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Notes Introduction 1. The National Archives of the UK (TNA): Public Records Office (PRO) FCO 63/946, September 15, 1972 Governor’s Dispatch. 2. Pitt Commission, Report of the Royal Commission into the 1977 Disturbances (London: Her Majesty’s Stationary Office, 1978), 4; Royal Gazette, March 12, 1973; Daily Telegraph, March 22, 1973. 3. London Times, September 12, 1973; Neville Darrell, Acel’dama: The Untold Story of the Murder of the Governor of Bermuda, Sir Richard Sharples (Surrey: Coastline Mountain Press, 1983), 61; TNA: PRO FCO 63/1099, Bermuda Monthly Intelligence Reports, March 7–April 3, 1973. 4. Pitt Commission, 4–5; Gazette, December 3, 1977. 5. TNA: PRO FCO 63/1103, May 1, 1973 I. Kinnear to Foreign and Commonwealth Office. 6. TNA: PRO FCO 63/941, November 27, 1972 Brief for Sir Duncan Watson’s Visit to Washington. 7. TNA: PRO FCO 63/1093, February 27, 1973 I. Kinnear to Lord Balniel, Minister of State of FCO. 8. TNA: PRO FCO 63/1099, 12 March 12, 1973 Brief for Lord Balniel’s Talk with Sir Edward Richards. 9. For example, the 1971 appointment of E.T. Richards as Bermuda’s first Black government leader and premier was an extension of the UBP’s awareness that it “needed accomodationist Blacks to function as mediators between it and the new generation of race conscious youths.” British Governor Ted Leather considered Richards to be weak, ultraconservative, and ultracau- tious. TNA: PRO FCO 63/1093, October 30, 1973, T. Leather to Lord Balniel; Selwyn Ryan, “Politics in an Artificial Society: The Case of Bermuda,” in Size, Self Determination and International Relations: The Caribbean, ed. Vaughn Lewis (Kingston: University of West Indies Institute of Social and Economic Research, 1976), 185. 10. Notable works on Black Power in the Caribbean include Rupert Charles Lewis, Walter Rodney’s Intellectual and Political Thought (Kingston: University of the West Indies Press, 1998); Herman Bennet, “The Black Power February (1970) Revolution in Trinidad,” in Caribbean Freedom: Economy Society from Emancipation to the Present, ed. Hilary Beckles and 198 NOTES Verene Shepherd (Princeton: M. Wiener Publishers, 1996); Selwyn Ryan and Taimoon Stewart, eds., The Black Power Revolution 1970: A Retrospective (Trinidad: ISER, University of the West Indies, 1995); Ronald Walters, Pan Africanism in the African Diaspora: An Analysis of Modern Afrocentric Political Movements (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1993); Colin Palmer, “Identity, Race and Black Power in Independent Jamaica,” in The Modern Caribbean, ed. Franklin Knight and Colin Palmer (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1989), 111–128; Horace Campbell, Rasta and Resistance: From Marcus Garvey to Walter Rodney (Trenton: New Jersey, 1987); William R. Lux, “Black Power in the Caribbean,” Journal of Black Studies 3: 2 (1972): 207–225. 