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þþþ The Continuation of Orientalistic Approaches and Today's Strategy Dr. Muhammad Akram Sajid, Dr. Umer Hayat 2 5 555 ääännnä n ^^^ uuu^u)))¥uuuZZZzzzZz»»»hhhçççrrrç vvvr ÛÛÛv ÖÖÖÛ ]]]Ö]ÌÌÌÒÒÒ &òòòÂÂÂ¥

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/òÂ¥Ë eZ Abstract: Kashf-ul-Mahjub is the oldest Persian book written on mysticism and Lahore has the honour that this book was written in this historical city. Syed Ali Hujveri, the author of Kashf-ul-Mahjub played a significant role in spreading Islam in sub-continent. So many editions of this great book has been published all over the world. In this article the only known manuscript of the footnotes of Kashf-ul-Mahjub has been introduced, evaulated and analysed. Key Words: Mysticism, Sub-continent, Ali Hujveri, Kashf-ul-Mahjub. G ~k,Wy¢0 Z±]|6,qçñÆ y ²Ã z sðO{$ h rç ]ÖÛv ÌÒ Å¨_Æ XZk ì[Â:â §i gZzg Ç §gzi Š*Å |( 564 ‰ )x jò m @*ZŠ/szc GÐ @*m,z*ŠxÅsðO{$êL‘Ð ZwZ Š ZiyzZ »Â gl óƒ|ZÆ ZzgZk Š÷7 ZzgZ öY zg ŠCÙ Zzg ì„ Wg ¬~.ò$ëZ»> Zzg BßÔfÐ„; G&ò UâiLZ[ÂtXì Xì;gWz™{{Š. ÒZ ],ZŠãq Zzggz óÔd» Zk~ gggƒƒƒÑÑÑ;;;gggEEE[[[ºººÔÔÔÏÏÏgggÃÃÃ%§§§œœœ /// 102Y 4yXZs6,Ô95g{Ñ 3Ô 5¢ ÔïCCC 666

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/@÷á ‰*Ë eZ Abstract: Punjabi is sweet language which has its followers the world over. Classicial Punjabi poetry is well known and appreciated but there are very few how have analysed the modern a concepts in contemporary Punjabi poets. Wasif Ali Wasif is a contemporary writer, scholar, poet and moreover a saint. His prose books are well read in our society. In this article the author has focused on his Punjabi poetry which reflects a new dimension of Wasif Ali Wasif's literary works. Key Words: Punjbi poety, 20th century A.D, Wasif Ali Wasif, Anaylsis. ~ÄÐªœ~(,]!*täŠ"gŠ÷zZp Ãóó y¨KZHZaW zZ ÆwŠ g› Š LL »V±c* Z]Zzgg @xz]!*ŠÆ Zk c*ÍXåc*Š gkŠ»·zñÃy¨KZ™wJe~¨‡ Zwz jZÆÏ0+iã¨KZ“J$+ZÐ Ziw āì¸Ì|X¶]!*~¯¸°– Ôz{ 5:gÅ» Zk&XŠHƒ$÷á Ôz{ 10*Ã gZi Zk äTX÷V©~|ÏgZ U*W {Zzg Šc*i²W~ã¹ÅÏ0+Xi [s Lz{ ; yg xgŠÆ+Y: Zzg +Y ÔZzg u" XØiÂñYu Ô¥ ÚÂìgcXì]§ñ¯Âã0*ā:VYVƒ Zzg ó÷Áˆ Ï6!*ÅV„C;Å fZ] Âq ZXZ[Z Ig£»ƒ Ú ZiyZzg Âã0*cÐV\W gggƒƒƒÑÑÑ;;;gggEEE---[[[ºººÔÔÔ!!!ººº%ÔÔÔWzzz666,,,fff$$$ZZZÏÏÏÁÁÁZZZ /// 102Y 4yXZs6,Ô95g{Ñ 3Ô 5¢ ÔïCCC 22266626

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///Z†{@ iZ /Ü*·ÄŠ Abstract: Metaphore is one of the most significant features of the Persian poetry and Allama Muhammad Iqbal (1877-1938 AD), Pakistan's national poet and one of the greatest philosopher poets of al times, has used metaphores to its perfection in his commendable Persian poetry. His fresh similes, unmarked metaphores, creative kenning, innovative paradox and inventive imagery reflects his thoughts, ideas and philosophy. In this article, the metaphores used by Allama Muhammad Iqbal in his Persian poetry have been introduced, elaborated, evaluated and analysed which gives the true picture of his insipiration and initiative. Key words: Metaphore, Allama Iqbal, Persian poetry, Introduction, Analysis. É]ÊÓ^…æ Úom‚ó^Â†]áe†]p]e¡ Š^h ]‰jÃ^…åmÓo]‡2`^……ÒàÂ×Üen^áeäu qçmß‚óÂ¡Úä •ÛàiÛ%^ÙÊ†mßo]‡]‰jÃ^…å]‰jË^åÿ^m^ÞoÚo ìçæeçm0å… ]Þ‚mäâ^p …Î†áenŠjÜ ^Â†]áÊ^…‰o Ÿâç…p(^Â†Ú×o^ÒŠj^áæmÓo]‡eˆ…+j†mà ÚvÛ‚]Îf^Ù i^‡åæeÓ†ÚoÊ†mß‚ó…]màÚÏ^Öä âß†æ]Þ‚mäÿìç]‰jÃ^…]l Ún¡p(e†]pÞ^á]á kó Òä]æ…Ã†Ê^…‰oeäÒ^…e†å(Úç…iv×nØæe†…‰oÎ†]…+†Êjä]‰ ]‰jÃ^…]l]Îf^Ù Ÿâç…,^åßr^h +†æåÊ^…‰o]Þ Â×Ûo Â–çânªl þ Ÿâç…,^åßr^h æ…åÿÒj†pÊ^…‰o]Þ rçp ]Þ þ þ 4102Y yXZs,6 9Ô5g{Ñ 3Ô 5¢ ÔïCCC 33344434

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Majallah Tahqiq Research Journal of ïCCC the Faculty of Oriental Learning ÑxEçC Vol: 35, Sr.No.95, 2014, pp 53 - 64 ù g{59 Ñ y4102YÔ Xs,6 53ÔZ ¢

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//+hÛ ·¦ÄŠ/,'™BßÄŠ Abstract:

The Lodi dynasty was an Afghan dynasty that ruled parts of northern India and Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of modern-day Pakistan, from 1451 to 1526. It was founded by Bahlul Khan Lodi when he replaced the Sayyid dynasty.Lodis were true lovers of Persian and other literature. They build many schools for artiech and they always welcome the scholars of different thoughts. Many important dictionaries were written in this period. Key Words: Lodi. Punjab. Artiech. Dictionary ååå………å ^^^… ÎÎÎ^ äääÎ fffä f ááá^^^á âââ^ ^^^â ^ ÍÍÍæææ†††æ ÃÃÃ† ÚÚÚÃÚ ppp^^^p âââ^ äääÿÿÿÿâ ×××ä ŠŠŠ× ×××Š ‰‰‰× ‡‡‡‰ ]]]‡ DDD] MMMD QQQM NNNQ RRRN !!!R MMM! PPPM QQQP MMMQ KKKM ÑÑÑK UUUÑ OOOU NNNO !!!N TTT! QQQT QQ EEEQ áááE ^^^á mmm^ m ççç ÖÖÖçÖ ÝÝÝ^^^Ý ÛÛÛ^ iiiÛ äääi eeeä e ††† ÛÛÛ† jjjÛ ÖÖÖj æææÖ æ æææ äääæ eeeä †††e rrr† iiir ^^^i eee^ oooe o’’’íííí ((( ááá( ^^^á mmm^ m ççç ÖÖÖç äääÿÿÿÿÖ ×××ä ŠŠŠ× ×××Š ‰‰‰×‰ ………]]]… „„„] +++„+ ááá^^^á nnn^ ßßßn eeeß pppe p ççç ÖÖÖç ÙÙÙÖ çççÙ ×××ç ããã× eeeã óóóe DDDó MMMD EEEM ‚‚‚E ßßß‚ jjjß ŠŠŠj âââŠâ äääeeeäe lll………l ^^^… rrr^ iiiri ppp]]]p †††] eee† äääe ÒÒÒäÒ ‚‚‚ÞÞÞ‚ ]]]Þ ååå] å ççç eeeç åååe ………å ^^^… ÎÎÎ^ äääÎ fffä f ÙÙÙ^^^Ù ÛÛÛ^ Û ……… … ààà ÒÒÒà ^^^Ò ‰‰‰^‰ oooÞÞÞo ^^^Þ ÇÇÇ^ ÊÊÊÇ ]]]Ê ØØØ] mmmØ ^^^m fff^ ÎÎÎf ‡‡‡Î ]]]‡ ááá] ^^^á mmm^ m ççç ÖÖÖç óóóÖ ó ççç eeeç pppe ^^^p ßßß^ ÃÃÃß ÚÚÚÃÚ (((ÐÐÐ( ×××Ð ÇÇÇ× iiiÇ åååi ^^^å ^ ‡‡‡ æææ‡ †††æ nnn† ÊÊÊn áááÊ ^^^á ÚÚÚ^ ‡‡‡Ú ………‡ … ……… æææ… ‚‚‚æ ÞÞÞ‚ Þ ††† ÒÒÒ†Ò oooÚÚÚo ‚‚‚Ú ‚ æææ ‚‚‚æ ÚÚÚ‚ Ú ((( †††( ,,,† mmm, m ooo uuuo ]]]u ççç] ÞÞÞç æææÞ æ hhh^^^h rrr^ ßßßr ß ((( ‚‚‚( ßßß‚ ‰‰‰ß (((‰ ‚‚‚( ßßß‚ âââßâ ØØØìììØ ]]]ì ] Šj^á!^Ò ,^åßr^h(Ÿaç…( +†æåÊ^…‰o(]Þ ]‰j^m^…V þþ Ó‚åÿ]ç]( ]Þn^…(]Þ þ 4102Y yXs,6 9ÔZ 5g{Ñ 3Ô 5¢ ÔïCCC 55544454

