HIST 3110 T08 Africa: Resources and Development Fall 2015 Professor: Joy M. Chadya T/Th: 2:30 – 3:45 pm Office: 345 University College Venue: 327 Education Bldg. Phone: 204-474-8219 Office hours: Email: [email protected]

Welcome! Africa is one of the most-resource endowed continents and yet it is among the poorest and the most conflict-ridden. How do we explain this paradox? In this course, to help us understand the place that Africa occupies in the global economy we will examine the politics and economics of African resources and resource use in historical perspective. Using a thematic approach and drawing examples from different parts of the continent, we look at how different players shaped or were shaped by, and/or struggled over, human and natural resources over the centuries from the trans-Atlantic slave trade era through colonialism to the present. Requirements We meet twice per week on Tuesday and Thursday 2:30-3:45 pm. Instruction takes a hybrid format. It is passed through a combination of lectures, readings, discussions, films/documentaries and songs. The films/documentaries and novels/autobiographies we are going to watch/read should be seen as one of the historical sources available (rather than entertainment) to understand South African history. They should, therefore, be analyzed critically. Students are encouraged to take notes during screening/reading, as well as to make analytical comments or ask questions after the film. During lectures we will also have discussions focused on the readings and films for that week. Discussion will take a variety of forms, including answering questions, debate, group work and students will also take turns to lead class discussions by giving short responses to readings of the week. Your preparation for these discussions – careful, critical and timely engagement with the readings – is, therefore, absolutely necessary. Ask yourself how the texts for the day relate to one another and to other readings you have encountered in the course or elsewhere and how they relate to the larger themes in the course. Do they reinforce or complicate a particular angle of interpretation? What overlaps or discrepancies emerge when you hold up these texts next against each other? What kind of story do they tell about continuity and change over time and place? You should complete the reading assignments prior to lectures. Preparation and participation in class and discussion sections will constitute a part of your grade. Remember, active listening is an integral part of a productive discussion. Late arrivals, leaving the room excessively during class time, and talking privately while someone else has the floor undermines a collective atmosphere of mutual respect and commitment to learning, and will be duly noted when assessing participation grades. Attendance and Deadlines: Attendance at all lectures is required. There is a high correlation between students who receive good grades and those who attend class on a regular basis. Please contact the professor if you are going to be absent. Naturally absences will affect your participation grade in a very direct way. All deadlines are final except in extraordinary circumstances, and they must be documented in writing. Assignments should be submitted electronically (unless otherwise stated) and they are due by mid-night on the date listed on the class syllabus. Late papers will be penalized at 2.5% per day.

Policy on late work: Please plan ahead around the assignments that are listed in your syllabus. As a general rule extensions will not be granted for this class unless there are extenuating circumstances.

Required Texts: The following books have been ordered at the Bookstore:

Adam Hoschild, King Leopold’s Ghost Walter Rodney, How Europe Underdeveloped Africa Ousman Sembene, God’s Bits of Wood Chinua Achebe, A Man of the People

All the articles in the syllabus can be accessed through JSTOR or Google Scholar via the University of Manitoba electronic library.

Written requirements include: one map quiz, one primary document analysis, an in-class mid- semester exam, and a short research paper and the final exam. Detailed instructions for each of these assignments will be distributed in class. All written work should be typed and double- spaced, using standard font size 12. Employ proper citations (footnotes must be used for this class) and use the Chicago Style Map Quiz: History makes little sense without geography. To that extent you need to familiarize yourself with the geography of South Africa. There will be one in-class map quiz on the second Thursday of the semester. No make-up quizzes will be provided unless a student has an official excuse for her or his absence.

Analyzing a primary document: This is an exercise that will help students learn how to read/analyze historical primary documents. I will provide the primary document. The analysis (minimum 1500 words long) is due October 1.

Research Paper: Students’ critical and analytical skills also develop by writing. To that end, you are expected to formulate a specific topic of your own interest for research, examining in more depth, one of the topics covered in class. Write a 7-10 page (1750-2500 words) paper. The paper is due on November 26. One of the major aims of this course is to hone the skills students need to write an African history essay. Therefore, where possible, you should strive to use primary and secondary sources when writing papers. For this course use at least one primary document and five academic sources (journal articles and books) and you can also use any novels and songs on South Africa, where relevant. Any further details will be provided in class.

Examinations: Students will write one mid-term exam in the 7th week of the semester. The final requirement is the end of semester exam which will be taken during the examination weeks in December. This exam will test your grasp of the material we have covered throughout the semester.

Grading: 1. Class Participation – 10%. 2. 1 map quiz – 5%; 17 September 3. Primary Document Analysis – 10%; 1 October 4. Mid-semester exam – 20%; 22 October 5. Research Paper Final Draft – 25%; 26 November 6. Final Exam – 30% (December TBA) All papers are graded on a percentage point system: A+ 90-100% Exceptional A 80-89% Excellent work B+ 75-79% Very good B 70-74% Good C+ 65-69% Satisfactory C 6o-64% Adequate D 50-59% Marginal F 0-49% Failure Feel free to contact the professor with any problems via email, phone or in person.

Students who wish to appeal a grade given for term work must do so within 10 working days after the grade for the term work has been made available to them. Uncollected term work will become the property of the Faculty of Arts and will be subject to confidential destruction.

Please note that it is a student’s duty to make sure that they meet all the course requirements in a timely manner. Gizmos: Gadgets in the classroom have proven to be annoying and distracting not only for their users but for others around them as well. They are like magnets for your fellow students’ eyes and thus attention. Laptop, i-pads sometimes have a demonstrably negative effect on learning and participation. Should you use the lap top or i-pad to take notes and/or e-readers please sit at the back of the classroom. Please turn your phones to silent (or off) and resist the urge to text until after the class.

