Innovations of Morvarid and Hesamoddin Khooei

Home , King of Kings, Vahshi Bafqi

Asian Journal of Language, Literature and Culture Studies

3(1): 32-44, 2020; Article no.AJL2C.50054

Samane Sangchooli1* and Reza Ashrafzade1

1Department of Persian Language and Literature, Islamic Azad University, Neishabour Branch, Iran.

Authors’ contributions

This work was carried out in collaboration between both authors. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Article Information

Editor(s): (1) Dr. Suleyman Goksoy, Associate Professor, University of Duzce, Turkey. (2) Dr. Bakare Kazeem Kayode, Assistant Professor, Al-Medina International University, Malaysia. Reviewers: (1) M. V. Chandramathi, Delhi Public School, India. (2) Ragab Selim Ali, Mansoura University, Egypt. (3) Onorina Botezat, Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University, Romania. (4) Oribhabor Chinelo Blessing, University of Africa Toru, Nigeria. (5) Alan Garfield, University of Dubuque, USA. Complete Peer review History: http://www.sdiarticle4.com/review-history/50054

Received 05 May 2019 Accepted 09 July 2019 Original Research Article Published 06 April 2020

ABSTRACT

Human is the only creature, whose mission is to create, and who has a great desire to innovate a new work. Throughout human history, many innovations have emerged in the field of literature; of course, many poets and writers caused these innovations. Hesamoddin Khooei and Shahaboddin Morvarid have left novel works in the field of writing. The goal of both writers has been to teach the address skill. Hesamoddin created his address with address titles in the form of exuberant prose and requests with the title of the literary type, such as "Chaos Town". Shahaboddin Morvarid, along with Hesamoddin, has written the address based on his delicate nature in the form of the quatrain, and in the introduction to Divan1 of Hafez, he has called Hafez "Lassan al-Ghib" for the first time.

Keywords: Hessamoddin khoei; shahaboddin morvarid; divan of hafez and morvarid.

1 Poetry book ______

*E-mail: [email protected];

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1. INTRODUCTION Requests of Hesamoddin Khooei is a literary type like "Chaos City". He is known as one of Generally, there is no background regarding this, inventors of benedictory poems. but in poets' Tadhkirah 2 and separately, the collection of works of Hesamoddin Khooei and In the ninth century (AH), Shahaboddin Morvarid Shahboddin Morvarid have been introduced, wrote a book called "Sharafname" in the field of which are presented briefly: authorship but considering his delicate nature, all of the address is in the form of quatrains. The Soghra Abbaszade is the editor and researcher of quatrains are written in the orders of notification Hesamoddin Khooei's works in 2000. She has and dispatch, as well as dismissal and collected and edited a valuable collection of appointment and sorrow and felicitation. Hesamoddin Khooei's works. What Hesamoddin Khooei has written in prose Seyed Ali Mir Afzali has written a detailed with address titles in the beginning of letters for introduction to story and works of Morvarid in different people choosing complex words book " Munes-ol-Ahbab", Shahaboddin Abdollah exuberant, Shahabuddin Morvarid has expressed Morvarid's collection of quatrains. In the book, he in the form of quatrains. mentioned Morvarid's family and cultural relations as well as literary situation in Timurid Requests of Hesamoddin Khooei and address of period. Morvarid can be introduced as examples for innovations of these two proficient poets and Writing and secretaryship have been one of writers. Teaching writing to enthusiasts has been social classes, especially kings' courts, since old their common goal. Thus, most of the works of times and writers have had a special value and these two have become educational. credit in royal court so that they were the third social class, after princes and Zoroastrian priests, Requests of Hesamoddin Khooei and address of in Sassanid period. In different periods, methods Morvarid have been set to convey sublime of writing skill and its instructions have been meanings and different requests in various taught by writers like Bozorgmehr and Borzuya, positions. (Sassanid period) Jeyhani and Balami family, Abou Nasr Meshkan and Abolfazl Beyhaghi The purpose of this research is to revive these (Samanian and Ghaznavian Dynasties) Amir two prominent writers and to identify their Onsor Al-Ma'ali Keykavoos and in the innovations in the field of poetry and prose. ninth century (Hijri), books like Manazer-al-Ensha by Khaje Emaddodin Mahmoud Gavan, Hesamoddin Khooei was an orator and scholar in Tarssol3 Book by Molla Hossein Vaez Kashefi. the eighth century (AH) and studied Persian, Arabic and Turkish texts. His prose, like the Hesamoddin Khoei, who was called Mozafari, writers of that exuberant and complex time, was created a collection of works in the eighth century important and valuable. Hesamoddin Khooei, in AH. He has taught different people the method of order to escape from the Mongol invasion, was address in each treatise. He has a detailed forced to migrate from his hometown - to Asia section called "Mokhatabat" (addressing) in his Minor, and found a way to the court of Al- three books "GhavaeddoRasael" and Choupan. Due to his interest in Mozaffaroddin "GhanyatolKateb" and "RosoomoRasael". Yolq Arsalan (704 AH), he wrote the book "Nezhatol Kottab" in his name and also got the Hesammoddin created a new design in writing epithet "Mozaffar" from him [1]. dictionaries and secretaryship. He considers "Mofradat", dictionary, related to childhood to high Hesamoddin Khooei's works are as follows: 4 school and learning "Mokhataba " in adolescence - Nasib-ol-Fetyan va Al-Tebyan is a and entrance in the field of authorship and he has dictionary in the form of poetry which is written his book "NezhatolKottab" for the translated from Tazi Language in imitation of complementary period of authorship, ministry and Nesabo Sebyan of Farahi. The poem of other techniques of Tarassol. Nasib-ol-Fetyan has fifty paragraphs and two quatrains and its total is 335 couplets. Apparently, this book is complementary to 2 Memorandum 3 Deliberateness in writing "Nesabo Sebyan" and written for young 4 address people (Rok, ibid, 20, 97).