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PPPM TTTP TTKKKT ÑÑÑK UUUÑ NNNU OOON !!!O TTT! UUUT PPPUP ÔÔÔuuu EEEu oooE ×××o âââ× â ááá ^^^á mmm^ m ççç ÖÖÖç áááÖ ^^^á ÚÚÚ^ Ú æææ æ ååå ^^^å ^ ^^^ eee^ àààe nnnà ÚÚÚnÚ óóó DDDó MMMD OOOMO EEE E ^^^ jjj^ ÊÊÊj ]]]Ê] ÍÍÍ¡¡¡jjj¡ ìììj ]]]ì ppp] æææpæ oooßßßo nnnß n ÞÞÞ ^^^Þ qqq^q †††‰‰‰† †††‰ eee†e kkkÖÖÖk æææÖ æ ááá ^^^á ÒÒÒ^ ………Ò ]]]… æææ] ðððæ ]]]ð†††] ÚÚÚ† ]]]Ú ááá] ^^^á nnn^ ÚÚÚn (((Ú kkk(k„„„ +++„ ………+ … pppp ççç ÖÖÖçÖ (((ááá( ^^^á ÞÞÞ^ ^^^Þ ììì^ì ááá^^^á ììì^ì oooÖÖÖo ‚‚‚Ö ÞÞÞ‚ Þ ††† ÒÒÒ† Ò ˆˆˆ ÚÚÚˆ ^^^Ú ÞÞÞ^ ]]]Þ………] ååå… ^^^å ^ ÙÙÙçççÙ ×××ç ããã× eeeã åååe †††å nnn† fffn ÞÞÞf oooÞ ìììo †††ì eee† æææe æ pppæææpæ ...………. ˆˆˆ… eeeˆ †††e ŠŠŠ† Š ((( ÔÔÔ( mmmÔ ………m ^^^… eee^ (((e ^^^( ããã^ ÞÞÞã Þ ‡‡‡ ]]]‡ ooo] o–––ÃÃÃ– eeeÃe kkkíííiiií †††i eee† ÑÑÑe TTTÑ UUUT PPPU ………P … ……… ‚‚‚… ßßß‚ ÓÓÓß ‰‰‰Ó‰ ááá^^^á ___^ ×××_ ‰‰‰×‰ ÝÝÝ^^^Ý ÞÞÞ^ äääÞ eeeä ]]]e ………] ááá… ^^^á ììì^ì ÝÝÝ^^^Ý ¿¿¿^ ÞÞÞ¿ (((Þ ååå( ^^^å ^ ÙÙÙçççÙ ×××ç ããã× eeeã ………e ‚‚‚… jjj‚ ÏÏÏj ÚÚÚÏÚ ppp………p ]]]… ] ‡‡‡ ‡ ‡‡‡ ]]]‡ ooo] ÓÓÓo mmmÓm UUUMMMUM ÙÙÙ^^^Ù ‰‰‰^‰ ÙÙÙ………Ù … óóó kkkókììì]]]ì ] ††† † ááá ^^^á ããã^ ÞÞÞã ^^^Þ ííí^ ÚÚÚí ^^^Ú eee^ ˆˆê nnnˆ ‰‰‰n‰ æææ ßßß qqqßq æææ æ ††† fff† ÞÞÞf äääÞ eeeä oooe iiio ‚‚‚i ÚÚÚ‚ ˆˆˆÚ nnnˆ ÞÞÞn pppÞ p DDD MMMD PPPM EEEP ‚‚‚E ÞÞÞ‚ ^^^Þ ^ ÞÞÞ oooÞ ×××o âââ× â ‚‚‚ßßß‚ âââß ………â … ÙÙÙ ^^^Ù ‰‰‰^‰ ááá^^^á ÛÛÛ^ âââÛ ………â … óóó kkkó ÊÊÊk †††Ê +++† ………+ ]]]… †††] ÎÎÎ† ‚‚‚Î ßßß‚ âââß áááâ ^^^á âââ^ ^^^â ^ kkkvvviiiv äääi mmmä ^^^m ^ äää ÒÒÒä Ò ††† ÒÒÒ† ^^^Ò ßßß^ eeeß pppe †††p ããã† jjjã ‰‰‰j ååå‰ †††å +++† + ØØØ vvvØ ÚÚÚv ………Ú … ÑÑÑ Ñ 4102Y yXs,6 9ÔZ 5g{Ñ 3Ô 5¢ ÔïCCC 55566656 kkknnnk eeen ‡‡‡e ]]]‡ ‚‚‚] ÃÃÃ‚ eeeÃ (((e ÑÑÑ( UUUÑ NNNU OOONO ÙÙÙ^^^Ù ‰‰‰^ ………‰ … ……… ‚‚‚… ßßß‚ ÒÒÒß !!!Ò DDD! MMMD QQQM EEEQ ‚‚‚E ßßß‚ jjjß ÊÊÊj ………Ê ààà… nnnà eeen ‡‡‡e ]]]‡ ÝÝÝ] Ý ††† ÚÚÚ† ‡‡‡Ú ]]]‡ ppp] ………p ^^^… nnn^ ŠŠŠn eeeŠ æææe æ ]]] ] ïïï………ï ÜÜÜ… nnnÜ ¿¿¿n ÂÂÂ¿ äääÿÿÿÿÂ ÖÖÖä ˆˆˆÖ ÖÖÖˆ ‡‡‡Ö‡ óóókkkók„„„ +++„ ………+ … ppp………p ^^^… ÛÛÛ^ nnnÛ eeen †††e $$$† $ ††† eee† e ççç ìììçì kkkÚÚÚk çççÚ ÓÓÓç uuuÓ ………u æææ… æ ÙÙÙ ^^^Ù ‰‰‰^ äää‰ ÞÞÞä æææÞæ ‚‚‚ÂÂÂ‚ ]]]Â ççç] ÎÎÎç (((Î ‚‚‚( qqq‚q ………‚‚‚… ‚ ÍÍÍ¡¡¡ììì †††eee† pppe æææp óóóæ ‚‚‚ó ‚ ååå ^^^å ^ ^^^ ^ pppp ççç ÖÖÖç ÜÜÜÖ nnnÜ ââân ]]]â †††] eee† ]]]e] ÷÷÷†††÷ ŠŠŠ† Š ……… ‚‚‚… ßßß‚ ÓÓÓß ‰‰‰Ó‰ ‡‡‡]]]‡] ‹‹‹‹ ‚‚‚mmm‚ ^^^m eee^ äääÿÿÿÿe ÛÛÛä âââÛ æææâ ………æ ]]]… ‚‚‚] ÞÞÞ‚Þ mmm çççm ìììçì æææ ÝÝÝæ çççÝ ÎÎÎç áááÎ ^^^á âââ^ ^^^â ^ ^^^ ^ äää ÒÒÒäÒ kkkËËËk +++Ë+ æææ æ ]]] ] ††† nnn† nnÇÇÇn iiiÇ ]]]i ………] ááá… ^^^á ^ mmm çççm ìììç ^^^ì eee^ ………e ^^^… jjj^ ÊÊÊj ………Ê æææ… æ hhh]]]h ] ææææ DDDMMMD RRRM EEER ‚‚‚E ÞÞÞ‚ ‚‚‚Þ mmm‚ ‡‡‡m ………‡ æææ…æ kkkËËËk ÖÖÖË ^^^Ö ííí^ ÚÚÚí æææÚ ]]]æ ^^^] eee^ áááe ^^^á ÇÇÇ^ ÊÊÊÇ ]]]Ê ...] ………. ˆˆˆ… eeeˆ pppe ]]]p †††] ÚÚÚ† ]]]Ú æææ] ………æ ààà… mmmà ‡‡‡m ]]]‡ óóó] ‚‚‚ó ÞÞÞ‚ ………Þ æææ… æ ^^^ rrr^ eeer ÝÝÝe Ý ††† ÚÚÚ†Ú kkkÚÚÚk ‚‚‚Ú ììì‚ì ½½½†††½ † †††nnn† ãããn ¾¾¾ã äää¾ eeeä åååe ^^^å ^ ††† ããã† ÎÎÎã ‡‡‡Î ]]]‡] lll^^^l rrr^ ÞÞÞr pppÞ ]]]p †††] eee† ]]]e †††] ÚÚÚ† ]]]Ú ‡‡‡] ]]]‡ ooo] ìììo †††ì eee† e ††† ÒÒÒ†Ò oooÞÞÞo ]]]Þ ‚‚‚] ÞÞÞ‚ ‡‡‡Þ ]]]‡ ………] ÝÝÝ… ^^^Ý ÓÓÓ^ uuuÓu æææ]]]æ †††] ÚÚÚ† ]]]Ú ‡‡‡] ]]]‡ ppp] ]]]p ååå] ‚‚‚å ÂÂÂ‚ ÜÜÜÂ nnnÜ ââân ]]]â †††] eee† ]]]e] ááá^^^á nnn^ ÚÚÚn ÝÝÝÚ MMMÝ QQQM NNNQ RRRN KKKR ÑÑÑK UUUÑ OOOU NNNON ÙÙÙ^^^Ù ‰‰‰^ ‡‡‡‰ ^^^‡ ‰‰‰^‰ kkkççç ÞÞÞç †††Þ ‰‰‰†‰ ßßß qqqß ………q … æææ ‚‚‚æ ßßß‚ jjjß ‰‰‰j‰ çççnnnç n ooo ÞÞÞo ^^^Þ ÒÒÒ^ ………Ò ççç… +++ç †††+ eee† ^^ê eee^ ‚‚‚e ÛÛÛ‚ vvvÛ ÚÚÚv àààÚ mmmà ‚‚‚m ÖÖÖ‚ ]]]Ö] ‡‡‡]]]‡ ááá] ^^^á mmm^ m ççç ÖÖÖç äääÿÿÿÿÖ ×××ä ŠŠŠ× ×××Š ‰‰‰×‰ äääÞÞÞä çççÞ ,,,ç ßßß, mmmß ‚‚‚m eee‚ æææe æ ……… ççç… ìììçì kkkŠŠŠÓÓÓŠ Ó kkkk oooÞÞÞo ^^^Þ ^ ……… … ááá^^^á nnn^ ÞÞÞn ^^^Þ ÒÒÒ^Ò ………ççç… +++ç æææ+æ pppp ççç ÖÖÖç áááÖ ^^^á ÞÞÞ^ ^^^Þ ÇÇÇ^ ÊÊÊÇ ]]]Ê] äääÒÒÒäÒ ‚‚‚nnn‚ ‰‰‰n ………‰… kkkÚÚÚk çççÚ ÓÓÓç uuuÓ äääu eeeä áááe ^^^á mmm^ †††m eee† ^^ê eee^ äääÿÿÿÿe ×××ä ŠŠŠ× ×××Š ‰‰‰× ååå‰ ………å ^^^… ÎÎÎ^ äääÎ fffä f ……… … ááá á ppp^^^p qqq^ äääq eeeä ‚‚‚e nnn‚ ‰‰‰n ………‰ ááá… ^^^á mmm^ ^^^m ^ äää eeeä oooe ×××o âââ× â kkkÚÚÚk çççÚ ÓÓÓç uuuÓu ‹‹‹‹ DDD MMMD SSSM EEES E ††† ÒÒÒ†Ò ooommmo ^^^m ÚÚÚ^ †††Ú ÊÊÊ† ÜÜÜÊ ÓÓÓÜ uuuÓ ÝÝÝu ^^^Ý ÛÛÛ^ iiiÛ åååi çççå ÓÓÓç Ó ^^^ eee^ åååe ………å ^^^… ÎÎÎ^ äääÎ fffä f ÐÐÐ›››Ð ^^^› ßßß^ ÚÚÚß àààÚ mmmà †††m iii† ÄÄÄi nnnÄ ‰‰‰n æææ‰ æ ††† eee† oooe ÞÞÞo ŸŸŸÞ çççŸ ›››ç› lll‚‚‚ÚÚÚ‚Ú ppp]]]p †††] eee†e ^^^ÒÒÒ^Ò lll‚‚‚‚ äää eeeä áááe á ……… ]]]… ‚‚‚] jjj‚ ÎÎÎj ]]]Î æææ] ‚‚‚æ ‚ ÜÜÜnnnÜ ŠŠŠn jjjŠ iiij oooi ×××o vvv× ÚÚÚvÚ ppp^^^p âââ^â kkkÚÚÚk çççÚ ÓÓÓç uuuÓ ………u … ooo×××o âââ× â kkkßßßk ___ß ×××_ ‰‰‰× (((‰ ááá( ^^^á nnn^ ÏÏÏn ×××Ï ÇÇÇ× iiiÇ åååÿÿÿÿi ………å æææ… æ ‡‡‡ ]]]‡] ………]]]… ççç] rrrç ÛÛÛr âââÛâ ppp^^^p âââ^â kkkÚÚÚk çççÚ ÓÓÓç uuuÓ ^^û eee^ oooe ÛÛÛo ñññÛ ]]]ñ ] ……… ççç… ›››ç äää› eeeä ^^ê âââ^â kkkÖÖÖk æææÖ æ ààà mmmà ]]]m ááá] ^^^á ÞÞÞ^ ]]]Þ †††] ÛÛÛ† ÓÓÓÛ uuuÓu æææ ááá^^^á âââ^ ^^^â ^ ^^^ ^ óóó kkkó ÊÊÊk ^^^Ê mmm^m âââ äääqqqä çççq iiiç ˆˆî nnnˆ ÞÞÞnÞ ÞÞÞ ]]]Þ ] æææ æ hhhh ]]] ‡‡‡] ]]]‡] kkkmmmk ^^^m ÛÛÛ^ uuuÛu æææ ooojjjo ‰‰‰j †††‰ † ††† ‰‰‰† äää‰ eeeä oooe ÖÖÖo æææÖ óóóæ ‚‚‚ó ÞÞÞ‚ Þ ççç eeeç ÙÙÙe ]]]Ù ‚‚‚] qqq‚q æææ ßßß qqqßq †††nnn† +++n ………+ … ççç ìììçì ÌÌÌ×××Ì jjj× íííj ÚÚÚí ÐÐÐÚ ›››Ð ^^^› ßßß^ ÚÚÚß ‡‡‡Ú ]]]‡ ááá] ^^^á ÛÛÛ^ ÖÖÖÛ ^^^Ö ÂÂÂ^ æææÂ áááæ ]]]á ‚‚‚] ßßß‚ ÛÛÛß Û ßßß ‰‰‰ß ‰ ((( ááá( ^^^á nnn^ eeen e ]]] ÑÑÑ] UUUÑ OOOU UUUO !!!U TTT! 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UUUT PPPUP ÔÔÔuuu EEEu E pppp ççç ÖÖÖç pppÖ ………p ‚‚‚… ßßß‚ ÓÓÓß ‰‰‰Ó‰ ááá^^^á ___^ ×××_ ‰‰‰× ………‰ ^^^… +++^ ‡‡‡+ æææ‡ ………æ ……… ((( ( ççç ç oooÚÚÚo ÝÝÝÚ çççÝ ×××ç ÃÃÃ× ÚÚÚÃÚ ÷÷÷†††÷ $$$† ]]]$ ‡‡‡] ]]]‡ äää] ÓÓÓä ßßßÓ mmmß ]]]m ˆˆˆ] qqqˆq ]]]………] ééé… é ^^^ ÃÃÃ^ ŠŠŠÃ ÖÖÖŠ ]]]Ö èèè] ËËËè vvvË iiiv ÝÝÝi ^^^Ý ÞÞÞ^ äääÞ eeeä oooe ‰‰‰o ………‰ ^^^… ÊÊÊ^ pppÊ †††p nnn† ŠŠŠn ËËËŠ iiiËi ßßß âââß †††â ÊÊÊ† æææÊ DDDæ NNND NN EEEN äääE jjjä ŠŠŠj mmmŠ ‡‡‡m ooo‡ ÚÚÚo ‚‚‚Ú ßßß‚ âââß ………â … DDD ÝÝÝD MMMÝ QQQM MMMQ SSSM !!!S MMM! PPPM TTTP TTT ÜÜÜmmmÜ ‚‚‚m ÏÏÏ‚ iiiÏ oooi ‰‰‰o ççç‰ ›››ç ‚‚‚› ÛÛÛ‚ vvvÛ ÚÚÚv àààÚ mmmà ‚‚‚m ÖÖÖ‚ ]]]Ö ‚‚‚] nnn‚ ÃÃÃn ‰‰‰Ã äää‰ qqqä ]]]q ççç] ìììç äääì eeeä æææe åååæ ‚‚‚å ÞÞÞ‚ ^^^Þ ‰‰‰^ ………‰ ááá… ^^^á mmm^ ^^^m ^ äää eeeä áááe ^^^á jjj^ ‰‰‰j ‚‚‚‰ ßßß‚ âââß ………â … ÝÝÝ MMMÝ QQQM MMMQ LLLM KKKL ÑÑÑK UUUÑ MMMU RRRM ………R … ppp‚‚‚p ÃÃÃ‚ eeeÃ æææe æ ááá^^^á ÚÚÚ^ ‡‡‡Ú ÜÜÜ‡ âââÜâ ááá^^^á ŠŠŠ^ mmmŠ çççm ÞÞÞç åååÞ †††å ÒÒÒ† „„„Ò iii„i pppæææpæ kkk„„„ +++„ ………+ … îîîmmmî ………m ^^^… iii^ æææi ‚‚‚æ ÖÖÖ‚ çççÖ iiiç îîîi mmmî ………m ^^^… iii^ åååÿÿÿÿi ………å ^^^… eee^ ………e … !!! !kkk‰‰‰]]]‰ ååå] å ††† ÒÒÒ†Ò óóó‚‚‚ó ÞÞÞ‚ ]]]Þ ååå] å ]]] ‚‚‚] ÞÞÞ‚ pppÞ ‚‚‚p ßßß‚ 222ß2 oooaaao ^^â +++^ + VVVéééV é ^^^ ÃÃÃ^ ŠŠŠÃ ÖÖÖŠ ]]]Ö èèè] ËËËè vvvË iiivi ååå‚‚‚å ÞÞÞ‚ ]]]Þ ççç] ìììçì éééé ^^^ ÃÃÃ^ ‰‰‰Ã ]]]‰ äää] ËËËä vvvË iiiv æææi (((æ ppp( ………p ‚‚‚… ßßß‚ ÓÓÓß ‰‰‰Ó ]]]‰ äää] ËËËä vvvË iiiv (((i ppp( ………p ‚‚‚… ßßß‚ ÓÓÓß ‰‰‰Ó ]]]‰] ßßß âââß †††â ÊÊÊ† pppÊ ^^^p âââ^ ÝÝÝâ ^^^Ý ÞÞÞ^ ^^^Þ eeeê hhh^^^h jjj^ ÒÒÒjÒ àààmmmà ]]]m] óóóDDDó NNND OOON EEEOE kkk‰‰‰]]]‰ ooo] ‰‰‰o ………‰ ^^^… ÊÊÊ^ pppÊ †††p nnn† ŠŠŠn ËËËŠ iiiË pppi ^^^p âââ^â ßßß âââß †††â ÊÊÊ† àààÊ nnnà jjjn ŠŠŠjŠíííÞÞÞí ‡‡‡Þ ]]]‡ æææ] åååæ ‚‚‚å ‚ ………‚‚‚… ßßß‚ ÓÓÓß ‰‰‰Ó ]]]‰ ááá] ^^^á ___^ ×××_ ‰‰‰×‰ |||‚‚‚| ÚÚÚ‚ ………Ú … ppp‚‚‚p mmm‚ ^^^m ’’’^ ÎÎÎ’ ^^^Î eeeê hhh^^^h jjj^ ÒÒÒjÒ àààíííàí‰‰‰ †††‰ ‰‰‰†‰ æææ kkk‰‰‰]]]‰ ÝÝÝ] çççÝ ¿¿¿ç ßßß¿ ÚÚÚßÚ hhh^^^h jjj^ ÒÒÒj äääÿÿÿÿÒ ÚÚÚä ‚‚‚Ú ÏÏÏ‚ ÚÚÚÏÚ ………… ççç ìììçì ÌÌÌÖÖÖÌ çççÖ ÚÚÚç !!!Ú ! ççç ç oooÚÚÚo ‡‡‡Ú ^^^‡ ÆÆÆ^ Æ ààà mmmà ‚‚‚m ÖÖÖ‚ ]]]Ö ‚‚‚] nnn‚ ÃÃÃn ‰‰‰Ã äää‰ qqqä ]]]q ççç] ìììç æææì DDDæ ÝÝÝD MMMÝ QQQM MMMQ SSSM !!!S MMM! 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ŒŒŒ ååå………å ^^^… ÛÛÛ^ Û äää eeeäe ßßß âââß †††â ÊÊÊ† àààÊ mmmà ]]]m ooo] ___o ììì_ äääì íííäíŠŠŠÞÞÞŠ ………Þ … oooeeeo †††e ÂÂÂ†Â ááá^^^á +++^ ///+ ]]]/ æææ] ‡‡‡æ ]]]‡ äää] ÛÛÛä ×××Û ÒÒÒ×Ò MMMPPPM MMMP LLLM LL (((L kkk(k‰‰‰]]]‰ ååå] ‚‚‚å ‚ ppp………p ]]]… ] äää ,,,ä ÞÞÞ, Þ ]]] †††] ,,,† ßßß, ßßÖÖÖß ………Ö … ^^^ ¶¶¶^ ‰‰‰¶ ‰ ØØØ ×××Ø ÚÚÚ×Ú pppçççp jjjç nnnj jjjn ŠŠŠj ÞÞÞŠ åååÞ †††å mmm† ]]]m ] ((( ¸¸¸ ooo‰‰‰o ………‰ ^^^… ÊÊÊ^Ê ÍÍÍæææ†††æ uuu† äääu eeeä ………e ‚‚‚… ’’’‚ ÚÚÚ’Ú ppp^^^p âââ^ åååâ ///å ]]]/ æææ] äääæ eeeä pppe æææp óóóæ kkkók‰‰‰]]]‰ ååå] ‚‚‚å ‚ ††† nnn† ŠŠŠn ËËËŠ iiiË æææi åååæ ‚‚‚å ÚÚÚ‚ Ú hhh^^^h jjj^ ÒÒÒj ………Ò … ˆˆˆ nnnˆ ÞÞÞn oooÞ ÒÒÒo †††Ò iii† æææiæ äääjjjä ìììj ^^^ì ßßß^ ß ÜÜÜÒÒÒÜÒ ááá^^^á +++^ ///+ ]]]/ æææ] æ ¼¼¼ÏÏÏ¼ ÊÊÊÏ æææÊ æ “““íííÚÚÚÚ lll^^^l ÒÒÒ^ †††Ò uuu† ^^û eeeê lll^^^l ÇÇÇ^ ÖÖÖÇ ÀÀÀÖ ËËËÀ ×××Ë iii× óóói kkkók‰‰‰]]]‰ ååå] ‚‚‚å ‚ ÞÞÞ äääÞ jjjä ìììj ]]]ì ] ]]] †††] † ((( ...( (((. ‡‡‡( (((‡ ttt(t 55599959 ááá^^^á mmm^ m ççç ÖÖÖç åååÿÿÿÿÖ ………å æææ… æ ……… … ooo ‰‰‰o ………‰ ^^^… ÊÊÊ^ †††Ê %%%† ÞÞÞ% pppÞ ^^^p ÏÏÏ^ iiiÏ ………i ]]]…] K+++hhhÛÛÛ ···¦¦¦ÔÔÔ,,,'''™™™BBBßßß

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PPPM TTTP TTKKKT ÑÑÑK UUUÑ NNNU OOON !!!O TTT! UUUT PPPUP óóó kkk]]] ] ÜÜÜ âââÜâ pppp ççç ÖÖÖç ………Ö ‚‚‚… ßßß‚ ÓÓÓß Ó ÙÙÙ‚‚‚Ù ÂÂÂ‚ †††Â nnn† ÚÚÚn æææÚ æ ...………. ˆˆˆ… eeeê ppp†††p nnn† ÚÚÚn ]]]Ú ááá] ]]]áççç] ßßßç ÂÂÂß äääÂ eeeä ]]]e ………]… pppæææp äääæ jjjä j ††† ÊÊÊ†Ê îîîmmmî ………m ^^^… iii^ æææi æ ppp†††p fff† ÒÒÒf ]]]Ò] lll^^^l ÏÏÏ^ fffÏ ›››f› ààànnnà ËËËn ÖÖÖË çççÖ ÚÚÚçÚ ááá]]]á] ……… ^^^… nnn^ ŠŠŠn eeeŠ oooe ÛÛÛo ÖÖÖÛ ^^^Ö ÂÂÂ^ ]]]Â ………] ååå… æææå çççæ ãããç eeeã (((e ppp( æææp åååÿÿÿÿæ ………å æææ… æ ááá ]]]á ‚‚‚] ßßß‚ ÛÛÛß Û ÞÞÞ ]]]Þ] óóó ‚‚‚ó ÞÞÞ‚ ]]]Þ ååå] å ††† ÒÒÒ† Ò ^^^ mmm^m ”””^^^ììì^ì hhh^^^h rrr^ruuu ˆˆû nnnˆ ÞÞÞn æææÞ (((æ ááá( ^^^á ___^ ×××_ ‰‰‰×‰ ááá]]]á‚‚‚] ßßß‚ 222ß2 oooÞÞÞo ^^^Þ ÞÞÞ^ çççÞ mmmç ooom ÓÓÓo Ó ˆˆˆ ˆ ((( ÝÝÝ( çççÝ ×××ç ÂÂÂ× äääÿÿÿÿÂ ÛÛÛä âââÛ áááâ ^^^á nnn^ ÚÚÚn æææÚ æ kkk]]] ] ááá ]]]á ] ††† ÊÊÊ† áááÊ ¡¡¡á nnn¡ ÚÚÚn oooÚ ÓÓÓo Ó ˆˆˆ ŠŠŠˆ Š äää eeeä åååe æææå çççæ ãããç eeeã óóóe ‚‚‚ó ßßß‚ jjjß ŠŠŠj ÞÞÞŠ ]]]Þ] ooo ÚÚÚoÚ óóóDDDó NNND SSSN EEESEkkkŠŠŠnnnŠ ÞÞÞn ‚‚‚Þ nnn‚ ËËËn ÚÚÚË ‚‚‚Ú ßßß‚ âââß áááâ ^^^á ßßß^ ÒÒÒß ^^^Ò ‰‰‰^‰ ppp]]]p †††] eee†e ppp^^^p âââ^â âââæææâ 000æ 0 äää eeeä ÙÙÙe ^^^Ù ‰‰‰^‰ àààmmmà ‚‚‚m ßßß‚ 222ß2 ppp‚‚‚p ßßß‚ âââß æææâ æ oooÞÞÞo ^^^Þ ÞÞÞ^ çççÞ mmmçm ggg››› ððð› ^^^ð ÛÛÛ^ ×××Û ÂÂÂ× ‡‡‡Â ]]]‡ ooo] âââo â ††† +++† ^^^+ eee^ åååe æææå çççæ ãããç eeeã áááe ^^^á nnn^ ÚÚÚnÚ ppp^^^p âââ^â mmm ^^^m ÚÚÚ^ ‡‡‡Ú ‡ äää rrrä nnnr jjjn ÞÞÞj óóóÞ ‚‚‚ó ÞÞÞ‚ Þ ††† ÒÒÒ†Ò mmm ^^^m ÚÚÚ^ ‡‡‡Ú ‡ ááá ]]]á ………] ^^^… ÛÛÛ^ nnnÛ eeen àààe iiià ‚‚‚i ‘‘‘‚‘ kkkËËËk âââË æææâ ………æ ]]]… ˆˆˆ] âââˆâ pppæææp ………æ æææ… !!!æ ‚‚‚! ÞÞÞ‚ ………Þ ]]]… ] äää ÚÚÚä ]]]Ú ] ]]] ] ççç ìììçì ………… äää ÒÒÒä (((Ò ooo( âââo ^^^â ^ ……… ‚‚‚… ßßß‚ ÓÓÓß ‰‰‰Ó‰ ggg›››KKK› ðððK ^^^ð ËËË^ Ë ÖÖÖ ]]]Ö ááá] ‚‚‚á ÃÃÃ‚ ÚÚÚÃ ÝÝÝÚ ^^^Ý ÞÞÞ^ äääÞ eeeä oooe ÛÛÛo nnnÛ íííní••• hhh^^^h jjj^ ÒÒÒj ………Ò … ÞÞÞ ]]]Þ ………] ^^^… ÓÓÓ^ ÛÛÛÓ âââÛ æææâ åååæ æææå çççæ ãããç eeeãe DDDTNNND TTTNTEEE kkk‰‰‰]]]‰ ååå] ‚‚‚å ÚÚÚ‚ Ú ††† +++† (((+ ‚‚‚( ‚ ØØØnnnØ ÛÛÛn ÓÓÓÛ iiiÓ ÝÝÝi MMMÝ QQQM MMMQ NNNM KKKN ÑÑÑK UUUÑ MMMU TTTM VVVoooV âââo ^^^â ^ ……… ‚‚‚… ßßß‚ ÓÓÓß ‰‰‰Ó‰ ggg››› KKK› ^^^K ËËË^ Ë ÖÖÖ ]]]Ö ááá] ‚‚‚á ÃÃÃ‚ ÚÚÚÃÚ ÄÄÄeeeÄ ^^ê ßßß^ ÚÚÚß ‡‡‡Ú ]]]‡ ááá] á ……… … äää ÒÒÒäÒ äääjjjä j ççç ÞÞÞçÞ ggg››› ÜÜÜ×××Ü ÂÂÂ×Â ÅÅÅçççÅ •••ç ççç• ÚÚÚç äääÚ eeeä oooe eeeo ^^ê jjj^ ÒÒÒjÒ ÑÑÑUUUÑ MMMU TTTMT ………… ååå æææå çççæ ãããç eeeã áááe ^^^á nnn^ ÚÚÚnÚ ÔÔÔmmmÔ ………m … ((( ååå( å ††† ÒÒÒ†Ò oooÚÚÚo ¡¡¡Ú ‰‰‰¡ ]]]‰ æææ] æ oooÞÞÞo ^^^Þ ÞÞÞ^ çççÞ mmmç æææm æ ppp‚‚‚p ßßß‚ âââß áááâ ^^^á ÛÛÛ^ nnnÛ ÓÓÓn uuuÓu ppp]]]p ………] … ÐÐÐ nnnÐ fffn ___f iii_ æææi åååæ å ^^^ ËËË^ jjjË ‰‰‰j ]]]‰ ááá] á ˆˆˆ qqqˆq æææ kkkmmmk †††m ÓÓÓ† ŠŠŠÓ ßßßŠ ‰‰‰ß‰ ÌÌÌmmmÌ †††m ÃÃÃ† iiiÃ óóói kkkók‰‰‰]]]‰] &&&vvvfffv ÚÚÚf æææÚ æ ……… … äää ÚÚÚä ‚‚‚Ú ÏÏÏ‚ ÚÚÚÏ óóóÚ ó ……… ]]]… ] ØØØ Ø’’’ÊÊÊ’ ‚‚‚Ê ßßß‚ 222ß2 hhh^^^h eee^ †††e âââ† óóóâ kkkók‰‰‰]]]‰ äää] jjjä j ççç ÞÞÞçÞ hhh^^^h eee^ äääe ‰‰‰ä‰ æææ äääæ ÚÚÚä ‚‚‚Ú ÏÏÏ‚ ÚÚÚÏÚ 66611161 ááá^^^á mmm^ m ççç ÖÖÖç åååÿÿÿÿÖ ………å æææ… æ ……… … ooo ‰‰‰o ………‰ ^^^… ÊÊÊ^ †††Ê %%%† ÞÞÞ% pppÞ ^^^p ÏÏÏ^ iiiÏ ………i ]]]…] K+++hhhÛÛÛ ···¦¦¦ÔÔÔ,,,'''™™™BBBßßß

