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Home , Crambidae, Gelechiidae, Geometroidea, Lasiocampidae, Noctuidae, Notodontidae

Taxonomic Workshop for Early Detection of Important and Other Lepidopteran Agricultural and Silvacultural Pests Instructors: Todd Gilligan, Chris Grinter, and Dave Wagner

15 July, 2013 (Monday) Introduction - You can’t reasonably expect to know all , there are just too many - If the scientific name of a species is followed by an author name in parentheses (i.e. Cenopis reticulatana (Clemens, 1860)), it means the species was originally described in another (in this case, Croesia reticulatana Clemens, 1860) and later reclassified. - Synapomorphy = shared derived characters - Monophyly = a group of taxa with one ancestor - Order o 160,000 species o Largest lineage of -feeding organisms o Closest to Order Trichoptera (caddisflies) o Have 24 synapomorphies (shared characters), which is a high number compared to other orders, including: . Scales on wings . Modified setae (hairs) – socketed cells . Epiphysis, an appendage on leg, used to clean antennae • Lost on many , though Papillionidae still have them . vom Rath’s organ – sensory organ located at depression at the terminal end of the labial palp, acts as CO2 detector o Saw a large species radiation at about 100 million years ago, coincides with evolution of Angiosperms o In the old phylogeny (pre-molecular ?), 25% of the families in this order contain 75% of the species o (Noctuids) radiated out at about the same time as bats evolved, and this coincides with the evolution of tympanic organs to detect sound; Some Noctuids have also evolved the ability to escape from bat sonar! - Traditional classification with the Lepidoptera: o . Primitive , up to or including Pyraloids . In general, larvae are internal feeders . Has the most families but the fewest species . Some large moths are included in this category! o . “advanced” moths from Pyraloid to Noctuid . In general, larvae are external feeders . Includes majority of species, minimum of families - Molecular phylogenies o Butterflies placed in Microlepidoptera! o Short branches supporting rapid radiation of Lepidoptera concurrent with diversification of Angiosperms (flowering )

Pest Lepidoptera - 3 Superfamilies contain the most species: o (1,000-1,500 pests) . 6 families, all with thoracic tympanum (“ear” on thorax [mid-section of body]) . The most diverse superfamily (40,000+ species total) . (4 genera; Australian species) . (704 genera) . (1760 genera; Arctiid, Lymantrid, etc.) . (29 genera) . (186 genera) . Noctuidae (1089 genera) o (750 pests) . 15,000 spp. in 2 families . Considered microlepidopterans as adults, but macroleptidopterans as larvae?? . Have “snout mouths” . Have abdominal tympanum (“ear” on abdomen [last body section]]) . (formally subfamily) . Pyraloidae o Tortricoidea (680 pests) . Tortricidae is only family in this superfamily . 10,000+ spp. in 3 subfamilies . Female has flat ovipositor lobes

Basic adult morphology - 3 main body parts: head, thorax, abdomen

Head - Antennae, compound eyes, ocelli, proboscis - Labial and maxillary palps and scaling - Antennae types: pectinate (comb-like), clubbed (knobs at ends), filiform (thread-like) o Tortricid moths have filiform antennae - Eyes: compound and simple (ocelli) o Compound eyes are larger o Ocelli are located above the compound eyes . Typically absent in Lepidoptera . In the Tortricidae, genus has NO ocelli . Other Tortricidae typically have chaetosomata (sensory organ located above the compound eye) next to the ocellus on each side of head - Proboscis o Scaled (Pyralids) vs. unscaled (Tortricids) o Basal Lepidopterans (3 families) have mandibles and chew, no proboscis; it is thought that the proboscis evolved from these lower species (though a few higher Leps have lost it!) - Palps (mouthparts that act as sensory organs) 2