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- Hesam's gift is a poetic Turkish to Persian people, Poetic History 11 and Khosro and Shirin dictionary. did not get widespread due to not completing" [3]. - Request is a treatise including more than a According to Sam Mirza, Abdollah Morbarid wrote hundred poems and quatrains about events of the reign in prose and poetry. However, different requests which is invented in the the prosaic history was completed but the poetic form of quatrains and a new literary type like history was not completed and "its life system "Chaos City". collapsed" (Ibid: 96). - "NezhatolKottab", "Ghavaed-ol-Rasael" and GhavaedolFazayel", "GhanyatolKateb" and Since the seventh century (AH), because of the "RosumolRasael" are treatises that have excessive spread of Arabic vocabulary in proses been written in order to educate writers and and poems, it was necessary to make children secretaries. In these books, the technique of learn Arabic since childhood, which was done in Rasael5 and epithets of the state bodies and different ways. One of these ways was teaching authorities are announced to them in Arabic words in Persian in the form of poetry. Khatab 6 . Also, some content regarding This was done by Abou Nasr Farahu (passed correspondence and poetic statements. away in 640 AH) in a book called "Nesabo Sebyan". Hesamoddin, in his three books "Ghavaed-ol- Rasael" and "Ghanyat-ol-Kateb" and Through this book, children learned religious, "RosumolRasael", has a detailed section and literary and historical knowledge, even almost same with the title of "Mokhatabat", which mathematics and astronomy and also learned 7 shows the importance of this section of Tarassol poetic rhymes and the name of its axis (Rok, and secretaryship and technique. As mentioned, Dehkhoda, Introduction, 220). 8 learning "vocabulary of dictionary" is in childhood and in high school and the book " NezhatolKottab Following this book, other books have been also va TohfatolAhbab" is for the completeness of written in that way. In the seventh century AH, secretaryship and ministry to other techniques of Hesamoddin Khooei wrote the book "Nasib-ol- Tarassol. Fetyan" which is apparently for young people and is complementary to "Nesab-ol-Fetyan". The Shahaboddin Abdollah, son of Khajeh poem of Nesab-ol-Fetyan has fifty paragraphs Shamsoddin, known as Bayani, is one of the and two quatrains and its total is 355 couplets. artist celebrities in the field of poetry, calligraphy and musicianship. From the viewpoint of The first paragraphs of that are mentioned in calligraphy artologists, Shahaboddin Morvarid is "God's Names" and after that the Prophet's as beautiful as "peacock feather" and from the names and Suras and Ahadiths. Also, there are viewpoint of musicianship "the tune of its law has some couplets to teach Quran's Names or Suras made the lovers' hearts lawless" (ibid). with Sujud12 Verses or the names of lunar months and etc. [1]. In order to get familiar with writing method of Khaje Abdollah Morvarid, we should refer to his 2. QURAN'S NAMES letters. He provided some of his letters and writings in a book called "Sharafname". Khaje Oh, thou, God defined you in conception, Abdollah also wrote a preface to Hafez's book common sense know how many names has, the and is one of the first people who edited Divan of Holy Quran ?

Hafez [2]. Either book and word, or blessed and healing vow and proof and great, rope and gospel and 9 Sam Mirza, in Sami's Gift , expresses the works sage Obvious and messenger and mercy and and compilations in this way: "Among the results guidance preaching of light of speech and straight of his nature, Divan of sonnets and odes and path (Ibid: 96) quatrains called Munes-ol-Ahbab and Kingdom History10 and writings are famous among different Lunar months' names as follow:

Since Muharram comes to a halt, after which 5Message comes Safar two Rabi and two Jmadi, thats 6 Addressing truth, not impossible 7Deliberateness in writing 8Mofradat 9Tohfe Sami 11Tarikh-e Manzoum 10Tarikh-e Shahi 12Prostration to God

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Rajab and Sha'ban, then Ramadan and in literature along with sonnets and elegies and Shawwal dhu'l-qa'dah and dhu'l-hijja are at panegyrics. Dr. Shafiei Kadkani considers the end of the year Hesamoddin Khooei as inventors of demanding poems [5]. That said in imitation of Abu Nasr Farahi: 3. AN EXAMPLE OF THE POEMS When Muharram passed, Safar comes two Rabi and two Jmadi follow each other While praising the Sultan, in a meeting where there is no enough light, he asks light and Rajab, then, Sha'ban, Ramadan and candles. Shawwal then look after dhu'l-qa'dah and dhu'l-hijja Begging candles (Ibid) Oh, only Mir, without you there’s no light in this Anyway, this poetic dictionary, whether in its time gathering or after that, was a textbook for young people to learn Persian synonyms of Arabic words for The sun is not shining forever without your centuries. glittering allowance