Academic Integrity: Students should acquaint themselves with the University policy on plagiarism, cheating, and other forms of academic dishonesty (University’s regulations re: plagiarism, cheating and impersonation may be found in the section on “Academic Integrity” of the General Academic Regulations in the online Academic Calendar, and Catalog and the Faculty of Arts regulation at http://umanitoba.ca/faculties/arts/student/student_responsibilities.html). Do not cut corners by engaging in illicit collaboration and/or recycling course work. Do not plagiarize from any source: books/the internet/journals/other students. Remember that we all have access to the same google so if you can find it so can I. By all means use its tools but use them properly and judiciously. Wikipedia is an unaccredited source therefore its contents are not very reliable and authoritative – do not use it. The common penalty in Arts for plagiarism on a written assignment is a grade of F on the paper and a final grade of F (DISC) (for Disciplinary Action) for the course. For the most serious acts of plagiarism, such as purchase of an essay and repeat violations, this penalty can also include suspension for a period of up to five (5) years from registration in courses taught in a particular department/program in Arts or from all courses taught in this Faculty. The Faculty also reserves the right to submit student work that is suspected of being plagiarized to Internet sites designed to detect plagiarism or to other experts for authentication. The common penalty in Arts for academic dishonesty on a test or examination is F for the paper, F (DISC) for the course, and a one-year suspension from courses acceptable for credit in the Faculty. For more serious acts of academic dishonesty on a test or examination, such as repeat violations, this penalty can also include suspension for a period of up to five years from registration in courses taught in a particular department or program in Arts or from all courses taught in or accepted for credit by this Faculty.

Student Resources: You have access to several important resources to help you navigate your classes and university life more generally. There are writing tutors available to help you with your essays through the Academic Learning Centre (ALC): http://umanitoba.ca/student/academiclearning/ The ALC page also has resources to help you with study skills, organization, as well as assistance for students using English as an Additional Language (EAL). Other issues, including accessibility services, workshops, and tips about academic integrity are addressed at the Student Advocacy Services webpage (http://umanitoba.ca/student/resource/student_advocacy/). The History department will also make a writing tutor available exclusively to History students in the department on two days of the week. All of the above services can also be accessed through this link: http://umanitoba.ca/student/saa/accessibility/student-resources.html

History students can also take advantage of the huge range of academic materials (including primary and secondary sources, as well as pages to help with writing and referencing) made available by the History subject librarian, Kyle Feenstra, tailored just for you! They are available on the Libraries page at this link http://libguides.lib.umanitoba.ca/content.php?pid=219304 Week 1: Introduction

Watch: Chimamanda Adichie: The Danger of a Single Story.

Week 2: The Idea(s) of Development Required Readings:  Stanley L. Engerman and Kenneth L. Sokoloff, “Factor Endowments, Inequality, and Paths of Development among New World Economies,” Economia (Fall 2002): 1-69;  Frederick van der Ploeg, “Natural Resources: Curse or Blessing,” Journal of Economic Literature, 49, 2, 2011: 366-420;  Nobuhiro Mizuno, Rysuke Okazawa, “Colonial Experience and Postcolonial Underdevelopment in Africa, “ Public Choice, 141, ¾, 2009: 405-419; W. W. Rostow, “The Stages of Economic Growth,” Economic History Review, 12, 1, 1959: 1-16;  William Easterly (2009) "Can the West Save Africa?,” Journal of Economic Literature 47(2). Sections 1 and 2 only,"; Paul Collier and Jan Gunning, “Explaining Africa’s Economic Performance,” The Journal of Economic Literature, 37, 1, (March 1999), 64-111;  James Sanders, “Palm Oil Production on the Gold Coast in the Aftermath of the Slave Trade: A Case of the Fante,” The International Journal of African Historical Studies, 15, 1, 1982: 49-63;  Acemoglu, Daron, Simon Johnson and James A. Robinson. 2001. “The Colonial Origins of Comparative Development: An Empirical Investigation.” American Economic Review 91(5):1369-1401. http://econwww.mit.edu/faculty/download_pdf.php?id=144

Recommended Readings: Raymond Mikesell, “Explaining the Resource Curse, with Special Reference to Mineral- exporting Countries” Resources Policy 23:4 (1997); Timothy Shaw, “Zambia: Dependence and Underdevelopment,” Canadian Journal of African Studies, 10, 1, 1976: 3-22; Mafeje, Archie. 1971. “The Ideology of `Tribalism’.” The Journal of Modern African Studies, 9, 2, 1971: 253-61; Comaroff, J. & J.L., 1991. "Africa Observed: Discourses of the Imperial Imagination." In R. Grinker and C. Steiner [eds], Perspectives on Africa: A Reader in Culture, History, and Representation; Samir Amin, “Underdevelopment and Dependence in Black Africa: Historical Origin,” Journal of Peace Research , 9, 2, 1972: 105-120; Benno Ndulu and Stephen O’Connell (2008). “Policy Plus: African Growth Performance 1960-2000,” in The Political Economy of Economic Growth in Africa, 1960-2000. Edited by B. J. Ndulu et al.; Leopold Sedar Senghor, “Negritude: a humanism of the Twentieth Century” in Grinker and Steiner (eds.), Perspectives on Africa, pp. 629-36; Discussion: Walter Rodney: How Europe Underdeveloped Africa In class Map Quiz, Sept. 17

Week 3: The slave and Legitimate Trade Required Readings:  Paul E Lovejoy, “The Volume of the Atlantic Slave Trade: A Synthesis, The Journal of African History, 23, 4, 1982: 473-501;  David Geggus, “Sex Ratio, Age and Ethnicity in the Atlantic Slave Trade: Data from French Shipping and Plantation Records,” The Journal of African History, 30, 1, 1989: 23-44;  Robin Law, “Slave-Raiders and Middlemen, Monopolists and Free-Traders: The Supply of Slaves for the Atlantic Trade in Dahomey c. 1715-1850, The Journal of African History, 30, 1, 1989: 45-68;  Gwyn Campbell, “The East African Slave Trade, 1861-1895: The “Southern” Complex,” The International Journal of African Historical Studies, 22, 1, 1989: 1-26;  Elizabeth Garland, “The Elephant in the Room: Confronting the Colonial Character of Wildlife Conservation in Africa,” African Studies Review, 51, 3, 2008: 51-74.