o Present on sides of proboscis o Labial palps: stick out in front of head . If they are long and project forward, usually . Medium length and projecting forward, usually Tortricidae . Flipped over head, usually o Maxillary palps: small antenna-like sensory appendages . Much reduced in Tortricidae (often hard to see) vs. Pyralidae (visible) - Scaling o Often not a useful id character for in glue traps o Tortricidae heads are typically smooth-scaled (vs. raised in other families) Thorax - Only has a few characters that are useful for identification purposes - Tegula: flaps covering where the wings connect - Posterior crest may have tuft - Wings o Venation (though not used much anymore) - Wing Coupling (hindwing and forewing in flight) o Jugal coupling occurs in primitive families (wings move together) o Amplexiform coupling (extensive overlap between forewing and hindwing) . Butterflies and (except for the ) o Frenulo-retinacular wing-coupling (frenulum [bristle] on hindwing hooks under retinaculum [loop] on forewing) - Legs - Tympanal organs (hearing) o May be on thorax (typically metathoracic [last segment of thorax]) or abdomen (Pyralidae and Geometridae) o Can be really hard to locate o Evolved 8 separate times around when bats evolved Abdomen - Genitalia: o Lepidoptera are sometimes grouped by genitalia of the females: . (primitive and rare in Leps): single genital opening for mating and laying . (single opening but there is a groove to transfer sperm to eggs) . (98% of all Lepidoptera): two genital openings o Note that with genitalia, some terms are not identical across families! o Sex scaling (wings, abdomen, legs and thorax) . In the Tortricidae, usually present on males . Presence of costal fold (only on males) . Sex scaling may be used in courtship . Feathery to increase surface area ( dispersal)

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Basic Larval Morphology (check the Powerpoints for diagrams, Jenn’s notes aren’t that great in this section) - Head - Thorax (3 segments, usually with 3 pairs of legs) o Prothoracic shield behind head o Thoracic legs o Spiracles (openings on surface of body, used in respiration) o Primary and secondary setae o Chaetotaxy, named by segment: Check first thoracic segment (T1, the prespiracular pinaculum)… . Pyralidae and Noctuidae have 2 hairs per bunch . Tortricidae and Gelechiidae have 3 hairs per bunch - Abdomen (10 segments) o Segments 3-6 usually prolegs (except Geometridae and some Noctuidae) o Segment 10 anal prolegs o Spiracles o Crochets (small circles of gripping hooks) on legs o Primary and secondary setae o Anal shield - Setae (hairs) may be on head and elsewhere - Note: have image-forming eyes (stemmata) *not* ocelli - Antennae are small and next to mandibles - The mandibles wear down over time - Structures can all vary between instars - Chaetotaxy: setae arrangement

Collecting, prepping and labeling specimens - Collecting methods: lights, baiting, aerial netting, , netting, rearing, fogging - UV lights o Black light bulb or tubes, 8-24W, 370 nanometer wavelength o Can be operated using a standard 12v car battery o 80% male-biased (females generally not attracted to light) o Can set up collecting sheet with mercury vapor lamp (MVL, long-distance attractor) on one side and black light on the other . In tropics, they typically turn off MVL for periods, moths come in on waves, about every half hour; switching on and off not as important elsewhere o May also want to set up MVL away from sheet and black light on the sheet - Blacklighting Traps o UV blacklight o Bucket trap . Vanes/light . Funnel . Rain drain . Killing agent . Power source/batteries 4

o Can leave this unattended - Pheromone trapping with sticky cards (Delta, Jackson etc.) o When handling sticky traps, use Styrofoam peanuts to separate sides, or fold sticky card AGAINST the pre-made fold; goal is for side of sticky traps to never come into contact, else they can stick together and damage specimens o There are new hard tack sticky cards coming that will be easier than the current sticky cards that are overcoated with glue o Sticky trap removal . oil (Histoclear) - Might consider investing in a cheap pair of magnifying glasses for working in the field, because some of the id characters are so mall and difficult to see

Overview of Lepidoptera families - All families in Ditrysia (about 98% of all Lepidoptera) developed a proboscis - o : clothes moths . Short to long labial palps with bristles . Forewing usually shiny . Often conspicuous labial palps . Scales stick right up on head o . Larger, fuzzy, elongated labial palps on males that swing up over head o Psychidae: bagworms . Scaleless wings . Filiform antennae (threadlike) - o Approx. 2,200 species o Larvae are /grass miners o Very small adults, but often colorful o Distinct resting postures o o Buccalatricidae o - Yponometoidea o 10 families o 1700 species o Pleural lobes anterior to genitalia o Large conspicuous labial palps o Yponomeutidae: often white with black dots o Attevidae (webworms) - o Diamondback o Labial palps with very long with the third segment upturned o Proboscis is unscaled