Among Hesamoddin's works, "Requests 13 "has Although, it is difficult and persistence send a been proposed as a literary type and the poet's sign to me innovation. There’s sweet and wine and chicken, send us candle by donation [1] "The oldest place where this literary kind of poem-Moltamesat- has been mentioned is a very And also: old war which is available in Lala Esmaeil Library in modern Turkey. In that, there is a chapter Begging sweet called Moltamesat with poems from a poet called Hesamoddin Khoei with references to Anvari" Chief, have a great evening by your grace we're (Shafiei Kadkani, 2010, 116). on moon and sun and Jupiter by friends largess

Moltamesat, in fact, is originated from the It deserves if send the crowd sweet nut and multiplicity of requests of most court poems. almond and pistachio Although, Moltamesat and Chaos City are of less (Ibid: 96) literary value, apart from poetic requests, social and points and situation of courts and medical (1) Most of poetic requests of Hesamoddin remedial aspects are artistically proposed in has an educational and analytical aspect; it is not Moltamesat. This self-innovation forms a new that he asks for wine and candle because of literary type. Chaos City in literary terms is need. Although this literary type has an referred to a poem in which the poet can give us educational aspect, the necessity of time and beneficial information about different guilds and social condition of that time can be seen in the occupations that existed in a time. Also, it praises content, meanings of request poems most of the city's people or his surrounding and Ashrafzadeh, Reza [5]. sometimes says beautiful and adorable words to beloved [4]. Begging witness

Moltamesat may include the least to the most There is no one in this gathering, which he's not requests. While it is considered a new literary happy nobody is distressed by shadow of anxiety type, but sometimes it causes self-contempt. The most concept in demanding poems is petty and Among enjoyment and debauchery in our feast beggarly requests that undermine the supreme there's lack of nothing, except witness and belle spirit of human. (Ibid: 96)

In fact, it was this beggarly nature of some poets It is concluded from this quatrain that social that introduce supplication and demanding poems condition of Iran in the seventh and eights centuries was so corrupt that the poet brassily

13 asks for "witness and belle" of his praised! Moltamesat

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Unfortunately, this literary type of "Moltamesat" According to Hesamoddin Khooei, "the most did not continue and other poets did not leave important technique of correspondence is work in this field. As a result, requesting poems- knowledge of positions and address of the Moltamesat- has been recorded as a technique authorities". by Hesamoddin Khooei; thus, he can be (Ibid: 277) considered as an innovative poet. This means that authors and secretors were Bayani Kermani- Morvarid, in addition to using obliged to know "expression of ranks and the especial literary terms, specific to poetry and order of authorities" and mention them at the top poets, has written 3 poetic romantic quatrains, of their letters. For example, in addressing of the "like Chaos City", with word experts: first social guild, in the seventh and eights centauries, these people can be known: Help me! which I'm woeful without you there's wrinkle on my fate face, from your distraction Salatin (kings), Moluk (seigneurs), Mokhadarat (women who sat in veil), Vozara (ministors), Your face, the sunrise of the morning of Atabak (lord father), Nayeb Hazrat Saltanat happiness I died from your distraction, this is a (regent), Mostofi (state accountant), campaign to pseudonym [2] states, courtiers of lord, Khazen (treasurer), Moshref Mamalek (observer), Amir Arezan (chief Or: of plaintiffs), Toghraei (monogram writer), Motevali (trustee), Amir-e Dad (chief of justice), By the hope of being beside you, there's been fire commanders of corps, Kotwal (chatelain), Amir-e in my chest Alam (chief of flag), Arezi (commander of devision). It is noticeable that court and social I'm thinking about union, but I've burned cause of ranks of the above people are observed in the your distraction sorrow (ibid: ibid) order of position and one can say that the court value of Atabak is higher than "Nayeb Hazrat (2) The beautiful proportional equivoque (Iham-e Saltanat" or Sultan had a power and position like Tanasob) in "Harf-e Vasl", "Nayere" and "Gheyd", kings while "Malek" had a provincial power and which are all of rhyme words, is very interesting domination. and shows the poetic power of "Bayani Kermani" that the real meanings of the words "talking about The part of Mokhatabat has been one of the main union with beloved", "burning flame of sorrow fire" and basic requirements of the technique of writing and being in shackle of this fire have been and secretaryship. When a secretary started a considered by him [6]. letter according to the order: considering the position of the writer and the person to whom the Another: letter was being wrote, he had to address the receiver with concise and panegyric sentences Oh wind! I'm impatient cause of rejoice of union and words, according to his status and dignity, in wanna you send my message to her the title and in the addressing, mention his social status and characteristics. For example, in Repeating my name like a refrain if it faces a addressing "Nayeb Hazrat Saltanat", he had to rhyme, by accident (ibid: ibid) write:

The word "Ghafiye 14 " is proportional equivo- "The verbiage of Khayyam, in the government of que which is used in the real meaning after Hazrat Ma'alah, the great Lord, Malik Muluk al- future. Amra al-A'lam, Emad al-Mulk, Mo'in Al-Hazrat, Great Vice-regent, Azod king of kings, being One of important techniques which secretors and heared a lot till many years and the stability of authors should learn in writing to embellish the government be permanent" [1]. front page of their letters and writings with that to make "the person to whom the letter is written" In addition to praising "regent", he honored the like it, and they should pay attention to other monarchy and addressed him as "Moein-ol- subjects of the letter, is the address technique, Hazrat" and "Azod Soltan" and finally ended in that is, which title should be mentioned for each the prayer which has considered from the person. beginning of the addressing. He writes to "Zahhad" observing all his religious and social