Recommended Readings: Kathleen S. Murphy, “Collecting Slave Traders: James Petiver, Natural History, and the British Slave Trade,” The William and Mary Quarterly, 70, 4, 2013: 637-670; William Snelgrave, “The Slaves Mutiny,” in African History in Documents: 191-197; Mercator Honestus, “A Defense of the African Slave Trade:” in African History in Documents: 197-198; Captain Hugh Crow, “Bonny:” in African History in Documents: 199-203; R W Beachey, “The East African Ivory Trade in the Nineteenth Century,” The Journal of African History, 8, 2, 1967: 269-290; E Phillip LeVeen, “British Slave Trade Suppression Policies, 1821-1865, Impact and Implications,” The Journal of Economic History, 32, 1, 1972, 415-416; Melvin E. Page, “The Manyama Hordes of Tippu Tip: A Case Study in Social Stratification and the Slave Trade in Eastern Africa,” The International Journal of African Historical Studies, 7, 1, 1974: 69-84; N Thomas Hakansson, “The Human Ecology of World Systems in East Africa: The Impact of the Ivory Trade,” Human Ecology, 32, 5, 2004: 561-591; - Martin A Klein, “The Slave Trade and Decentralized Societies,” The Journal of African History, 42, 1, 2001: 49-65; David Eltis, “The Volume and Structure of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade: A Reassessment, The William and Mary Quarterly, Third Series, 58, 1, 2001, 17-46; Erik Gilbert, “Coastal East Africa and the Western Indian Ocean: Long Distance Trade, Empire, Migration and Regional Unity, 1750-1970,” The History Teacher, 36, 1, 2002: 7-34; Jan Vansina, “Long Distance Trade-Routes in Central Africa,” The Journal of African History, 3, 3, 1962: 375-390; Gwyn Campbell, “Madagascar and the Slave Trade, 1810-1895,” The Journal of African History 22, 2, 1981: 203-227; Paul E. Lovejoy, “The Impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade on Africa: A Review of the Literature,” The Journal of African History, Vol. 30, No. 3 (1989) 365-394; Mungo Park, “The Niger at Segu,” in African History in Documents Western Africa: 72-75; John Hanning Speke, “Unyamwezi and Buganda,” African History in Documents Eastern Africa, 99-104; John Barbot, “Benin,” in African History in Documents, Western Africa, 179-184; Raymond Dummett, “The Rubber Trade of the Gold Coast in the Nineteenth Century: African Innovation and Market Responsiveness,” The Journal of African History, 12, 1, 1971: 79-101; Paul E Lovejoy and David Richardson, “The Business of Slaving: Pawnship in Western Africa, C. 1600-1810,” The Journal of African History, 42, 1, 2001: 67-89; P. Wilkins, An Economic History of Africa; Martin Lynn, “The Profitability of the Early Nineteenth-Century Palm Oil Trade,” African Economic History, 20, 1992: 77-97; Larry W. Yarak, “West African Coastal Slavery in the Nineteenth Century: The Case of the Afro- European Slave owners of Elmina,” Ethnohistorian, 36, 1, 1989: 44-60; Misty L. Bastian, “Young Converts: Christian Missions, Gender and Youth in Onitsha, Nigeria 1880-1929,” Anthropological Quarterly, 73, 3, 2000: 145-158; W. P. Pycraft, “A Great Hunter: Captain Frederick Courtney Selous, DSO,” Journal of the Royal African Society, 16, 63, 1917: 200-215; Edward Reynolds, “The Rise and fall of an African Merchant Class on the Gold Coast 1830- 1874,” Cahiers d’Etudes Africaines, 14, 54, 1974: 253-264; Ibrahim M. Jumare, “The Late Treatment of Slavery in Sokoto: Background and Consequences of the 1936 Proclamation,” The International Journal of the African Historical Studies, 27, 2, 1994: 303-322; HR Tate, “Two African Explorers: 1- David Livingstone,” Journal of the Royal African Society, 37, 148, 1938:304-317. Discussion: Walter Rodney, How Europe Underdeveloped Africa: Chapter 3 and 4.

Week 4: Land Required Readings:  Parker Shipton and Mitzi Goheen, “Introduction. Understanding African Land-Holding: Power, Wealth, and Meaning,” Africa, 62, 3, 1992: 307-325;  Pauline E. Peters, “Inequality and Social conflict Over Land in Africa,” Journal of Agrarian Change, 4, 3, 2004: 269-314;  Admos Chimhowu and Phil Woodhouse, “Customary vs Private Property Rights? Dynamics and Trajectories of Vernacular Land Markets in Sub-Saharan Africa,” Journal of Agrarian Change, 6, 3, 2006: 346-371;  S. Drimie, “HIV/AIDS and Land: Case Studies from Kenya, Lesotho and South Africa,” Development Southern Africa, 20, 5, 2003: 647-658;  Susana Lastarria-Cornhiel, “Impact of Privatization on Gender and Property Rights in Africa,” World Development, 25, 8, 1997: 1317-1333;  C. Lado, “Informal Urban Agriculture in Nairobi, Kenya: Problem or Resource in Development and Land Use Planning,” Land Use Policy, 7, 3, 1990: 257-266;  William Nevill M. Geary, “Land Tenure and Legislation in British West Africa,” Journal of the Royal Society, 12, 47, 1913: 236-248;  Manji, “The Grabbed State: Lawyers, Politics and Public Land in Kenya,” The Journal of Modern African Studies, 50, 03, 2012: 467-492;  Jones Govere David Atwood, “Land Registration in Africa: The Impact on Agriculture,” World Development, 18, 5, 1990: 659-671.

Recommended Readings: Jacqueline M. Klopp, “Pilfering the Public: The Problem of Land Grabbing in Contemporary Kenya, A” Africa Today, 47, 1, 2000: 7-26; J. Ensminger, “Changing Property Right: Reconciling Formal and Informal Rights to Land in Africa,” in The Frontiers of the New Institutional Economics, John N. Drobak and John V.C. Nye, eds.: San Diego, Academic Press, 1997: 165-196; E. Sjaastad, D.W. Bromley, “Indigenous Land Rights in Sub-Saharan Africa: Appropriation, Security and Investment Demand,” World Development, 25, 4, 1997: 549-562; David Anderson, “Depression, Dust Bowl, Demography and Drought: The Colonial State and Soil Conservation in East Africa During the 1930s.” African Affairs, 83, (1984): 321-343; Gilbert Stone, “The Mining Laws of the West African Colonies and Protectorates,” Journal of Comparative Legislation and International Law, 3rd Series, 2, 3, 1920: 259-266; Jones Govere David Atwood, “Land Registration in Africa: The Impact on Agriculture,” World Development, 18, 5, 1990: 659-671. Primary document analysis due on Thursday, Oct. 1 by midnight. Email as an attachment.