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- o 21 families o 18,500 species o Unstable taxonomy o Long, upcurved labial palps o (Subfamily Ethmiinae) . Long, upcurved labial palps . Hindwing with rounded apex . Black and white forewing; Pale yellow-orange abdomen o Elaschistidae 2 (Subfamily Stenomatinae) . Variable forewing o . Large family with varied wing patterns . Large labial palps o (case-bearers) . Forewings often metallic . Scaled proboscis o . Smooth scales on head . Spines on abdominal segments . Wings are broadly lanceolate . Really ugly brown moths  o Gelechiidae . Smooth-scaled head . Long upturned labial palps . Many pest species - o 7 families o 2,800 species o Mostly wood-boring larvae o , o Well-developed mouthparts - o 12 families o 2,700 species o Palpi reduced o Larvae often very odd-looking o (slug moths) . Legs fuzzy . short, triangular forewing o Megalopygidae . Legs very furry o o . Legs not densely scaled . Often diurnal

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- (plume moths) o 1 family o 1,000 species o Pterophoridae . Divided wings . Distinctive resting posture - Bombycoidea o 10 families o 4,700 species o Large moths (silk moths, sphinxes) o No tympanal organs o o Sphingidae (hawkmoths, hornworms) . Have long proboscis . Often diurnal o Saturnidae . Have reduced mouthparts (proboscis reduced or absent), don’t feed . Large moths with broad triangular forewings . Short antennae that are plumose on males - (tent caterpillars, lappet moths) o 1 family o . Often sexually dimorphic . Proboscis is reduced or absent . Caterpillars are tree defoliators . Antennae are very plumose - o 4 families o 24,000 species o Few pest species in this superfamily o Some females are flightless o Epicopeidae o Sematuridae o o Geometridae

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Overview of 4 major moth pest families (Crambidae, Pyralidae, Tortricidae, Noctuidae)

The most economically important superfamilies: - Noctuoidea - Pyraloidea o 2 families o 15,000 species o Maxillary palps conspicuous o Basal 1/3 (closest to face) of proboscis is scaled o Has abdominal tympanal organs o Crambidae o Pyralidae . 90% of all Pyralids lay their antennae flat along the top of their bodies - Tortricoidea o 1 family o 10,300 species o o o Childanotinae o Feeding habits of Torts: . Often generalists . Leaf rollers . Gall makers . Root borers, fruit borers, seed predators . -feeders, tip-tiers, detritivores, leaf litter feeders o To recognize adult Torts: . Head has pincushion like organ, chaetosemata, above eye and next to ocellus . Labial palps NOT upturned . Maxillary palps look like they are missing . No tympanum . Proboscis is unscaled (vs. Pyralidae where top 1/3 of proboscis is scaled) - Noctuoidea o 6 families o 42,400 species o Largest group of pest species o Thoracic tympanum o Families can be separated by wing venation (rarely used but sometimes needed – see Powerpoint slide) o Oenosandridae o Notodontidae . Have reduced mouthparts . Often very colorful . Often with “tails” . Rarely pests 8

o Erebidae (Lymantriidae, Arctiidae) . Very large, diverse family . Usually very large, triangular forewings . • Adults make noise • Female has a dorsal pheromone gland • Often brightly colored wings • Larvae are often very hairy . (tussock moths, gypsy moths) • Males have plumose antennae • Adults extend their forelegs forward when resting (though note this is not unique) • Larvae have long hairs that are often bright and tufted o Eutellidae o Nolidae o Noctuidae . Heavy-bodied with narrow forewing and broad hindwing . Most commonly intercepted family of pests . Genus is top pest genus in the world . , ,

2:00 – 3:30 PM Lab – Hands-on lab of family-level identification of Lepidopteran pests 3:45 – 5:00 PM Lab – Identification of participant’s sticky traps (session I).