14 aspects: Rhyme

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"due to this blessing time, Sheikh zahed aref, centuries (AH), "Salatin" are at the top and Seyyed-ol-mashayekh, Sefvat-ol-mohagheghin, addressing "Moluk" is after Salatin and after Naj al-Islam al-moslemin, be without interruption "Mokhadarat" and following that "Vozara" and integration until the time of the uprising. (ministers). While, in book "Munes-ol-Ahbab" by "(Same: 238) Morvarid, after "to Salatin" of the writer, the Salatain's answer is mentioned with the title of All the words like Times the plural form of time- "Salatin" to "Molazemin" (attendants) of the terms of ascetics and mystics- sheikh, zahed writer, and immediately to "people of Allah and (ascetic), aref (mystic), seyyed-ol-mashayekh, dervishs", which shows social changes since the sefvat-ol-mohagheghin (people who have seventh and eighth to the ninth and tenth reached God) are related to the ascetic. centuries (AH).

But Sheikh Shahaboddin Abdollah Morvarid, We evaluate "addressing titles" by Hesamoddin known as "Bayani Kermani", about two centuries and Shahboddin Morvarid by mentioning some later, chose a new method for "addressing examples. (Mokhatabat)" and write in the form of quatrains considering writing "addressing" of writers and Addressing Salatin: secretaries before himself. In book "Munes-ol- "The Sunlight of the State of the Almighty God, Ahbab", he states: the commander of human being, Prosperous king, Time Alexander, luminescent Jamshid, "As I remember by my weak memory, due to the Heaven king, Owner of the throne of the delicacy of time and elegance of beginning, the victorious king, Sultan, King of Arab and Persia, sensitive temper of sages suffer due to writing cast light upon the inhabitants of the great and reading the words of the long pages, and it countries of the world and long live the kingdom will be shameful for its writer due to its meaning. by divine confirmation" [1]. It will be more appropriate and literate if the writer mentions some characteristics and occasions in Proportion of the words and this type of rhymes the order of quatrains and not brings an was more pleasant in the seventh and eighth explanation" [2]. centuries (AH), which was not heeded in the ninth and tenth centuries (AH) considering "elegance of The purpose of "elegance of time" is the time". Bayani Kermani has written 16 quatrains presence of scholars and scientists and poets in addressing Salatin, 8 of which has a prayer form: the ninth and tenth centuries (AH). And the presence of jokers and people with delicate O lord! that your bliss is growing! your honor onto words in that time had caused "elegance of time". sky! The "temper of most intelligent people" became "delicate thinkers" and in fact, all were full of Your judge on the good and bad of the time you poem and poetry. Other rhymed words and judge and fate have a same sense! (became so boring that (Morvarid, 2000: 71 " ﺻﺣﺎﯾف طوﯾل ّاﻟذﯾل " phrases the secretaries and writers were ashamed of In another quatrain, while pleading for victory and using those words. prosperity, he anathematizes Sultan's enemy.

Quatrains and writing quatrains were also O Lord! that victory and prosperity is for you! expanded in this century and Bayani Kermani your shining moon glittering to the world also expressed "exports of moods and events of fear" in lyrics and in the form of quatrains and Hope the day your enemy takes a good omen be provided a collection too found a new method in a bad day by your will! (Ibid: 72) Tarassol and "Mokhatabat" and to create a new type of poems, as Hesamoddin had created The following quatrain shows a time when a "Moltamesat" as a literary type- like "Chaos City". Sultan conquered a country that this must be Therefore, these two poets can be introduced as written at the top of the letter: people who own the style in creating a certain literary type- poetic Moltamesat and Mokhatabat. Your blade, Lord! Like the Blark and that blade on Poetic Mokhatabat of Shahboddin Morvarid, like jealous apex Hesamoddin Khooei, do not have a certain order based on social classes. For instance, as Your inhabitant, be blessed you on the throne, be previously mentioned, in the seventh and eighth blessed (Ibid: 74)