Week 5: Colonialism Required Readings:  Edmund Teale, “The Contribution of Colonial Geological Survey to the Development of the Mineral and other Resources of East and West Africa,” Journal of the Royal Society of Arts, 93, 4689, 1945: 245-256;  E. Steinhart, “Hunters, poachers and Gamekeepers: Towards a Social History of Hunting in Colonial Kenya,” Journal of African History, 30, (1989) 247-264;  Elizabeth Garland, “The Elephant in the Room: Confronting the Colonial Character of Wildlife Conservation in Africa,” African Studies Review, 51, 3, 2008: 51-74;  R. S. Odinga, “The Kenya Highlands: Land Use and Agricultural Development,”;  Adrian Wood and Kate Jordan, 2000, "Why Does Zimbabwe Export Manufactures and Uganda Not? Econometrics Meets History," The Journal of Development Studies, vol.27 (2), pages 91 – 116.

Recommended Readings: R.A. Pullan, “Conservation and the Development of National Parks in the Humid Tropics of Africa,” Journal of Biogeography 15, 1988: 171-183; Jane Caruthers, “Conservation and Wildlife Management in South Africa National Parks 1930s-1960s,” Journal of the History of Biology, 41, 2008: 203-236; Randy Tanner, Wayne Freimund and Ernita Van Wyk, “Legitimacy and Use of Natural Resources in Kruger National Park, South Africa,” International Journal of Sociology, 40, 3, 2010: 71-85; R. T. Anstey, “British Trade and Policy in West Africa Central Africa Between 1816 and the Early 1880s,” Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana, 3, 1, 1957: 47-71; Clapperton Mavhunga and Marja Spierenburg, “Transfrontier Talk, Cordon Politics: The Early History of the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park in Southern Africa, 1925- 1940,” Journal of Southern African Studies, 35, 3, 2009: 715-735; Tony Binns and Etienne Nel, “The Village in the Game Park: Local Response to the Demise of Coal Mining in KwaZulu- Natal, South Africa,” Economic Geography, 79, 1, 2003: 41-66’ Roderick Newman, The Postwar Conservation Boom in British Colonial Africa,” Environmental History, 7, 1, 2002: 22-47; Melissa Leach, “New Shapes to Shift: War, Parks and the Hunting Person in Modern West Africa,” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 6, 4, 2000: 577-595. Eduardo Gargallo, “A Question of Game or Cattle? The Fight against Trypanosomiasis in Southern Rhodesia,” Journal of Southern African Studies, 35, 3, 2009: 737-753; Jane Caruthers, “Creating a National Park, 1910-1926,” Journal of Southern African Studies, 15, 2, 1989: 188-216.; N. C. Pollock, “Serengeti,” Geographical Association, 56, 2, 1971: 145-147; Elizabeth Garland, “The Elephant in the Room: Confronting the Colonial Character of Wildlife Conservation in Africa,” African Studies Review, 51, 3, 2008: 51-74; Edward Steinhart, “National Parks and Anti-Poaching in Kenya, 1947-1957,” International Journal of African Historical Studies, 27, 1, 1994: 59-76; E. I. Steinhart, “Hunters, Poachers and Gamekeepers: Towards a Social History of Hunting in Colonial Kenya,” Journal of African History, 30, 2, 1989: 247-264; Brian Morris, “Wildlife Conservation in Malawi,” Environment and History, 7, 3, 2001: 357-372; Andrew Manson and Bernard Mbenga, “The Richest Tribe in Africa’: Platinum-Mining and the Bafokeng in South Africa’s North West Province, 1965-1999,” Journal of Southern African Studies, 29, 1, 2003: 25- 47; John Lonsdale and Brice Berman, “Coping with the Contradictions: The Development of the colonial State in Kenya 1895-1914,” The Journal of African History, 20, 4, (1979): 487-505; Neumann Roderic, “The Post-war Conservation Boom in British Colonial Africa,” Environmental History, 7, 1, 22-47; Karen Brown, “Cultural Constructions of the Wild: The Rhetoric and Practice of Wildlife Conservation in the Cape Colony at the Turn pf the 20th C, South African Historical Journal 47, (2002) 75-95; T Ranger, “Whose Heritage? The Case of Matobo National Park,” Journal of Southern African Studies, 15, 2, (1989) : 217-249. Discussion: King Leopold’s Ghost/ Ousmane Sembene, God’s Bits of Wood

Week 6: In-dependent Africa/Socialist Experiments Required Readings:  Briggite Schulz and William Hansen, “Aid or Imperialism? West Germany in Sub-Saharan Africa,” The Journal of Modern African Studies, 22, 2, 1984: 287-313;  Julius Gatune, “Africa’s Development Beyond Aid: Getting Out of the Box,” Annals of the American Academy of political and Social Science, 632, 2010: 103-120;  Felix M. Odoho, “Globalization and Marginalization of Africa: Contextualization of China- Africa Relations,” Africa Today, 58, 1, 2011: 103-124;  Glyn Edwards and Clem Tisdell, “The Educational System of Zimbabwe Compared with those of Selected African and Advanced Countries: Coasts, Efficiency and other Characteristics,” Comparative Education, 25, 1, 1989;  Escobar, A. (2004), “Beyond the Third World: Imperial Globality, Global Coloniality and Anti-Globalisation Social Movements”, Third World Quarterly, 25 (1): 207-230;  Viktoria Stoger-Eising, “Ujamaa Revisited: Indigenous and European Influences in Nyerere’s Social and Political Thought,” Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, 70, 1, 2000: 118-143;  Rosemary E. Galli, “The Food crisis and the Socialist State in Lusophone Africa,” African Studies review, 30, 1, 1987: 19-44;  Albert Venter and Michele Olivier, “Human Rights in Africa: Nyerere and Kaunda,” International Journal on World Peace,” 10, 1, 1993: 21-33.