óóóáááó á ppp p ^^^ fff^ ÚÚÚf æææÚ æ ggg››› ÜÜÜ› ×××Ü ÂÂÂ×Â ØØØ’’’ÊÊÊ’ ………Ê … æææ oooæ ‰‰‰o ………‰ … ttt t¡¡¡ÂÂÂ¡Â lll^^^l ÚÚÚ^ ‚‚‚Ú ÏÏÏ‚ ÚÚÚÏ VVVÚ ÜÜÜV ÓÓÓÜ mmmÓm hhh^^^h eeeê ØØØ’’’ÊÊÊ’ äääÊ ÞÞÞä ………Þ … ((( ááá( ^^^á ŠŠŠ^ ÞÞÞŠ ]]]Þ kkk] ÏÏÏk ×××Ï ììì×ì kkknnnk ËËËn nnnË ÒÒÒn VVVÒ ÝÝÝV æææÝ æ hhh^^^h eeeê kkkËËËk âââË æææâ æ ^^^ jjj^ j âââ ………â … ((( ^^^( âââ^ áááâ á ttt t¡¡¡ÂÂÂ¡ æææÂ æ ššš†††ÚÚÚ†Ú lll^^^l ÚÚÚ^ ¡¡¡Ú ÂÂÂ¡ VVVÂ ÝÝÝV çççÝ ‰‰‰ç‰ hhh^^^h eeeê ÝÝÝMMMÝ QQQM MMMQ SSSM KKKS ÑÑÑK UUUÑ NNNU OOONO ………… ÜÜÜ nnnÜ ââân ]]]â †††] eee† ]]]e ááá] ^^^á ___^ ×××_ ‰‰‰×‰ oooßßßo ß nnn ÞÞÞnÞ kkkíííiiií ‡‡‡i ]]]‡] ‹‹‹‹ ooo âââo ^^^â iii^ çççi ÒÒÒçÒ lll‚‚‚ÚÚÚ‚ ‡‡‡Ú ]]]‡ ‚‚‚] ÃÃÃ‚ eeeÃe ^^^ËËË^ Ë ]]] ááá] ‚‚‚á ÃÃÃ‚ ÚÚÚÃ óóóÚ kkkók„„„ +++„ æææ+ æ ^^^ qqq^q ááá^^^á ÛÛÛ^ âââÛ ………â … ˆˆˆ nnnˆ ÞÞÞn ‚‚‚Þ ÃÃÃ‚ eeeÃ ÙÙÙe ^^^Ù ‰‰‰^ æææ‰ æ ^^^ jjj^ ÊÊÊj ]]]Ê ááá] ]]]á ‚‚‚] ÞÞÞ‚ ‡‡‡Þ äää‡ eeeä (((e ppp( æææpæ rrrÞÞÞr ………Þ… ggg‰‰‰ äää‰ eeeä åååe æææå çççæ ãããç eeeãe ååå‚‚‚å nnn‚ ‰‰‰n ………‰… ooo,,,o ßßß, ‰‰‰ß‰ ¸¸¸^^^¸ 222^2 äääeeeä ÝÝÝe MMMÝ TTTM TTUUUTU æææ ÑÑÑMMMÑ NNNM UUUN PPPU KKKP ÝÝÝK MMMÝ TTTM SSST SSS ………… gggnnng iiin †††i iii† äääi eeeä çççe ßßßç ãããß ÓÓÓã ÖÖÖÓ ………Ö … ……… ^^^… eee^ æææe æ óóóDDDó NNND UUUN EEEU kkkEk‰‰‰]]]‰] VVVÚV ÄÄÄeeeÄ ^^ê ßßß^ ÚÚÚß !!!MMMM! RRRM MMMRM”””(((MMM( tttM (((t äää( jjjä j ††† ÊÊÊ† îîîÊ mmmî ………m ^^^… iii^ (((i äää( jjjä j ††† ÊÊÊ†Ê !!!MMM! QQQNNNQ SSSNS ”””(((PPP( tttP (((t ååå( ………å ^^^… ÎÎÎ^ äääÎ fffä f ……… … ooo ‰‰‰o ………‰ ^^^… ÊÊÊ^Ê hhhh ]]] äää] ÚÚÚä ^^^Ú ßßß^ ß ÞÞÞ ]]]Þ ] ((( ppp( p ççç ÖÖÖç ÙÙÙÖ çççÙ ×××ç ããã× eeeã (((e ˆˆˆ( +++ˆ ………+ ˆˆˆ… eeeê !!!NNN!N (((………( ^^^… +++^ + ^^^ mmm^ ‚‚‚m ÛÛÛ‚ uuuÛ ]]]u WWW] MMMW OOOM PPPOP ””” (((‚‚‚( ßßß‚ âââß ………â … ooo‰‰‰o ………‰ ^^^… ÊÊÊ^Ê hhhh ]]] îîî] mmmî ………m ^^^… iii^ äääi eeeä oooe âââo ^^^â ,,,^ ÞÞÞ, (((Þ ÐÐÐ( nnnÐ ÊÊÊn çççÊ iiiç oooi ÞÞÞo ^^^Þ vvv^ fffv ‰‰‰f‰ !!!OOO!O !!!NNN!N ””” (((ooo( âââo ^^^â ^ îîîmmmî ………m ^^^… iiiî !!!PPP! OOOP PPPOP”””(((MMM( tttM (((t ooo( ÛÛÛo nnnÛ uuun ………u †††… $$$† ^^^$ ÚÚÚ^ (((Ú ppp( ‚‚‚p ÞÞÞ‚ æææÞ ^^^æ ããã^ ÞÞÞã WWWÞ MMMW PPPM UUUPU ”””(((ppp( †††p fff† ÒÒÒf ]]]Ò lll] ^^^l ÏÏÏ^ fffÏ ›››f (((› ààà( mmmà ‚‚‚m ÖÖÖ‚ ]]]Ö ÝÝÝ] ^^^Ý ¿¿¿^ ÞÞÞ¿Þ !!!PPP!P !!!MMM! PPPM UUUPU ”””(((ppp( †††p fff† ÒÒÒf ]]]Ò lll] ^^^l ÏÏÏ^ fffÏ ›››f (((› ààà( mmmà ‚‚‚m ÖÖÖ‚ ]]]Ö ÝÝÝ] ^^^Ý ¿¿¿^ ÞÞÞ¿ WWWÞ MMMW RRRM MMMRM”””(((MMM( tttM (((t äää( jjjä j ††† ÊÊÊ† îîîÊ mmmî ………m ^^^… iii^ (((i äää( jjjä j ††† ÊÊÊ†Ê !!!QQQ!Q hhhh ]]]] îîîmmmî ………m ^^^… iii^ äääi eeeäe oooâââo ^^^â ,,,^ ÞÞÞ, (((Þ ÐÐÐ( nnnÐ ÊÊÊn çççÊ iiiçi oooÞÞÞo ^^^Þ vvv^ fffv ‰‰‰f WWW‰ MMMW QQQM LLLQL ”””(((ppp( †††p fff† ÒÒÒf ]]]Ò] lll^^^l ÏÏÏ^ fffÏ ›››f› (((ààà( mmmà ‚‚‚m ÖÖÖ‚ ]]]Ö ÝÝÝ] ^^^Ý ¿¿¿^ ÞÞÞ¿Þ !!!RRR!R !!!MMM! OOOM QQQOQ ””” (((‚‚‚( ßßß‚ âââß ………â … ooo ‰‰‰o ………‰ ^^^… ÊÊÊ^Ê MMMOOOM QQQOQ ””” (((‚‚‚( ßßß‚ âââß ………â … ooo ‰‰‰o ………‰ ^^^… ÊÊÊ^Ê hhhh ]]] îîî] mmmî ………m ^^^… iii^ äääi eeeä oooe âââo ^^^â ,,,^ ÞÞÞ, (((Þ ÐÐÐ( nnnÐ ÊÊÊn çççÊ iiiç oooi ÞÞÞo ^^^Þ vvv^ fffv ‰‰‰f‰ !!!SSS!S !!!QQQ! NNNQ SSSNS ”””(((PPP( tttP (((t ååå( ………å ^^^… ÎÎÎ^ äääÎ fffä f ……… … ooo ‰‰‰o ………‰ ^^^… ÊÊÊ^Ê hhhh ]]] äää] ÚÚÚä ^^^Ú ßßß^ ß ÞÞÞ ]]]Þ ] ((( ppp( p ççç ÖÖÖç ÙÙÙÖ çççÙ ×××ç ããã× eeeã (((e ˆˆˆ( +++ˆ ………+ ˆˆˆ… eeeê !!!TTT!T !!!MMM! OOOM QQQOQ ””” (((‚‚‚( ßßß‚ âââß ………â … ooo ‰‰‰o ………‰ ^^^… ÊÊÊ^Ê hhhh ]]] îîî] mmmî ………m ^^^… iii^ äääi eeeä oooe âââo ^^^â ,,,^ ÞÞÞ, (((Þ ÐÐÐ( nnnÐ ÊÊÊn çççÊ iiiç oooi ÞÞÞo ^^^Þ vvv^ fffv ‰‰‰f‰ !!!UUU!U !!!LMMM! SSSM RRRSR”””(((MMM( tttM (((t äää( jjjä j ††† ÊÊÊ† îîîÊ mmmî ………m ^^^… iii^ (((i äää( jjjä j ††† ÊÊÊ†Ê !!!MMM! LLLM !!!MSSS! NNNSN ”””(((ååå( ^^^å ^ ÕÕÕ………Õ ^^^… fff^ ÚÚÚf îîîÚ mmmî ………m ^^^… iii^ (((i ppp( ‚‚‚p ßßß‚ âââß †††â ‰‰‰†‰ !!!MMM! MM 4102Y yXs,6 9ÔZ 5g{Ñ 3Ô 5¢ ÔïCCC 66622262