7:00 PM - midnight Optional field trip (weather-permitting) – Night time field trip to Montague pine barren to learn field recognition of moth families, emphasizing Crambidae, Pyralidae, Tortricidae, and Noctuidae (sensu lato); collection of specimens for lab sessions

16 July, 2013 (Tuesday)

Moth genitalia, Structure and utility in identification - Sexing adults o Look at abdomen; males have claspers held together and covered with scales Look for a slit o Female ovipositor lobes are facing each other and flat, and pushed out at end of abdomen o Frenulum bristles: 1 on male, 2+ on females and may be asymmetrical - Secondary sexual chars only on males: o Costal fold o Black scales on abdomen o Hair pencils on abdomen 9

- Male Tortricid genitalia o Ring (tegument) with parts hanging off o Uncus shape important, fingerlike projection, a lobe off top of ring o Socus o Valve used to grasp female or aid in copulation . Sacculus . Cucullus - Female Tortricid genitalia o Sterigma - Most important; surrounds copulatory opening - Can check YouTube for example videos showing how to do dissections - TortAI online key is also useful (http://idtools.org/id/leps/tortai/)

Tortricid target pest species - CAPS list is generated by risk assessments - Entomologists came up with their own list, including the top 10 Tortricid pests o Includes orana, LBAM, plus 15 other pests - List to follow will include ones we may see in traps even if not CAPS species - Part 1 – Olethreutinae o spp. () . splendana ( fruit , acorn moth) • Most commonly intercepted tort at us ports of entry BY FAR o often brought in by passengers on flights (imports get treated) – popular in European culture o Easy to detect, so not necessarily common, just maybe easy to find • Pest of chestnut, Fagus (beech), Juglans (walnut), Quercus (oak) • Not present in US . lateferreana (filbertworm) • Can be a pest of cultivated filberts, hazelnuts, oak, chestnut • Wide North American distribution • Very common near oak • Multiple generations, so present throughout the trapping season . pomonella () • Most widely distributed pest of , also eats citrus and is very polyphagous (pear, walnut, fig, apricot) • Found in nearly all temperate regions growing pome fruit () • Extremely common in some locations . Typically moths found in the trap are from the same tribe as the target species? o spp. . G. funebrana (plum fruit moth), top target species • Apricot, peach, plum, cherry • Native to Europe, now in Asia and North Africa, and Korea • Small brown moth

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. • Not really a pest here, but is huge pest of stonefruit in the rest of world • Native to China • Can’t tell molesta from funebrana without dissection • Males have a dark patch of scent scales at the base of the hindwing, towards abdomen, easy to see even on sticky traps . packardi • Eastern US • Often shows up on traps . prunivora • Very small, with a forewing length (FWL) of 4-5mm or less! • Very pretty up close • Silvery lines across wing • In sticky traps usually very hard to identify, though it may be significantly smaller than other species present in the trap o leucotreta . #1 Tortricid pest in the world . Very destructive, want to keep it out of North America, expensive to control . Was caught once in CAPS trap away from port . Native to Africa, in most of Africa except tropics, in dry agricultural areas there, and also found in Southern Europe . Adults very easy to recognize: Look at male hindwing, and there is a semicircular pocket of scales, found only in this species, that looks like a dark dot, can even see it in sticky trap . More common in southern areas, and probably wouldn’t be a problem in Northeastern US, but does come in to lots of ports . Feeds on citrus o formosana . Cherry bark tortrix . Fruit trees in Rosaceae and beech (Fagus) . Native to Europe, found across Asia and Africa . Not present in Northeast, but found in Pacific Northwest . Probably not causing a whole lot of economic damage . Tunnels into bark, doesn’t damage fruit o botrana . Found in California, Napa Valley, 2010 . Hard to find one now, still there at low levels though . Look just like viteana, a species native to the Northeast US, would need to dissect one to tell the difference . Lobesia (and Paralobesia) wing pattern marking fairly distinct . 3 generations in Europe, with timing of 2nd gen and 3rd bad because grapes are developing