Recommended Readings: Ali Zafar, “The Growing Relationship between China and Sub-Saharan Africa: Macroeconomic, Trade, Investment Aid Links,” The World Bank Research Observer, 22, 1, 2007: 103-130; Ali Zafar, “The Growing Relationship between China and Sub-Saharan Africa: Macroeconomic, Trade, Investment Aid Links,” The World Bank Research Observer, 22, 1, 2007: 103-130; Tsie Balefi, “The Political Context of Botswana’s Development Performance,” Journal of Southern African Studies; Denis M. Tull, “China’s Engagement in Africa: Scope, Significance and Consequences,” Journal of Modern African Studies, 44, 3, 2006: 459-479; Chengetai J. M. Zvobgo, “African education in Zimbabwe: The Colonial Inheritance of the New Satate, 1899- 1979,” Issue: A Journal of Opinion, 11, ¾, ; Barry Sautman and Yan Hairong, “The Forest for the Trees: Trade, Investment and the China-in-Africa Discourse,” Pacific Affairs, 81, 1, 2008: 9- 29; Pfeiffer, J. (2002) “African Independent Churches in Mozambique: Healing the Afflictions of Inequality”, Medical Anthropology Quarterly, 16 (2): 176-199; Tony Elumelu, “The Global Economic Crisis and Africa: Africa Stands Out,” The World Today, 65, 5, 2009: 24-25; Tichatonga Nhundu, “A Decade of Educational Expansion in Zimbabwe: Causes, Consequences and Policy Contradiction; Catherine Boone, “The Making of a Rentier Class: Wealth Accumulation and Political Control in Senegal 185-213” in Lewis (1998); J.P. Olivier de Sardan. 1999. “A Moral Economy of Corruption in Africa?” Journal of Modern African Studies, 37 (1) 25-52; Crawford Young (2004). "The end of the post-colonial state in Africa? Reflections on changing African political dynamics." African Affairs 103(410); Evans, P. (2007) [2005], “Counterhegemonic Globalization: Transnational Social Movements in the Contemporary Political Economy”, in J. Timmons Roberts, A.B. Hite (eds.), Nancy Spalding, “The Tanzanian Peasant and Ujamaa: A Study in Contradictions,” Third World Quarterly, 17, 1, 1996: 89-108; Zaki Ergas, “Why did Ujamaa Village Policy Fail? – Towards a Global Analysis,” The Journal of Modern African Studies, 18, 3, 1980: 387-410; Marina Ottaway, “Mozambique: From Symbolic Socialism to Symbolic Reform,” The Journal of Modern African Studies, 26, 2, 1988: 211-226; Shaukat Hassan, “Non-Alignment and Socialist Foreign Policy,” Asian Affairs, 8, 3, 1981: 153-165 C. Pratt. 1999. “Julius Nyerere: Reflections on the Legacy of his Socialism” Canadian Journal of African Studies. 33(1); M. Anne Pitcher and Kelly M. Askew, “African Socialisms and Postsocialisms,” Africa, 76, 1, 2006: 1014; PL. Raikes, “Ujamaa and Rural Socialism,” Review of African Political Economy, 3, 1975: 33-52; Leander Schneider, “Freedom and Unfreedom in Rural Development: Julius Nyerere, Ujamaa Vijijini and Villagization” Canadian Journal of African Studies, 38, 2, 2004: 344-392; Robert T. Huffman, “Colonialism, Socialism and Destabilization in Mozambique,” Africa Today, 39, ½, Angola and Mozambique 1992: 9-27. Discussion: Walter Rodney, How Europe Underdeveloped Africa: 195-200/Discussion, Chinua Achebe, Man of the People

Week 7 Mid-semester exam on Thursday, Oct. 22 – in class. No class on Tuesday, Oct. 20.

Week 8: Multi-national Corporations Required Readings:

 Melville J. Ulmer, “Multinational Corporations and Third World Capitalism,” Journal of Economic Issues,14, 2, 1980: 453-471;  Olufemi O. Amao, “Corporate Social Responsibility, Multinational Corporations and the Law in Nigeria: Controlling Multinationals in Host States,” Journal of African Law, 52, 1, 2008: 89-113;  O. E. Udofia, “Imperialism in Africa: A Case of Multinational Corporations,” Journal of Black Studies, 14, 3, (1984): 353-368;  S. Prakash Sethi, “Operational Modes of Multinational Corporations in Post-Apartheid South Africa: A Proposal for a Code of Affirmative Action in the Marketplace,” Journal of Business Ethics, 12, 1, (1993): 1-12;  Joseph S. Nye Jr, “Multinational Corporations in World Politics,” Foreign Affairs, 53, 1, (1974): 153-175;

Recommended Readings: S. I. Abumere, “”Multinational Corporations in Bendel Satate of Nigeria,” GeoJournal, 5, 3, 1981: 225-234 ; T. H. Bonaprte, “Multinational Corporations and Culture in Liberia,” American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 38, 3, 1979: 237-251; Bade Onimode, “Imperialism and Multinational Corporations: A Case Study of Nigeria,” Journal of Black Studies, 9, 2, 1978: 207- 232; Karen Paul and Dominic A. Aquilla, “Political Consequences of Ethical Investing: The Case of South Africa,” Journal of Business Ethics, 7, 9, 1988: 691-197; Emeka Nwanko, Nelson Phillips, Paul Tracy, “Social Development through Community Eneterprise: The Case of Multinational Corporations Involvement in the Development of Nigerian Water Resources,” Journal of Business Ethics, 73, 1, 2007: 91-101; Christopher Coker, “Collective Bargaining as an Internal Sanction: The Role of US Corporations in South Africa,” Journal of Modern African Studies, 19, 4, 1981: 647-665; Bama Athreya, “White Man’s “Burden” and the New Colonialism in West African Cocoa Production,” Race/Ethnicity: Multidisciplinary Global Contexts, 5, 1, 2011: 51-59; Cornelius B. Pratt, “Multinational Corporate Social Policy Process for Ethical Responsibility in Sub-Saharan Africa,” Journal of Business Ethics, 10, 7, 1991: 527-541.