!!!MMM! OOOM RRROR ””” (((‚‚‚( ßßß‚ âââß ………â … ooo ‰‰‰o ………‰ ^^^… ÊÊÊ^Ê hhhh ]]] îîî] mmmî ………m ^^^… iii^ äääi eeeä oooe âââo ^^^â ,,,^ ÞÞÞ, (((Þ ÐÐÐ( nnnÐ ÊÊÊn çççÊ iiiç oooi ÞÞÞo ^^^Þ vvv^ fffv ‰‰‰f‰ !!!MMM! NNNMN lll^^^l nnn^ eeen e ]]]] îîîmmmî ………m ^^^… iii^ (((i ^^^( ËËË^ ‘‘‘Ë WWW‘ OOOW MMMOM ””” (((äää( ’’’ä’uuu ^^û ÒÒÒ^Ò 777æææ7 ææ‚‚‚æ ßßß‚ âââßâ 666nnn6 ÚÚÚn oooÚ ‰‰‰o ………‰ ^^^… ÊÊÊ^Ê lll^^^l nnn^ eeen e ]]] (((] ‚‚‚( nnn‚ ‰‰‰n äää‰ ×××ä ÖÖÖ× ]]]Ö ‚‚‚] fff‚ ÂÂÂfÂ !!!MMM! OOOMO !!!PPP! PPUUUPU ””” (((QQQ( tttQ (((t ááá( ]]]á †††] mmm† ]]]m ………] … !!!MMM! PPPM LLLP QQQLQ”””(((PPP( tttPt (((ååå( ………å ^^^… ÎÎÎ^ äääÎ fffä f ……… … ooo ‰‰‰o ………‰ ^^^… ÊÊÊ^Ê hhhh ]]] äää] ÚÚÚä ^^^Ú ßßß^ ß ÞÞÞ ]]]Þ ] ((( ooo( aaao a ççç ÖÖÖç åååÖ ^^^å ^ ……… ‚‚‚… ßßß‚ ÓÓÓß ‰‰‰Ó (((‰ ooo( jjjo rrrjruuu !!!MMM! PPPMP !!!MMM! OOOM SSSOS””” (((‚‚‚( ßßß‚ âââß ………â … ooo ‰‰‰o ………‰ ^^^… ÊÊÊ^Ê hhhh ]]] îîî] mmmî ………m ^^^… iii^ äääi eeeä oooe âââo ^^^â ,,,^ ÞÞÞ, (((Þ ÐÐÐ( nnnÐ ÊÊÊn çççÊ iiiç oooi ÞÞÞo ^^^Þ vvv^ fffv ‰‰‰f‰ !!!MMM! QQQMQ !!!RMMM! SSSM OOOSO ”””(((ppp( †††p fff† ÒÒÒf ]]]Ò lll] ^^^l ÏÏÏ^ fffÏ ›››f (((› ààà( mmmà ‚‚‚m ÖÖÖ‚ ]]]Ö ÝÝÝ] ^^^Ý ¿¿¿^ ÞÞÞ¿Þ !!!MMM! RRRM !!!MMM! OOOM SSSOS””” (((‚‚‚( ßßß‚ âââß ………â … ooo ‰‰‰o ………‰ ^^^… ÊÊÊ^Ê hhhh ]]] îîî] mmmî ………m ^^^… iii^ äääi eeeä oooe âââo ^^^â ,,,^ ÞÞÞ, (((Þ ÐÐÐ( nnnÐ ÊÊÊn çççÊ iiiç oooi ÞÞÞo ^^^Þ vvv^ fffv ‰‰‰f‰ !!!MMM! SSSMS !!!TMMM! SSSMS ””” (((ÐÐÐ( ×××Ð ÇÇÇ× iiiÇ ààài nnnà ›››n ¡¡¡› ‰‰‰¡‰ ‚‚‚ããã‚ ÂÂÂã ………Â … hhhh ]]] ooo] ‰‰‰o ………‰ ^^^… ÊÊÊ^ (((Ê ooo( ÛÛÛo ¿¿¿Û ÂÂÂ¿ ]]]Â] !!!MMM! TTTM !!!MMM! OOOM SSSOS””” (((‚‚‚( ßßß‚ âââß ………â … ooo ‰‰‰o ………‰ ^^^… ÊÊÊ^Ê hhhh ]]] îîî] mmmî ………m ^^^… iii^ äääi eeeä oooe âââo ^^^â ,,,^ ÞÞÞ, (((Þ ÐÐÐ( nnnÐ ÊÊÊn çççÊ iiiç oooi ÞÞÞo ^^^Þ vvv^ fffv ‰‰‰f‰ !!!MMM! UUUMU !!!MMM! PPPM LLLP RRRLR”””(((PPP( tttPt (((ååå( ………å ^^^… ÎÎÎ^ äääÎ fffä f ……… … ooo ‰‰‰o ………‰ ^^^… ÊÊÊ^Ê hhhh ]]] äää] ÚÚÚä ^^^Ú ßßß^ ß ÞÞÞ ]]]Þ ] ((( ooo( aaao a ççç ÖÖÖç åååÖ ^^^å ^ ……… ‚‚‚… ßßß‚ ÓÓÓß ‰‰‰Ó (((‰ ooo( jjjo rrrjruuu !!!NNN! LLLNL ååå^^^å ^ ……… ‚‚‚… ßßß‚ ÓÓÓß ‰‰‰Ó (((‰ ooo( jjjo rrrjruuuWWWu MMMW OOOM SSSOS””” (((‚‚‚( ßßß‚ âââß ………â … ooo ‰‰‰o ………‰ ^^^… ÊÊÊ^Ê hhhh ]]] îîî] mmmî ………m ^^^… iii^ äääi eeeä oooe âââo ^^^â ,,,^ ÞÞÞ, (((Þ ÐÐÐ( nnnÐ ÊÊÊn çççÊ iiiç oooi ÞÞÞo ^^^Þ vvv^ fffv ‰‰‰f‰ !!!NNN! MMMNM !!!MMM! PPPM LLLP RRRLR”””(((PPP( tttPt (((ååå( ………å ^^^… ÎÎÎ^ äääÎ fffä f ……… … ooo ‰‰‰o ………‰ ^^^… ÊÊÊ^Ê hhhh ]]] äää] ÚÚÚä ^^^Ú ßßß^ ß ÞÞÞ ]]]Þ] ((( ooo( aaao a ççç ÖÖÖçÖ îîîmmmî ………m ^^^… iii^ WWWi SSSW NNNS NNN”””(((PPP( tttPt (((ååå( ………å ^^^… ÎÎÎ^ äääÎ fffä f ………… ooo‰‰‰o ………‰ ^^^… ÊÊÊ^Ê hhhh ]]] äää] ÚÚÚä ^^^Ú ßßß^ ß ÞÞÞ ]]]Þ] ((( ååå( å ^^^ ÃÃÃ^ ŠŠŠÃ ÖÖÖŠ ]]]Ö äää] ËËËä vvvË iiiv (((i ààà( nnnà jjjn j !!!NNN! NNN !!!OOO! UUUO PPPUP”””(((OOO( tttO (((t ‚‚‚( ßßß‚ âââß æææâ áááæ ^^^á jjj^ ŠŠŠj ÒÒÒŠ ^^^Ò ^ ááá ^^^á ÞÞÞ^ ^^^Þ ÛÛÛ^ ×××Û ŠŠŠ× ÚÚÚŠÚ lll^^^l nnn^ eeen e ]]]] oooŠŠŠo mmmŠ çççm ÞÞÞçÞ ßßß âââß †††â ÊÊÊ† (((Ê ( pppçççp ÏÏÏç ÞÞÞÏ WWWÞ NNNW QQQN TTTQT”””(((MMM( tttMt (((ááá( ]]]á†††] mmm† ]]]m ………] … 000 ÞÞÞ0 æææÞ æ ÜÜÜ¿¿¿Ü ÞÞÞ¿ îîîÞ mmmî ………m ^^^… iii^ (((i ‚‚‚( nnn‚ ÃÃÃn ‰‰‰Ã‰ ooonnno ŠŠŠn ËËËŠ ÞÞÞËÞ !!!NNN! OOONO !!!RRR! QQQRQ ””” (((ááá( ^^^á jjj^ ŠŠŠj ÒÒÒŠ ^^^Ò ^ æææ ‚‚‚æ ßßß‚ âââß ………â … ooo ‰‰‰o ………‰ ^^^… ÊÊÊ^Ê !!!SSS! NNNS NNN”””(((PPP( tttPt (((ååå( ………å ^^^… ÎÎÎ^ äääÎ fffä f ……… … ooo ‰‰‰o ………‰ ^^^… ÊÊÊ^Ê hhhh ]]] äää] ÚÚÚä ^^^Ú ßßß^ ß ÞÞÞ ]]]Þ] ((( ååå( å ^^^ ÃÃÃ^ ŠŠŠÃ ÖÖÖŠ ]]]Ö äää] ËËËä vvvË iiiv (((i ààà( nnnà jjjn j !!!NNN! PPPNP äääÞÞÞä çççÞ +++ç+ ßßß âââß †††â ÊÊÊ† æææÊ æ ooo‰‰‰o ………‰ ^^^… ÊÊÊ^Ê ppp^^^p âââ^â ßßß âââß †††â ÊÊÊ† (((Ê ooo( ÎÎÎo ^^^Î nnn^ ‰‰‰n WWW‰ MMMW MMM ””” (((ÝÝÝ( ^^^Ý ¿¿¿^ ÞÞÞ¿Þ ßßß âââß †††â ÊÊÊ† (((Ê ÝÝÝ( ¡¡¡Ý ‰‰‰¡ ŸŸŸ‰ ]]]Ÿ ooo] ÂÂÂo ]]]Â ] !!!NNN! QQQNQ !!!SSS! LLLSL ””” (((^^^( âââ^â !!!SSS! NNNS NNN”””(((PPP( tttPt (((ååå( ………å ^^^… ÎÎÎ^ äääÎ fffä f ……… … ooo ‰‰‰o ………‰ ^^^… ÊÊÊ^Ê hhhh ]]] äää] ÚÚÚä ^^^Ú ßßß^ ß ÞÞÞ ]]]Þ] ((( ååå( å ^^^ ÃÃÃ^ ŠŠŠÃ ÖÖÖŠ ]]]Ö äää] ËËËä vvvË iiiv (((i ààà( nnnà jjjn j !!!NNN! RRRNR !!!TTT! PPPT !!!P SSS! OOOSO ””” (((ááá( ^^^á jjj^ ŠŠŠj ÒÒÒŠ ^^^Ò ^ æææ áááæ ]]]á †††] mmm† ]]]m ooo] ÓÓÓo Ó ˆˆˆ ˆ ¼¼¼ eee¼ ]]]e æææ] ………æ îîî… mmmî ………m ^^^… iii^ (((i ((ÜÜÜ( nnnÜ ÓÓÓn uuuÓ ˆˆû nnnˆ ÞÞÞn (((Þ ooo( ___o ‰‰‰_ ]]]‰ æææ]æ !!!NNN! SSSNS MMMOOOM QQQOQ ””” (((‚‚‚( ßßß‚ âââß ………â … ooo ‰‰‰o ………‰ ^^^… ÊÊÊ^Ê hhhh ]]] îîî] mmmî ………m ^^^… iii^ äääi eeeä oooe âââo ^^^â ,,,^ ÞÞÞ, (((Þ ÐÐÐ( nnnÐ ÊÊÊn çççÊ iiiç oooi ÞÞÞo ^^^Þ vvv^ fffv ‰‰‰f‰ !!!NNN! TTTNT RRRNNNR RRRN (((R MMM( ‚‚‚M ×××‚ qqq×qááá^^^ájjj^ŠŠŠj ÒÒÒŠ ^^^Ò ^ ooo ___o ììì_ìppp^^^pâââ^ äääâ íííäíŠŠŠÞÞÞŠ ÕÕÕÞ †††Õ jjj†j ÚÚÚÚkkk‰‰‰†††‰ ```† ÊÊÊ` (((Ê ‚‚‚( ÛÛÛ‚ uuuÛ ]]]u ppp] æææp ˆˆˆæ ßßßˆÚÚÚßÚ !!!NNN! UUUNU 66633363 ááá^^^á mmm^ m ççç ÖÖÖç åååÿÿÿÿÖ ………å æææ… æ ……… … ooo ‰‰‰o ………‰ ^^^… ÊÊÊ^ †††Ê %%%† ÞÞÞ% pppÞ ^^^p ÏÏÏ^ iiiÏ ………i ]]]…] K+++hhhÛÛÛ ···¦¦¦ÔÔÔ,,,'''™™™BBBßßß VVVoooV ‰‰‰o ^^^‰ ßßß^ ß eee ^^ê jjj^ ÒÒÒjÒ äääeeeä óóóe PPPóP ‚‚‚×××‚ qqq× åååq ………å ^^^… ÎÎÎ^ äääÎ fffä f ……… … ooo ‰‰‰o ………‰ ^^^… ÊÊÊ^Ê hhhh ]]] äää] ÚÚÚä ^^^Ú ßßß^ ß ÞÞÞ ]]]Þ ] ((( lll( l ^^^ ÃÃÃ^ ŠŠŠÃ ÖÖÖŠ ]]]Ö äää] ËËËä vvvË iiivi ÷÷÷ MMMOOOM SSSO QQQS (((Q ààà( nnnà n iii i !!!MMM!M óóóáááó ]]]á †††] mmm† ]]]m !!!] ááá! ]]]á†††] ããã† iiiã äääi ä ççç ÞÞÞç ]]]Þ ààà] ŠŠŠàŠuuu ooojjjo ‰‰‰j †††‰ † ††† ‰‰‰†‰ óóóÙÙÙó ^^^Ù ,,,^ ßßß, eeeß àààe nnnà ŠŠŠnŠuuu kkkmmmk ]]]m ‚‚‚] aaa‚ ‚‚‚a ÛÛÛ‚ vvvÛ ÚÚÚv xxxÚ nnnx vvvnv’’’iii’ äääi eeeä oooe âââo ^^^â ^ îîîmmmî ………m ^^^… iii^ (((i ÝÝÝ( MMMÝ UUUM OOOU UUUO (((U ………( ^^^… +++^ + ^^^ mmm^ ‚‚‚m ÛÛÛ‚ uuuÛ ]]]u] !!!NNN!N óóóoooó ×××o âââ× â ((( ÐÐÐ( ×××Ð ÃÃÃ× iiiÃ ààài nnnà ›››n ¡¡¡› ‰‰‰¡‰ ‚‚‚```‚ ÂÂÂ` äääÂ eeeäe hhhh ]]] ooo] ‰‰‰o ………‰ ^^^… ÊÊÊ^ (((Ê ÝÝÝ( MMMÝ UUUM TTTU QQQTQ gggnnng ÃÃÃn Ã oooÛÛÛo ¿¿¿Û ÂÂÂ¿ ]]]Â] !!!OOO!O óóóáááó ]]]á †††] ```† iii` (((i ‚‚‚( ßßß‚ âââß ………â … ooo ‰‰‰o ………‰ ^^^… ÊÊÊ^Ê lll^^^l nnn^ eeen e ]]] æææ] áááæ ^^^á eee^ ‡‡‡e (((‡ ÷÷÷(÷MMMOOOM SSSO PPPS (((P '''( †††' ÚÚÚ† çççÚ nnnç ÒÒÒnÒ ppp†††p nnn† ÚÚÚn ]]]Ú] !!!PPP!P óóóáááó ]]]á †††] ```† iii` (((i PPP(P ‚‚‚×××‚ qqq× åååq ………å ^^^… ÎÎÎ^ äääÎ fffä f ……… … ooo ‰‰‰o ………‰ ^^^… ÊÊÊ^Ê hhhh ]]] äää] ÚÚÚä ^^^Ú ßßß^ ß ÞÞÞ ]]]Þ] ((( ppp( p ççç ÖÖÖç ÙÙÙÖ çççÙ ×××ç ```× eee` (((e ÷÷÷(÷MMMOOOM SSSO QQQS (((Q ˆˆˆ( +++ˆ + ††† eee†e !!!QQQ!Q óóó………ó ççç… aaaç ŸŸŸa (((Ÿ OOO( !!!O MMM! ‚‚‚M ×××‚ qqq× (((q ÝÝÝ( MMMÝ UUUM SSSU NNNS !!!N MMM! UUUM SSSU MMMS (((M ‚‚‚( ßßß‚ aaaß æææa áááæ ^^^á jjj^ ŠŠŠj ÒÒÒŠ ^^^Ò ^ ááá ^^^á ÞÞÞ^ ^^^Þ ÛÛÛ^ ×××Û ŠŠŠ× ÚÚÚŠÚ lll^^^l fff^ mmmf m ]]] îîî] mmmî ………m ^^^… iiiî !!!RRR!R äääeeeä PPPe P ‚‚‚×××‚ qqq× (((q ååå( ………å ^^^… ÎÎÎ^ äääÎ fffä f ………… ooo‰‰‰o ………‰ ^^^… ÊÊÊ^Ê hhhh ]]] äää] ÚÚÚä ^^^Ú ßßß^ ß ÞÞÞ ]]]Þ ] ((( ooo( âââo â ççç ÖÖÖç ………Ö ‚‚‚… ßßß‚ ÓÓÓß ‰‰‰Ó (((‰ MMM( OOOM SSSO QQQS (((Q ooo( jjjo rrrjruuu !!!SSS!S óóóáááó ]]]á †††] ```† iii` (((i äää( ä ççç ÞÞÞç àààÞ ŠŠŠàŠuuu ooojjjo ‰‰‰j †††‰ † ††† ‰‰‰†‰ ooojjjo ‰‰‰j †††‰ † ††† ‰‰‰†‰ äääeeeä (((e PPP( ‚‚‚P ×××‚ qqq× (((q ååå( ………å ^^^… ÎÎÎ^ äääÎ fffä f ……… … ooo‰‰‰o ………‰ ^^^… ÊÊÊ^Ê hhhh ]]] äää] ÚÚÚä ^^^Ú ßßß^ ß ÞÞÞ ]]]Þ] ((( ååå( çççå ```ç eee` (((e MMM( OOOM SSSO QQQS (((Q ááá( ^^^á nnn^ ÃÃÃn nnnÃ eeen ………e… !!!TTT!T óóóáááó ]]]á †††] ããã† iiiã äääi ä ççç ÞÞÞç ]]]Þ ààà] ŠŠŠàŠuuu óóóáááó ]]]á†††] ```† iii` (((i ‚‚‚( ßßß‚ âââß ………â … ooo ‰‰‰o ………‰ ^^^… ÊÊÊ^Ê hhhh ]]] îîî] mmmî ………m ^^^… iii^ äääi eeeä oooe aaao ^^â ,,,^ ÞÞÞ, (((Þ ÷÷÷(÷MMMOOOM SSSO SS (((S ÐÐÐ( nnnÐ ÊÊÊn çççÊ iiiç oooi ÞÞÞo ^^^Þ vvv^ fffv ‰‰‰f‰ !!!UUU!U ÕÕÕ………Õ ^^^… fff^ ÚÚÚf ‚‚‚Ú ÛÛÛ‚ vvvÛ ÚÚÚvÚ xxxnnnx ’’’n iii’ äääi eeeä åååe ^^^å ^ ÕÕÕ………Õ ^^^… fff^ ÚÚÚfÚ îîîmmmî ………m ^^^… iii^ (((i ÝÝÝ( MMMÝ UUUM OOOU MMMO (((M ‚‚‚( ÛÛÛ‚ uuuÛ ]]]u ààà] eeeà oooe nnnFFFFo vvvn mmmvm ppp‚‚‚p ßßß‚ âââß †††â ‰‰‰†‰ !!!MMM! LLLML óóóÙÙÙó ^^^Ù ,,,^ nnn, ÞÞÞn (((Þ ààà( nnnà ŠŠŠnŠuuu óóóáááó ]]]á †††] ããã† iiiã (((i ^^^( âââ^ äääâ ÞÞÞä çççÞ +++ç+ ßßß âââß †††â ÊÊÊ† æææÊ oooæ ‰‰‰o ………‰ ^^^… ÊÊÊ^ pppÊ ^^^p âââ^â ßßß âââß †††â ÊÊÊ† (((Ê ÷÷÷(÷MMMOOOM RRRO TTTR (((T †††( nnn† eeen e ooo ÎÎÎo ^^^Î nnn^ ‰‰‰n‰ !!!MMM! MMM óóóáááó ]]]á†††] ```† iii` !!!i QQQ! ‚‚‚Q ×××‚ qqq× (((q ááá( ]]]á†††] mmm† ]]]m ………] … lll^^^l nnn^ eeen e ]]] îîî] mmmî ………m ^^^… iii^ (((i ÷÷÷(÷MMMOOOM TTTO MMMT (((M äää( ×××ä ÖÖÖ× ]]]Ö xxx] nnnx eeen æææe (((æ ^^^( ËËË^ ‘‘‘Ë‘ !!!MMM! NNNMN óóó‚‚‚ó ßßß‚ âââß (((â ………( ççç… ¶¶¶ç ÞÞÞ¶ ^^^Þ ÒÒÒ^ (((Ò MMM(M ‚‚‚×××‚ qqq× äääq jjjä j ††† ÊÊÊ† îîîÊ mmmî ………m ^^^… iii^ (((i ÝÝÝ( MMMÝ TTTM TTNNNT (((N äää( jjjä j ††† ÊÊÊ†Ê !!!MMM! OOOM O óóóó ^^^ eee^ e ÝÝÝ ¡¡¡Ý ‰‰‰¡ ]]]‰ (((] ååå( ………å ^^^… ÎÎÎ^ äääÎ fffäf æææ áááæ ]]]á†††] mmm† ]]]m ooo] ÞÞÞo ^^^Þ eee^‡‡‡e ÕÕÕ‡ †††Õ jjj† j ÚÚÚ pppÚ ^^^p âââ^ ………â … ççç nnnç n ((( ÷÷÷(÷MMMOOOM SSSO NNNS (((N ………( ççç… ÓÓÓç Ó ÖÖÖ]]]Ö‚‚‚] fff‚ ÂÂÂfÂppp………p … ^^^ ÎÎÎ^Î !!!MMM! PPPMP óóóáááó ]]]á †††] ããã† iiiã QQQi !!!Q MMM! ‚‚‚M ×××‚ qqq× ÝÝÝq ^^^Ý ¿¿¿^ ÞÞÞ¿Þ ßßß âââß †††â ÊÊÊ† (((Ê ÷÷÷(÷MMMOOOM RRRO OOOR !!!O MMM! OOOM RRRO NNNR (((N ÝÝÝ( ¡¡¡Ý ‰‰‰¡ ŸŸŸ‰ ]]]Ÿ ooo] ÂÂÂo ]]]Â ] ooo ×××o ÂÂÂ× ‚‚‚Â ÛÛÛ‚ vvvÛ ÚÚÚvÚ !!!MMM! QQQMQ óóóó ^^êeeê ÝÝÝ ¡¡¡Ý ‰‰‰¡ ]]]‰ (((] MMM( ‚‚‚M ×××‚qqq×qááá^^^ájjj^ŠŠŠj ÒÒÒŠ ^^^Ò ^ ooo ___o ììì_ìppp^^^pâââ^ äääâ íííäíŠŠŠÞÞÞŠ ÕÕÕÞ †††Õ jjj†j ÚÚÚÚkkk‰‰‰†††‰ ```† ÊÊÊ` (((Ê MMM( OOOM RRRO QQQR (((Q ‚‚‚( ÛÛÛ‚ uuuÛ ]]]u ppp] æææp ˆˆˆæ ßßßˆÚÚÚßÚ !!!MMM! RRRMR óóóäääó jjjä ÓÓÓj ×××Ó ÒÒÒ× OOOÒ !!!O MMM! ‚‚‚M ×××‚ qqq× DDDq oooD aaao ^^â ^ ††† fff† ÒÒÒf ]]]Ò EEE] pppE †††p fff† ÒÒÒf ]]]Ò lll] ^^^l ÏÏÏ^ fffÏ ›››f (((› ÝÝÝ( MMMÝ UUUM NNNU SSSN (((S ààà( mmmà ‚‚‚m ÖÖÖ‚ ]]]Ö ÝÝÝ] ^^^Ý ¿¿¿^ ÞÞÞ¿Þ !!!MMM! SSSMS 4102Y yXs,6 9ÔZ 5g{Ñ 3Ô 5¢ ÔïCCC 66644464

óóóáááó ]]]á†††] ```† iii` (((i NNN( ‚‚‚N ×××‚ qqq× (((q ooo( ‰‰‰o ………‰ ^^^… ÊÊÊ^ áááÊ ^^^á eee^ ‡‡‡e ………‡ … æææ áááæ ]]]á†††] mmm† ]]]m ………] … ††† %%%† ÞÞÞ% æææÞ ÜÜÜæ ¿¿¿Ü ÞÞÞ¿ îîîÞ mmmî ………m ^^^… iii^i÷÷÷MMMOOOM RRRO OOOR ‚‚‚O nnn‚ ÃÃÃn ‰‰‰Ã‰oooŠŠŠo nnnŠ ËËËn ÞÞÞËÞ !!!TMMM!MTTT óóóáááó ]]]á †††] ```† iii` (((i ááá( ^^^á jjj^ ŠŠŠj ÒÒÒŠ ^^^Ò ^ æææ ‚‚‚æ ßßß‚ âââß ………â … ooo ŠŠŠo mmmŠ çççm ÞÞÞçÞ ßßß âââß †††â ÊÊÊ† (((Ê ÷÷÷(÷MMMOOOM TTTO MMMT (((M ………( ^^^… mmm^ †††m ```† ` pppçççp ÏÏÏç ÞÞÞÏÞ !!!MMM! UUUMU kkkmmmk ]]]m‚‚‚] aaa‚ ‚‚‚a ÛÛÛ‚ vvvÛ ÚÚÚvÚ xxxnnnx vvvnv’’’iii’ äääi eeeä oooe ÛÛÛo nnnÛ uuunu †††$$$† «««$ ÚÚÚ« (((Ú MMM( UUUM OOOU MMMO !!!M MMM! UUUM NNNU PPPN (((P ooo( ÎÎÎo ^^^Î fff^ ÖÖÖf ]]]Ö ‚‚‚] fff‚ ÂÂÂfÂ ¡¡¡ÚÚÚ¡Ú ppp‚‚‚p ÞÞÞ‚ æææÞ ^^^æ ããã^ ÞÞÞãÞ !!!NNN! LLLNL óóóäääó jjjä ÓÓÓj ×××Ó ÒÒÒ×Ò OOO!!!O MMM!M ‚‚‚×××‚ qqq×q ààànnnà ŠŠŠnŠuuu óóópppó ‚‚‚p ßßß‚ ¶¶¶ß ÖÖÖ¶ æææÖ ]]]æ ………] ááá… ^^^á jjj^ ŠŠŠj ÒÒÒŠ ^^^Ò ^ æææ áááæ ]]]á †††] mmm† ]]]m ooo] ÓÓÓo Ó ˆˆˆ ˆ ¼¼¼ eee¼ ]]]e æææ] ………æ îîî… mmmî ………m ^^^… iii^ (((i ÷÷÷(÷MMMOOOM QQQO OOOQ (((O ÜÜÜ( nnnÜ ÓÓÓn uuuÓ ˆˆˆu nnnˆ ÞÞÞn (((Þ ooo( ___o ‰‰‰_ ]]]‰ æææ]æ !!!NNN! MMMNM 22. Fetema Husani, 1991, A cvitical study of indo Persian

Literature, during Sayyid & Lohadi perod. Dehli.

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Majallah Tahqiq Research Journal of ïCCC the Faculty of Oriental Learning ÑxEçC Vol: 35, Sr.No.95, 2014, pp 79 - 90 ù g{59 Ñ y4102YÔ Xs,6 53ÔZ ¢ VÞªiäæi_ç…å ]Öv‚m& Æ†mg

//Z‡·Ë eZ /ha· Abstract: The Hadith of Holy Prophet (S.A.W.) is the second source of Islamic Shariah. The experts of knowledge of the Hadith divided it in to many kinds. One of these kinds is known as Ghareeb-ul-Hadith. It is the Hadith which can not be easily understood owing to the words which are complicated and rarely used. This is my honour to write about this important topic so that people may know about its meaning, importance, its publications and the work of the different scholars of ancient times and act upon it. ^^^uuu^u¡¡¡___¡_‘‘‘]]]‘ æææ] èèèæ ÇÇÇè ÖÖÖÇÖ gggmmmg †††m ÇÇÇ† ÖÖÖÇ ]]]Ö ooo] ßßßo ÃÃÃß ÚÚÚÃÚ XXÖÇèV ZZ]ÖÇ†mg ‹ Ön Æ†mg Úà]ÖÏçÝ(æÎ‚| ‹ Ön Æ†mg ¡Ý(æ…qØ Úà]ÖÓ ˜ æ]ÖÇ^Ú âç]ÖÃÛnÐ ¡e±V ÂÛ†]ÖÓ ›ãÛ^áeà Úßã^óÎ^Ù ‰^ñ†]ÖÏ‚]| r†]Öj± Úà]Ö ô ^á ø ×ôË jø » Úöí ô ]… $ o]Ö‚ j$ø ô m»fø^á †ô Æø õ uôs » Úø„ šô œ…» » Êô± » Ãøf»Šô± » æø]Ö ±» Þ(ôæøā EMD ô †öeø^á Æö õ uôs » Úø„ » ^Êô± ßø$Óôß FæøÖ è÷ n$ ô ^‰ør $ †»ÍôÚôß $ ]Ö_ ˜% ø ^áøÆ ø æøÚø^Ò Šj^áó e^Ò - ]Ö‚Òjç…éÊ±]Ö×Çè]ÖÃ†enè(q^ÚÃèeßr^h(Ÿaç… ›^Ög þ Šj^áó e^Ò - ]¢‰j^ƒeÏŠÜ]Ö×Çè]ÖÃ†enè(q^ÚÃèeßr^h(Ÿaç… þþ 102Y 4 gaXâ g~† Ô94g{Ñ 3Ô 4¢ ÔïCCC 88800080

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‡ý‡ý‡ Life and Works of Nizami Ganjavi/Pervaz Ahmad, Asghar Iqbal, Raja Nazakat 3

Majallah Tahqiq Research Journal of ïCCC the Faculty of Oriental Learning ÑxEçC Vol: 35, Sr.No.95, 2014 pp 3 - 24 ù g{59 Ñ y4102YÔ Xs6, 53ÔZ ¢ Life and Works of Nizami Ganjavi