- Part 2 – Tortricinae 11

o (Summer fruit tortrix moth) – Archpini . European native, the Asian one might be a separate species . Hard to separate from native congeners, hard to identify on a sticky trap o spp. . podana – fruit tree tortrix • Major pear and apple pest in Europe, larvae polyphagous in Rosaceae • In Pacific Northwest • Male with yellow at end of hindwing, fairly distinct . xylosteana • European, pest of fruit trees • Also in Asia, Canada (Newfoundland in 2005) • Apple leaf roller, brown oak tortrix, variegated golden tortrix • Looks similar to many other congeners . fuscocupreanus- apple tortrix • From East Asia • Similar to male A. xylosteana • 1 generation per year o spp. (non-targets) . fumiferana complex • Pests of coniferous forests o Abies balsamea (balsam ) and Picea spp. (spruce) are preferred hosts, also larch, pine, hemlock • Eastern N America . freeman/fumiferana • Spruce budworm o Fairly large o Has costal fold . rosaceana (3-banded leaf roller) • Attacks more than 25 families, preferring woody plants and those in the Rosaceae as hosts • Resting individuals form a bell-shape o postvittana () . First specimens found in 2006, found in the wild in California in 2007 Native to Australia . Not causing significant economic damage . Variable . Really needs identity confirmed by genital dissection

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o ambiguella – European Grape berry moth – Tribe . Wide distribution across Palearctic, but not considered established outside of Europe and Asia; managed as a pest in Europe . No costal fold on males . Recognizable forewing pattern, with a dark mark across the center of each yellow forewing . Similar biology to • This pest feeding on grape causes Botritus infection o – green oak tortrix . Important forest pest in Europe, and is found in North Africa too . If left fading in a collection, can turn yellow; exposure to killing agent might cause yellowing as well . Otherwise, identification is simple, since there are no other similar species in America

Identification of Noctuoidea, with key target pest species - North American Noctuids: 3693 species, 5 families - Thoracic tympanum present - Reduced maxillary palps - Erebidae o Highly variable o Triangular forewing o Hindwing often has pattern continued from forewing o Pests include: . Eudocima spp. (E. phalonia, a fruit-piercing moth) . cruegeri - Noctuidae (loopers, cutworms, flower moths) o Stout-bodied o Antennae usually threadlike or with short rami (branches) on males o Forewing is long-triangular o Hindwing often with reduced patterning relative to forewing o Wings folded over back, hindwing concealed (so hindwing not selected for in evolution); Hindwing often different color, lots of mutations o Pheromones . Female sex pheromones can be used to attract males . Species might separate by difference in chemical makeup of pheromones, or by time of night for flight o Subfamilies with key pests noted: . Plusiinae • gamma o Typically genital dissection is needed to identify to species • eriosoma • (European, but confirmed in Canada and Michigan, so might be a CAPS survey target in 2014) • Native look-alikes: Autographa bimaculata 13

. Cuculliinae • . Heliothinae • – old world cotton bollworm or corn earworm o H. zea is very similar . • • – armyworms o S. littoralis o S. litura o Genital dissection required to separate these species o There are also many native species, including S. praefica

Identification of Pyraloidea with key target pest species - 16,000 species worldwide, with 50% remaining to be described! - Vast array of life histories, many species of economic importance o Some are predators on scale insects, or consume wax in beehives o Some have aquatic larvae that eat plants or algae o One species is a biocontrol on old world climbing fern - Wingspan ranges from 8-80mm - Proboscis is scaled basally - Labial palps porrect (pointing straight forward) or upturned - Paired tympanal organs on ventral surface of 2nd abdominal segment - Two families: Pyralidae and Crambidae o Separated by: . Tympani, so dissection may be needed to be sure (closed on Pyralidae and open on Crambidae) . Conjunctiva (white membrane) , at an angle to the tympanum on Crambidae, in same plane on Pyralidae . Crambids typically have a very triangular forewing that is more proportionate to the hindwing? - Subfamilies in Pyralidae, with important species noted: o Chrysauginae . Probably not any species of economic importance . Can have bushy secondary scales on hindlegs, or cups on forewing o Gallerinae o Epipaschinae o Phycitinae . Plodia interpunctella o (some taxonomists place this subfamily in Crambidae)