Week 9: IMF and World Bank: Structural Adjustment Programs: A Failed Grade? Required Readings:  Dani Rodrik (2006). “Goodbye Washington Consensus, Hello Washington Confusion? A Review of the World Bank's Economic Growth in the 1990s: Learning from a Decade of Reform”. Journal of Economic Literature;  York W. Bradshaw and Jie Huang, “Intensifying Global Dependency: Foreign Debt, Structural Adjustment and Third World Underdevelopment,” The Sociology Quarterly, 32, 3, (1991): 321-342;  Padraig Carmody, “Neoclassical Practice and the Collapse of Industry in Zimbabwe: The Case of Textiles, Clothing, and Footwear,” Economic Geography, 74, 4, (1998): 319-343;  Karamo N. M. Sonko, “Debt in the Eye of a Storm: The African Crisis in a Global Context,” Africa Today, 37, 4, (1990): 15-28;  Ragnhild Overa, “When Men do Women’s Work: Structural Adjustment, Unemployment and Changing Gender Relations in the informal Economy of Accra, Ghana,” The Journal of Modern African Studies, 45, 4, 2007: 539-563;  Carrie L. Shandra, John M. Shandra, Eric Shircliff and Bruce London, “The International Monetary Fund and Child Mortality: A Cross-National Analysis of Sub-Saharan Africa,” International Review of Modern Sociology, 36, 2. (2010): 169-193;  Jean M Due and Christina H Gladwin, “Impacts of Structural Adjustment Programs on African Women Farmers and Female-Headed Household,” American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 73, 5, (1991): 1431-1439;  Farhad Noorbakhsh and Alberto Paloni, “Structural Adjustment and Industry in Sub-Saharan Africa: Restructuring or De-Industrialization” The Journal of Developing Areas, 33, 4, (1999): 549-580.

Recommended Readings: Padraig Carmody, “Constructing Alternatives to Structural Adjustment in Africa,” Review of African Political Economy, 25, 75, (1998): 25-46; Caroline A. Hartzell and Matthew Hoddie with Molly Bauer, “Economic Liberalization via IMF Structural Adjustment: Sowing the Seeds of Civil War?” International Organization, 64, 2, (2010): 339-356; Thomas M. Callaghy, “Debt and Structural Adjustment in Africa: Realities and Possibilities,” Issue: Journal of Opinion, 16, 2, (1988): 11-18; Ezekiel Ayodele Walker, “Happy Days are Here Again”: Cocoa Farmers, Middlemen Traders and the Structural Adjustment Program in Southwestern Nigeria, 1986- 1990s,” Africa Today, 47, 2, (2000): 151-169; James H. Smith, “Of Spirit Possession and Structural Adjustment Programs: Government Downsizing, Education and Their Enhancements in Neo-Liberal Kenya,” Journal of Religion in Africa, 31, 4, (2001): 427- 456; William Easterly and Tobias Pfutze, Where Does the Money Go? Best and Worst Practices in Foreign Aid" Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 22, No.2, Spring 2008; Devesh Kapur, “The IMF: A Cure or a Curse?” Foreign Policy, 111, 1998: 114-129; Randall W. Stone, “The Political Economy of IMF in Africa,” The American Political Science Review, 98, 4, 2004: 577-591; GK Helleiner, “The IMF and Africa in the 1980s,” Canadian Journal of African Studies, 17, 1, 1983: 17-33; Will H Moore and James R. Scarritt, “IMF Conditionality and Polity Characteristics in Black Africa: An Exploratory Analysis,” Africa Today, 37, 4, 1990: 39-60; Andrew I. Schoenholtz, “The IMF in Africa: Unnecessary and Undesirable Western Restraints on Development,” The Journal of Modern African Studies, 25, 3, 1987: 403-33; Ann Seidman, “Towards Ending IMF Ism in Southern Africa: An Alternative Development Strategy, The Journal of Modern African Studies, 27, 1, 1989: 1-22; Hans-Otto Sano, “The IMF and Zambia: The Contradiction of Exchange Rate Auctioning and De-Subsidization of Agriculture,” African Affairs, 87, 349: 1988: 563-577; Simon Commander, “Structural Adjustment Policies and Agricultural Growth in Africa,” Economic and Political Weekly, 23, 39, 1988: 98-105.

Week 10: Food Security Required Readings:  Jenny Clover, “Food Security in Sub-Saharan Africa,” African Security Review, 12, 1, 2003: 5-15;  Mamadou Baro and Tara F. Deubel, “Persistent Hunger: Perspectives on Vulnerability, Famine and Food Security in Sub-Saharan Africa,” Annual Review of Anthropology, 35, 521- 538;  William G. Moseley, Judith Carney and Laurence Becker, “Neoliberal Policy, rural livelihoods, and Urban Food Security in West Africa: A Comparative Study of the Gambia, Cote d’Ivoire, and Mali,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107, 13, 2010: 5774-5779;  Lionel Cliffe, “Zimbabwe’s Agricultural ‘Success’ and Food Security in Southern Africa,” Review of African Political Economy, 43, 1988: 4-25;  Peter Mark, “Urban Migration, Cash Cropping and Calamity: The Spread of Islam Among the Diola of Boulouf (Senegal), 1900-1940, African Studies Review, 21, 2, 1978: 1-14;  Pernille Sorenson, “Commercialization of Food Crops in Busoga, Uganda, and the Renegotiation of Gender,” Gender and Society, 10, 5, 1996: 608-628.