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It is concluded from these quatrains that the Mohammad, with two noble points of the writer must pray for king first and then distressed dust of time, immune" [1]. anathematize his enemy and of course be wishing for the durability of king's monarchy and Selecting words and combinations like "Anfas, praise his status. Although, all of this are Molana and Sayedana, Arbab-ol-Ghoolub, Anwar mentioned in "Mokhatabat" by Hesamoddin, Taeen, Morshed" for addressing Mashayekh neither they have rhymes nor they are in a way Kebar has created both appropriate symmetry that "they embarrass their writer because of and serenading prologues. But if sheik does not meaning". have the merit of these qualities, a kind of improper and unreal exaggeration is created that Bayani Kermani (Morvarid) has mentioned five makes the writer ashamed. Bayani Kermani has quatrains to issue the letters that he has to write written 4 quatrains to Ahlollah and Darwishs for different people. Apparently, this type is his which have mostly poetic and mystic concepts. innovation and is not mentioned in Mokhatabat by For example, he addressed them from the Hesamoddin. viewpoint of disciples and devotees and those who are needless of the king, as follows: For example, this quatrain is addressed to an attendant who is loyal to king and sultan, he gives The people who are familiar with the meaning comfort to him that if he is honest continuously, have bright of eyes by your light he will become especial to the king: Those who kings need their attention are begging Thou, in sea of familiarity, the diver be sincere on for your moment attention [2]. the way of loyalty! In this quatrain, he points "the elder's view" and Take the Ihram of truth adytum to be special in becoming perfect of the disciple. This view, sanctuary of our sanctity (Ibid: 74) according to beliefs of Muslims, in particular mystics, is like an elixir that cause a change in Soft and gentle language in the speech is quite inner nature of the disciple. evident. Another quatrain: Another quatrain is when a sinner, whose crime is excessive, and the king forgives him to show the Thou that I kneel down in front of you both the greatness of his mercy, the words and truth finder and the lord of need combinations have been chosen perfectly suited to the position of the king: Glance at me by your benignity make my both worlds Your sin if unlimited and countless be inferior by (Ibid, ibid) our benignity In "Mokhatabat" of the book "Ghavaed-ol-Rasael" If sin and I can’t forgive so, my pardon be less by Hesamoddin Khooei, no addressing has been than your sin (Ibid: Ibid) written for scholars and scientists but it has a topic like this "addressing of Sadat15 who are of Morvarid, after Salatin, writes to Ahlollah (God's scholars" [1]. This means Sadat who are people) and Mashayekh Kebar (great elders). scholars, but in poetic Mokhatabat of the book Taking into account conditions of the time and the Munes-ol-Ahbab by Morvarid, scholars and Sadat status and rank of mystics and elders in the ninth have two separate topics: "write to scholars" and and tenth centuries (AH), they are addressed "write to Sadat and Noghaba16". Considering this immediately after Salatin and this shows the case, it can be concluded that in the seventh and respect of this group in that time. Hesamoddin eights centuries, "Sadat" did not have a separate writes to Mashayekh Kebar as follows: title yet. However, this group, scholar and scientist, were somewhat in touch with court of "Due to blessed breathing of the Supreme kings and emirs, which led them to be considered Assembly, Maulana and Sayedana sheykh and and addressed. But in the ninth and tenth al-shoyokh al-Islam, Arbab-ol-Ghoolub, Anwar centuries (AH), scholars had a high position and Taeen, Morshed al-Salikin, Qadduh al-Arifin, Hadi status and got credit and respect in society and al-Muheqeqin, Waliullah fi al-arazin, Sadr al-Haq al-din, Rokn al-Islam al-Muslimin, Abu al-Muluk 15 Descendants of the prophet al-salatin, close to days of the Prophet 16 Leaders

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also Sadat of Imam Ali's and Fatemeh Zahra's Thou, that your door dust is my crown mist of children had a high respect in society, even their your way, is eye vitriol "Noghaba" had power, respect and authority. What if your goodness not support humanity? Hesamoddin addresses "Sadat who is of This rule is the heritage of best huma (Ibid: 77) scholars", under the title, like this to whom it should be written at top of the letter: And:

"The unique nature of Mulana, the emir of great Thou, the luck qiblah of the world, dust of your Imam, the kingdom of virtuous and noblity, door asset of fortunate, for your acceptance Seyyed al-ulama, Jamal Al Yasin, Malek Al- Sadat, Manbah Al-Sadat, which Ghosna Matin is Today, you are the butler of theism feast of Doha's prophecy, and Samson is of the Sea of tomorrow, next to the Kowsar pool, to your door Prophecy, be supported by Aoun Zul al-Jalal". (Ibid, Ibid) In the book "Ghavaed-ol-Rasael" by Hesamoddin Khooei, astronomers are addressed like this: Almost all the cases extend them their relation to the Prophet (PBUH) but the title of "MalekoSadat" "Stars of luck of Shams, Perfect sane emir, Malik is meant the same "Naghib17" that is in fact the Al-afazel, Jame al-fazael, Ghoddov al-monajjemin representative of Sadat in state and social affairs. (leader of astronomers), the manifestation of the secrets of Al-Sayyadat, from the tower of But Bayani Kermani has written 5 quatrains for prosperity, his splendor shinning with two rays of scholars and also other five quatrains for the sun of his soul" [1]. Noghaba and Sadat. All the addresses are proportional to astronomy, In addressing scholars, it is mostly relied on their but it is exuberant. In Munes-ol-Ahbab, Morvarid knowledge and they have been known as people had 3 quatrains addressing astronomers, it has who have divine knowledge and the world "is been written so close to poems of Chaos City and blessed with their knowledge" and have been completely in a lyrical and emotional way: grown in "consensus lesson" and the secret of all sciences is revealed to them. Although my tears are like a wire on the face the sign of sorrow on it, is like counting stars Cause you have a desire for each so, you have always away Blood of my tears, is flowing like a stream cause Secrets are discovered by you cause you know of zeal of seeing you, is like a calendar [2] all sciences without learning [2]. Using the terms is specific to astronomers: And also: As long as I stay away of your union I was burned Thuo, that have merit and knowledge like of the smell of toxic in your grief plain ancestors the whole intellect lowered note ahead of your wisdom Alas that our distress was due to stars looking and astronomical impact (Ibid, 79) The world's lap become resourceful by your knowledge as sunburn does on the lap of the Addressing poets: Hesamoddin considers most Aurora poets as courtiers "who praise Moluk and Salatin" (Ibid, ibid) which is "Mokhtare-ol-Ma'ani" and "Aziz-ol- Khezrat-ol-Aliye", in other words, they are But the main reliance on the quatrains, related to precious and respected in the courts of kings. Noghaba and Sadat, is that Sadat are heir of the best human, the intermediate for friendship of the "The pleasures of the clear verve of Sami Prophet's family and child of Saghi Kosar and Assembly, Seyyed al-Sodur Al-Fazel, Razi Hazrat they should resort Al-e Aba:18 al-Akaber, Farid al-Zaman, Badi El-Dahr, Mokhtare-ol-Ma'ani, Aziz-ol-Khezrat-ol-Aliye, Mobde Al-Fazayel val bayan, Seyyed Al-Shoa'ra, 17 Leader Malek Al-Fusah, Safi Al-Islam Al-Meskin, Madeh 18 The five holy ones: Mohammad/Fatimah/Ali/Hassan and Al-Muluk and Al-Salatin, acheive great happiness Hussein