*Dr. Parvez Ahmad Pala **Dr. Asghar Iqbal ***Raja Nazakat Ali (Ph.D) Abstract: Nizami Ganjavi was a man of learning and a great Persian Poet. Diverse knowledge gave him opportunity to create literary world. He had left a collection of five Poetical works called Khamsa, or Panj Ganj. The Panj Ganj is identified by: (i)Makhzanul-l-Arrar, (ii)Shirin Khusrau, (iii)Layla Majnun, (iv)Haft Paykar and (v)Sikander Nama, which all are discussed in this paper. There were many notable poets who have taken the Panjgang (five treasures) of Nizami Ganjavi as their model like Amir Khusru, Khwaju Kermani, Jami, Hatefi, Vahshi Bafqi, Bedel etc. Nizami, being a great poet of high repute, very little is known about his life. Nzami Ganjavi's work is based upon the stories of famous lovers and his themes are concern themselves with the love rather than with the war-like adventures of the ancient heroes. The present Paper highlights the life and works of Nizami Ganjavi. This paper not only unfolds the life history of Nzami Ganjavi also attracts the knowledge of Persian language, Literature and its rich history. INTRODUCTION: Name Ilyas, (1) Kunya (2) Abu Mohammad (3) or Abu Ahmad, (4) title Nizamud-Din (5) and pen name Nizami, he was son of Yousuf bin Mu'ayyad (6) and was born in 535 A.H./ 1141 A.D (7) at Ganja. (8) He spent nearly whole of his life at Ganja and died here at the age of sixty three and half in the year 599 A.H. / 1202 - 03 A.D. (9) * Independent Scholar from Jammu and Kashmir Srinagar. He completed his PhD in Persian from Punjabi University Patiala (India) ** Assistant Professor, Department of Kashmir Studies, Oriental College University of the Punjab Lahore. *** Assistant Professor at the Institute of Kashmir Studies, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir Muzaffarabad (AJ&K) Majallah Tahqiq Vol.35. Sr.No. 95, April-June, 2014 4

Nizami's mother was of Iranian origin belonging to a Kurdish race, denoted as Raisa. (10) After death of his parents which occurred at his young age, his maternal uncle namely Umar brought him up. His brother Qiwami Mutarrizi was also a poet. Who wrote Qasada (ode) and knew all sciences of poetry. (11) Nizami got married thrice but all of his wives died of natural death. There is only mention of his first wife namely Afaq of Kurdish race. (12) Nizami was piety and moderate and never went any court. According to Dawlatshah Samarqandi, Nizami was the disciple of Farrukh Zanjani. (13) He spent his life with simplicity and he has not lust of name and fame. In fact, many rulers were impressed by Nizami's life and simplicity and most of Kings adopted him as role model and came to see him. He retired his old age days from the worldly life. In Sikandar Nama-e-bari, Nizami expressed hope that his tomb at Ganja should become a place of pilgrimage as he says: , E (14) xØ ZyŠç ÀG5" $gc*i xØ ZyŠ¤/ 2¤/ wq + zi "And, if also I wander from this state (of life of the world) I may become the place of pilgrimage of good men". (15) This desire of Nizami became true when people for centuries made pilgrimages to Nizami's mausoleum as though to the burial place of a saint. (16) Nizami left Ganja only once, in the year 581 A.H. or 582 / 1185-86 A.D. and then against his will, when the ruler of Azarbiyjan, Qizil-Arslan, who was on a progress some thirty Farsakhs (117 miles) away, expressly requested to meet him. (17) Being a great poet of high repute, very little is known about his life. E.G. Browne sums up his character in these words, Nizamis high rank as a poet alike original, fruitful and or rare and noble genius is admitted by all critics, Persian and Non-Persian, including, Awfi, Qazwini, Dawlatshah and Lutf Ali Beg amongst biographers and Sadi, Life and Works of Nizami Ganjavi/Pervaz Ahmad, Asghar Iqbal, Raja Nazakat 5

Hafiz, Jami and Ismat amongst the poets. And if his genius has few rivals amongst the poets of Persia, his Character has even forever. (18) He earned great name and fame by writing his five Mathnawies or Poems which are collectively known as the Khamsa or Panj ganj or the five Treasures, which all will be discussed here separately. 1: Makhzan-ul-Asrar "Treasury of Mysteries": It is the first and shortest Mathnawi of the Khamsa or Panj gang of the Nizami. It comprises 2300 couplets and was written in the metre called Sari Matwi Mawkuef, (19) used for philosophical verses. (20) Nizami has quoted a verse in the Makhzan-ul-Asrar regarding its completion and date 570 A.H. that can be derived from the verse: ( 2 1 ) [¶ >/ „ — gzi Z[ p xc*Z ' ŠU z ½0* However, the date 552 AH, is also quoted in its completion and following verses are quoted as a proof: (2 2 ) Ø ß ig gx X z ïGiG4E& „gŠ gÑ / | Š1 y M', zy ‚Û zZ Š z {º z ½0* yâi +Z @*{” ]ó å Zi Nizami dedicated his Mathnawi to Fakhr-d-Din Bahram Shah Turcoman of Mengujek dynasty of Erzinjan. He himself says: E§E! ( 2 3 ) +Š õ † tÃ M ç? 3 yÑ `@* † {÷á {÷á Zx¾ ïk,ZŠ : ` {Ç 8 ò Ò !Ü gzx {÷á ëz ðRg o ë xÀ', y˜ o Á m{ Nizami has referred to the Bahramshah of the Gaznavids to which Sheikh Sanai has dedicated his Mathnawi Hadiqa, with that of his own mentor Bahramshah. He compares the two Mathnawies' as better one and the two verses are quoted here under: (24) {÷á Zx¾ z$+5 zŠ CÙ {Ç kñ* zŠ iæ M zŠ )* ’Zâ d Zi g~ Š +z ãg @ y» Zi ig~ y M Majallah Tahqiq Vol.35. Sr.No. 95, April-June, 2014 6

¶g ò ¥z ö', {Ši +z D ãçi {Š zg M g$+ y M „ 4 y M Zi ð i¨ ö „ ig ya Kö y M gŠ p¤/ Makhzanul-Asrar deals with the Ethico-Philosophical subjects. Before Nizami, Sanai wrote Hadiqa on the same subject. The Mathnawi begins with a large introductory matter which contains near about 825 couplets or a little more than one-third of the whole book. The introductory verses/matter related with Praise of God, followed by a chapter in praise and deep respect of Prophet and a description of Mohammad's (SAW) going up to the heavens. Nizami begins his Mathnawi with the following verses: œ m gŠ ã | °°Z Ý°Z vZ p +G Á »zZ ', a Z}. x* K » z ]„ 0@î Ã yÇg0* ! ~’ ÷ yÇg M ! Šz 7 ~gk Ï% xŠ y˜ gÑ‚ —‚ Y g» y‚Ù {Š6, ÏŠ6, Zg Š {Š6, † ~ héI± {Š6, | ÷ Šz pCÙ qÞ b ÷Š ā * CÙ qJ [ M È {z u{¤/ ³ [ë M # Zi§ ´ gZy p gzi~ ï0+g M', gzi zZy 6, gzy ŠiñM zgl 6, = qg@* ïh+Š Ýgz = qg!* G00î _Ig ¿$ E u{ y E5éG4hI$ ª {Š `@* u0* ZgZy Š ;* : Zr Š The Mathnawi is spread over 1400 couplets, which consists in twenty Maqalal's or discourses which are as under: 1. Creation of a man xŠ MàÛ MgŠ 2. Justice and equity s» wzZ °gŠ 3. Accidents of the world Ý¬_ŠZjgŠ 4. Observance of peasant Îge$¬ gg Š Life and Works of Nizami Ganjavi/Pervaz Ahmad, Asghar Iqbal, Raja Nazakat 7

5. Qualities of old age ~c gz Š 6. Credit on creatures Z] Šñg±gZ Š 7. Superiority of a man òŠ M¤gŠ 8. Explanation of creation àÛ MyÒgŠ 9. Abandonment of the world *ŠuF,gŠ 10. Apparing end of the world yâ²ZyM Zg Š%gŠ 11. Unfathfulness of world *ŠðÃçgŠ 12. Farewell sent down of earth u{w2 Zr Š gz Š 13. Blame of the world y˜éægŠ 14. Blame of carelessness êéægŠ I 15. Blame of nit efferent Zy çE.¿]géægŠ 16. Nimble face gz~ ,egŠ 17. Worship 6,gŠ 18. Blaming of disharmony tÎ gfx Š 19. Welcoming of end ]yMwLZ 20. Shamelessness of the companions )~¯Zs# ‡ gz Š 2. Khusraw-Wa-Shiran: It is the first of romantic poem among the five treasures of Nizami. The poem was completed in the year 576 AH./1180 AD. (25) He himself says: (26) w{ Í ¾ y!*p â',Š4, w‚ Ò ŠŠ U z ½0*Zi “ * Nizami Ganjavi has mentioned three rulers in this Mathnawi; those are Shamsud-Din Abu Jafar Muhammad, Tugril bin Arslan and Kazil Arslan. According to some writers Nizami dedicated the Mathnawi to all the three rulers. (27) But some biographers are of the opinion that Nizami dedicated it to Kazil Arslan (28) to which the following verses are mentioned: (29) ª zZi `@*Zi Š!*Zg Šgp',ā h {÷á Zy yÎ a E ïGimI4E& ª ', ys Zg ~b „k ª z `C ã Œé hÒ E$ Majallah Tahqiq Vol.35. Sr.No. 95, April-June, 2014 8 Y! xŠ. ò F,gq +Z ~¯ xŠ héI½G5 gŠ gZ ö +Z ð Khusraw wa Shirin was written in Hazaj musaddas maksur metre. (30) It contains 7700 couplets. The hero of the poem is Khusraw Parviz the last great Sassanid ruler who falls in love with an Arminian princess Shirin. Before Nizami, the epic poet of Iran Firdawsi had recorded about 4, 000 couplets regarding the reign of Khusraw in his Shah-nama. In this Mathnawi Nizami applauds the role of Firdawsi in this context: (31) Š $ Š $ V „ ™ b§y. ZiZ Ggu „ ™ bÑ e© +» Y G-©E½E& i!*gZ & Æ – cÛ ā i¸ M i „ *ZŠ p CÙ ê GI i~ ¸ Š% $ a x0+gZ K i~ E5é ©i“ Zi 0+â ā z~ by M gŠ

The Mathnawi begins with the following verses: E Y (32) ~é)-#E ï g{ gZ òÂ ~ héI½E& =Â gŠ 0+Zz}. G h+Zu gZ “M Û » ã!*i h+tKgZ ïG3GE4¨G$ Ã {Š àŠ {@*Ã „Š xI* gZi Z$+ gZ{ x§{ ', gZ [j* {æ iñM gŠ Šp ~z gZ ß!*i zi Û Z', Šp g´gZ ß z gŠ ZyŠ¤/ zZi{ M — gZ gx 1i ZyŠ¤/ i{ @* gZ ÝŠ ~Š Zz$+ ø˜ ZyŠ¤/ gz~ ugI øO gx Šz6, ā gZ Ïz² EÑ7E ~Y ŠØ ÷ ø0+]Z vi gZ~ ŠØ cÛ ø0+Zp œ/ yO After praising the God and prophet Mohammad (SAW) Nizami mentions regarding the composing of the Book and praises three rulers of the period. After that Nizami starts the actual story. The theme of the story shortened as under: The story has a constant fore wad drive with exposition, challenge, mystery, crisis, climax, resolution and finally, catastrophe. Life and Works of Nizami Ganjavi/Pervaz Ahmad, Asghar Iqbal, Raja Nazakat 9

Khusraw-wa-Shirin is not able to meet for a long time, despite their untiring efforts and the help of their confidant. Then, after they do meet, they are forced apart by the political marriage of Khusraw and Maryam. When Khusraw promised Shirin to Farhad as a prize for completing a feat of daring and endurance. After the death of Maryam and the murder-suicide of Farhad, it seems that all obstacles are removed and the lovers will be united. But Nizami introduced an affair between Khusraw and a girl from Isfahan that further complicates and delays his union with Shirin. In Encyclopaedia of Islam it is mentioned that these dramatic devices, Nizami makes a powerful commentary on human behaviour. (33) 3. Layla Wa Majnun: It is the second love story and third Mathnawi of the Nizami's Khamsa or Panjgang. The central figure of the Mathnawi is Qays Amari (Majnun) an Arab youth who probably lived in the second half of the 1st/7th Century A.D. in the Najid desert of Arabia and Layla was from the neighboring tribe. (34) Nizami composed Layla wa Majnun in the year 584 AH/1188 A.D. in the month of Rajab of Hijra era. It took him less than four months to complete it; the Mathnawi consists on four thousand verses as he himself says: (35) ² {â ge / & ” ÒZ šM ZgDÙ ge +Z ~Š1 xÓ ‘ {Š ge gŠ ~Š1 Zx w ¤/Š É ¤/ EÑ] ZwŠ °z O / Z# g ÷ gŠ wq +4 /” 3g M ½0* ˆ gX z Š] Šp!*“ ZŠ ā yÈ õg@* Nizami composed it at the request of Abul-Muzaffar Akhsitan Shirwan Shah. As is evident from the following verses: E (36) ~Šâ o héI4E& xŠ1 ~Š÷á z Å g gzi~ Majallah Tahqiq Vol.35. Sr.No. 95, April-June, 2014 10

{÷á ]| wV Š zg M gZ{ Zi œ‡ ¦g wq gŠ G òÂ y˜ K zŠY òÝ 0ªî Ò7 xø ~» EEB\ yÀ ™§ a ö- ãgZ y7 G ŠÒ ā ëZp ã¶K K gŠ zŠ ~– ãZÂ ¤/ Z– b ya Îu `@* āu ßa Î ] +Z *Íz ßZp@* ){ u´ Á 3 gZ M )* G ZgDÙ ~Ñ!* Zi~ § gZ zk² i{ @* +Z i~ @* z Ïg0* g-i gŠ Nizami dedicated it to his mentor Abul-Muzzaffar Akhsitan Shirwan: E.Å (37) gí 8 o ïåE5EG4&i ç«‹ Z1Z y‘ `@* E-² t0* Šâ zçlBG t‚ [ë M ¹zZ u në o sœ šg n ~œ z ŠZ5, Zx¾ For this romantic Mathnawi, Nizami chose an easy metre, the short Hazaz Musaddas. The Mathnawi begins with the praise of God as below: E-² (38) i!*ê Å )* Â x* ! i¸ M u +4 Â x* +Z ß!*i ', – Â x*b ß gzZ ÷ñ Â Šc* Z~ 4 Y åE5G4hE$ p CÙ ã Â x* åE5G4h X pCÙ ~ héI±g» ÏZ g! Y ÿEC Â x* u ! Zzw i G0î kI½E& é ˆ Z~ It is followed by a chapter in praise and deep respect to prophet Mohammad (SAW). Layla and Majnun are scourged by separation, social ostracism, self-denial, and spiritual and physical suffering from the very beginning until their tragic ends. It is quite possible that, to soften the tragedy. (39) Nizami's Layla and Majnun became the guide line for the others who wanted to compose this love story; they can be listed in Life and Works of Nizami Ganjavi/Pervaz Ahmad, Asghar Iqbal, Raja Nazakat 11 hundreds. This romantic story is popular even today. Nizami concludes the book in the name of Shirwanshah. 4. Haft Paykar: The writers and biographers have called this Mathnawi in the name of Haft Gunband (40) and Bahram Nama. (41) But it is properly known by Haft Paykar. It is the fourth and last love story of the Nizami's Khamsa or Panjgang. The central figure of the poem is a Sassanian Emperor Bahram Gur 420-438 A.D. the poem does not occupy the entire plot of the story. But half of it was being made up of the seven delightful tales of the seven princesses whom Bahram was married. It is said that it can be interpreted as the seven stations of human life, or the seven aspects of human destiny, or the seven stages of the mystic way. (42) In fact, as the title of the poem is evident, that it can be translated as the seven portraits, the seven effigies or as the seven princesses. (43) Haft Paykar is written in a metre called Khafif. (44) It contains near about 5600 couplets and was dedicated to the prince Ala-al-Din Kurp Arslan, ascertained from the following verses: (45) }i z yâi Ü* z ƒq +−Z Y´ ï÷ k,u z `C ys Zg ¨ iZ / gí ys Zg \™ {÷á GEG Ziz QZ w¾!* ].z Z[ Ziz h+ñ ~ç«4h¢Z ± The Mathnawi begins with the praise of God and prophet Mohammad (SAW). Afterwards Nizami writes the cause of composing the poem and prays for his mentor Ala-al-Din Kurp Arslan: (46) l7 ðæ ëz l7 æ ë l$ I Â gŠ ', † Z~ Š™ H * Î T Š™ c* ª Š % g~ » p@ Y g~ Â z Z ya G-©E± gZy ñ* agZ )* +Z ê Zy', Šâ z ½0*: Zi Majallah Tahqiq Vol.35. Sr.No. 95, April-June, 2014 12

Nizami concludes his Mathnawi with praying to Ala-al-Din Kurp or Arap Arslan. In which he gives the date of completion of the Mathnawi in these verses. The date of completion of the Mathnawi is 593 AH/1197AD. Nizami made the beginning of the poem with following verses: (47) Â Zi 7 {Š´ ~Š1 ˆ Â Zi ÷p Š1 {h+0+˜ Z~ q ! e$. e$. gŠ q ! e$Z$+ e$Z$+ gŠ 0+k ³Z z zi Û Z ³Z — ] ï0+g M', Z~ ! gÇh+Û M z ! Z~ !g» X Â Zi qi‚

]#Z0+ Í b y!¬ ]#â z é – z ðgZ M ]gz ]gz : ðÓC IZ 7 Ýgz +E ]§ o Šz Zi + {0+i Z]Šñ {0+i oG5é B {0+Zi â ëz j Zâ ë {0+i‚ ˆ gZi y˜ Z~ 5. Sikandar Nama: The last and final Mathnawi of the Khamsa or Panjgang of Nizami is Sikandar Nama. It consists two parts. Sikander-Nama is the last and biggest Mathnawi of the Khamsa or Panjgang of Nizami. It is a memorial of the life of Nizami's last days. Nizami chose the subject of life of Alexander the Great (356-323 B.C.) a legendary figure in the east as well as the west for his Mathnawi. As for Nizami's own explanation he referred to different of the sources which he consulted as Jewish, Christian and Pahlavi: -GoE$ `@ `@ zg{ Š1 gz „ gZ K ÷F Z3,*ZŠ +Z xŠ–G a + ++ / M M , gŠâ q gŠ {hgó Exh0 Š¤ tÃ {÷á y ~; WZ GEBg$ E\ Š1 {nZ6, gŠ ö- ¾ Š1 {n M m ya ā é

(49) »‚ Z~ ] u ] y M Zi »ZŠ6, m y!*i gŠ y!*i He also displays a considerable knowledge of Greek sources. Nizami had a view point with which western readers are not generally familiar. As Alexander an invader and conqueror, had lasting great influence on the Iran, Central Asia and other neighboring countries. Nizami gives a rousing version of his life and his conquests. In Sikander Nama he writes his biography as well as Philosophical ideas. Like other works; Nizami's Sikander Nama is depicted with wonderful stories and fantastic adventures, but its main theme is Kingship. On account of the adventures of Alexander the Great Sikander Nama is probably the first poetical work in Persian literature, Firdousi composed the story of Alexander the great which is not of high repute in Iran. Alexander the great has gained a great moment as a hero in Sikander Nama, which is divided into two parts. The first part of it is called the Sharaf Nama (50) or Sharaf Nama-e-Sikanderi (51) or the Book of Honour. (52) The second part is called Iqbal Nama or Khirad Nama (54) known as the book of Wisdom. (55) In Sikander Nama introducing the subject matter of the Mathnawi is his personality and achievement. Nizami tried to show three different aspects of one character. He himself says that: tÃ M É y* e$Ñz k,u r# ™ #Zp Ë z¤/ I +E Zz gš å5EG4]â ïG.ÀC Zz g2Š Zy-Ši Sz¤/ ~9 / l0+” Zk,5+ zg~ 6, +Š z Å0*i „z¤/ 0+¶K ëZp qz', !gŠ 0+] *ZŠ ā :ZŠ CÙ Zi ð Majallah Tahqiq Vol.35. Sr.No. 95, April-June, 2014 14 EE Y GkB+ ßi ð héI± gí g» Zi xŠ ßi ð÷á Š0* gŠ èEG45 E+ E-² @ ~éZ ¾ Zy U V˜ {C "$â E@z iy "$â {¯ z ª z c 0+Zz}. Had all praise for his mentor Nusrat-ud-Din at the end of Mathnawi, Nizami writes: ( 6 1 ) Zz Šc*',{Š!*Ë CÙ Šgp Zz ŠZŠ Zi ā +−Z >¾ o — u ” h ~! ¬ q zi 9 ª',ā xh+Š a