Recommended Readings: Gregory H. Maddox, “Njaa: Food Shortages and Famines in Tanzania Between the Wars,” The International Journal of African Historical Studies, 19, 1, 1986: 17-34; Peter Oesterdiekhoff and Karl Wholmuth, “The Bread basket is empty: The Options of Sudanese Development Policy, Canadian Journal of African Studies, 17, 1, 1983: 35-67; George J. Sefa Dei, “The Women of a Ghananian Village: A Study of Social Change,” African Studies Review, 37, 2, 1994: 121-145; Impacts of Structural Adjustment Programs on African Women Farmers and Female-Headed Households,” American Journal of Agricultural economics, 73, 5, 1991: 1431-1439; Robert McC. Netting, M. Priscilla Stone and Glenn D. Stone, “Kofyar Cash Cropping: Choice and Change in Indigenous Agricultural Development,” Human Ecology, 17, 3, 1989: 299-319; Matt Liebman and Elizabeth Dyck, “Crop Rotation and Intercropping Strategies for Weed Managaement,” Acological Applications, 3, 1, 1993: 92-122; T. S. Jayne, “Do High Food Marketing Costs Constrain Crop Production? Evidence from Zimbabwe,” Economic Development and Cultural Change, 42, 2, 1994: 387-402; Susana Lastarria-Cornhiel, “Impact of privatization on Gender and Property Rights in Africa,” World Development, 25, 8, 1997: 1317- 1333; Mengstab Haile, “Weather Patterns, Food Security and Humanitarian Response in Sub- Saharan Africa,” The Royal Society, 360, 1463, 2005; Pedro A Sanchez and Roger RB Leakey, “Land Use Transformation in Africa: Three Determinants for Balancing Food Security with Natural Resource Utilization,” European Journal of Agronomy, 25, 1997: 19-27; Christina H. Gladwin, Anne M. Thomson, Jennifer S. Peterson and Andrea S. Anderson, “Addressing Food Security in Africa via Multiple Livelihood Strategies of Women Farmers,” Food Policy, 26, 2, 2001: 177-207; M Altman, TGB Hart and PT Jacobs, “Household Food security Status in South Africa,” Agrekon, 48, 4, 2009: 345-361; Thomas C. Pinckney, “Is Market Liberalization Compatible with Food Security?: Storage, Trade and Price Policies for maize in Southern Africa,” Food Policy: European Journal of Agronomy, 18, 4, 1993: 325-333.

Week 11: Crude Africa Required Readings:  Michael Klare and Daniel Volman, “The African ‘Oil Rush’ and US National security,” Third World Quarterly, 27, 4, 2006: 609-628;  Francis Wilson, “Minerals and Migrants: How the Mining Industry has Shaped South Africa,” Daedalus, 130, 1, 2001: 99-121;  Rajen Harshe, “Politics of Giant Oil Firms: Consequences for Human Rights in Africa,” Economic and Political Weekly, 38, 2, 2003: 113-117;  Jedrzej George Frynas and Manuel Paulo, “A New Scramble for African Oil? Historical, Political, and Business Perspectives,” African Affairs, 106, 423, 2007: 229-251;  Scott Pegg, “Can Policy Intervention Beat the Resource Curse? Evidence from the Chad- Cameroon Pipeline Project” African Affairs 105:418 (2006)

Recommended Readings: Ian Taylor, “China’s Oil Diplomacy in Africa,” International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944-) 82, 5, 2006: 937-959; Michael Watts, “Resource Curse? Governmentality, Oil and Power in the Niger Delta, Nigeria,” Geopolitics 9, 1, (2004): 50-80; Ayoka Mopelola Olusakin, “Peace in the Niger Delta: Economic Development and the Politics of Dependence on Oil,” International Journal on Peace, 23, 2, 2006: 3-34; Cyril I. Obi, “Enter the Dragon? Chinese Oil Companies and Resistance in the Niger Delta,” Review of African Political Economy, 35, 117, 2008: 417-434; Michael Watts, “Imperial Oil: The Anatomy of a Nigerian Oil Insurgency,” Erdkunde, 62, 1, 2008: 27-39; Jennifer N. Brass, “Djibouti’s Unusual Resource Curse,” Journal of Modern African Studies, 46, 4, 2008: 523-545; Serie McDougal, III, “The Crude Intentions: The Pursuit of African Minerals and the Need for an Afrocentric Foreign Policy,” Journal of Black Studies, 39, 5, 2009: 803-813; William J. Broad, “Resource Wars: The Lure f South Africa,” Science, 210, 4474, 1980: 1099-1100; David J. Francis, “Mercenary Intervention in Sierra Leone: Providing National Security or International Exploitation?” Third World Quarterly, 20, 2, 1999: 319-338; Omolade Adunbi, “Mythic Oil: Resources, Belonging and the Politics of Claim Making Among the Ilaje Yoruba of Nigeria,” Africa: The Journal of the International African Institute, 83, 2, 2013: 293-313; Michael Ross, “The Natural Resource Curse: How Wealth Can Make You Poor” in Ian Bannon and Paul Collier, eds., Natural Resources and Violent Conflict: Options and Actions (World Bank, 2003); “The Dutch Disease” The Economist, 26 November 1977: 8283.Graham Davis, “Learning to Love Dutch Disease: Evidence from the Mineral Economies” World Development 23:10 (1995); Nancy Benjamin, Shantayanan Devarajan, and Robert Weiner, “The ‘Dutch’ Disease in a Developing Country: Oil Reserves in Cameroon” Journal of Development Economics 30:1 (1989); Paul Collier & Anke Hoeffler, “Greed and Grievance in Civil War” Oxford Economic, Papers 56:4 (2004); Turner, T. (1997), “Oil Workers and Oil Communities in Africa: Nigerian Women and Grassroots Environmentalism”, Labour, Capital & Society 30 (1): 66-89; Ukiwo, U. (2007), “From ‘Pirates’ to ‘Militants’: Historical Perspective on Anti-State and Anti-Oil Company Mobilization among the Ijaw of Warri, Western Niger Delta”, African Affairs, 425:587-610; Osaghae, E.E. (1995), “The Ogoni Uprising: Oil Politics, Minority Agitation and the Future of the Nigerian State,” African Affairs, 376: 325-344; Watch on YouTube: The Enough Project, Conflict Minerals 101: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aF-sJgcoY2

Week 12: Diamonds and other Minerals Required Readings:  Barbara Harlow, “The “Kimberly Process”: Literary Gems, Civil Wars, and Historical Resources,” The New Centennial Review, 3, 2, 2003: 219-240;  Donna J. Bergenstock, Mary E. Deily, Larry W. Taylor, “A Cartel’s Response to Cheating: An Empirical Investigation of the de Beers Diamond Empire,” Southern Economic Journal, 73, 1, 2006: 173-189;  Tinashe Nyamunda and Patience Mukwambo, “The State and the Bloody Diamond Rush in Chiadzwa: Unpacking the Contesting Interests in the Development of Illicit Mining and Trading, c2006-2009,” Journal of Southern African Studies, 38, 1, 202: 145-166;  Phiolippe Le Billon, “Diamond Wars? Conflict Diamonds and Geographies of Resource Wars,” Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 98, 2, 2008: 345-372;  Jacqueline Solway, “Human Rights and NGO ‘Wrongs’: Conflict Diamonds, Culture Wars and the ‘Bushmen Question,’ Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, 79, 3, 2009: 321-346;  Michael L. Ross, “How do Natural Resources Influence Civil War? Evidence from Thirteen Cases,” International Organization, 58, 1, 2004: 35067.