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Identification resources for Tortricidae, TortAI demo - List of books will be in Powerpoint files - Electronic resources o Tortricid.net or http://www.tortricidae.com/ o LBAM ID – California-specific, but does have LUCID keys for Lepidopteran families, adults and larvae, and Tortricid adult and larvae . http://itp.lucidcentral.org/id/lep/lbam/ o TortAI http://idtools.org/id/leps/tortai/ o MPG http://mothphotographersgroup.msstate.edu/ o Also a 800-spp DNA database http://www.lepbarcoding.org/

7:00 PM Optional field trip weather and circumstances permitting – Montague field trip II

17 July (Wednesday)

Caterpillar Identification (this was just a short talk, please see Powerpoint for details) - When keying out caterpillars, check both sides, they can be asymmetric! - anatomy o Head, Thorax, Abdomen o Thorax divided into 3 segments (T1, T2, T3); Abdomen divided into 10 segments (A1-A10) o See Powerpoint slide or http://insects.about.com/od/morphology/ss/caterpillar- diagram.htm - Family level taxonomy o Body proportions o Chaetotaxy on body and head . Secondary setae . Size and length of setae . Branched vs. unbranched o Crochets (grasping hooks on prolegs): check arrangement and heterogeneity . A microlepidopteran if crochets go in a circle and meet up . Usually a macrolepidopteran if crochets are arranged in an incomplete circle and longitudinal to body o Proleg number . Loopers that are Noctuidae (not Geometridae) have 2 sets of mid- abdominal prolegs o Glands o Thoracic and anal plates . If thoracic plate is defined/differentiated, sometimes dark, and sclerotized, caterpillar is often in Tortricidae

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- Species level caterpillar taxonomy o Color patterns are not useful for most internal feeders . Though Gelechiids are both colorful and internal feeders . Pyralids are internal feeders and very plain/ugly  o Chaetotaxy (form, number, and shape of setae) on body and head o Frontal triangle and epicranial crotch o Hypopharyngeal complex . Taxonomy of mouthparts can be a very good indicator, but this is not usually done anymore o Mandibular teeth o Spiracle size and color o Number of crochets - Accelerated phenotypic evolution has been observed in some larvae o Genus Elasmia - Some caterpillars have evolved to look like a different part of a particular plant species at every instar, i.e. through the plant’s flowering stages - Preserving specimens o Samples in alcohol lose coloration o Placing specimens straight in alcohol might not allow the alcohol to reach inside the gut, allowing the gut to keep decaying . Could try boiling them in water first, or use larval fixative . Boiling will sometimes extend retracted parts - Sphingidae o Large cylindrical body o Setae inconspicuous except above prologs o Horn on dorsum on A9, or horn base replaced by button o Body segments annulated (deeply creased, ring-like) with 6-8 shallow creases o Anal prologs laterally flattened - o Large cylindrical body o Secondary setae present, especially above prolegs o Primary setae often form hardened plates or are modified and present as knobs, horns, etc. - Lasiocampidae o Long thin silky setae, most numerous on the sides of the body and head o Setae usually not clustered into conspicuous tussocks or lashes o Setae never barbed or plumed o Flattened with fleshy lateral lappets o Anal point between anal prolegs o Some species may have urticating hairs - Notodontidae o Body stout with a proportionately large head o Anal prolegs modified, larger or smaller than mid-abdominal segments o Often with secondary setae above the bases of the abdominal prologs o Two SV (subventral) setae on prothorax o Can extrude legs and inflate to scare off predators 16