Zz Zg á 8 Zzg ', xm,g ā Zzg ZzZg w xŠt g~ ~CÙ Í ¼‚ Í Ñà i g~ \Z Zy ³ [ M Zi ë »‚ æ¾ Zz {Çg$+ »ZŠ6, i!* ¼‚ Zi a g~ \ !* ë g~ \ iZ ~CÙ Í Í 3 xŠ4 Te second part of Sikandar Nama "Iqbal Nama" was dedicated to Malik-ul-Khair 'Izzu-ud-Din Masud bin Nuru-d-Din Arslan, Nizami Life and Works of Nizami Ganjavi/Pervaz Ahmad, Asghar Iqbal, Raja Nazakat 15 mentions in his Mathnawi like this: ( 6 2 ) y¶K˜ CÙ ‡ +Š ³ o y¤ yŠ¤/ z Zy Zi Ûu u x3, ŠÑ7 Xz Zi Š ZzŠ a xÑz }Û z Û !* Šú a yc*Š ZzŠ i Ú G yc*Šú i ªzŠ Z~ & / At the end of the Mathnawi, Nizami had praise for him, he says: I;\I ( 6 3 ) Š*Šú á *Š Š* Š& X * EY ! {÷ y Z + zi ! E wÃ ø x*a I.G-©± I.G-©^ E ø „¤ +F, c‘ ø ð G0î ©^* Š1 ™g~ Nizam I also praises the Izzu-ud-Din, who was probably the son of Jahan pahlavan Nusrut-ud-Din Masud: (64) ï gZ Šp 8 Zzg ŠZŠ z$+ — rl è M +Š ³ o Y y MŒÛ Û 0+Zz}. e$Ñz Zy ºZ 8 gZi ïg héI±

E± x* {Š zg M', C ¨éE½ÉZ ö§ !* xÂ Zi ÷Û ’ ~k,zi k,zi ZzgZ h+÷á zx Š xÂ ŒŠ Š1 pîI½Ó$ ya ˜a In another two verses Nizami praises Nizamu-ud-Din the minister of the king. Y G-©E½E& zZV ŠY Š1 yM zg Š@* ā y˜ gŠgZ )* +Z ê (65) izZw ‰Ü 1 xø gx X w‚ 8 Šâ Ô½0* õgC The first part of the Sikander Nama was completed in the year A.H. 597 / AD 1201. (66) And second part was completed in the year A.H. 599/A.D. 1203. (67) gÑ ½0*i ¸¦/ :Šâ gc*Z Zi Š1 gzi îŠ', y˜ The main chapters of the first part of Mathnawi, i.e. the Sharaf Nama are the birth of Alexander, his succession the Macedonian throne, his war against the Negroes, who had invaded Egypt, the war with the Persians, ending with the defeat and death of Dara (Darius) Majallah Tahqiq Vol.35. Sr.No. 95, April-June, 2014 16 and Alexander's marriage to Dara's daughter, his pilgrimage to Mecca. Which he made through Armenia starting from the East on the way of Tiflis and Barda, occupying the legendary fortress of Darband, finds the fortress of Sakir, the unreal memorial of Kay Khusraw, lays across the Rayy, Khurasam and Central Asia to reach India thence to China. He returned to Barda the homeland of Nizami, rescued the Queen Nushaba captured by the Russians. The Sharafnama concludes with the account of Alexander's unsuccessful search for the water of immortal life { ]§[ M } The second part, i.e. the Iqbal-Nama discussed on Greeks and Indian philosophers. The main portion concludes with the discourses, in which the seven Greek Wiseman e.g. Aristotle, Appolomius, plato, Socrates, thales, Porphyrius and Hermes' elaborate their ideas about the creation of the Universe. The second part concludes with the mention of Alexander's death and the death of the seven Greek wise men. Both the parts of the Sikandar Nama begins with the act of addressing in prayer, and then with praise to God followed by a chapter in praise and deep respect to Prophet Mohammad (SAW). The first part begins with the following verses: „ ZF, ðZ}. h+M #Ö }.âi „ ZF, ð÷á Š0* y˜ c*Z}. E ðÂ ç M åE5G4hG4& ! ðÂ ä z ~— {C b p CÙ {åE5EG4&Û M ðÂ - z Ñ!*„ Z {h+Û M ! u{ bß ', {0+gZ øZŠi u0*iñM øZŠ +F,', ðÂ G9 Ø ðZÍÂ', ŠZ ŠŠ y „gŠ ðZ}.', ïG3BE ” a {Š™', Â e$Z@ Zr l ïŠ™ y ×gz Â gZ Šy ±‚ Zzg {Ç g*gZ }i ±ZÛ Z ',gZ y ®ó ðÂ [ë M Zi F, ×gz ð; ÷ [ M {¢ uh+i ~h+Û » ðÂ ã ~ŠZŠ Â y÷á zÛ CÙ T 3+3+CÙ Zi ~Š zg M Â (68) gZ 8g É CÙ gz~ ',Â gZ ÷ wŠ Œ Â CÙ Z Life and Works of Nizami Ganjavi/Pervaz Ahmad, Asghar Iqbal, Raja Nazakat 17 gÒ ðù@* Š zg * }i gÑ ðù@* Zƒ Šgm 4Zp ~vgc* è iZ zy ', 4gZ M !p +$+gZ V˜ ¤/Ü gŠ Zi{ 0+!* ¹u F,z È zZi ~Šu z ò¤/i gÑ gŠ ŠyŠg* iZy / ā gó Â z ~>', yO

ãZ 3,M Ši‚ Z}. x*i h+3+Šg M K — CÙ Šy i‚ g{ e gZ q Šy* yø Zi â Ši j Šy Z~ }. And the second part begins with following verses:

(69) Á Zy Â* Á *ZÂ K yû {Š ð;g .E-4X yð Zzg {Çg$+ gZ Šy zy ',z gzy Š gZ D M z y. {Çg» +Z î {0+gó {Çg!* +Z = ï0+Rg ', I E IE4G5_ k,åF5ÅŠ ß*ZŠ z Ïg), k,¦/ * gZ = ø ZŠi The number of imitators of Nizami's Khamsa was exceptionally great both in Iran, Turkey, Central Asia and India. The writers mirrored its form and its subject-mather, similar and sometimes identical themes, often reproducing them in similar groups of five. The first and foremost imitator was Amir Khusrau, who in turn influenced others after him. The other main poets were, Khawjo Kirmani, Mulana Abdul Rahman Jami, Faizi, Hatifi and Nawahi. It is said that Nizami before composing his Khamsa or Panjgang wrote a Mathnawi namely "Vis wa Ramin" and dedicated it to Sultan Mohammad bin Mohammad Mulkshah. (70) According to some modern writers and biographers "Vis wa Ramin is a poetical collection of Fakhr ud-Din Asad Gurgani. (71) Qazwini writes that: Zi :„ ZãÇ¤/‡Z+−Zõ Zi } zgZ özÄ{™E+[!*zZg ðgñq)!*)z (72) ~( >òÂ Zi :zèz²òÂ Nizami's diwan (poetical work) is said to have amounted to almost 20,000 couplets (.(73) A part from a number of ghazals (odes) Majallah Tahqiq Vol.35. Sr.No. 95, April-June, 2014 18 and a handful of Qasayid (Idyles) is entirely lost.(74) According to Dr. Zaheerud-Din Ahmad the book, Gandjina-yi Ganjavi, of Wahid Dastigirdi have three parts. In which the first part is of Qasayids and Ghazals, which is the collection of different Biographical accounts, the second part contains the doubtless verses and third is of those verses which may be of the same name i.e. Nizami. (75) The Ghazals of Nizami bears all that good qualities which a ghazal should have like, praising of beloved, sorrow of separation, unfaithfulness, unpleasantness etc. to address his beloved that her heart may melt towards sympathy. The topic or subject of his ghazals is belatedness of Lordship, to reach this; it needs qualities which he has mentioned. He had discussed the topic of Sufism through his ghazals and he is also believer of gipsy's life or calendar's life. Nizamis's Qasida's are out of praising to any king or ruler and a nobleman because he was not associated to any court. However, the theme or subject of the Qasyids of Nizami is the counsel and admonition, statesmanship or government, Praise for Allah (God) and his prophet Mohammad (SAW). He endorsed to have great effort for hard work. Conclusion: Nizami was born in Ganja a town in Azarbiyjan in 535 A.H. (1141 AD). He was a man of learning and a great Persian poet. He had left a collection of five poetical works called Khamsa, or Panj Ganj. The Panj Ganj is identified by: (i) Makhzanul-l-Arrar, (ii) Shiran Khusrau, (iii) Layla Majnun, (iv) Haft Paykar and (v) Sikander Nama. These works reflect the tremendous change as well as intellectual development that marked the period of his life span, which also coincide with the golden age of Azerbaijan. With his work Nizami created not just a literary model that will be repeated for centuries, but also a model of thinking, nationhood, spirituality and statehood. His works show that in terms of cultural orientation, cultural background, legacy, myth, folklore and language, Nizami Ganjavi is part of Iranian civilization and a prominent of Persian cultural history. Nizami was a genius who was away from national boundaries and understood his belonging to humanity and love. In fact, his works are on the based of love stories rather than war-like adventures. Nizami was a man of exceptional intellectual range, from astronomy to botany to methodology. He was also proficient in many Life and Works of Nizami Ganjavi/Pervaz Ahmad, Asghar Iqbal, Raja Nazakat 19 languages. Indeed there is no comparison of Nizami with other Persian Poets, as New York University Professor Peter Chelkowski stated "Nizami is Unequalled". References: 1. Boyle J.A. (Ed.), Persian History and Heritage, Henry Melland Limited, London 1978 2. Boyle J.A. (Ed.), The Combridge History of Iran, Vol. 5, Cambridge university press, Britain, 1997. 3. Browne E.G, A Literary History of Persian, Munshiram Manoharlal, Pvt., New Delhi, 1997 4. Browne E.G. A Literary History of Persian, Munshiram Manoharlal, Pvt., New Delhi, 1997. 5. Clark Captain H. Wilbefore (Tr.), Sikandar Nama-e bari, Saeed International (Regd.), Delhi, 1989. 6. Dr. Manzar Emam, "Chakidah" Tarikh Adbeyati Iran", Dr. Manzar Emam, Delhi, 2000. 7. Dr. Zaheer-ul-Din Ahmad, Iranian Adab, Markazi Tahqikali Farsi Iran wa Pakistan, Pakistan, 1994. 8. Haji Lutf Ali Beg, Atash Kada Adher, Bombay 1299 A.H. 9. Nizami Ganjavi, Kulyati-Khamsa, Amir Kabir Iran, 1344 AH. 10. Nizami Ganjavi, Sikandar Nama, Nowal Kashor, Delhi 11. Qazwini Shah Muhammad (Tr.), Majalisu'l Nafaies, Tehran, 1363 A.H. 12. Safa Dr. Zabi-Ullah, Tarikh-i-Adabiyat dar Iran, Vol. I,II, Intisharati Ibn Sina, Tehran, 1351 A.H 13. Samarqandi Daulatshah, Tazkiratul-Shora, MSS, Acc. No. 210, Research and Publications Department, Jammu & Kashmir Government, Allama Iqbal Library, University of Kashmir, Srinagar. 14. Shibli Numani, Shirul-Ajam, Vol.I Lords Publishing, Srinagar, 1424 AH. 15. Syed Nafesi (ed.), Diwan Qasiyid wa Gazlyati Nizami Ganjavi, Intisharati Faroze, Culcutta, 1346 AH. 16. Clark Captain H. Wilbefore (Tr.), Sikandar Nama-e bari, Saeed International (Regd.), Delhi, 1989. 1- Qazwini Shah Muhammad (Tr.), Majalisu'l - Nafaies Tehran 1363 A.H. p. 353; Haji, Lutf-Ali Beg, Atash-Kada Adher Bombay 1299 A.H., p. 244, Hidayat Rida Kuli Khan, Majma-ul-Fusaha Majallah Tahqiq Vol.35. Sr.No. 95, April-June, 2014 20

Tehran 1340 A.H., p. 653 ; Tarbiyat, Mohammad Ali Danishmandanie Azarbiyjan, Tehran, 1314 A.H., p. 375; Syed Nafisi, Diwan-i-Qasayid wa Ghazaliyati Nizami Ganjavi merv 1362 A.H. p. 2. Shibli Numani, Shirul Ajam, Lahore 1941 A.D. p. 193; Browne E.G. , A Literary History of Persian, Vol. 2, New Delhi, 1997 A.D. p. 401, Boyle J.A. The Cambridge History of Iran Vol. 5 London 1997, p. 578; Emam Dr Manzar, Chakidah "Tarikh Adbeyati Iran". 2000A.D. p. 79. 2- Designation of father or son (Steingass Persian - English Dictionary, New Delhi 1996 p. 1086.) 3- Qazwini Shah Mohammad (Tr.) Majalisu'l-Nafaies, p. 353, Haji Lutf Ali Beg, Atash Kada Adher p. 244; Tarbiyat Mohammad Ali, Danishmandani Azarbiyjan, p. 375; Browne E.G., A Literary History of Persia, Vol. 2, p. 275; Boyle J.A., The Combridge History of Iran, Vol. 5, p. 578; Emam Dr. Manzar, "Chakidah Tarikh Adveyati Iran", p. 79. 4- Sunbahali Mir Hussain Doost, Tazkir-i-Hussani, Luckhnow, 1875, p. 343. 5- Haji Lutf Ali Beg, Atash-Kada Adhar p. 224; Hidayat Rida Kuli Khan, Majma'u'l-Fusaha, p. 653; Tarbiyat Mohammad Ali, Danishmandanie Azarbiyjan, p. 375; sunbahali Mir Hussain Doost, Tazkir-i-Hussani, p. 343, Shibli Numani, Shirul-Ajam p.193. 6- Haji Lutf-Ali Beg, Atash-Kada Adher, p. 244; Hidayat Rida Kuli Khan Majma'u'l -Fusaha, p. 653; Tarbiyat Mohammad Ali, Danishmandanie, Azarbiyjan, p. 375; Shiblie Nuemani, Shirul-Ajam, p. 193. However Syed Nafisi is of the opinion that he was son of Yousuf bin Zaki bin Muayyad (Diwan-i-Qasayid wa Ghazaliyat, p.2 Shafaq Raza-zada, Tarikh-i-Adbiyati Iran, New Delhi 2005, p.275. 7- Shibli Numani, Shi-ru-l Ajam, p. 193; Browne E.G., A Literary History of Persia, p. 400; Talattof Kamran, Clinton J.W. The poetry of Nizami Ganjavi, Chennai, 2000 p.@; Mian Akther, Hayati Nizami, Luckhnow, p. 2; Shafaq Raza-Zada, Tarikh-Adbiyati Iran, p. 275. However some writer's is of the opinion that Nizami was born between in the year of 535 A.H. to 540 A.H. / 1140 A.D. to 1146 (Boyle J.A. The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 5, p. 578, Life and Works of Nizami Ganjavi/Pervaz Ahmad, Asghar Iqbal, Raja Nazakat 21 Bosworth C.E., Danzel E. Van, Heinrichs W.P. and Elecomte G. The encyclopedia of Islam vol. III, Netherlands, 1983, p. 76. 8- Ganja is a famous city of Azarbiyjan situated on the bank of river Ganja Chaie, branch of a river Kur 180 K.m. away from southeast of Tafrish {Dhkhuda Ali Akbar, Lughat Nama, Tehran 1340 A.H. Vol. 65, p. 451 to 452. 9- Shibli Numani Shirul-Ajam p. 193; Bosworth C.E. Donzel E.Van, Heinrichs W.P., and Elecomate G. The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. III, p. 76; boyle J.A., The Cambridge History of iran, Vol. 5, p 578; Browne E.G. Literary History of Persia, p. 401; Mian Akther, Hayati Nizami, p. 2 10- Browne E.G., Literary History of Persia, Vol. p. 401; Boyle J.A., The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 5, p. 578. 11- Samarqandi Dawlatshah, Tazkiratul-Shora, MSS, Fol 25/b , 26/a; 12- It is said that Afaq was a slave girl tributed to Nizami by the Fakhrud-Din Bahram Shah of Aarzenjan. Afaq was very beautiful and Nizami loved her very much. (Boyle J.A. The Cambridge History of Iran, London, 1997, p. 578. 13- Samarqandi Dawlatshah, Tazhkiratul-shora, Mss, Fol. 25/b , 26/a; 14- Nizami Ganjavi, Sikandar Nama, Nowal Kishore Delhi, p. 21. 15- Clark Captain H. Wilbefore, Tr. Sikandar Nama-e-bari, New Delhi, 1995, p. 70. 16- Boyle J.A., The Combridge history of Iran, Vol. 5, p. 578. 17- Boyle J.A., The Combridge history of Iran, Vol. 5, p. 579. 18- Browne E.G., A Literary History of Persia, p.p. 402-403. 19- Clark Captain H. Wilbeforece (tr.), Sikandar Name-e-Bari, Perface; Bosworth C.E. Donzel E. Van, Heinrichs W.P., and Elecomte G., The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. III, p. 77; Mian Akther Hayati Nizami, p. 10. 20- Clark captain H. wilbeforce, tr., Sikandar Nama-e-bari, preface. 21- Kulyati-Khamsa, Nizami Ganjavi, Amir Kabir, Iran, 1344 AH. P. 29. Safa, Tarikh-i- A debiyat dar Iran, Vol. 2, Tehran, 1351. 22- Mian Akther, Hayati Nizami, p.10; Rezia Akbar, Nizami Ganjavi, Maktabah Saba, Hyderbad, p. 73-74. Majority of the scholars are of the view that Makhzamul-Asrar has been written in 570 AH. 23- Kalyat-i-Khamsa, Nizami Ganjvi, p. 27-28; Shafaq Raza Zada, Tarikh-i Adabiyat-i-Iran p. 289; Emam Dr. Manzar, Chakidah "Tarikh Adbeyati Iran, p. 375. Nizami was richly rewarded by Bahram-Shah for this mathanwi. Majallah Tahqiq Vol.35. Sr.No. 95, April-June, 2014 22

He was paid five thousand dinars of gold and a camel laden with rich stuffs. (Clark captain H. Wilbeforce tr. Sikandar Name-e-bari, Perface; Bosworth C.E. Donzel E. Van, Heinrichs w.p. and elecomte G., The Encyclopaedia of Islam Vol. III, p. 77; Main Akther, Hayati Nizami, p. 11). 24- Kulyat-i-Khamsa, Nizami Ganjavi, p. 29-30; Razia Akbar, Nizami Ganjavi, p. 74; Emam Dr. Manzar, chakidah "Tarikh Adbeyati Iran, p. 375. 25- Safa, Tarikh-i Adabiyat dar Iran, Vol. 2, p 802; Shafaq Razazada, Tarik-i Adabiyat-i Iran, p. 279; J.A. Boyle. The Cambridge history of Iran, Vol. 5, p. 580; Bosworth C.E., Donzel E.Van, Heinrichs W.P., and Elecomate G., The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. 3, p. 78; Dr. Zaheer-u-Din Ahmad, Irani Adab, p. 94; Razia Akbar, Nizami Ganjavi, p. 86. 26- Kulyati - Khamsa, Nizami Ganjavi, p. 413. 27- Mian Akther, Hayati Nizami, p. 12; Dr. Zaheer-u-Din Ahmad, Irani Adab, p. 94; Razia Akbar, Nizami Ganjavi p. 86. 28- Safa, Tarikh-I Adabiyat dar Iran, Vol. 2, Bosworth C.E., Donzel E. Van, Heinrichs W.P., and Elecomate G., The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. 3, p. 78. 29- Kulyati-Khamsa, Nizami Ganjavi, p. 413. 30- Safa, Tarikh-I Adabiyat dar Iran, Vol.2, p. 802 ; Browne E.G. A Literary History of Persia, Vol. 2p. 405; Bosworth C.E., Donzel E.Van, Heinrich W.P., and Elecomte G., The Encyclopaedia of Islam Vol. 3, p. 78; Clark Captain H. Wilbefore, tr. Sikandar Nama-e bari, preface. 31- Kulyati - Khamsa, Nizami Ganjavi, p. 143. 32- Ibid, p. 120. 33- C.E. Bosworth, E. Van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs and G. Elecomte, The encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. 3, p. 77. 34- Safa, Tarikh-I Adbiyat dar Iran Vol. 2, p. 802 ; Mian Akther, Hayat Nizami, p. 14; Dr. Zaheer-ud-Din Ahmad, Irani Adab, p.95; Razia Akbar, Nizami Ganjavi, p. 114; Bosworth C.E. Donzel E. Ban, Heinrichs W.P., and Elecomate G. The Encyclopaedia of Islam Vol. 3, p.78. 35- Kulyati - Khamsa, Nizami Ganjavi ; p. 445. 36- Ibid, p. 440. 37- Kulyati-Khamsa, Nizami Ganjavi, p. 445. Life and Works of Nizami Ganjavi/Pervaz Ahmad, Asghar Iqbal, Raja Nazakat 23