Recommended Readings: Ian Smillie, “Getting to the Heart of the Matter: Sierra Leone, Diamonds, and Human Security,” Social Justice, 27, 4, 2000: 24-31; R. W. Tomlison, “Botswana – From Dust to Diamonds,” Geography, 60, 4, 1975: 269-273; Moertn Jerven, “Accounting for the African Growth Miracle: The Official Evidence – Botswana 1965-1995,” Journal of Southern African Studies, 36, 1, 2010: 73-94; G. E. Emembolu and S. S. Pannu, “Africa: Oil and Development,” Africa Today, 22, 4, 1975: 39-47; Ian Taylor and Gladys Mokwawa, “Not Forever: Botswana, Conflict Diamonds and the Bushmen,” African Affairs, 102, 407, 2003: 261-283; Macartan Humphreys, “Natural Resources, Conflict, and Conflict Resolution: Uncovering the Mechanisms” Journal of Conflict Resolution 49:508 (2005); Paivi Lujala, Nils Petter Gleditsch, & Elisabeth Gilmore, “A Diamond Curse: Civil War and a Lootable Resource” Journal of Conflict Resolution 49:538 (2005); Philippe Le Billon, “Angola’s Political Economy of War: the Role of Oil and Diamonds, 1975-2000” African Affairs 100 (2001); Amos Sawyer (2004). "Violent conflicts and governance challenges in West Africa: the case of the Mano River basin area." The Journal of Modern African Studies 42(03); Jedrzej George Frynas and Geofrey Wood, “Oil and War in Angola,” Review of African Political Economy, 28, 90, 2001: 587-606; Lawrebce Atsegbua, “Acquisition of Oil Rights under Contractual Joint Ventures in Nigeria,” Journal of African Law, 37, 1, 1993: 10-29. Research Paper Due on Thursday, Nov. 26 by midnight.

Week 13: Wither to Africa: Resource Use, Development and the Environmental Impact Required Readings:  Cyril I. Obi, “Globalization and Environmental Conflict in Africa,” African Journal of Political Science, 4, 1, 1999: 40-62;  P. Mohanan Pillai, “Growth Sans Development,” Economic and Political Weekly, 41, 23, 2006: 2301-2304;  Gabriel Eweje, “Environmental Costs and Responsibilities Resulting from Oil Exploitation in Developing Countries: The Case of Niger Delta of Nigeria,” Journal of Business Ethics, 69, 1, 2006: 27-56;  C. O. Ikporukpo, “Sabotage and the Problem of Oil Spill Management in Nigeria,” Ambio, 15, 5, 1986: 306-310;  Jedrzej George Frynas, “Social and Environmental Litigation against Transnational Firms in Africa,” Journal of Modern African Studies, 42, 3, 2004: 363-388;  Jedrzej George Frynas, “Corporate and State Responses to Anti-Oil Protests in the Niger Delta, African Affairs, 100, 398, 2001: 27-54;  Edlyne Anugwom, “Stuck in the Middle: Women and the Struggle for Survival in the Oil- Degraded Niger Delta,” Agenda, 1, 1, 2007: 58-68;  Vivian Schueler, Tobias Kuemmerle, Hilmar Schroder, “Impacts of Gold Mining on Land Use Systems in Western Ghana,” Ambio, 40, 5, 2011: 528-539.

Recommended Readings: Virginia Haufler, “The Kimberley Process Certification Scheme: An Innovation in Global Governance and Conflict Prevention” Journal of Business Ethics 89 (2010); Severine Autesserre, “Dangerous Tales: Dominant Narratives on the Congo and Their Unintended Consequences” African Affairs 443 (2012); Dominic Johnson, No Kivu, No Conflict? The misguided struggle against “conflict minerals” in the DRC (Pole Institute, 2013), Tarila Marclint Ebiede, “Conflict Drivers: Environment Degradation and Corruption in the Niger Delta Region,” African Conflict and Peacebuilding Review, 1, 1, 2011: 139-151; R. J. Bowell, A. Warren, H. A. Minjera, N. Kimaro,” Biogeochemistry, 28, 3, 1995: 131-160; Daphne Williams Ntiri, “The Impact of Rutile Mining on Family Life, Subsistence, Land Ownership and Female Roles Among the Mendes of Southern Sierra Leone,” International Journal of Sociology of the Family, 22, 2, 1992: 83-95; Gavin Bridge and Tomas Fredriksen, “Order out of Chaos’: Resources, Hazards and the Production of a Tin-Mining Economy in Northern Nigeria in the Early Twentieth Century,” Environment and History, 18, 3, 2012: 367-394; Valentina Mazzucato, David Niemeijer, “Population Growth and the Environment I Africa: Local Informal Institutions , the Missing Link,” Economic Geography, 78, 2, 2002: 171-193; Alec Campbell and Graham Child, “The Impact pf Man on the Environment of Botswana,” Botswana Notes and Records, 3, 1971: 91- 110; Muchaparara Musemwa, “Contestation over Resources: The Farmer-Miner Dispute in Colonial Zimbabwe, 1903-1939,” Environment and History, 15, 1, 2009: 79-107; John H. Brock and Douglas N. Green, “Impacts of Livestock Grazing, Mining, Recreation, Roads, and Other Land Uses on Watershed Resources,” Journal of the Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, 35, 1, 2003: 11-22; Marc Thibault and Sonia Blaney, “The Oil Industry as an Underlying Factor in the Bush meat Crisis in Central Africa,” Conservation Biology, 17, 6, 2003: 1807-1813; Gabriel Eweje, “Environmental Cost and Responsibilities Resulting from Oil Exploitation in Developing Countries: The Case of the Niger Delta of Nigeria,” Journal of Business Ethics, 69, 1, 2006: 27- 56; C. M. Rogerson, Environmentally Hazardous Industry in South Africa: A Spatial View,” GeoJournal, 22, 3, 1990: 321-328.

Week 14: Overview