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Movement of the People: the Relationship Between Black Consciousness Movements

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Movement of the People: the Relationship Between Black Consciousness Movements University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 4-7-2008 Movement Of The eople:P The Relationship Between Black Consciousness Movements, Race, and Class in the Caribbean Deborah G. Weeks University of South Florida Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the American Studies Commons Scholar Commons Citation Weeks, Deborah G., "Movement Of The eP ople: The Relationship Between Black Consciousness Movements, Race, and Class in the Caribbean" (2008). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/560 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Movement Of The People: The Relationship Between Black Consciousness Movements, Race, and Class in the Caribbean by Deborah G. Weeks A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Liberal Arts Department of Africana Studies College of Arts and Sciences University of South Florida Co-Major Professor: Deborah Plant, Ph.D. Co-Major Professor: Eric D. Duke, Ph.D. Navita Cummings James, Ph.D. Date of Approval: April 7, 2008 Keywords: black power, colonization, independence, pride, nationalism, west indies © Copyright 2008 , Deborah G. Weeks Dedication I dedicate this thesis to the memory of Dr. Trevor Purcell, without whose motivation and encouragement, this work may never have been completed. I will always remember his calm reassurance, expressed confidence in me, and, of course, his soothing, melodic voice. I also dedicate this thesis to my family. To my mother, Jean Gerace, as someone I have always been able to count on for support. I would never have been able to continue my education financially, mentally, or physically without her behind me, holding me up. And to my three wonderful children, Jessica, Jeremy, and Maisha, for the many nights and weekends that I have spent hitting the books instead of spending time with them, I thank them for their understanding with all my heart. I can only hope that they are half as proud of me as I am of them. Also, to my father, Dr. Donald Gerace, and his wife, Kathy, who would not let me give up. By sharing their own stories, they made me feel that I was right on track and could make it through. I also want to thank my cousin, Robin, who has been my own personal cheerleader for the past three months. Acknowledgements Many people have helped me so much along the way. Many thanks are due to Dr. Plant for hanging in there with me all this time, and for always listening to me. I also owe much to Dr. Duke for his guidance and support, and for always being quick to respond to my many emails. I also want to thank Dr. Cummings James for coming on board this semester when I needed her. I want to give a special thanks to my second family, my friends and co-workers here at USF. My supervisor, Barry, has always been supportive of my educational efforts, and has been more than flexible with me when I needed to work around classes, library runs, and meetings with my professors. My co-workers are the best; if not for everything else they do for me, at least for putting up with my mood swings over the recent weeks and months. And of course, my dear friend Karen, for listening to my rants, and for always telling me that I am right, and everything will be fabulous. Table of Contents List of Tables .................................................................................................................... iii List of Figures ................................................................................................................... iv Abstract .............................................................................................................................. v Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 1 Research Questions ................................................................................................ 2 Resources ............................................................................................................... 3 Terminology ........................................................................................................... 4 Organization ........................................................................................................... 4 Chapter One: The Footprint of Colonialism ..................................................................... 6 Colonization ........................................................................................................... 6 The Rise of Sugar and Slavery .............................................................................. 9 Post-Emancipation ............................................................................................... 15 Rise of Crown Colony ......................................................................................... 17 West Indian Nationalism ..................................................................................... 20 The Inter-War Era ................................................................................................ 22 World War II Era Reforms .................................................................................. 27 The Road to Independence .................................................................................. 29 Summary .............................................................................................................. 30 Chapter Two: The Case of Jamaica ................................................................................. 39 Colonial History ................................................................................................... 40 Towards Independence ........................................................................................ 43 Black Nationalism Confronts Jamaican Nationalism .......................................... 46 Black Power ......................................................................................................... 50 The Rodney Riots ................................................................................................ 54 Summary .............................................................................................................. 60 Chapter Three: Black Power Trinidad Style .................................................................... 67 Colonial History ................................................................................................... 68 The War Years ..................................................................................................... 72 The Path to Independence .................................................................................... 76 Black Power ......................................................................................................... 80 Black Power as a Revolution ............................................................................... 82 Summary .............................................................................................................. 89 i Chapter Four: Waiting for the Bahamas to Reach ........................................................... 98 Colonial History ................................................................................................... 99 Signs of Organization ........................................................................................ 105 The Rise of the PLP ........................................................................................... 107 Black Power ....................................................................................................... 112 Summary ............................................................................................................ 115 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 121 References Cited ............................................................................................................ 128 ii List of Tables Table 1.1 Barbados Land Holdings ................................................................................... 9 Table 1.2 Pre and Post Sugar Population of Barbados and Jamaica ................................ 10 Table 1.3 World War I Volunteers in the British West Indian Regiment........................ 23 Table 1.4 1930s Labor Rebellions ................................................................................... 26 Table 1.5 Independence Status of the British West Indies .............................................. 30 Table 2.1 Population Growth and Urban Migration 1943-1960 ...................................... 48 Table 2.2 Percent Contribution to GDP 1938-1968......................................................... 48 Table 2.3 Labor Force Distribution and Unemployment (in percent) ............................. 48 Table 3.1 Immigration of Indian Indentured Laborers 1838-1917 .................................. 70 Table 3.2 1960 Census Information ................................................................................. 76 Table 4.1 Distribution of Population by Islands ............................................................ 104 iii List of Figures Figure 1.1 Map of
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