38- Kulyati - Khamsa, Nizami Ganjavi, p. 426. 39- Bosworth C.E., Donzel E. Van, Heinrichs W.P., and Elcomate G. The Cncyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. 3, p. 78. 40- Safa, Tarikh-I Adabiyat dar Iran, Vol. 2, p. 803; Kulyati - Khamsa, Perface, Browne E.G., A Literary History of Persia Vol.2, p. 408; Bosworth C.E., Donzel E.Van, Heinricjs W.P., and Elecomate G., The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. 3, 79; Dr. Zaheer-ud-Din ahmad, Irani Adab, p. 94. 41- Safa,Tarikh-i-Adabiyat dar Iran, Vol. 2, p. 803; Shafaq Razazada, Tarik-I Adabiyati Persia, p. 290; Kulyati-Khamsa, Nizami Ganjavi, preface; Browne E.G., A Literary History of Iran, Vol. 2 p. 408; Mian Akther, Hayati-Nizami, p. 17. 42- Bosworth C.E., Donzel E. Van, Heinrichs W.P., and Elecomate G., the Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. 3, p. 79. 43- Ibid. 44- Browne E.G., A Literary History of Persia, Vol. 2, p. 408; Clark captain H. Welbeofre, tr. Sikandar Nami-Bari, preface; Bosworth C.E., Donzel E.Van, Heinrichs w.p., and Elecomate G., The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. 3, p. 79. 45- Kulyati - Khamsa, Nizami Ganjavi, p. 612. 46- Ibid, p. 834 47- Kulyati - Khamsa, Nizami Ganjavi, p. 600. G-Id 48- ê ZŠ6, = »ZŠ6, 49- Kulyati - Khamsa, Nizami Ganjavi, p. 871. 50- Kulyati - Khamsa, Nizami Ganjavi, p. 6 Safa, Tarikh-i- Adabiyat dar Iran Vol.2, p. 804; Shafaq Raza - Zada, Tarik-I Adabiyat-I Iran, p. 291; Dr. Zaheer-ud-Din Ahmad, Irani Adab, p. 96; Emam Dr. Manzar, Chakidah "Tarikh Adabeyati-Iran", p. 378; Meya Akther, Hayati Nazami, p. 18; Browne E.G. A: Literary History of Persia, p. 411; Boyle J.A. The Cambridge History of Iran, p. 582; Bosworth C.E., Danzel E.Van, Heinrichs W.P. and Elecomate G., The Encyclopedia of Islam p. 79. 51- Bosworth, C.E., Danzel E.Van, Heinrichs W.P. and Elecomate G., The Encyclopedia of Islam, p. 79. 52- Clark Captain H. Welbefore, tr, Sikandar Nam-e bari, preface. 53- Kulyati Khamsa, Nizami Ganjavi, Perface, Safa, Tarikh-I Adabiyat dar Iran Vol. 2, p. 804; Shafaq Raza -zada, Tarik-I Adabiyati Iran; p. 291. 54- Browne E.G. A Literary History of Persia, p. 411. 55- Dr. Zaheeru-Din ahmad, Irani Adab, p. 95, Mian Akther, Hayati, Nazami, p. 18, Browne E.G. A Literary History of Persia, p. 411. 56- Browne E.G., A Literary History of Persia p. 411. In India the Majallah Tahqiq Vol.35. Sr.No. 95, April-June, 2014 24

book is famous in the name of Sikandari Nama-e-Bari (The Book of Alexander the Great as a conqueror of land) and Sikander Nama-e-bahri (The Book of Alexander the Great as a sage and a prophet by sea. (Clark captain H. Welbefore, tr., Sikandar Nami-Bari, preface; Bosworth C.E., Danzel E.Van, Henrichs W.P., and Elecomate G., The Encyclopaedia of Islam, p. 79. 57- Kulyati - Khamsa, Nizami Ganjavi, p. 864. 58- It seems that all the MSS (Manuscripts) of the Sikandar Nama have only two parts. It is felt that its second part contains Hikmat wa Pagambari which pertains to the philosophical ideas of his prophet hood. 59- Raza-zada, Tarik-I Adabiyati Iran, p. 282; Dr. Zaheeru-din ahmad, Irani Adab, p. 96, Clark captain H. Welbefore, tr, Sikander Nama-Bari, preface. 60- Kulyati - Khamsa, Nizami Ganjavi, p. 866. 61- Ibid PP. 1160, 1161. 62- Kulyati-Khamsa, Nizami Ganjavi, p. 1177. 63- Kulyati-Khamsa, Nizami Ganjavi, p. 1337. 64- Ibid, p. 1332. 65- Ibid, p. 1333. 66- Shafaq Raza Zada, Tarikh-i-Adbiyat-i-Iran,p. 292 67- Safa, tarik-i-Adbiyati Iran, 807. 68- Kulyati - Khamsa, Nizami Ganjavi, p. 839. 69- Kulyati - Khamsa, Nizami Ganjavi, p. 1264. 70- Samarqandi Dawlatshah, Tazhkiratul-Shora, MSS, Fol, 26/a Dawlatshah also interprets that it is written by Nizami Aruzi Samarqandi and later himself refutes it. 71- Shafaq Raza-zada, Tarikh-I Adabiyati Iran, p. 218; BrowneE.G., A Literary History of Persia, Vol. 2, p. 222; Boyle J.A.; The Cambridge history of Iran, p. 583; Morrison George, Baldick Julian, Shafi Kadkani, History of Persian Literature, Netherlands, 1981, p. 50, Meya Akther, Hayati Nizami, p.8. 72- Qazwini, Mukdmi-e-Chahar Maqala, Tehran, 1382,p. 21. 73- Samarqandi Dawlatshah, Tazkhiratul-Shora, MSS, Fol, 26/a' Haji Lutf - Ali Beg, Alash-Kada Adhar, p. 242; Nawai Mir Ali Shir, Majalisul-Nafaies tr. Qazwani Shah Muhammad p. 353; Raza-quli Khan, Majmaul Fusaha, p. 250. 75- Boyle J.A., Cambridge History of Iran, p. 584. 75- Dr. Zaheeru-ud-Din Ahmad, Irani Adab, p. 100.

‡ý‡ý‡ Majallah Tahqiq Vol.35, Sr.No.95, April – June, 2014, 25

ہ MajallaheTahqiq ہ م ہ Research Journal of the Faculty of Oriental Learning 35 ا ـ ﺠﻭﻥ 2014 ، ﺸﻤﺎﺭﻩ 95 Vol: 35, Sr.No.95, 2014, p 25 – 42

The Continuation of Orientalistic Approaches and Today’s Strategy

Dr. Muhammad Akram Sajid * Dr. Umar Hayat ** Abstract: “Orientalism has been a serious trend by many aspects especially, regarding Islam and the Muslims. Although this movement has been addressing its specific targets in various styles but the targets have been the same and the situation is going on. Today west is more equipped with strong economy, weapons, training centres, libraries and much more intellectual headquarters. The Orientalists influence the “cream and elite class” of Muslim societies, infuse their mindset and create the atmosphere according to their wishes. Orientalists from its origin blamed the sacred Quran and Sunnah of the Holy Prophet (Peace be Upon Him) is so many folded ways. This research paper will disclose their strategy, shapes, targets and modern methodology to get their aim misguiding the Muslims particularly and rest of the world normally. The following articles reflects a research analysis regarding the continuation of orientalistic approaches during different phases. Moreover it throws light on current strategy also”. The Muslims were clutched slowly by western exploitation. Western rulers began to collect the data about Islamic literature. They were conscious about Arabic language and its origin and history, Erpenius for the first time published a book about Arabic grammar 1. In Principal Guillanume Postal was the first orientalist who, basically organized the orientalism. “He compiled dictionaries and linguistic books. Petre the venerable was the first man in the Byzantinian dynasties, who translated the Holy Quran and Arabic books into Lantin