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and the magnificent life, submerged by the best Messiah (AS) is the symbol of medicine and honors" [1]. treatment of patients and in exaggeration, they would resemble physicians to him. Bayani Kermani, in addition to using terms specific to poetry and poets, has written 3 poetic Another: quatrains in the form of "Chaos City": No sense of odor of union on soul's smell the Help me! which I'm woeful without you there's entire life finished in achieving union wrinkle on my fate face, from your distraction We're afflicted by the distraction poison, but in Your face, sunrise of the morning of happiness I the hope of union drug (Ibid, ibid) died from your distraction, this is a pseudonym [2]. Addressing the writers, Hesamoddin, according to his routine, mentions the same repeated terms And also: that has written about ministers and writers briefly: By the hope of being beside you there's been fire in my chest "Luck and prosperity of the Honorable Assembly, Seyyed Al-Sodur, Malek Al-Afazel, Zaim Arbab I'm thinking about union, but I've burned cause of Al-Ensha, Nasher Al-Tayyef, containing the your distraction sorrow (Ibid, ibid) Fonon Al-Zaraef, Nezam Al-Islam, Mogharrab Al-

Using words such as "talking about union with Hazre, Mokhles Al-Muluk Al-Salatin, be double " beloved" and "shackle", which are rhyme words [1]. and also have created a beautiful proportional equivoque that shows the power and delicacy of Hesamoddin Khooei, like Bayani Kermani, Morvarid's nature. considers ministers and secretaries in connection with each other. He has written his book “Due to breath of the Supreme Assembly, Mulana "NezhatolKottab" for completing the course of Malek Al-Atba al-Hokama, Rahe Al-arwah, Shafa secretaryship and ministry and other techniques Al-Qolub Al-ashbah, Bograt Al-Zaman, messiah of Tarassol. At that time, Ministers had to be of the time, Aziz-ol-Khezrat-ol-Aliye, the feeling of accomplished authors and expert secretaries. breath and jealous on the earth will be the reason of achievement!" [1] Bayani Kermani has written 3 quatrains addressing writers considering especial and The terms are rich, rhymed and exuberant that romantic meanings and terms and like Chaos according to Bayani Kermani, "waters" get City: ashamed of writing them in the ninth and tenth centuries (AH). Morvarid has mentioned three Thou, kohl of writers, the dust of archaism ruby- quatrains addressing physicians in the book by inside - following the figure of archaism "Moones-ol-Ahbab". According to his poetic nature, they have been written in a romantic way My eyes white like a paper in the wish of your and like Chaos City and considering medical black letter [2] terms: And also: I am sick and my sorrow expresses my sorrow and suffering O, light of my two eyes, the dust of archaism I

If your union not put on immediate healing o, delivered your black letter

Lord! who cures my illness [2]. Caused the relief of your sorrow, on my heart by Another quatrain: every loyal letter, which written by your pen (Ibid, ibid) Thou, your distraction caused flow of the blood by cruelty in need of your remedy, whether false But the following quatrain is more of explanation or right with especial terms of secretaryship and calligraphy. Open your mouth to answer my question cause there is no miracle except in your life-giving lips, Fortunate, Enthusiastic paper her phrase of the Christ (Ibid, 80) honor interpolation, fine gem

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With soot of pen, its whiteness musky its literacy In the Timurid period, Art was in full swing in all like amber-biz on the leaves of semen (Ibid, ibid) fields of painting, calligraphy, illuminated manuscripts, music and poetry. And Sultain So far, there are common "addressings" between Hossein Baystaghar was a calligrapher, poet and works of Hesamoddin Khooei and Bayani painter and "supported artists so generously" [7]. Kermani, which are almost common among "Ghavaed-ol-Rasael" and "Ghanyat-ol-Kateb" and Shahboddin Abdollah Morvarid was also "Ghanyat-ol-Kateb". But in "Moones-ol-Ahbab", ultimately in full swing of calligraphy, poetry, there are other addresses which can be a sign of musicianship and writing. In music, he was social changes between the two centuries. master in composing, "some of his songs, ballads and melodies became so popular among people In the ninth century (AH), artists were supported of Harat and other cities" [2]. by kings and emirs and considered as an important social class. Therefore, Bayani Kermani Morvarid so cherished musicians that sometimes has written quatrains addressing artists. he held their hands and kissed them and put

