchase lens microscope undated 1855 and an and 1844 in lenses for telescope those kind of a mathematical brain for many Viennese instrument makers and opticians and makers instrument Viennese for many brain of amathematical kind published a drawing including calculations for a dialytic telescope lens that Stampfer sent to Stampfer that lens telescope for adialytic calculations including adrawing published microscope slides onto wall the slides microscope because also but family the with Voigtländer relationship scientific long-time of his because future voyages future Ploessl –a projection-microscope .Ploessl . Fr Vienna: 2003, 62 2003, Vienna: Schröder, Albrecht Klaus Faber, Monika in: 1839–1850’ Mediums neuen eines Jahrzehnt erste ‘Das Faber, Monika 1785 Stuttgart Kupfertafeln zwey nebst Werkzeuge: gehörigen Physik und Mathematik zur anderer und Vergrößerungsgläser, Tiedemann, Stuttgart; in telescopes achromatic and microscopes produced (1742–1811) Tiedemann Heinrich Johann Nationalbibliothek Österreichischen der Fotosammlung Die Im Blickpunk., Schögl, Uwe in: Kaiserhaus’ im Fotografien Interesse? historischem aus ‘Sammeln Mraz, Gerda (note 8) 1860 Wurzbach, C Vienna: Wawra Heinrich von hrsg. und beschrieben Anordnung dessen (1859.1860). allerhöchst Auf Brasilien nach Fernsee, von Wawra Heinrich 2003 March ofVienna, University ofHistory, Institute Vocelka, Karl 1987 (note 7) Aichelburg, and 2008 Vienna Fischer-Westhauser, Ulla v Universitäts-Buchdruckerei Vienna: v Constantin Photographien zeitgenössischen Aichelburg, Wladimir (note 5) 2006 Schwarz, 1929–1966 Schriften Ausgewählte Fotografie, der nach und –vor Sehens (ed Wagner Anselm in: obscura’ Camera die und ‘Vermeer Schwarz, Heinrich A 30 Perspective N .J . Auction, verfertigen… zu Manier accurateste und beste die auf Bion, Nicolas . Kircher, .Kircher, Voigtländer in 1839 and describes other calculations made for Voigtländer, including for Voigtländer, made including calculations other 1839 describes in and Voigtländer Wade & Historische wissenschaftliche Instrumente wissenschaftliche Historische Das Auge und der Apparat, eine Geschichte der Fotografie aus den Sammlungen der Albertina der Sammlungen den aus Fotografie der Geschichte eine Apparat, der und Auge Das Gerold’s Sohn 1866 Sohn .Gerold’s Ars magna lucis et umbrae in decem libros digesta, Ludovico Grignani for Hermann Scheus Hermann for Grignani Ludovico digesta, libros decem in umbrae et lucis magna Ars In the collections of the Picture Archive of the Austrian National Library, there there Library, National Austrian of the Archive Picture of the collections the .In Beschreibung der von ihm verfertigten achromatischen Fernröhren, zusammengesezten zusammengesezten Fernröhren, achromatischen verfertigten ihm von der Beschreibung Wurzbach, .Wurzbach, , Pion, London 2001 London , Pion, s . . Mathematische Werck=Schule, oder gründliche Anweisung wie die Mathematischen Instrumenten... Instrumenten... Mathematischen die wie Anweisung gründliche oder Werck=Schule, Mathematische Kultur und Geistesgeschichte der Gärten am Beispiel der Habsburgermonarchie der Beispiel am Gärten der Geistesgeschichte und Kultur

Finger, ‘The Eye as an Optical Instrument: From Camera Obscura to Helmholtz’ in: to Helmholtz’ Obscura Camera From Instrument: Optical an as Eye ‘The Finger, . . Maximilian, Erzherzog von Österreich, Kaiser von Mexiko in Mexiko von Kaiser Österreich, von Erzherzog Maximilian, . Photography and its role at the court the at role its and Photography Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Österreich Kaiserthums des Lexikon Biographisches , Vienna: Orac 1987 Orac , Vienna: I. I. Maximilian Mexico von Kaisers des Majestät Seiner Reise der Ergebnisse Botanische . 32 and an 18th century electrostatic demonstration box demonstration electrostatic century 18th an and . He could have used this for his botanical interests botanical for his this used have .He could . l Such a microscope can be used to project specimens in in to project specimens used be can amicroscope .Such .c Zamarski 1860 .Zamarski . , Lot #67, Dorotheum Vienna, 29 Vienna, #67,, Lot Dorotheum . , 3rd ed , 3rd . . . , translated from French, 1726, ill 1726, French, from , translated , manuscript, , Salzburg: Fotohof edition 2006, 239 2006, edition Fotohof , Salzburg: , : Haymon 2002 Haymon , Innsbruck:

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. We can say that, with this camera obscura, Peter Wilhelm Friedrich Voigtländer, one Friedrich of the Peter Wilhelm obscura, camera this with that, We say can At that time, the common term for a camera was still still was for acamera term common the time, that At Emperor Franz Franz Emperor would not be surprising if Voigtländer was commissioned to construct a camera obscura for obscura acamera to construct commissioned was Voigtländer if It not surprising would be community scientific the –not in only famous very was &Sohn Voigtländer 1840s, the In 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 the brass tube of a classical photo (see fig objective of aclassical tube brass the one leading of the as capabilities special his to demonstrate not allowed was Voigtländer that photo-camera have seemed all the stranger when the archduke ordered a archduke the when stranger the all seemed have most productive revolutionaries in photography, set an outstanding monument to this kind of kind monument to this photography, in outstanding an revolutionaries set productive most but also at court – for their photographic cameras and especially their Petzval portrait lens portrait Petzval their especially and cameras photographic –for their atcourt but also glasses in 1815 and, in 1823, on the “Theater-Doppelperspektiv” binocular or opera-glasses binocular 1823, in 1815 “Theater-Doppelperspektiv” on in the and, glasses combination of the combination world to the but in had makers camera drawing device that was indeed the basis of the photographic camera as we know it today we know as camera photographic of the basis the indeed was that device drawing an archduke who, by the way, was an admirer of Canaletto admirer way, who, by an the was archduke an

“A inscribed is onewhich the to obscura camera ofMaximilian’s resemblance the note and essay this in obscura’ camera ofthe ofdevelopment ‘A history short chapter the also see Praschl-Pichler; Gabriele by Information expeditions for case wood light and lacquer aspecial has telescopes ofthe One 1924 & Sohn Voigtländer Dr .J Prof Inv Innsbruck University the at is specimen One Wien Reichs-Hauptstadt . .F V from: special-print 1756–1956’, Jahre: ‘200 Voigtländer, Symposium Stampfer Simon zum Festschrift Dr photographiert” haben Westen goldenen im Pioniere die “Schon aus Sonderdruck 1756–1956’, Jahre: ‘200 Voigtländer, Martin, Anton a camera aphoto call to common it was 1850s, late the Till Journal Polytechnisches in: obscura’ Camera große neue Voigtländer’s und Daguerreotypie ‘Über Reindl, (note 15) 2003 Schröder, Faber, Augsburg: in: Dr 1841 Gerold Vienna: Dr Professor Herrn des Berechnung der F Eder, Maria Josef . .S J 1856 Juli Verzeichnis der optischen Apparate welche von Simon Plössl, Optiker und Mechaniker in Wien (...) verfertigt werden (...) Wien in verfertigt Mechaniker und Optiker Plössl, Simon von welche Apparate optischen der Verzeichnis Voigtländer, ‘Beschreibung des Voigtländerschen Apparates zur Darstellung photographischer Porträte, nach nach Porträte, photographischer Darstellung zur Apparates Voigtländerschen des ‘Beschreibung .Voigtländer, Canal” in the Museo Correr in Venice in Correr Museo the in .Canal” .H M .Peter Lichtbilder’ der Erzeugung der in Fortschritte die und obscura Camera der Verbesserung die ‘Über .Berres, J .

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Gottfried, Gottfried, & . E Harting, .Harting, Simon Stampfer, Stampfer, .Simon (Plössl was especially famous for his dialytic telescopes and achromatic microscopes) achromatic and telescopes dialytic his for famous especially was .(Plössl Dingler (eds Dingler J . .G Schuster, ‘Simon Stampfer, der Vater österr der der Stampfer, ‘Simon .Schuster, He created a technically and optically extraordinary instrument with the skilful skilful the with instrument extraordinary optically and atechnically .He created ii Adressen-Buch der Handels-Gremien, Fabriken u. Gewerbe der k.k. Residenz- u. Residenz- k.k. der Gewerbe u. Fabriken Handels-Gremien, der Adressen-Buch Handbuch der gesammten Photographie gesammten der Handbuch Gotha’sche Buchhandlung 1841, 156f . 1841, Buchhandlung Gotha’sche .( Zur Geschichte der Familie Voigtländer, ihrer Werkstätten und ihrer Mitarbeiter ihrer und Werkstätten ihrer Voigtländer, Familie der Geschichte Zur . Geschichte der Photographie der Geschichte ), newest camera newest i . Der Österreichischer Zuschauer. Zeitblatt für Kunst, Wissenschaft und geistiges Leben geistiges und Wissenschaft Kunst, für Zeitblatt Zuschauer. Österreichischer Der . ) granted Johann Friedrich Voigtländer an “imperial charter” on periscopic on periscopic charter” “imperial an Voigtländer Friedrich Johann ) granted , vol . ), , 1851 Eine Lebensskizze Eine Polytechnisches Journal Polytechnisches / 86, no .86, 25 . . . 2, Stuttgart, Augsburg: Augsburg: Stuttgart, .2, (see figs Petzval’ in: in: .Petzval’ , Vienna: GeoInfo Series Vienna 2004 Vienna Series GeoInfo , Vienna: , Vienna: K , Vienna: . rewind , 4 8 and 9) and a completely new and ingenious lens in in lens ingenious 9) and new .8and acompletely and .ed , vol . No: . , Halle: Wilhelm Knapp 1932 Knapp Wilhelm , Halle: .79, no camera history and build the ancestor of the of the ancestor the build and history camera Verhandlungen des niederösterr. Gewerb-Vereins niederösterr. des Verhandlungen Der Photohändler Der vii . , 3rd k Der Photohändler Der Hof- und Staatsdruckerei 1865 Staatsdruckerei .Hof- und – 37 [ –37 .2) .ed camera obscura camera J . .G 2, Stuttgart, .2, Feinoptik’ from: from: .Feinoptik’ . camera obscura camera .

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5 Simon Weber-Unger: A Camera Obscura by Voigtländer 79