Pan-Africanism/African Nationalism PAN-AFRICANISM AFRICAN NATIONALISM Strengthening the Unity of Africa and its Diaspora Edited by B.F. Bankie & K. Mchombu The Red Sea Press, Inc. Publishers & Distributors of Third World Books P. O. Box 1892 RSP P. O. Box 48 Trenton, NJ 08607 Asmara, ERITREA The Red Sea Press, Inc. Publishers & Distributors of Third World Books P. O. Box 1892 RSP P. O. Box 48 Trenton, NJ 08607 Asmara, ERITREA Copyright © 2008 B.F. Bankie & K. Mchombu First Africa World Press Edition 2008 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechani- cal, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher. Book and cover design: Saverance Publishing Services (www.saverancepublishing.com) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data All African Students’ Conference (17th : 2005 : Windhoek, Namibia) Pan-Africanism/African nationalism : strengthening the unity of Africa and its diaspora / edited by B.F. Bankie & K. Mchombu. -- 2nd ed. p. cm. Rev. ed. of: Pan-Africanism. 2006. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-56902-297-6 (hardcover) -- ISBN 1-56902-298-4 (pbk.) 1. Pan-Africanism--Congresses. 2. African diaspora--Congresses. I. Bankie, B. F. II. Mchombu, K. J. (Kingo J.) III. All African Students’ Con- ference (17th : 2005 : Windhoek, Namibia). Pan-Africanism. IV. Title. DT30.5.A48 2005a 320.54096--dc22 2008022490 TABLE OF CONTENts PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION | B. F. Bankie ix DEDICATION TO JOHN GARANG DE MABIOR | Dani Wadada Nabudere xi FOREWORD | Kwesi Kwaa Prah xxix Conference Opening Session 1 Opening Remarks | Elaine Trepper 3 Welcoming Address | Lazarus Hangula 5 Statement | C. Makhetha 7 Opening Address | Sam Nujoma 8 Closing of Opening Session | Allan Bernard 12 The Impact of Pan-Africanism 13 Which Way Africa: A Multifaceted/Dimensional Discourse Shaped by Paradoxes that Characterise both Africans and Africans in the Diaspora |H. Riruako 15 The Challenges Faced by the Global African Diaspora | S.J. Dima 19 Pan Africanism and the African Diaspora: A Weak Cooperation in the Current International Arena | Andrew Niikando 30 Pan-Africanism: Strengthening the Unity of Global Africa | James N. Karioki 41 Contextualising Pan-Africanism | Mandela Kapere 48 Positive Action will Forge Pan-Africanism | John Trimble 51 Freedom and Pan-Africanism in Namibia Revisited: An All- African People’s Renaissance in the Making | Joe Murangi 59 Preserving and Integrating African Indigenous Knowledge Systems into the Global Knowledge Base | Nahas Angula 67 Pan-Africanism/African Nationalism IdentitY and SocietY: Some Pan-African Perspectives 69 Towards a New Ethos in Human Relations | Dani Wadada Nabudere 71 Perspectives on Afrikan Identity in the 21st Century | Amani Olubanjo Buntu 75 Stigma and Discrimination against HIV/AIDS Victims, other Disease Sufferers and the Less Privileged in Africa as Obstacles to African Unity | Nwagwu Juliet Adamma 92 HIV/AIDS and Gender in Africa: Confronting our Sexuality and Inequalities | L. Edwards 105 Poverty Lab: Rastafari and Cultural Studies | Jalani A. Niaah 121 Ethnicity and Affluence: Immigrant and Americanised Caribbean Youth | Derrick S. Raphael 143 The Purpose of the Khoisan Resurgence | The Khoisan Social Political Movement 151 Pan-Africanism and Curriculum Development in Africa and its Diaspora 157 Towards African Integration Through Language: A Pan-African Perspective Juxtaposed within the African Renaissance | Becky R.K. Ndjoze-Ojo 159 From Imhotep to the Internet: Honour their Ashes, Follow their Flames | Manga Clem Marshal 175 Marketing Pan-Africanism to a New Generation: A Case Study of Liberty Hall – The Legacy of Marcus Garvey, Kingston, Jamaica | Nicosia Shakes 194 Pan-Africanism, African Nationalism and Afro- Arab Relations: Putting the African Nation in ConteXT 209 Pan-Africanism and African Nationalism: Putting the African Nation in Context – The Case of the Sudan | John Garang de Mabior 211 Pan-Africa or African Union? | Bankie Forster Bankie 222 Pan-Afrikanism and Afrikan Nationalism: Putting the Afrikan Nation in Context | Sabelo Sibanda 237 Afro-Arab Relations: Romantic or Real? | S.J. Dima 250 vi Table of Contents Islamisation and Arabisation of Africans as a Means to Political Power in the Sudan: Contradictions of Discrimination based on the Blackness of Skin and Stigma of Slavery and their Contribution to the Civil Wars | M. Jalâl Haashim 265 Afro/Arab Relations - A Complex Socio-Political Composition | El-Tahir Adam El-Faki 294 Promoting Inter-African Trade, Meeting the Economic Challenges 311 Developing Africa Through Inter-African Trade and Meeting Economic Challenges | Zelipa Mwanza, Luti Mwasetuka, Yimbilanji Sichone 313 Promoting Inter-African Trade, Meeting the Economic Challenges | Felix Dimbare Tughuyendere 324 Pan-Africanism: Strengthening the Unity of Africa and its Diaspora | Reindorf Gyamena 333 Towards the 8th Pan-African Congress: Student Involvement in the Pan-African Movement 339 Towards the 8th Pan-African Congress | Chen Chimutengwende 341 The University, Student