11. These include David Austin, “All Roads Led to Montreal: Black Power, The Caribbean, and the Black Radical Tradition in Canada,” Journal of African American History 92: 2 (Spring 2007): 513–536; Michael West, “Seeing Darkly: Guyana, Black Power, and Walter Rodney’s Expulsion from Jamaica,” Small Axe 25 (February 2008): 93–104; Michael Clemons and Charles Jones, “Global Solidarity; the Black Panther Party in the International Arena,” in Liberation, Imagination, and the Black Panther Party: A New Look at the Panthers and Their Legacy, ed. Kathleen Cleaver and George Katsiaficas (New York: Routledge, 2001), 20–40; Robin Kelly, “Stormy Weather: Reconstructing Black (Inter)Nationalism in the Cold War Era,” and Gerald Horne, “Reflecting Black: Zimbabwe and U.S. Black Nationalism,” in Is It Nation Time? Contemporary Essays on Black Power and Black Nationalism, ed. Eddie Glaude (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001); and Peniel Joseph, Waiting ‘Til the Midnight Hour: A Narrative History of Black Power in America (New York: Henry Holt, 2006). 12. See W. Ofuatey-Kodjoe, “The Ideological Triangle: The Reciprocity of Ideas between Afro-West Indians, Afro-Americans and Africans,” Studia Africana 1: 1 (Spring 1977): 1–16. 13. Bert Thomas, “Caribbean Black Power: From Slogan to Practical Politics,” Journal of Black Studies 22: 3 (1992): 392. 14. Obi Egbuna, The ABCs of Black Power Thought (Lagos: Third World First Publications, 1978), 16. 15. Walter Rodney, The Groundings with My Brothers (London: Bogle’Ouverture Publications, 1996), 28; Walter Rodney, “Pan-Africanism with Special References to the Caribbean,” lecture given at Howard University, Washington DC, September 1975. 16. Eliyahtsoor Ben Aaharon, interview by author, Bermuda, May 10, 2002. 17. Gazette, June 3, 1969; Charles Hamilton and Kwame Toure, Black Power: The Politics of Liberation (New York: Vintage Books, 1992), 53. 18. Steve Biko, I Write What I Like: A Selection of His Speeches (London: Bowerdean Publishing, 1997), 25. 19. Albert Memmi, The Colonizer and the Colonized (Boston: Beacon Press, 1991), xxiii; Eva Hodgson, “Bermuda and the Search for Blackness,” in Is Massa Day Dead: Black Moods in the Caribbean, ed. Orde Coombes (New York: Anchor Books, 1974), 162. NOTES 199 1 Negroes Dressed in Insolence: Boycotts, Black Muslims, and Racial Uprisings 1. Kenneth Robinson, Heritage (London: Macmillan Education, 1979), 196– 198; Cyril Packwood, Chained on the Rock (Hamilton: Island Press Limited, 1993), 185, 197. 2. Barbara Hunter, The People of Bermuda: Beyond the Crossroads (Toronto: Gagné-Best, 1993), 24–25; Eva Hodgson, Second Class Citizens; First Class Men (Canada: The Writer’s Machine, 1997), 74, 93. 3. Bermuda Archives. Bermuda. June 27, 1930 Debate on Hotel and Innkeeper’s Protection Act. TNA: PRO CO 1031/2417, 1957 Memorandum to the Secretary of State for the Colonies Re Racial Discrimination in Bermuda Hotels. 4. Hodgson, Second Class Citizens, 76, 88. 5. TNA: PRO CO 1031/1044, December 11, 1953 Charles Jeffers to British Colonial Office; TNA: PRO CO 1031/2417. 6. The Sunshine League, The Jubilee Cook Book: Commemorating 50 Years of Progress, 1919–1969 (Hamilton: Baxter’s Book Shops, 1973), 1. 7. Nellie Musson, Mind the Onion Seed: Black Roots, Bermuda (Nashville: Parthenon Press, 1979), 161. 8. Sunshine League, The Jubilee Cook Book, 1. 9. Bermuda Archives, Report of Registrar General, 1921. Colored was the official term used to categorize Blacks. 10. Andrew Balfour, Report on Medical and Sanitary Matters in Bermuda, 1923, Bermuda Archives, Bermuda, 10. 11. Musson, Mind the Onion Seed, 171. 12. Bermuda Archives, Bermuda Blue Book, 1921. 13. Balfour, Report on Medical and Sanitary Matters in Bermuda, 40, 45–46, 51–52. 14. Bermuda Archives, Minutes of the Pembroke Vesey, January 8, 1921. 15. Royal Gazette, August 7, 1920. 16. Bermuda Archives, Governor’s Dispatch, August 6, 1920, EXCO6/1/32. 