- Arctiinae (in Erebidae) o Densely covered with setae o Setae minutely barbed or plumose o Often have warning coloration in a combination of red/ black/white/orange /yellow o Crochets are shortened at the ends o Thoracic claws may have subtending spatulate setae o Some species may have urticating hairs - Noctuidae o No good larval characters for this family o Many species have smooth, stocky, rounded shiny heads and short inconspicuous setae o Prolegs are usually at A3-6, but the ones at A3 and A4 are frequently reduced or absent o Often have a prothoracic gland behind the head or between the first pair of legs (opening in chest), used in defense - Geometridae o Larvae loop when they move (Looping helps them travel faster) o First 3 pairs of prologs are missing o Elongate, somewhat cylindrical o Sometimes have rudimentary prolegs on A5 o Anterior abdominal segments elongate o Warts and knobs often very useful for identification - Hesperiidae o Have an anal comb, used to disperse frass o Often have narrow neck and enlarged head o Body spindle-shaped, usually thickest in the midabdominal segments, strongly tapered rearward o Profuse short and fine secondary setae visible with a hand lens o Crochets of 2-3 different lengths arranged in circles - Papilionidae o Stocky - o Lots of secondary setae - Limacodidae o Prologs replaced by medial suckers on the first 7 abdominal segments o Rather than walk, they glide on a trail of liquid silk o Head is deeply retracted into thorax - Megalopygidae o Related to slug moths o Have highly toxic urticating spines - Tortricidae o Cylindrical o Uniform color, usually green or pale or pink or brown o Prothoracic plate often blackened

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o In some, the anal plate and pinacula (dark, flattened plates that bear the setae) are blackened o Rounded, pigmented head o A10 prolegs are generally unmodified o Crochets are in a linear to slightly arching series, parallel to body axis o Anal fork o There are no larval characters unique to the superfamily Tortricidea

8:30 – 9:30 AM Optional lecture: Barcoding and molecular diagnostics of pests

Future of Moth Identification - The number of professionally-trained identifiers is in decline - Prior to 1980, to identify a specimen, you needed literature, contact with an expert, or you had to send it to USDA - Today, you can often use email, text, or a phone message - Social media and networks like Bugguide.net and Moth Photographers Group have become invaluable resources - All identifications are to some degree suspect o Can self-correct over time - Moth photography, identification and listing has become a popular nature activity o Due to three key events: . Accessibility of digital cameras . Development of moth website resources . New Peterson’s guide to moths - Rapidly growing culture in moth photography and identification o Mothapalooza o “Moth balls” (one-night gathering at lights/baiting sites) o National Moth Week o Facebook groups o Discover Life website - There is an expectation that many exotics will be discovered, identified and reported by amateurs - There are DNA barcoding projects in progress as well - Digital identification resources come in several flavors: o Multi-entry keys o Fully illustrated guides o Expert systems like Lucid o Artificial intelligence software o Phone apps . TortAI will be on Android by end of summer! - Image recognition software will become available - Molecular identification is becoming more economically feasible o Cuticular hydrocarbons o Chromatography o Allozymes DNA 18

- DNA barcoding o Costs as little as $6 per specimen o Has revealed over 40 new species of Lepidoptera from Costa Rica alone! o There are cases where this type of analysis has led to one species being split into 10 different ones . pronuba is one example of a “species” that shows a lot of variation o Can be considered a threat to traditional taxonomy o Useful when you don’t have all of an organism, or if it is destroyed beyond recognition

List of online Moth Resources (please also see the Powerpoints “The Changing Nature of Moth Identification.pdf” and “2.4 UMass_IDResources.pdf”)

- Tortricids of Agricultural Importance: http://idtools.org/id/leps/tortai/ - Moth pages at Bugguide: http://bugguide.net/node/view/82 - Moth Photographers Group: http://mothphotographersgroup.msstate.edu/ - Moths at Discover Life: http://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20q?guide=Moth - National Moth Week website: http://nationalmothweek.org/ - Mothing and Moth-watching Facebook Group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/137219092972521/ - Moths of Eastern North America Facebook Group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/mothsofeasternnorthamerica/ - Barcoding of Life (BOLD) Systems Moth Pages: http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/Taxbrowser_Taxonpage?taxon=lepidoptera&se archMenu=taxonomy&query=lepidoptera - Webpage for updated Peterson’s Field Guide to Moths of Northeastern North America: http://seabrookeleckie.com/the-new-peterson-moth-guide/ - Webpage for books on Lepidoptera by Dave Wagner et al.: http://www.eeb.uconn.edu/people/dwagner/books.html

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