Activism and the Pan-African Movement | Nadeen Spence 350 Pan-Africanism at the Beginning of the 21st Century: A Student Movement Perspective | Leon Burrell 359 EarlY Influences in the Pan-African Movement: Reparations and NationalitY Rights – Meeting the Challenges of the Diaspora in the 21st CenturY 367 The Marcus Garvey Movement and the Pan-African Struggle | Ryan Williams 369 Pan-Africanism and Nationality Rights for the Diaspora: A Contemporary Perspective | A. Bernard 382 Statement of the 17th All African Students’ Conference 389 vii PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION B. F. Bankie Juba, South Sudan May 2008 s we move further into the twenty-first century one, if not the, major challenge facing Africans will be how to unite effectively. Pan-Afri- canismA and it’s concomitant, African Nationalism, are works in progress towards completion. The Late Dr John Garang De Mabior, to whom this book is dedicated, within months of the convening of the 17th All African Students Conference, held in Windhoek, Namibia, 28th-29th May 2005, made his transition on the 30th July 2005. In his paper presented to the Conference he stated, ‘Africa must unite, not as a continent but as a Nation, and therein lies our individual and collective survival as a people’. It is this preoccupation with African nationalism, away from the present balkanization, which makes the Second Edition necessary. The shift from Southern Africa to the Afro-Arab Borderlands, articu- lated in the contribution of the Late leader of the Sudan Peoples Libera- tion Movement/Army (SPLM/A) is not coincidental but actual. Settler colonialism in Southern Africa received its lesson at Cuito Canavale in Angola on 22nd March 1988. Developments in South Sudan lead by the SPLM/A made it possible for the marginalized of Sudan – the Darfuri, the Nubians, the Beja and others, to see their liberation as part of a larger struggle of Africans globally for unity, be it in the context of Sudan, the Afro-Arab Borderlands, or of Africans in the Eastern Diaspora in Arabia, North Africa, the Gulf States and points eastwards, as well as in the Western Diaspora in Europe, the Americas, the Caribbean and related places. The ‘longest war’ in South Sudan fought by the Anya-Nya/SPLA, halted settler penetration towards the source of the Nile. This explains the shift west and the current genocide perpetrated in Darfur against the Pan-Africanism/African Nationalism African ethnic groups there, as well as the emigration into the area of West African Arabised and Islamised groups such as the Touareg. It is a recognition of these realities, which necessitates fresh approaches as to how the unity movement achieves its objectives. Continentalism of the 1960s is defunct in the face of events going on in Sudan as the Second Edition goes to press. The strategic shift by Arabian interests necessitated the inclusion in this Edition of an additional contribution from Dr El- Tahir Adam El-Faki. African Nationalism pre-supposes a rejection of outmoded ideas, a return to the African socio-cultural base, including languages, along the lines inspired by Cheikh Anta Diop. Africans are a people whose reality, over a millennium has been determined by others, by two hegemonic influences, Arab and European. Pan-Africanism had been driven by the European encounter. In the future the Arab experience will be factored in. Other people have conditioned the thinking by force, by slavery, by geno- cide. They still insist that they know best. Many believe they are correct. The return to the source is the logic that will determine the future. There were powerful interests which did not want the First Edition, published in Southern Africa, to appear. It was launched by Nahas Angula, the Prime Minister, on the 23rd May 2006, at the National Library in Windhoek, Namibia to mark Africa Day. Those in attendance included Dr Becky Ndoze-Ojo, Deputy Minister of Education and Culture and Runoko Rashidi, African American. This Second Edition was made pos- sible thanks to the practical concern of Enid Lee and Clem Marshall in North America. John Pangech, Deng Ajak and other Sudanese, facilitated its publication. The issues raised in this publication will have to be addressed more seriously in the future, than in the past. They should cease to be the sacrifi- cial concern of a few, and become the major preoccupation of many. Until that happens Pan-Africanism/African Nationalism will remain a marginal aspect of the lives of Africans, rather than the central focus it should be. African progress depends on this. x Dedication to John Garang de Mabior CONFLICT AS A CATALYST FOR CHANGE: THE LEGACY OF JOHN GARANG AND THE STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM IN SUDAN Dani Wadada Nabudere1 Guest Key Note Speech in honour of late H. E. Dr. John Garang De Mabior, First President of the Republic of Sudan, President of Government of Southern Sudan, on the occasion of the post- humous Jaramogi Uhuru Award 2007 by the Jaramogi Oginga Odinga Foundation on the 15th June 2007 – Nairobi, 15th June 2007.