* Lecturer, Government College Township, Lahore. ** Assistant Professor, G.C. University, Faisalabad. The Continuation of Orientalistic /Dr.Akram Sajid , Umar Hayat 26 language” 2. This movement grew strong attacking Islam and its teachings. Pope Urban II launched aggression against Islam, it continued till Ray Mond Lull prepared cautious plans (12351315) so the people may be prepared for crusaders, he is called the father of western learning. He made agree to the council of Vienna 1311 that centers for oriental study may be opened in Rome, Germany and Paris, so people may get Arabic properly 3. Orientalism stepped up and shaped itself many designs. Maxime Rodinson is of the view. Having so many folds i.e. religious, missionary, political and imperialistic plans, they brought a bit soft corner in their plans. They did a some justice and praised the Prophet (SWS) irrespective of their “preset objectives”. Norman Daniel is the orientalist who propagated against Islam. He even describes that west writes against Islam a self made stories, rather it is exaggerated. Perrindor’s opinion is even they tell a lie against the Prophet (SAW)” 4. There are people who wrongly depicted Islam, among them are Gerbert De Oralia De Gerbert (9381003), constaninus Africanus (d. 1087), Adelard of Bath (10701135), John of Demaseas (700754). They are real seed sowers of hatred in the heart of people of west against Islam. After that for a long time they were followed by such a poisonous thinking. They all had same thought, as their sources were the same. Such orientalists merely, doubted, malpractically made novels against Islam and showed their jealousy. One can quote, Refutatco Muhammad by Nicclas, that was filled with prejudice 5. Observing Islamic history on the bases of general historical realities, it appears that the negative attitude of the Christians and the Jews was started with the advent of Islam. They questioned the very base of the Holy Quran, Prophethood and the life of Prophet Muhammad (SAW). Quranic teachings are witness of the negative Christian and Jewish response towards Islam and its foundations. Observation of the Orientalism These Quranic verses show the ancient approach of the people of the book to the alQur’an. Allah the Almighty says; وََلَ اَِْ آََُوْٓا اِنْ هَٰآ آِ اُِْۨ اَْٰ ﮨ ُ وَاَََ ََِْ َْمٌ اَُٰوْنَ o ََْ َۗءُوْ ًُْ وَّزُ وْرًا o وََُْٓا اََُِْ اَْوَِْ اآََََْ ََِ ُْٰ ََِْ َُْةً وَّا6ًَِْ “Those who disbelieve say; This (Qur’an) is nothing but a lie that he (Muhammad SAW) has invented, and others have helped him for it. In fact they have produced an unjust wrong (thing) and a lie. And they say: Tales of ancients, which he has written down; and they are dictated to him morning and afternoon”. Majallah Tahqiq Vol.35, Sr.No.95, April – June, 2014, 27 وَََْ ََُْ اَُْ َُُْْنَ اَِ َُُ ٌََ ۭ َِنُ اِيْ ُُِْوْنَ اَِِْ اََِْ وهَٰا َِنٌ ََِ ٌِْ 7 “And indeed we know that they say: “It is only a human being who teaches him (Muhammad SAW).” The tongue of the man they refer to is foreign, while this (the Quran) is a clear Arabic tongue.” وََ َۗءَهُْ آٌِٰ ْ ِِْ اِّٰ َُقٌ َ ََُْ ۙ وَآَُْا ِْ َُْ ََُِْْْنَ ََ اَِْ آََُوْا س ََ َۗءَهُْ ََُْا آََُوْا ِ ۡ َََُْ اِّٰ ََ اَِِْْٰ 8 “And when there came to them (the Jews), a book (this Quran) from Allah confirming what is with them (The Taurat (Torah) and the Injeel (Gospel), although aforetime they had invoked Allah (for coming of) Muhammad (SAW) in order to gain victory over those who disbelieved, then when there came to them that which they had recognized, they disbelieved in it. So let the curse of Allah be on the disbelievers”. It is said more in Qur’an warning the believers (Muslims). ََٰٓ اَِْ اَُْٰا َ َُِوْا ًََِ ِّْ دُوُِْْ َ ََُُْْْ ًََ ۭ وَدوْا َ َِ ْ ۚ َْ ََتِ اََْْۗءُ ِْ اََْاهِِْ س وََ ُِْْ ُُوْرُهُْ اَآَُْ ۭ َْ َ َُُ اِْٰٰ اِنْ آُُْْ َُِْْنَ 9 9 “O you who believe! Taken not as (your) Secretholders to those outside your religion (Pagans, Jews, Christians, and hypocrites) since they will not stop to do their best to harm you. They desire to harm you severely. Hatred has already appeared from their mouths, but what their breasts conceal is far worse. Indeed we have made clear to you the Ayat (proofs, evidences, verses) if you understand.” The Torah had in several places forecasted the coming of the Holy Prophet (SAW) Infact, the Jews themselves used to tell that a new Prophet and the new Divine Book was soon to come. But when the Holy Quran came down from Allah and even when they recognized its truth, the Jews denied it 10 . In the life of Prophet Muhammad (SAW) when Quran was revealed, the Jews and Christians refused to accept divinity of Quran. They have tried to create negative image about the Holy Book Quran and the status of the Prophethood. They misinterpreted the very concept of the Quran as being a revelation, Jewish and Christian propagated that the Quran was the selfcreation of Prophet Muhammad (SAW). Quran mentions clearly that Allah has cahlleneged all non believers whether they could present even a single verse like it. ُْ ىِِٕ اَََِْ اُِْْ وَاِْ َٰٓ اَنْ ُْْا ِِِْ هَٰا اُْْاٰنِ َ َُْْنَ ِِِْ وََْ آَنَ َُُْْ ٍَِْ ًَِْا 11 The Continuation of Orientalistic /Dr.Akram Sajid , Umar Hayat 28 “Say: if the men and the Jinn were together to produce the like of this Quran, they could not produce the Like thereof, even if they helped one another.” ُْ َُْْا ٍِِٰ ِّْ ِِْ اِّٰ هَُ اَهْٰى َُِْٓ اَُِْ اِنْ آُُْْ َِِْٰ o َِنْ َّْ ََُِْْْا ََ ََْْ اََ َُِْنَ اَهَْاۗءَ هُْ ۭ وََْ اََ ِِ اََ هَٰىُ َِِْ هًُى َِّ اِّٰ ۭ اِن اَّٰ َ َِْي اَْْمَ اَِِّْٰ 12 “Say (to them O, Muhammad SAW): “then bring a Book from Allah, which is a better guide then these two (The Taurat and the Quran), that I may follow it, if you are truthful. But if they answer you not, then know that they only follow their own lusts. And who is more astray then one who follows his own lusts, without guidance from Allah? Verily, Allah guides not the people who are wrongdoers”. اَمْ َُُْْنَ اَْٰىُ ۭ ُْ َُْْا َِِْ َُرٍ ِِّْ ٍََُْٰ وادُْْا َِ اََُْْْ ِّْ دُوْنِ اِّٰ اِنْ آُُْْ َِِْٰ o َِنْ ْ ََُِْْْا َُْ ََُْْٓا آََ اُِْلَ ِِِْ اِّٰ وَاَ نْ ٓ اَِٰ اِ هَُ ۚ ََْ اَُْْ ُِْْنَ 13 13 Or they say, “He made it”. Say: (then) ‘Bring you then ten forged Surah as like unto it, and call your helpers, other than Allah, if you speak the truth, If then they answer you not, know then that it is sent down with the knowledge of Allah and that no one has the right to be worshipped but the Allah, you then be Muslims?’ In the perspective of above mentioned verses it becomes very clear that in the beginning of Islam, Arab Pagans, Jews, Christian and hypocrites presented negative image of Islam, especially about Holy Book (Quran) and Prophet of Islam Hazrat Muhammad (SAW) and his life. They always tried to portray negative image of the Quran and Prophet of Islam (SWS). Professor Syed Habib uI Haq Nadvi presented a new angle about the history of orientalists. He quoted these following two Quranic verses: وََْ َْٰ ََْ اَُْْدُ وََ اٰٰى َّٰ ََِ َُِْ ۭ ُْ اِن هَُى اِّٰ هَُ اُْٰى ۭ وََىِِٕ اََْ اَهَْاۗءَهُْ ََْ اِيْ َۗءَكَ َِ اِِْْ ۙ َ ََ َِ اِّٰ ِْ وِ وَ ٍَِْ 14 “Never will the Jews nor the Christians be pleased with you (O Muhammad SAW) till you follow their religion. Say: ‘Verily, the guidance of Allah that is only guidance. And if you (O Muhammad SAW) were to follow their (Jews and Christians) desires after what you have received of knowledge. Then you would have find against Allah neither any protector nor any helper”. Thus he has linked the history of Orientalism with Christian and Judaism. According to him, orientalists are mostly Jews and Christian Majallah Tahqiq Vol.35, Sr.No.95, April – June, 2014, 29 and orientalism is the true reflection of the fact given in these above mentioned Quranic verses. Throughout the history of Islam Orientalists have shown biasness and negative attitude towards Islam in every respect. The basic cause behind this has been the ideological difference that Islam has created. Islam being the perfect religion and code of life has been accepted as the only option before man. In the presence of this religion, he cannot adopt any other religion. اِن اَْ َِْ اِّٰ اَِْْمُ ۣ وََ اَََْ اَِْ اُوُْا اَِْٰ اِ ِْۢ َِْ َ َۗءَهُُ ََُْْ ۭ وََْ ُْْ ِِٰٰ اِّٰ َِن اَّٰ َُِْ اَِْبِ 15 اُِْْ ًَْۢ “Truly, the religion with Allah is Islam. Those who were given the scripture (Jews and Christians) did not differ except, out of mutual Jealousy, after knowledge had come to them. And whoever disbelieves in Ayat (proofs, evidences, verses, signs) of Allah, then surly, Allah is swift in calling to account.” اََْْمَ اَ آَُْْ َُْ دَُِْْ وَاََُْْ ََُْْ َِِْْ وَرَُِْ َُُ اَِْْمَ دًِْ 16 “This day, I have perfected your religion for you, completed my favour upon you, and have chosen for you Islam as your religion.” Another aspect of their mind is this: وََلَ اَِْ آََُوْا َ ََُْْا َِٰا اُْْاٰنِ وَاْـَْا ِِْ ََُْ َُِْْنَ 17 “The unbelievers say: “Listen not to this Quran, but talk at radom in the midst of its (reading), that ye may gain the upper hand”. During the era of Prophet Muhammad (SAW) Jews and Christians tried to reach a compromise with Islam, that Quran describe, as: وَدوْا َْ ُْهُِ َُْهُِْنَ 18 “They wish that you should compromise (in religion out of courtesy) with them; So they (too) would compromise with you.” In short, they tried their utmost to detrack the prophet (PBUH) from his objectives, so that they could reach some compose. For example an Arab chief Utba Bin Rabia presented different options to the Holy Prophet (PBUH) to choose one of them i.e., Kingship of Mecca, unlimited wealth and the treatment of any disease, or marriage in any family. But nothing could shake the courage and stand point of the Prophet (PBUH). He remained stead first, firm and consistent. Another behaviour of Jews and Christians that is, mentioned in the Quran in these following words, Dr. Zia uddin Eslahi presents two Quranic verses about the Jews and Christians, and proves that in fact these are the foundations of Orientalism. َٰٓهَْ اِِْٰ َِ َُِْْنَ اَْ َِِِْ وََُُْْنَ اَْ وَاَُْْ ََُْْنَ “O people of the scripture (Jews and Christians): why do you mix truth with falsehood and conceal the truth while you know”. The Continuation of Orientalistic /Dr.Akram Sajid , Umar Hayat 30 وَاِن ُِْْ َ ًَِْ َّْنَ اَََُِْْ ِِِْٰ ََُُِْْ َِ اِِْٰ 19 “And verily, among them is a section who distort the book with their accents, so that you may think it is from your book, but it is not from that Book”. In the period of Prophet Muhammad (SAW) the behaviour of Jews and Christians was totally against the Prophet of Islam. They always tried to create a negative image about Islam, Quran and the Prophet Hazrat Muhammad (SAW). But the response of the Holy Prophet Muhammad (SAW) always remained positive towards Jews and Christians. Prophet Muhammad (SAW) always tried to create friendly environment with all communities without any discrimination. For the sake of peace and prosperity. Prophet Muhammad (SAW) took a lot of steps not only at Makkah and Madina but also in the whole region of Arab. He made an agreement the “Pact of Madina” that contained forty seven articles. Twentyfour articles of which relate to Jews for that are focused on peace maintaining friendly environment in the city of Madina. But the Jews of Madina violated very severely the agreement. One famous Jewish leader Kab Bin Ashraf was involved in conspiracies against Islamic state. He was a poet, and after the battle of Badr, tried to invoke revolt against the Prophet of Islam 20 . He progopated negative remarks against Muslim women in his Poetry. Some other Jewish leaders like Slam bin Abi AlHaqeeq, Kannana bin Rabeeh bin Abi AlHaqeeq and Hayi Bin Akhtab also continued their conspiracies against Islam and the Muslims in the region of Khaber. Formal History of Orientalism The formal foundation of Orientalism was laid by John of Damascus (d. 748), a Christian scholar who was a great friend of Um mayad Caliph Yazid. He declared Islam to be a pagan cult, the Ka’aba in Makkah an idol, and the Prophet Muhammad (SAW) irreligious and licentious man. He claimed Muhammad (SWS) cobbled together his doctrine from the old and new testament through the instruction of an Arabian monk. The writing and accusation of John of Damascus became the classical source of all Christian writings on Islam. Orientalism has proved to be a most retentive framework, few of its elements have entirely disappeared, so John of Damascus, the earliest exponent, could be said to be the guiding source and spirit of a recent study, Hagarism by Patricia Crone and Michael Cook, that employs his structure of argument and assessment of the origin of Islam and one should add, his animus. The pronouncement of John of Damascus found an echo in Christendome not only because it saw Islam as a distinctively different Majallah Tahqiq Vol.35, Sr.No.95, April – June, 2014, 31 religion, but also because Muslim society reflected a totally different lifestyle to the one dominant in Europe 21 . Dr. Nisar Ahmed argues that John of Damascus was the first priest who raised lot of questions about the life of Prophet Muhammad (SWS) and tried to create a negative image of him. The approach of John of Damascus is the basic source of modern orientalists activities against Islam. He has divided the history of Orientalism into five different periods, (i) Western people turned their attention towards Islam when Arabs entered Spain. In this period they translated Arabic literature into Latin. For that purpose they established institutions properly. A large number of western students joined Muslim institutions and acquired knowledge of science, art, philosophy and other relevant sciences 22 . (ii) The second period of Orientalism started with the arrival of the crusades. In this period orientalists focused their research on Islam and the prophet of Islam and raised many questions on the basis of their own perceptions Ismail Ibrahim Nawwab comments that “the earliest negative interaction between Muslims and the west was centred on the crusades. The Holy Wars did not result in better understanding though the Europions became familiar with a culture they felt to be superior to their own. Rather, the spiritual victories of the Muslims made perceptive churchman realize that it was necessary for them to be intellectually equipped to understand their enemy in order to defend their own faiths and invite the Muslims to Christianity. Thus was born the study of Islam in the west; its two objectives were apologestic and missionary”. Ziauddin Sardar has presented his views about this period as, “With the arrival of the crusades, new imaginative flights of fancy were added to expand the propagandists image of Islam as a tool to maintain the crusading spirit. Pope, Urban preached the first Crusade at Clermont in France in 1096A.D. He anchored the new idea crusading in some old and well established European ideas: good works and pilgrimage. He established the seminal building blocks of European self consciousness by arresting the Christian right to (dominate) over the territory which was the birth place of Christianity and once a united part of the Christian Roman Empire. He declared that “The crusades were a major movement against Islam, they were also a movement with Europe against enduring pockets of paganism and against heretics. The Continuation of Orientalistic /Dr.Akram Sajid , Umar Hayat 32 In this period European scholars presented their negative perceptions against Islam in the shape of songs. The songs of Roland written by Cretien de Troyes Circa espoused the crusading ideal by invoking history. So it is a fact that in this period orientalists always tried to present a distorted image of Islam and especially that of the Prophet of Islam. Montegomery Watt elucidates the matter further as: “Before the crusades medieval Europe planned to expel the soraces from their ruled areas. They framed a concept of a great enemy. The name of the Muhammad, was transformed into Mohound (the prince of darkness). Even these ideas produced bad effects on moral of the crusades armies”. iii) The third period of orientlaism started with the industrial revolution of Europe. With this revolution, the approaches of orientalists totally changed towards Islam and Islamic sources. On the basis of materialistic approaches orientalists started their efforts in the shape of scientific research. They established different type of institutions focusing Arabic language, Islamic history and civilization. The university of Cambridge and Oxford in seventeenth century played a vital role. Orientalists also collected some of the most important research material and tried to understand the behaviour of Muslims towards culture and civilization. George Sale translated Quran into English in this period. This period of Orientalism is different from crusade period because orientalists have presented their prejudice and biased approaches against Islam in the name of research. The whole Europe was interested in Islam and Islamic history in this Era. The basic purpose of their interest to know each and every corner of Muslim societies was to capture Muslim territories. In this period orientalists created misconceptions about Islam, Islamic history and civilization. iv. The forth period of orientalism started when colonial system was declining and different Islamic movements getting worth in Muslim societies. In this period orietntalists changed their strategy and adopted a new methodology toward Islam and Muslims. They had shown cordial behaviour apparently in their research but infact they were biased and prejudiced in their approach. They tried to present their soft image, that they were only researchers and not biased. For this purpose they arranged many conferences in different parts of the world. Prof. Mahmud Brelvi has given a list of International Congresses of Orientalists: The first International Congress of Orientalists was held Majallah Tahqiq Vol.35, Sr.No.95, April – June, 2014, 33 in 1873 at Paris. Since then these congresses have been held on from 1874 to 1967 at various important places. v. The fifth period of Orientalism is very important, because they have diverted their attention towards modern religious movements, social interests of Muslim communities and economic aspects of Muslim countries. They have also paid their attention towards internal matters of Muslim societies. After their observation they informed their governments about Muslim societies. Orientalists have established so many associations and organizations for the purpose of observation of Muslim culture and civilization. They established many institutions. Some of them are given here; i. The Royal Asiatic Society ii. The Association of British Orientalists iii. The Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies 23 Dr. Ahmad Ghorab has pointed out the purpose of the existence of the centres established by oreintalists as: “A more current addition of this strategy is the setting up in the west of new centres for oriental studies and calling these centres for “Islamic Studies”. The intention is to attract Muslim researchers to cooperate with them in such centres in order to minimize their approach and, more important eyes as scholars of Islam 24 . In continuation of the infidels of Makka, the orientalist, historically played a continually role in distorting the face of Islam. Since the very first day, they never tried to find the reality on the base of facts, rather, they denied to conceive the message of Allah. The main reason behind this approach is their objectives which they set before the execution of research and studies in Eastern language and literature. Islamic teachings were simple so every new Muslim found them a blessing for his life. Islam won the hearts of every one. It conquered many Christian territories. The Christians tried to get back these areas in crusades but remained fail badly. Now they opened a new war zone in the name of orientalism. Different Aspects of Orientalism It briefly discussed the original theme of Orientalism and the purpose of Orientalists research on Islam, its history, culture and civilization. Here is going to present some evidence of their different approaches towards Islam. The Continuation of Orientalistic /Dr.Akram Sajid , Umar Hayat 34 Criticism on the Holy Quran Western scholars tried to show that Quran was not a revealed book and it was the self creation of Prophet Muhammad (SAW). They raised a lot of questions on the text of Quran, its history, compilation and teachings. Theoder Noldeke a German scholar wrote on the history of Quran in this respect 25 . Abu Abdullah Zanjani has evaluated the work done by Theoder Noldeke in his book “Tarikh ul Quran”. Arther tried to create doubts in the text of Quran. His main objective is to show that there are some mistakes in the text of Quran. Dr. Muhammad Akram Chaudhary pointed out the ambiguous views of Arthur Jeffery about the text of Quran 26 . Blachere is another French Orientalist who worked on the history of Quran. He also tried to create a negative impression about Quran. Najeeb Aqeeqi discussed about the research work of Blachere.W. Montgomery Watt criticized on the authenticity of Quran. He is of the view that Quran is a self creation of Prophet Muhammad (SAW). He denies openly that Quran is a revealed book. The main purpose of his research is to present that Quran is a book which has no relation with God. John Burton raised many illogical and baseless questions on the process of compilation of Quran in the period of Prophet Muhammad (SAW) 27 . George Sale raised questions on the authenticity of Quran. He presented that Muhammad was the author of Quran. He denied the status of Quran as a revealed book 28 . Some other orientalists like Gustave Lebon, Goldziher, and D.S Margoliouth, tried to create ambiguous impression about Quran. Syed Ather Hussain has pointed out the negative approaches of orientalists towards Quran. He has discussed that main cause of their negative response has been their missionary efforts and to show the supremacy of their religion over Islam and Muslims. For the sake of that purpose they raised questions on Quran. Hadith and Objectives of the Orientalists Springer, William Muir, Goldzhiher, Margoliouth, Joseph Schacht, Arther Jeffery, Maxime Rodinson, Montgomery Watt, Bosworth Smith and many other orientalists have tried to create negative image about the validity and importance of Hadith Literature. Some approaches of such orientalists are as under: W. Montgomery Watt writes: “Before the end of the first Islamic century however a few persons had begun to collect all the information they could about the life and campaigns of Muhammad’s, and some at least wrote down what they had collected. These early collectors of information, however, though they seem to have scrutinize their sources carefully and sometimes stated what they were, did not in every case give a complete insand or chain of authorities going back to an eye witness of the events. It was only Majallah Tahqiq Vol.35, Sr.No.95, April – June, 2014, 35 gradually that the complete Isnad became derigueur. Ibn Ishaq, working in the second quarter of the second Islamic century, usually gives his authorities, but not always a complete chain and he does not always repeat the words of the authority verbatim. AlWaqidi, half a century later, is similar in method but his secretary and followers, Ibn Sad, some twenty years younger, always attempts to quote exactly and to give a complete chain of authorities”. “The insistence on complete chain is to be associated with the teaching of Ash Shafi, who was roughly a contemporary of Al Waqidi. Once it became fashionable to give complete Isnads, scholars must have been tempted to extend their chains backwards to contemporaries of Muhammad. Even when they thus added to the chains, however, their additions may have been sound, since they probably knew in a general way where their predecessors had obtained information. This means only that we cannot rely so fully on the early links of a chain as on the later ones”. Arther Jeffery writes about the Hadith that if Quran can be written after the death of the Prophet and then Muslims arranged six authentic books, then why the prevailing traditions be not believable! Infact Arther Jaffery desires to pollute the purity of that sayings of the Holy Prophet (SAW) that has been compiled by the Muhdisseen by their untiring efforts. Will Durant remarked about the status of Hadith, “Many of traditions put a new colour upon the Moslem creed. Mohammad had not claimed the power of miracles, but hundreds of pretty traditions told of his wonder working; how he fed a multitude from food hardly adequate for one man; exorcised demons; drew rain from heaven by one prayer, and stopped it by another, how he touched the udders of dry goats and they gave milk; how the sick were healed by contact with his clothes or his shorn hair. Christian influences seem to have molded many of the traditions; lone towards one’s enemies was inculcated, though Mohammad had sterner view; the Lord’s prayer was adopted from the Gospels; the parables of the sower, the wedding guests, and the laborers in the vineyard were put into Mohammad’s mouth; all in all, he was transformed into an excellent Christian, despite his nine wives” 29 . In view of that above mentioned approaches of orientalists, one can easily judge the basic objectives of Oreintalism. Muhammad Asad pointed out the causes of negative approaches of orientalists towards Sunnah of Prophet Muhammad (SAW). He comments that, “Orientalists desire to push the Muslims into a path that goes towards darkness. They betray us highlighting only the book of Allah and minimizing the status of Hadith in the life of the Muslims. The traditions can be judged on every scale of authenticity they by the every touchstone have been judged that arranged, so purely and rightly words by the Prophet. So if there is no Hadith, the orientalists can explain the The Continuation of Orientalistic /Dr.Akram Sajid , Umar Hayat 36 Quran just as they like 30 . He explains the intrigues of the west: without Sunnah, the present generation can be westernized easily. Today due to the, heavy grip of the western cultural clutch, they feel ashamed following Sunnah. Sirah of Prophet Muhammad (SAW) and the West In every phase of history the orientalists have leveled a number of false accusations and charges against the Holy Prophet Muhammad (SAW). Here are some fields of their research. i. According to some western scholars, the Holy Prophet Muhammad (SAW) did not belong to a noble family. Margoliouth comments, “It seems clear that Muhammad came of a humble family. The Koraish in the Koran wonder why a Prophet should be sent to them who was not of noble birth. The views of Margoliouth are a sign of pride and prejudice and very far off from reality. The reality is that the grandfather of Prophet Muhammad (SAW) Hashim was a man of such commanding status that he finalized treaties with the Roman and Ghassanid authorities and this is another fact that the Prophet’s uncle Abu Talib was a great personality in the Arab society. ii. Orientalists also tried to create doubts about the divine mission of Prophet Muhammad (SAW). They presented unauthentic and baseless stories for creation of misconception about Prophet Muhammad (SAW) that he learned and obtained his knowledge of religion from Christian monk, Bahirah. Without any proof and sign William Muir presented negative approaches about Prophet Muhammad (SAW). He comments, thus was Muhammad led by such processes as we can only conjecture, but seemingly after a protracted period of doubt and hesitancy to give forth his message as proceeding direct from the Almighty 31 . iii. Orientalists have also presented their views against the life of Prophet Muhammad (SAW), orientalists are of the view that while at Mecca, is the life of a prophet, but in Madina it was developed into attended with the automatic growth of its evils, as war plundering murder, revenge and bloodshed 32 . iv. So many marriages. v. Conversions by force vi. Chain of slavery vii. Diplomacy and ordinary life like men of the world. Tor Andrae raised questions on the life of Prophet Muhammad (SAW) and marriage to Khadija 33 . Maxime Rodinson presented negative approaches about the life style of Holy prophet Muhammad (SAW) in his book titled “Muhammad”. He raised some questions on the interior Majallah Tahqiq Vol.35, Sr.No.95, April – June, 2014, 37 life of Prophet Muhammad (SAW) at Mecca and also at Madina. His objections are almost the same engineered by other orientalists. Bosworth Smith presented views about Prophet Muhammad (SAW) in his book “Muhammad and Mohammedanism” 34 . In this work he raised a lot of questions and changed the realities of the life of Prophet Muhammad (SAW). He presented that Prophet Muhammad (SAW) was a Prophet of Arabia. Moreover he has tried to create misconceptions about the status and the life of Prophet Muhammad (SAW). He has raised questions on the matter of polygamy. This is a fact that Bosworth Smith has adopted negative approaches about the life of Prophet Muhammad (SAW). Bernard Lewis has presented negative approaches about Islam and especially about Prophet Muhammad (SAW) 35 . Michael Cook and others objected according to their will. He also wrote on the biography of Prophet Muhammad (SAW). In this book he has tried to create negative image, he writes. “In Mecca his role had been confined to calling people to God, and he had been obliged to endure patiently the maltreatment to which this exposed him. But shortly before the Hijra, a verse was revealed to him permitting him to made war and bloodshed. Permission is granted to those who fight because they have been wronged. God is well able to come to their aid. Those who have been driven out of their homes unjustly, soon afterwards, Muhammad migrated, and from Madina he was able to avail himself of the new permission to good effect. In itself, of course, emigration did not have to lead to war; those of Muhammad’s followers who had previously emigrated to Ethiopia in what came be known as the first Hijra had been peaceful refugees. In Muhammad’s case the link was nevertheless a strong one, and the Koran often refers in one breath to emigration and war”. Keneeth Cragg wrote the biography of Prophet Muhammad (SAW) under title, “Muhammad and the Christian a Question of Response”. He discussed thoroughly the status of Prophet Muhammad (SAW). Apparently he has tried to present himself neutral in the research work, but in fact he is not neutral in his research. Martin Forward raised questions illogically about the wives of Prophet Muhammad (SAW), especially about Hazrat Aisha (R.A) 36 . Washington Irving is an American scholar. He wrote the biography of Prophet Muhammad (SAW). The title of his book is “Mahomet and his successors” raised a lot of objections, presenting the negative attitude towards wives of prophet especially about Hazrat Khadija (RA) and Hazrat Zanab (R.A). He briefly discussed the childhood of Prophet and present views that Prophet Muhammad (SAW) obtained knowledge from Christian monk in his early life. Annemarie Schimmel is another well known scholar. She The Continuation of Orientalistic /Dr.Akram Sajid , Umar Hayat 38 has written on the life of Prophet Muhammad (SAW). She is not extremist like other Orientalists. She has defined different events of Prophet’s life. Karen Armstrong is a contemporary Orietnalist. John rejects the charges and questions raised by western scholars on the life of Prophet Muhammad (SAW) and refuted very positively. Western Epistemology In modern era the approaches of contemporary orietnalists remain the same. They are much extremist and most of them have repeated the questions made by orientalists in early times. With the passage of time they have changed their research methodology towards Islam. They are not fair and neutral in their research. They are totally biased and prejudice in their research and are doing their research under the shadow of modernism, western epistemology, deprivation of heavenly realities and totally depend on human senses, experiences and general observation. It is called scientific methodology (The scientific methodology totally based on suspicious), materialism, and utilitarianism and western civilization. Creating Negative Image The basic objective of orientalism is to create negative impression about the reality of Islam. In every phase of history they have adopted negative approaches towards Islamic pillars as has been discussed briefly in the theme and history of orientalism. In modern era the attitude of western scholars has not changed. They have responded and reacted with prejudice, and have always tried to manage conspiracies against Islam, its culture and civilization, Quran and Sunnah of Prophet Muhammad (SAW). They have created negative image about Islamic movements, that these movements are a source of terrorism and extremism. Western scholars have also presented these types of ideas that those Muslim are terrorist, fundamentalist and extremist, who are passing their lives according to the teachings of Islam. So this is a historical fact that the basic objective of orientalism is to create a negative image about Islam in general. Muslim intellectuals replied that orientalism has political, economic, social and religious motives 37 . This is beyond doubt that orientalism has such intentions in general but here in this work it has been proved that orientalism has some specific purposes as well, and one of them is to create negative image about Islam adopting different strategies. i. The theory of clash of civilization presented by western scholars is a big sign of orientalists negative approaches to malign the image of Islam 38 . ii. The issue of cartoons is a second big evidence of prejudice of western authorities towards Islam and Prophet Muhammad (SAW). Majallah Tahqiq Vol.35, Sr.No.95, April – June, 2014, 39 Fleming Rose, who is basic activist of this issue, has taken six month training from an American institute supervised by a famous American scholar, Daniel Pipes 39 . iii. Another important evidence of negative approaches of orientalism is to give prestige for those so called Muslims who are working on Islam under the interest of western communities. British Royal family has given award of “Sir” to Salman Rushdi only for those “services”, presented in view of Satanic verses”. iv. Another horrible aspect is that orientalism has provided theoretical assistance to western countries in Iraq and Afghan War. As a result, thousands of innocent people have been killed and some serious incidents took place in Iraq and Afghanistan prisons that show a callous response of western soldiers desecrating the Holy book of Quran, and Islamic values and culture. The basic purpose of that type of attitude, is only to humiliate Muslim aspirations. v. In modern era orientalism has chalked out a new strategy for missionary objectives. For that purpose they have modified their strategy and organized so many institutions for helping needy people. But this is a fact that these types of institutions, NGO’s, relief services, and reform programmes have close association with Christian religious institutions. All the workers and volunteers are fully trained by their religious institutions. Their working style is very systematical; one missionary works in relief services whole the day but at evening he distributes literature and tries to promote specific ideology among the people. These types of missionary institutions mostly choose women, because they think that women are more effective than gents in missionary purposes. Changing Islamic Culture Orientalism has objectives to create moderation in Muslim societies as well. For the sake of that purpose western countries are supporting those elements in Muslim societies who are close to western civilization and they are stressing Muslim governments to change their educational system in the name of modernism. Dr. Ahmad Ghorab defined the objectives of orientalism, he writes, orientalists desire to more against Islam and make the Muslims away from their belief. “Many of the people of the book want to make you unbelievers after you have believed, though the envy from their own selves, and after the truth has been made clear to them” 40 . The history of orientalism depicts that it has closely been associated with the needs and purposes of colonialism and with missionary ambitions. That connection remains. It has now been The Continuation of Orientalistic /Dr.Akram Sajid , Umar Hayat 40 converted into a part of the geopolitical strategies of western still today governments and their secret services, American led NATO coalition. As a summary it may be concluded that today Muslim world is facing more critical circumstances. Today west is superior in the weapon industry, economy and more hardworking and efficient. They have puppets in the shape of Muslim rulers who are “more loyal” than the “expectations” are. Orientalists have their covered, and veiled agenda to seek shortcomings in Islam and Quran, finding no weak point over there, they got fall easy prey to the Muslims. They could not change Quran and Hadith but changed the Muslims. Nowadays the western civilization is sole super power and superior to any culture of the world, copying it is considered to be a pride. West, in the leadership of United States is trying her best to overcome the Muslims and their natural resources. The phenomenon is with the Muslims, especially, the Muslim scholars, researches and thinkers to pay attention and play the required role.

Majallah Tahqiq Vol.35, Sr.No.95, April – June, 2014, 41 REFERENCES

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