17. Robert Hill, Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Papers (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1983), 2: 520. 18. At the British governor’s request, Tobitt, a school headmaster, lost financial support from the Board of Education and was forced to leave the African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church for his involvement with the UNIA. See Quito Swan, “Marcus Garvey, the Universal Negro Improvement Association and Bermuda, 1920–1937,” M.A. Thesis, Howard University, 2000; Dale Butler, Dr E.F. Gordon, Hero of Bermuda’s Working Class: The Political Career and the Evolution of the Bermuda Workers’ Association (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1987). 19. Hunter, The People of Bermuda, 47, 53–57. 20. Dale Butler, Mazumbo, 100 Facts and Quotes by Dr. E.F Gordon (Warwick: The Writer’s Machine, 1994), 60. 21. Bermuda Recorder, June 12, 1959. 200 NOTES 22. Eva N. Hodgson, Storm in a Teacup: the 1959 Bermuda Theatre Boycott and Its Aftermath (Warwick: The Writer’s Machine, 1989), 24, 33. 23. Pauulu Kamarakefego, Me One: The Autobiography of Pauulu Kamarakefego (Canada: PK Publishing, 2001), 389; Recorder, June 20, 1959; Errol Williams, When Voices Rise: Dismantling Segregation in a Polite Society (Canada: Quibo Films, 2002), DVD. 24. Ira Philip, History of the Bermuda Industrial Union: A Definitive History of the Organized Labour Movement in Bermuda (Bermuda: Bermuda Industrial Union, 2003), 110–113. 25. Hodgson, Storm in a Teacup, 38. 26. See TNA: PRO CO 1031/2805. 27. Recorder, June 12, 1959. 28. Gazette, June 25–26, 1959. 29. Ibid., July 8, 1959. 30. Hodgson, Storm in a Teacup, 95. 31. Gazette, June 24, 1959. 32. J. Randolph Williams, Lois: Bermuda’s Grande Dame of Politics (Bermuda: Camden Editions, 2001), 64. 33. Recorder, July 10, August 7, 1963. 34. Ibid., August 10, 28, 31, 1963. 35. Ibid., September 4, 1963. 36. Ibid., August 28, September 7–21, October 2–5, 1963. 37. George Drower, Britain’s Dependent Territories: A Fistful of Islands (Aldershot: Dartmouth, 1992), 199–200. 38. Selwyn Ryan, “Politics in an Artificial Society: The Case of Bermuda,” in Size, Self Determination and International Relations: The Caribbean, ed. Vaughn Lewis (Kingston: University of West Indies Institute of Social and Economic Research, 1976), 183–184; Bermuda Archives, Bermuda CO 1031/981. 39. Bermuda Government, Census, 1961, Bermuda Archives; Dorothy Newman, Bermuda’s Stride toward the Twenty-First Century (Bermuda: Bermuda Government Department of Statistics, 1994), 27; Kamarakefego, Me One, 113; R. Williams, Lois: Bermuda’s Grand Dame of Politics, 56; “Politics in an Artificial Society,” 183; Recorder, July 11, 1959. 40. Kamarakefego, Me One, 113–122. 41. Ibid., 123; R. Williams, Lois: Bermuda’s Grand Dame of Politics, 102. 42. Williams, 56, 97, 331. 43. Ibid., 56. 44. G. Renchard, American Consul, to U.S. Department of State, August 3, 1965; POL 12 BER file A-10; Central Foreign Policy File 1964–66; General Records of the Department of State, Record Group 59; National Archives at College Park, College Park, MD. 45. TNA: PRO CO 1031/4766 Martonmere to Secretary of State for the Colonies, July 3, 1965; TNA: PRO FCO 63/946 “Second Basic Paper on Nation of Islam Bermuda,” Special Branch, June 23, 1972. NOTES 201 46.
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