He writes in addressing painters: them on his eyes (Rok, Badaye-ol-Vaghaye, vol. 1: 244, quoted by Bayani Kermani: 23). Romani In "Moones-ol-Ahbab", he has mentioned two people sang songs of Bayati, Morvarid in alleys quatrains addressing painters; however, the and bazaars and made splash (Rok, ibid, 134). terms he used for painters are somehow appropriate for calligraphers. He writes addressing composers:

Letter of that pure soul was send to me its effect Bayani Kermani has mentioned three quatrains pass deep through me addressing "composers" and of course according to his delicate nature and routine, they are Cause of zeal of her phrase my imagination romantic and subtle and point out terms related to turning around her line, as writing [2] musicianship:

Words such as "letter", "phrase", "script" and Thou, Like Messiah, from the lip of a tired has "writing" are symmetries for calligraphy. survived an empty body, by miracle

And also: Put a finger on my pulse since I've been dull and weak, like a silk-maker [2]. Wish, I could pass from your side using dust of your door as eye kohl Or:

In wish of join your watered flower I've satisfied to As I would be near you like a letter I would turn see you while sleeping up and down like a pen (Ibid, 81) Thou, casting blood cause of distraction, when Bayani Kermani has mentioned 3 quatrains will you back? so your pick biting to the vessel of addressing singers in the book "Moones-ol- soul Ahbab" that, in addition to considering their song, (Ibid, 82) he has written them in a poetic way and like Chaos City: In the book "Ghonyat-ol-Kateb", Hesamoddin Khooei has allocated a chapter to "addressing of The day I was beside you a moment I have a father's relatives and those who are like father, feeling of regret to see you such as master, served and older brother" [1], in which he teaches the way of addressing each Weeping to see your face dying of hearing your relative in a simpler and subtler way: sound (Ibid, ibid) In addressing father, it should be written like this: And: "May the august times of the sympathetic lord, Thou, another fire like me in each side another the magnanimous father be spent in achieving sick cause of your distraction in each side goals of the two words and the presence of yours Raise and answer my question so, I hear your is surrounded by sacred affection, swear to his sound, once again (Ibid, ibid) blessings" (ibid, ibid)

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Bayani Kermani has nothing addressing relatives content related to this school is the expression of and kinfolks, but he has written quatrains for "inner Vasookhts" of the poet which is along with respecting father, mother, brother and child: "separation, hope, deprivation, enthusiasm and despair" [8]. If your father be like wind in a hemp! your life will be free from dying But before Vahshi Bafghi, Morvarid Kermani wrote some quatrains with these contents that he Though the morning passed, the sunlight be long can be known as the starter of Voghu School. if no aurora, the moon rising high (Ibid, 83) 4. EXAMPLES OF VASOOKHT In interpreting father and child, morning and sun, or twilight and crescent have been used In complaining: proportional to relationship between the two and for respecting mother, he likens mother to a What gain if be separated from you hundred shellfish and child to "pearl": years? what gain if I die a hundred times for you?

If halo sank, moonshine must be steady if the Today I died for your faithful what gain if I not be branch was broken, the fruit must be remained tomorrow? [2]

O, pure gem made of honor oyster if the oyster In depression: was destroyed, gem must be remained (Ibid, 84) Till when call a rival beside you? to enjoy fruition beside him In addition to the above, Morvarid has written I disturbed a lot cause of you so offering your quatrains in the form of addressing in the phrase meeting to the rival (Ibid, 99) of sickness, in complaining about syphilis, sore eyes, earache, leg ache, thanksgiving, in seeking Aversion to beloved is quite evident. Vasookht favor, in complaining, in requesting meeting, in and boredom and aversion to beloved are pleading mercy and compassion, in hopefulness characteristics of Voghu School: which are set with a secretarial but poetic concept and like Chaos City. In the following quatrain, a kind of "nostalgia" and yearning for the past is seen which is later For example, there is a very beautiful poetical observed in poetry and lyrics of Vahshi Bafghi: aetiology in "leg ache"; Once, my heart and I were a resident of a quarter When your feet injured and stand the pain my were resident of uproar idiot quarter poor heart burned of pain With no wisdom and religion, we were crazy As if it has a pain in the world it is the pain of your about a belle attached to a tail of hair injured feet (Ibid, 85) No one could stand there, just me and heart no Or addressing "earache" captured was there among these kind [9]

O, Lord! Enjoy your cup of love O, Lord! Your And Morvarid Kermani has written like this: confident and servant instead of your sense O, distracted love, after that separation day which I live in sadness house O, Lord! Except my heart pain, that you will listen I didn't stop talking about you for a moment I never understand its pain by ear (Ibid). didn't stop thinking about you for a moment [2].

In "Munes-ol-Ahbab", he has some quatrains in According to the above, Shahaboddin Abdollah complaining about alienation, succumbing to Morvarid, known as Bayani Kermani, passed anguish of desired, depression, complaining, away in 1516, can be considered as pioneer and depression, regret and disappointment, which can inventor of Voghu School. The school was be the first examples of "Vasookht" (turn from the evolved by Vahshi Bafghi and Orfi Shirazi and beloved) in Persian poetry and in quatrain. others.

Researchers consider Vahshi Bafghi as the "In passion" is another issue which exists with inventor and starter of Voqu School and what is some differences in works of the both skilled of importance in Vahshi Bafghi's poetry and authors.

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In the book "Ghavaed-ol-Rasael", Hesamoddin have much use nowadays and sometimes is not Khooei mentions some examples and sometimes understandable for "brothers19". But in the ninth answers in the third section titled "Negotiations of and tenth centuries, due to "delicacy of time" and Brothers", which is more correspondence in promoting poetry and the presence of some different situations including "in salutation", "in quatrain poems such as "Mir Robaei" and "sheikh intercession", "in addressing poem", "in favor" Robaei" and etc., Morvarid Kermani also has very and etc., which are considered as "Ekhvaniyat" beautiful and poetic quatrains "in passion" which (friendly letters in the form of prose and poem can be used in introductions of letters to friends between relatives and friends) in secretaryship and relatives. In the book "Munes-ol-Ahbab", and authors or secretaries have to know how to there are 10 quatrains and 30 quite poetic and write this type of letters. These letters usually artistic quatrains "in separation". Some examples begin with a poem, either Arabic or Persian, or are mentioned: both, and after expressing the passion, asks God "to make the requirements of meeting victory What a pencil writes cause of delight so obvious possible" [1] and at the end asks "the imperial how affects your heart superintendent send a sign of the great person's health in order to comfort this passionate person Astonished, wanna a miserable like myself to and make his sad heart happy" (ibid, 267). express my pain to you [2].

In the book "Ghanyat-ol-Taleb", there is a letter Or: titled "in passion in especial Persian" that, according to Hesam, has an especial feature in I'm in such a mood cause of your distraction I've order to show its sectorial style more: become like a weepy cause of moaning

"The seventh letter in passion in especial Every moment, has been a day for me every day Persian" as a year for me (Ibid, ibid)

Swear to unique creator owner of the stars and sky This passion and separation sometimes make him scream and he screams in a passionate and Cause of season’s movement and suffering and plaintive way that: distraction my mood changes each day My wish is never to happen! this knot never wont My soul is on fervor my body is like a fountain of open! blood This separation day that coming o lord! never May the tree of happiness be decorated and the happens for you (Ibid, 91) dominant face in peace of body be asleep and the secret of the curved be adorned. God of the When all the passion does nothing and the two universe is aware that since old times, thirst separation dominates the lover's life and leaves of visiting the world adorning the world lighting him no choice but succumbing, he should start the lord of victory and the popular master, the his letter like this great king of greatness war and the star of the greatness festivity and shelter of the king's proud What should I do if not mourn for you? What army- that may he be victor and whose days be should do I if not be sad? burning the enemies- has reached the level that nobody can say it a part of that in thousands of I wanna see you while sleeping what should I do letters. Poem: if not sleep?

Due to revelation of secret of seeing you I don't 5. CONCLUSION know what use of saying a lot? Therefore, the explanation of passion that May the hope for visit be made and the heart be Hesamoddin has with all secretarial burnished of pain and separation…. (ibid, 327 characteristics is secretarial and in courtier way. and 328) But the passion of Morvarid Kermani is for reaching the union and complaining for In this letter, "in passion" and emphasis on "especial Persian" is not neglected, which do not 19Akhavan

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separation, which is considered as a part of Soghra, Tehran, Publishing Center of Voghu School and expression of inner Miras-e Maktoob; 2000. Vasookhts. It is noticeable that the both are 2. Morvarid Shahaboddin Abdollah. Muns-ol- secretaries and authors and teaching Ahbab, by the work of Seyyed Ali Mirafzali, secretaryship is also their main goal, one Publication details: Tehran, Library, with secretarial and court language and the Museum and Documents Center of the other with poetic language and in ultimate Islamic Consultative Assembly; 2011. delicacy. 3. Sam Mirza Safavi. Sami's gift, edition: Angourani, Fatemeh, Tehran, Anjoman This kind is a new innovation in Mokhatabat Asar and Mafakher Farhangi Publishing; (addressing). Morvarid Kermani managed to write 2010. addressing in the form of quatrains with simplicity 4. Rastegar Fassaei, Mansour. Varieties of and delicacy of his nature and made a kind of Persian Poetry, Shiraz, Navid Publications; "Chaos City" in that and some of his quatrains are 1994. an introduction to creation of Voghu School and 5. Ashrafzadeh, Reza. Selected Quatrains of inner Vasookhts. Hesamoddin Khooei has acted Atar Neyshaburi, "Mokhtarname", Tehran, like masters in both Moltamesat and Mokhatabat Asatir Publishing; 1998. and has declared Moltamesat "requests" as a 6. Shafiei Kadkani, Mohammad Reza. new literary type. Imagery techniques in persian poetry, Tehran, Third Edition, Agah Publication; COMPETING INTERESTS 1987. 7. Yarshater Ehsan. Persian poetry during the Authors have declared that no competing time of Shahrokh, Tehran University interests exist. Publication; 2004. 8. Safa Zabihollah. History of Iranian REFERENCES Literature. Tehran, Iranian Publishers and Translators Co. 1983;5. 1. Khooei, Hesamoddin. Hesamoddin 9. Vahshi Bafghi, Kamaloddin. Full Divan of Khooei's collection of works, Edition and Vahshi Bafqi, Fourth Edition, Tehran, Amir Research Introduction: Abbaszadeh, Kabir Publishing; 1974. ______© 2020 Sangchooli and Ashrafzade; This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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